User reviews

The movie never has a real climax nor is it set up to have one. The most redeeming quality is its passivity. Such a comment may not seem like flattery, but hear me out. The movie very accurately captures the mundaneness that is life and the ever so rare mishaps that disrupt it. If drama is life with the boring parts cut out then this movie manages to successfully cut nothing out. I suppose that is the beauty of the movie: nothing ever seems contrived or pieced together. There are no real villains in this movie nor is it designed for the audience to choose sides. The movie is therefore flat, but in this case that is a good thing because it is different. As far as the comedy goes, on about three or four jokes I genuinely laughed at. Again, they are lines one might hear in real life discourse. Ultimately I got a sense of sincerity out of the movie, and for that it is worth a viewing.

I only found about this movie through the director Bong Jun Ho, who I think is a legend for producing Salineui Chuak. Anyways my hopes were high for this movie.

This was the debut film for the director Bong and the camera-work and music scores are kind of crude for a recent Korean film. That's not a bad thing since it brings more vibrancy and tension of the situation, especially in the chase scenes.

Some people might find themselves disturbed by the scenes with the dogs, but there isn't much in it, just the fact that they're not treated like your ordinary pet. Try to put yourself into a Korean's point of view where a dog isn't any different from chicken.

The comedy element cannot be missed out too. The situations are so hilarious and fresh, it felt as if my new eye opened. What's amazing is that these situations look realistic and it's believable.

Some marks were deducted because even though the scenes were original and executed well, the director failed to put them all together to have some sort of meaning. It's really weird how my favourite scenes are the ones that could've been cut (like the toilet paper scene and the ghost story in the basement)

Barking Dogs Never Bite is written & directed by Bong Joon-ho and stars Sung-jae Lee, Doona Bae, Hie-bong Byeon, Su-hee Go and Ho-jung Kim.

An idle part-time college lector is annoyed by the yapping sound of a near-by dog. He decides to take drastic action.

Bong Joon-ho is a critically-acclaimed, visionary director who has created some of cinema's finest moments; be it cinematography, editing or storytelling, he has made a name for himself and is most definitely one to look out for. But, what kickstarted this successful career? A little film called Puhran Dah Suh Uigeh, translated as Barking Dogs Never Bite. The question is, how good is it?

The answer; very good. Even though the story seems unadorned, this is an incredibly intricate experience, featuring compelling visuals, brilliant performances, smart editing and the foundation of Joon-ho's unique staging technique. He allows actors to perform with their body, eyes and hands, as a way of attracting the viewers attention, further propelling the story forward. This can be seen in the scene where the Janitor (Hie-Bong Byeon) is telling the tale of Boiler Kim in the apartment complex basement. Ensemble staging becomes a great part of Joon-ho's films, especially in Memories of Murder, but this is where it started. The performances from Sung-jae Lee and Doona Bae are satisfyingly entertaining, and although never branching out to anything more dynamic, they both complement each other well and keep the film running trippingly.

Original music by Sung-woo Jo is strangely fitting and enjoyable, being a well- developed framework that sounds simplistic yet never venturing too far as to distract the viewer.

I've said it before and I'll say it again, editing is a huge part of any film, and so should be treated with absolute care. I imagine Joon-ho had a watchful eye over Eun Soo Lee in the editing process. There are moments where it's sharp and fast-paced and others slow and steady, it all depends on the pace and rhythm of the scene. It's also hard to place the genre of this film, it's sold as a dark comedy, but here and there are drops of horror/thriller themes, which really adds to the originality of this film and aids its director.

It was incredibly difficult to come by a copy of this film with English subtitles attached, so I only hope the version I watched was accurate and true to the original dialogue. However, I feel the experience would stay very much the same without any understanding of the spoken language. It's all told through visuals and body-language which is likely why Bong Joon-ho's work is so widely respected by most audiences.

Verdict; I truly believe that anyone studying film, or looking to work in the industry, should take a look at the work of Joon-ho, if only to gain more of an understanding of how stories can be told not just through words, but through movement and emotion. While Barking Dogs Never Bite is a simple concept, it's captured beautifully through visuals.

Puhran Dah Suh Uigeh (Barking Dogs Never Bite), 8/10.

