INGENIERÍA E INVESTIGACIÓN VOL. 40 NO. 2, AUGUST - 2020 (43-49)
Research Article / Industrial engineering
http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v40n2.78388
Class entities from the timber house production sector in
Brazil
Entidades de clase del sector de producción de casas de madera en
Brasil
Victor De Araujo
1
, João Lopes
2
, Elen Morales 3 , Juliana Cortez-Barbosa
and José Garcia 6
4
, Maristela Gava
5
,
ABSTRACT
Corporate representativeness is an important issue for engineering and its industrial sectors, considering that producer associations
can defend represent the rights and ambitions of their members. This study aims to investigate timber housing producer participation
in generalist organizations, as well as to identify which examples of class entities could be created to consolidate this industry
in the Brazilian scenario. A short survey was personally applied to entrepreneurs from the timber house production sector in
Brazil. This survey was based in four qualitative queries, whose responses were converted into percentage. The studied producers
revealed that the sector does not have an official organization to represent them, forcing them to search for different representation
mechanisms from other sectors related to this industry. The lack of corporate and/or labor representation is visible to the point where
several interviewed entrepreneurs declared the need to create unions for workers, as well as class associations for producers. Thus,
suggestions for a new organization were described to establish a direction for organizing this sector in Brazil.
Keywords: association, union, timber house, sectoral survey, interview
RESUMEN
La representatividad corporativa es un tema importante para la Ingeniería y sus sectores industriales, teniendo en cuenta que la
asociación de productores puede defender los derechos y ambiciones de sus miembros. Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar
la participación de los productores de viviendas de madera en organizaciones generalistas, así como identificar qué ejemplos de
entidades de clase podrían ser creadas para consolidar esta industria en el escenario brasileño. Se aplicó personalmente una breve
encuesta a los empresarios del sector de producción de casas de madera en Brasil. Esta encuesta se basó en dos consultas cualitativas,
cuyas respuestas se convirtieron en porcentajes. Los productores estudiados revelaron que el sector no tiene una organización oficial
que los represente, lo que tiene obligado en buscar diferentes mecanismos de representación de otros sectores relacionados con esta
industria. La falta de representación corporativa y/o laboral es visible al punto en que muchos empresarios entrevistados declararon la
necesidad de crear sindicatos para los trabajadores y asociaciones de clase para los productores. Así, se describieron sugerencias de
nuevas organizaciones para establecer una dirección en la organización de este sector en Brasil.
Palabras clave: asociación, sindicato, viviendas en madera, encuesta sectorial, entrevista
Received: March 11th, 2019
Accepted: June 12th, 2020
1 Timber
Engineer, São Paulo State University, Brazil. Ph.D. in Forest Resources
Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Affiliation: Full Researcher, Ligno
Research Group, Brazil. E-mail: victor@usp.br
2 Timber Engineer, São Paulo State University, Brazil. Affiliation: M.Sc. Candidate
in Materials Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, Brazil.
E-mail: jpclops@gmail.com
3 Mathematician, São Paulo State University, Brazil. M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Materials
Engineering, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Affiliation: Assistant Professor, São