Reviewed @Filmmining101

Lovers of the Bong Joon-ho's (now) distinct style will find plenty to love in his directional debut, "Barking Dogs Never Bite" (2000). While the beloved South Korean filmmaker has indulged us into more socially conscious stories supported by sharp commentary around the working and human ethics which bound the film's world, "Barking Dogs Never Bite" is the first step towards an evolutionary scale of artistry that will attract moviegoers around the world for years to come.

Starting his career with a less ambitious (for the lack of a better term) story, the movie features all his known trademarks you would have come to expect (e.g., imposing architecture, isolated main characters, layered storytelling). Dressed heartily with black humor, this comedy centered around missing dogs in a massive apartment complex has reflective undertones about a society that neglects its citizens (before they do it themselves first). Dogs, used as a symbol of status, currency and supply even between the lower socio-economic individuals seem to be having a better life than their owners live in a poetic sense of irony.

Struggling to make means end and lacking a job, our "hero", a dubious and passive academic is in an abusive relationship with his pregnant wife, hates dogs and has no money to buy out his promotion to professor. This protagonist becomes the key player in a tale of theft, misunderstandings and social allegory which the West rarely offers. Typically in a Joon-ho flick, several elements are usually metaphors for the cast's state of mind and the story's progression: cigarettes breaks and dogs represent freedom in a world that relies on self catered interactions to move forward. Bae Donna's character is also stuck in a thankless position of building management conjuring an interesting dynamic with Sung-Jae Lee's pair-less academic and complementing the same coin from a different side.

A master at blending genres with extreme efficiency, Joon-ho manages to generate suspense from the simplest of circumstances; an account of Boiler Kim's (who represents the working and honorable class of South Korea) tragedy feels like something that John Carpenter would direct, echoing similar sentiments in Joon-ho's own Oscar winning "Parasite" (2019) nineteen years later. When the final resolution comes in the complex parable of human relationships, Bong-ho's script keeps the audience guessing on whether this will end in tears or laughs simultaneously making it clear where he and his actors stand. Occasionally it does feel smaller in scale and less engulfing in its thematic presentation than the rest of his iconic filmography with with frequent tonal shifts and a not so likeable main character, especially for those who like dogs. But it is the birth of one of the most important voices in cinema which three years later will give us the masterpiece that "Memories of Murder" is (2003).

There is a trove of criticisms of life in Korea embedded in this film, which was the first from director Bong Joon-ho:

• The bribery of professors needed to get a positon at a university.
• The corruption and the use of cheap materials in the construction boom of the late 1980's.
• How the dogs of the affluent live better than many people.
• How worthless a graduate degree in the humanities is.
• How no one in Korea follows the rules.
• How clouds of billowing insecticide are sprayed in a public area for "pest control."
• How at great risk to herself, a bank teller is lauded for taking on an armed robber, rather than rewarded for just doing her job.
• A homeless guy living in a basement who is happy to go to prison, where he'll get regular meals.
• A woman begging for money on public transportation with her small child strapped to her back.
• A woman let go from her job of eleven years because she's gotten pregnant.

I love some of things he was aiming for, many of which are clear precursors to his later films, but unfortunately, the messages here are wrapped up in a story that's pretty lackluster. A man in a loveless marriage is trying to get a job as a professor and takes out some of his frustrations on the dogs in his apartment complex whose barking irritates him. A janitor in the complex secretly kidnaps dogs to stew them up and eat them. A couple of young women see one of the dogs killed and try to do something about it. It's all kind of blah, which maybe was also part of the point, but it didn't make for compelling viewing to me, particularly as the pace was on the slow side.

This is the first full length Korean movie I have seen. My wife has recently been bitten by the Korean telenovela craze and I would often see her watching "Boys Over Flowers," "Only You" or currently "East of Eden". But I did not really care too much to spend time on these shows. However, when I learned that there will be a Korean Film Festival at the Shangri-La Mall this week, I decided this would be the ideal way to introduce myself to that country's films.

The movie I caught is had the curious title of "Barking Dogs Don't Bite." The action already begins even before the opening titles. A hen-pecked out-of-work Humanities professor-wannabe who was so annoyed with a very noisy dog of a neighbor. He got so fed up that one day, he decided to get rid of it. From there, this funny black comedy of errors unfolds. Somewhere along the way, his path intersects with that of a bored but kind-hearted bookkeeper who witnessed his crime.

There was a lot of light humor regarding the pathetic life situation of the male and female lead characters. There was a joke about a survey about ideal husbands where Humanities grad students ranked 50, even below masons. There was scene where the exasperated husband ingeniously uses toilet paper to settle a bet with his overbearing wife. There was also several scenes showing the interaction of the bookkeeper and her chubby best friend which were quite hilarious.

There was however a lot of dark humor as this movie dealt a good deal about killing dogs! There were scenes which were definitely uncomfortable to watch as dogs were seen being maltreated. I'm sure the Western audience would protest about scenes where the dogs were seen being prepared to be cooked! If you are a staunch dog-lover, then this movie is not for you. I do hope that among the Korean words in the closing there is a statement that says that no dogs were harmed in the filming of this motion picture.

I'm leaving this review to hopefully attract even the smallest bit of attention to this incredible film, that is sadly so hidden to mainstream and fringe film audiences alike. I believe Bong Joon Ho is one of the greatest modern filmmakers, who has gained a strong following due to films such as Memories of Murder (2003): a bleak and haunting serial-killer masterwork, The Host (2006): a comic and gripping creature feature, Mother (2009): an unexpected and layered murder mystery, and Snowpiercer (2013): a breathtaking Orwellian Sci-Fi tour de force based on a French graphic novel. If you are new to the world of Bong Joon Ho, I highly recommend all of these works. However his debut film, Barking Dogs Never Bite (2000), is a much lesser-known work of his, but despite its lower budget and smaller scale, I believe it to be one of his finest creations.

Danny Boyle once said: "I think your first film is always your best film. Always. It may not be your most successful or your technically most accomplished, whatever. It is your best film in a way because you never, ever get close to that feeling of not knowing what you're doing again. And that feeling of not knowing what you're doing is an amazing place to be. If you can cope with it and not panic, it's amazing. It's guesswork, inventiveness and freshness that you never get again." I feel that this quote summarizes why Barking Dogs Never Bite is such an amazing film. It was Bong's passion project, and even though he lacked the experience and guidance that makes his later works so great, he had a nervous and adventurous tenacity that couldn't be replicated in the future. I definitely believe this to be Bong Joon Ho's most personal film, and one that analyzes the interactions between characters. I won't waste time discussing specific plot points or characters/character actions; that's the film's job. What I do want to share are the subtle themes included throughout the film that have resonated with me.

Probably the most prevalent theme throughout the film is chasing one's dreams...or at least what one believes to be one's dreams. Yun-ju ultimately wishes to gain employment as a college professor, and is determined to do whatever is necessary to achieve this goal. But is this surely what he wants, or is it just what he thinks he wants? How do we even know what we want in life is what we truly want? It's not like we have achieved that goal to know if it is actually what we were expecting it to be. It is common to have a goal in life in which, once achieved, doesn't bring as much satisfaction as it was originally speculated to bring. Or it even may end up being something that you didn't want at all. The opening wilderness and closing curtain shots of this film, in relation to how they tie into the theme of achieving falsely desired goals is flawless filmmaking. Hyeon-nam has a similar experience with achieving desired goals. This film has several set pieces that play off of one another like a domino effect, which usually peaks my interest when accomplished properly (as it was here). There are also one or two segments of the film that have very little to no relation to the overarching story, but were executed incredibly. Specifically, one scene where the janitor tells a story about the building's boiler room, which introduces such a sudden change of tone, but is handled so skillfully. I really appreciate when directors are able to break the conventions of filmmaking like so, while still making it work to their benefit. This movie is also absolutely hilarious (probably Bong's most comedic), but the humor is very dark. That being said, there are so many witty, honest, humane, and even sadistic moments that made me laugh and smirk.

There are a few warnings that I would like to share. First off, there are a few scenes that depict animal cruelty and canine consumption (I'm a dog lover, so don't think that just because you love dogs you won't be able to watch this movie). However, literally the first thing you see when watching this film is text that states "No animals were harmed in making this film." You have to remember that at the end of the day, you're watching a movie, and the events depicted on screen are not real. On the other hand, Bong Joon Ho is also portraying how animals (specifically dogs) are viewed and treated in South Korea. The consumption of dog is not too uncommon, and that's a cold hard fact that you'll have to stomach (pun intended), not only while watching this film, but throughout life in general. In short, Bong Joon Ho depicts lifestyles that actually exist, despite seeming uncommon and harsh to other cultures. Secondly, I acknowledge that this film might not be for everyone. This is a small scale and personal dark comedy about human interactions. The pacing is slow, there is no action, and I wouldn't use "pure entertainment" as a term to define this film. But if you have patience and are able to give Bong Joon Ho a chance to guide you through his quirky little story, I believe this film can provide unique gratification. It may be hard to get your hands on a copy, but I highly suggest going through the effort to do so. This is a true gift to cinema, even though it's hidden so far beneath all the others that only very few have uncovered it.