Paulo State University, Brazil. E-mail: elen.morales@unesp.br
4 Architect, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, Brazil.
M.Sc. in
Architecture and Urbanism, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Ph.D. in Engineering
of Environmental Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Affiliation: Assistant
Professor, São Paulo State University, Brazil. E-mail: juliana.cortez@unesp.br
5 Architect, Federal University of Esp ı́rito Santo, Brazil. M.Sc. in Architecture and
Urbanism, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Ph.D. in Forest Resources Sciences,
University of São Paulo, Brazil. Affiliation: Assistant Professor, São Paulo State
University, Brazil. E-mail: maristela.gava@unesp.br
6 Forest Engineer, University of São Paulo, Brazil. M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Engineering
of Structures – Civil Engineering, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Affiliation: Full
Professor, University of São Paulo, Brazil. E-mail: jngarcia@usp.br
Introduction
In order to survive in a competitive environment, an
organization must face its challenges head-on, adapt, learn,
change, and improve its features and conditions (Abou-Moghli
and Al-Abdallah, 2018). However, business associative
strategies can avoid this scenario under the mutual growth
and institutional development. In Brazil, Jesus (2007) verified
that, since the 1850s, when any popular group opted to
start an association, people were forced to ask for special
authorizations at the police station closest to the place of
meeting. Today, this process can be carried out with standard
How to cite: De Araujo, V., Lopes, J., Morales, E., Cortez-Barbosa,
J., Gava, and M., Garcia, J. (2020).
Class entities from the timber
house production sector in Brazil. Ingenierı́a e Investigación, 40(2), 43-49.
10.15446/ing.investig.v40n2.78388
Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Share - Adapt
43
Class entities from the timber house production sector in Brazil
guidebooks. For example, if there is public interest in a
mobilization, according to Cardoso (2014), at least 10 people
are required to create an official association. To this effect,
the following stages must be respected: people sensitization,
constitution of this future entity, pre-operation through entity
structuration, and then, group operationalization and its
respective activities.
In general, private organizations with public purposes are
those formed by charity institutions, artistic entities, religious
groups, professional associations, sectoral representatives,
labor unions, and voluntary and community groups
(Hudson, 1999).
Private organizations emerge when people from the civil
society come together with the aim to consolidate resources
and efforts to provide for social needs that cannot be efficiently
maintained by the governments (Santos, Camargo, Giuliani,
Novaes Netto, and Spers, 2010). Their purpose has been to
promote general interests, taking on different legal forms and
nomenclatures, and their origins related to the institutional
formation and dynamics from each society (Andion, 2005).
Associations may be created due to administrative
incompetence and/or lack of public policy to take measures
and assign resources to address specific demands (Santos
et al., 2010). An industrial association can play the role of a
catalyst for change where public intervention does not provide
responses to market failure in the development of innovation
(Schwartz and Bar-El, 2015). In this way, inflexible laws and
public institutions have affected firms’ financial gains from
corporate entrepreneurship (Vanacker, Zahra, and Holmes,
2017). Such groups are the path to business survival.
Class entities are established as strategic spaces to identify
the actions of the economical elites, as well the character and
direction of their interests (Loss, 2010). These associations –
with distinct ends as scientific, cultural, professional, religious,
or even, for charity or recreation– are created to organize,
disclose or defend collective material, ideological, political
or civil interests (Jesus, 2007). Such initiatives are based on
community of origin, usually through a network of common
relations (Doucet and Favreau, 1991).
The basic structure of professional or class associations
includes the activities related to corporate and employer
organizations, professional associations, and labor unions
(Salamon and Anheier, 1996). Santos et al. (2010) classified
these groups according to their endogenous nature, in the
case of activities that benefit their membership –for example,
class and employer associations– or exogenous, when they
seek a public goods in favor of external people from its social
board –such as labor unions.
The regulation of employer and worker classes in Brazil
was established by the Decree 19 770, which determined
that class associations may be designated as labor unions,
federations, and confederations. Their scopes can be local,
state-wide and national, respectively (Brazil, 1931). Labor
unions emerged in the context of the Industrial Age, in the
face of claims to defend workers’ rights (Loureiro, 1967).
Union actions are not limited to economic and political
44
aspects, but also include the field of formation –in favor of
recent knowledge– citizen autonomy, political sense, and
politicization, in order overcome the emerging challenges of
the capitalist world (Soares and Cabral, 2012).
With a business perspective, Santos et al. (2010) highlighted
that associations aim to promote benefits to their members
such as providing several services, gaining influence together
with local public agencies, uniting representative forces
to generate bargaining power with suppliers, and other
purposes.