If you enjoyed this film and want to see which others I recommend, or you'd like to see my taste of films to decide if this film would be worth watching for you, feel free to check out this list: http://www.imdb.com/list/ls052767730/

I didn't find this movie all too funny. And not because I got offended by the "animal cruelty" so many people seem to cry about, it's just kind of boring. (To be fair: although there is a "no animals were harmed" disclaimer, I wouldn't be surprised if some of the dogs were at least made uncomfortable during the filming, it does look very realistic and well, insert Asian cliché here...) Anyway, there are a few humorous moments but not enough to keep me really interested and entertained.

and that would have been a real shame. This movie was thoroughly enjoyable. I think this would make an excellent introduction to Korean cinema because it was MY introduction to korean cinema and I didn't find it inaccessible in any way.

It was not as gruesome or hard to stomach as I was expecting, nor was it really as dark as mentioned above. If you could sit through Fargo, you could certainly sit through and really enjoy this film.

To say it does not have many jokes misses the point, because some of the situations that characters find themselves are quite hilarious--especially the chase scenes. The acting and directing are excellent. If you get a chance to catch "Barking Dogs Never Bite" don't miss it.

The disclaimer in the opening reassures us that no dogs are abused in the making of South Korean cinema kingpin Bong Joon-ho's mordant debut feature, however, in second-guessing, it also bears out Bong's tendency of tackling shocking subject matters as we are neither spared with the simulacrum of cute dogs (a Shih Tzu and a chihuahua, respectively) being hung by a rope or dropped dead from the roof of a building, nor a spine-tingling verbalized hearsay that paints a grisly picture in one's mind, told by Byun Hee-bong, a familiar face among Bong's filmography. Yet for all intents and purposes, BARKING DOGS NEVER BITE retains a tongue-in-cheek sarcasm and poker-faced jocularity in its core. Ko Yun-ju (Lee Sung-jae) is a university docent who aspires for a professor position to secure his livelihood and earn respect from his henpecking pregnant wife Eun-sil (Kim Ho-jung), a barking dog dwelling in his cookie-cutter apartment building becomes his latest pet peeve, and he has (little) qualms to ascertain the yelping stops, although mistaken identify is par for the course and brings him in a close cat-and-mouse chase (executed with neat exuberance) with Park Hyun-nam (Doona), a valiant bookkeeper inadvertently witnesses his horrible act,

Granted, Yun-ju's casual animal cruelty can be construed as a desperate outlet for a shiftless man's smothered self-regard, and Bong's piquant societal critique of a young generation disoriented by acedia finds a contrasting light in Hyun-nam, who pulls her back into rescuing a kidnapped dog (with Bong's fantastical flourish accentuating her derring-do on the rooftop) which belongs to Eun-sil, and whose wet-behind-her-ear carriage induces a therapeutic affinity that gingers up Yun-ju's impasse and accelerates his mounting guilt, but Bong has no stomach for tacky romance, their paralleled paths only converge tentatively before life catches them up in their separated, designated routes. Under a semblance of inscrutability, the ending augurs well for Bong's directorial voyage, tempering its earthbound conformity with a soupçon of arch resignation, barking dogs might never bite, but Bong proves to be a quieter but more mischievous one with acumen of hitting some raw nerves when he sees fit.

This is something of a rarity, a indie Korean film. It's also Joon-ho Bong's directorial debut. It's brilliant. Slow, but impeccably paced and broadly intermixed with multiple levels of wonderful comedy, acting, atmosphere (a kind of existential (and cement) wasteland), and directing. Be warned. Pet lovers are going to be shocked, and maybe outraged. But really, don't take this too literally, Joon-ho Bong knows he is playing with your sensibilities and he knows that you know it (or you should know it by now, if you have been watching film, tv, and advertising for your entire life). This is real cinematic virtuosity.

The promotion for this film compared it to American Beauty and that was a somewhat surprising but very apt comparison. American Beauty would be a fine double bill with this. But, if you have not seen any other Korean films you should give some a try. I saw this as part of a festival with JSA (Joint Security Area), The Isle and some others, but those two were very good and would also be good for a double bill. A little farther afield might be Tsai Ming Liang's the HOLE, or even farther, (and certainly not for the fainthearted) Go Go Second Time Virgin by Kosi Wakamatsu. Both intense looks at life in barren modern times and barren apartment complexes.

I watch a lot of South Korean films, and I know they aren't all spectacular or my type of film but generally I love black comedies. I just don't find the dog meat thing funny, as though it's a silly comedy of manners. To be honest, I felt like this film dragged and that it's overrated. Like oh ha ha this grad student is so stressed and broke that he starts killing local pets, and there's a janitor who merrily enables him because he's a connoisseur of making dog-meat stew in the basement at midnight. If anything, I think it would be funnier to eat people, which is why I like the French film Delicatessan.

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All the characters are so relatable, that you instantly fall in love with them. Simple story, but quite entertaining. Introduces to a different part of Bong Joon Ho's spectrum of brilliance.

Bong Joon Ho's first feature is a pseudo satirical black comedy centred on a sad lecturer who decides to take drastic action on a barking dog that's mildly annoying him as he wallows in his own self pity. Needless to say, 'Barking Dogs Never Bite (2000)' is unconcerned with giving us sympathetic characters to root for. Instead, it presents everyone amorally, regardless of their actions. This isn't a bad thing, but it means that you have to be willing to accept - and, in some ways, see past - each major character's flaws in order to remain invested in their journeys. For me, that isn't an issue. I can see how it would hamper some people's enjoyment of the piece, though, especially if they're expecting something more traditional. Another thing that will likely put people off is the movie's unflinching depictions of animal abuse; basically, dog lovers beware. The thing never feels especially cruel but it's certainly rather shocking when it comes to its treatment of its canine characters. It's perhaps important to state, as the flick does in its opening titles, that no animals were harmed during the production. Still, there's a known rule that when a character kills a dog, the audience will start to hate them; that's why such an act is usually reserved for villains (and not often seen, either). This picture asks you to root for a protagonist who has partaken in such behaviour. That's going to be a major put-off for a lot of people. However, having said all that, I ultimately like the movie quite a bit. It's an unconventional and unpredictable mix of genres with several surprisingly exciting set-pieces. It's engaging all the way through, although it does slow down considerably for its extended denouement. It's often quite funny in its own sort of way, too. It's a rock-solid start for a director who consistently presents genre-bending, audience-challenging fare. 7/10

Looks good visually, has some good ideas, and a few individually entertaining scenes, but overall it was a little disappointing, and easily my least favourite of Bong Joon-Ho's feature films.

The pacing was what killed it for me. It didn't feel like it told a complete and satisfying story, but neither did it feel engaging as a series of vignettes, or shorter stories that all coalesced into one.

I can still give it a decent rating because it was good by first film standards. It's technically very impressive for a first film, and features pretty good performances overall. It just didn't add up to something I could really get into, and even got a little dull in places (it's probably too long at 110 minutes, to boot).

It's possible that this dark comedy will slip from my memory before too long, but as I write this just having viewed the film (on home video), I have to say it made for an excellent viewing experience. It's rare to see a comedy in this day and age with such an offbeat sense of humor, let alone one that keeps viewers guessing so much as to where the plot will head next. There's also a lot of care put into the cinematography and editing of this film, adding some extra layers of satisfaction from a cinephilic perspective; this is one comedy that doesn't insult the viewer's intelligence, and need never be regarded as a guilty pleasure.

Specifically, the way this issue pinpoints its moment in time regarding Korean culture's evolving relationship with dogs is constantly mined for humor, but also provides moments of real insight and touching emotion.

I watched this film on the strength of director Bong Joon-ho's Memories of Murder, an excellent thriller with a deep mordant streak. If this previous film had to be nailed down to a genre, I'd call it a dark comedy -- albeit an extremely idiosyncratic one -- but there are effective splashes of the thriller and horror genres throughout, not to mention some nicely done surrealistic touches. All in all, these two films make me sorely regret missing Bong Joon-ho's "Host" at this year's Toronto film fest; I've added his name to my short list of Korean directors (the others being Park Chan-wook, Hong Sang-soo, and Kim Ki-duk) to follow closely.