At the end of 1800s, small industrialists from northern
Portugal, who felt marginalized in a group dominated by
representatives of large textile factories, came together to
create the Porto Union of Industrialists to defend national
work (Alves, 1996).
Today, most of the existing professions in society rely on
associative movements and class entities (Ribeiro, Miranda,
and Reis, 2015). Nevertheless, in contrast, different
sectors remain unmotivated to join forces in order to obtain
representation.
In Brazil, for instance, some niches, such as the timber
housing production sector, still do not have direct
representation, either for workers or even for construction
entrepreneurs. Thus, in parallel with the Brazilian civil
construction scenario, some councils, unions and associations
focused on this purpose have directed their actions to
a group that produces masonry-based buildings, in other
words, to the detriment of other construction techniques. In
view of this visible exclusion, the creation of representative
organizations for all producers and workers from timber
housing construction becomes necessary.
This is justified in relation to all the difficulties derived from
forest-timber activities, which are very different compared
to the obstacles faced by masonry housing producers.
Additional information to contribute to the development
of small and unrepresented industrial sectors is required. A
good effort could be supported by scientific studies.
Industrial studies contribute with information from surveys
about production sectors, promoting their knowledge and
development. According to the National Institute of Industrial
Property (2019), this strategic information on specific sectors
is determined to subsidize the elaboration of new regulatory
acts to support in the sectoral evaluation of the results
from industrial policies, and to allow better utilization of
every resource to promote research, development, and
technological innovation.
Several studies emerged to supply sectoral issues, as well
as to contribute to industry development (Zamora, Delgado,
and Sarache, 2014; Pena-Montoya, Osorio-Gomez, VidalHolguin, Torres-Lozada, and Marmolejo-Rebellon, 2015;
UN/ICC 2015; García-Alcaraz, Adarme-Jaimes, and BlancoFernández, 2016;, Vanacker et al., 2017; De Araujo et al.,
2018a,b,c; Martins, Steiner, Wilhem, Steiner Neto, and
Santos, 2018; Realyvásquez, Maldonado-Macías, GarcíaAlcaraz, 2018; Vishwakarma, Nema, and Sangle, 2018, and
others).
INGENIERÍA E INVESTIGACIÓN VOL. 40 NO. 2, AUGUST - 2020 (43-49)
DE ARAUJO, LOPES, MORALES, CORTEZ-BARBOSA, GAVA, AND GARCIA
The present study aimed to investigate the effective
participation of Brazilian timber housing producers in
generalist organizations as well as to determine which kinds
of class entities could be created to represent and defend the
rights and ambitions of this sector. Some hypotheses were
listed: most of producers are not part of any organization;
the adhesion to general unions of civil construction is still
low; and, there is a demand to create an entity to represent
timber housing companies and activities.
to characterize the context in question. The approach and
application were in charge of the research manager (first
author) and his advisor (last author), with formal support of
some researchers from the construction and timber fields
(co-authors). A semi-structured questionnaire was created,
and its queries are cited and explained in Table 1.
Table 1. Questionnaire queries and response details
Queries
Experimental development
Given the inexistence of official class entities for Brazilian
timber housing producers, any study about this sector
becomes limited and arduous, due to the lack of such
institutions to share data and information on their respective
activities. Therefore, this paper was extracted from a wide
research, performed by De Araujo (2017), which aimed
to identify and detail the industry, considering the present
misinformation in Brazil.
Field of study and considerations
The first stage of this wide research, designed and performed
by De Araujo (2017), included the preparation of a list
with existing Brazilian timber house producers. After the
identification and location of such companies, different
information could be obtained, such as the size of the
sector and its concentration, that is, the amount of national
producers and the state regions with a larger amount of
producers. This stage was based on searches on websites
from those companies that were prospected for this list,
ranging from artisanal to fully industrial productions. This
procedure was based on De Araujo et al. (2018a,b,c). After
this estimation, the sampling was carried out to characterize
the producers in detail and, specifically for the present paper,
to verify demands regarding class entities that represent this
domestic production sector, since several companies could
be prospected and identified in Brazil. Since the studied
period, no research has revealed an updated sectoral size,
although this totality is still basically active in 2020.