All of Bong Joon-Ho's films are black comedies to some degree, but this (his first) leans the most towards comedy. It actually reminded me a bit of a lighter Ming-liang Tsai with its commentary of the corruption and decay of urban life. It's always a pleasure to see Bae Doo-na (of LINDA LINDA LINDA) and the film has some charming and quirky touches. I have a really hard time with animal cruelty, however, especially when used for humor. This and a few other mean-spirited elements were an obstacle for me. I suppose it's to Bong's credit that I ended up liking it anyway, but I can't say I loved it and I wouldn't watch it again. Worthwhile for Bae and some of the offbeat filmmaking flourishes, though.

Flandersui gae a/k/a Barking Dogs Never Bite (BONG Joon-ho, 2000)

Perhaps the funniest movies I've seen since "Monty Python and the Holy Grail". The first thing one sees in this film, before even the credits is the reassurance "No animals were harmed in making this film" -- and the warning is needed -- at least for dog lovers or overly-sensitive souls.

The movie tells the tale of a would-be professor (LEE Sung-jae), currently laid off until he can bribe his way into a permanent appointment, who grows increasingly fed up about yippy dogs in his rather down-scale apartment mega-complex. He decides to "do something about this" -- which leads to a chain of increasingly disastrous events. THEN, his soon-to-deliver spouse buys a poodle of her own -- which he proceeds to lose. While desperately searching for his wife's dog, he runs across a helper (BAE Doo-na) -- who is looking for the culprit who has caused other neighborhood dogs to disappear.

Despite my vast affection for dogs, the "robust" dog-related humor of this film was nonetheless hilarious. The performances of both leads are first-rate (and I would rate BAE Doo-na's gifts as a physical comedian as being in the league of Lucille Ball). Even so, BYUN Hee-bong, a janitor with a very "special" affection for dogs (at least for one specific purpose), practically steals the show. Indeed, at one point he literally STOPS the show -- as he takes five or so minutes to recount (leisurely) the tale of a ghostly master boiler repairman.

The direction and cinematography are as superb as the comic acting and story and dialog. Surprisingly, the film ends on a morally uplifting (non-sappy, non-hackneyed) note -- as forgiveness is delivered with a lost shoe. If I gave ratings, this would get a 10+.

This is the only Korean film I have ever seen. I was expecting everything to be unfamiliar, but it felt very North American -- just dubbed into Korean. Oddly it reminded by of Spike Lee's Do the Right Thing. There are cast of sharply defined, eccentric characters including a janitor who likes to make dog soup, a pregnant wife who imagines her pregnancy makes her queen of the universe. She commands, and her husband must obey. She is so rude and so full of herself! There is what amounts to a female sumo wrestler. There is an athletic tomboy who dreams of performing some heroic deed and going on TV. There is an elderly lady who prepares her chihuahua gourmet meals while she goes without.

The opening credits promise that no animal was harmed in the making of the movie. However, there is considerable violence against dogs that is completely convincing. Most dog lovers will not want to see this movie because these scenes are so shocking.

The movie would work better edited shorter. It drags somewhat at the end. It goes on and on.

'Barking Dogs Never Bite' is the first film of Bong Joon-ho, now famous for 'Parasite'. It's a tale of a loosely-linked collection of loosley misfits living in a Korean housing estate (as well as the dogs unfortunate enough to cross their paths). It lacks the polish of his later work, in places feeling cartoonish and unsubtle, but overall there's a nice feel to it, a tale of ordinary people with ordinary peculariaties, and the surprising ways that life can turn. In spite of some nasty moments and a realistic view of the hardships of everyday life in contemporary Korea, it's fundamentally warm and humane.

Cruel yet crazy, demented yet hilarious & dark yet lighthearted, Bong Joon-ho's directorial debut is a confidently crafted & deliriously witted start to his filmmaking career. Treating its subject matter in a bold yet funny fashion, giving every character their fair share of screen time, and rendered on the film canvas with passion & sincerity, it may not be as refined as his later works but it's still a fun & engaging sit for the most part.