Sampling had limitations in data collection, since face-to-face
interviews were carried out with entrepreneurs, either at their
company headquarters, at construction events or in timber
fields. Due to the large extension of the Brazilian territory,
distant regions could imply higher locomotion costs and,
consequently, they would be the main limiting factor to the
research performance. Thus, a macro-region was designed
and considered for data collection, which was based on the
largest amount of producers. Such considerations are in
the line with the path established by De Araujo (2017) and
followed by De Araujo et al. (2018a,b,c).
Survey method and data collection
This study consisted of a survey aiming reveal the real and
current situation of the timber house production sector with
respect to their representatives and class entities in Brazil.
Four questions were formulated for the sampled population
Listed Responses
Response
Character
1. Does your company
participate in class entities with other companies from timber construction?
a) yes
b) no
c) not informed
Trichotomicclosed,
without
any insertions of
other responses
2. If affirmative in 1,
which kind of class entity does your company
participate in?
a) association
b) labor union
c) cooperative
Hybrid and open,
with insertions of
extra and simultaneous responses
3. Does your company
require a class entity to
represent your interests
and sectoral demands?
a) yes
b) no
c) not informed
Trichotomicclosed,
without
any insertions of
other responses
4. If affirmative in 3,
exemplify which kind of
class entities could be
created to supply your
demands.
Fully open, with
any kind of free responses from interviewees
Source: Authors
Questions 1 and 3 were fully closed and designed to
obtain only three possible answers, which could reveal the
real panorama of the existence of class entities or their
requirement, respectively.
In the second question, only the interviewees who answered
‘yes’ in the first query could participate, and they were
encouraged to answer with the type of group in which their
companies are involved. This question is hybrid due to the
lack of knowledge of this sector. Finally, the fourth query was
created to collect free answers from interviewees regarding
the type of organizations they need at this present moment
(Table 1). The conclusion of this research was supported by
the collected data from timber housing producers, whose
qualitative responses were converted into percentage, in order
to measure the respective representation and to contribute
with assertive discussions for a better sectoral understanding
of the prospected scenario.
Statistical method
To validate the obtained results and, consequently, the
sampling surveyed in this study, a margin of error was
set. For this, the online software for statistical samplings
‘Raosoft Sample Size Calculator’ from Raosoft (2004) was
used to determine the sampling coverage under software
prescriptions (a 95% confidence level and a 50% response
distribution). A margin of error was obtained and compared
with existing literature to certify and validate the research.
INGENIERÍA E INVESTIGACIÓN VOL. 40 NO. 2, AUGUST - 2020 (43-49)
45
Class entities from the timber house production sector in Brazil
Results and Discussion
The performance of this sampling reached 50,95% of the
whole sectoral population, as was also declared by De Araujo
et al. (2018 a,b,c) with a ± 3,325% margin of error. Also,
this statistical tool validated this survey using the definitions
by Pinheiro, Castro, Silva, and Nunes (2011), which included
two possible levels of reliability to be achieved: acceptable
(± 5%) and ideal (± 2,5%).
Table 2. Details of survey and sampling
Results
Amount (Units)
Estimated amount of overall
sectoral population
210
Sampling amount obtained
in the face-to-face
interviews
107
Margin of Error (%)
6,65
Source: De Araujo (2017) and De Araujo et al. (2018a, b, c).
The verification of a formal presence (by timber house
producers) revealed that an expressive parcel of this sampling
does not have any participative relationship, even in generalist
organizations. Only a small amount of the sampled
population did not share data (Figure 1a and Query 1). Thus,
the study was quite below the ± 3,325% margin of error.
Figure 1. Class entities: (a) formal participation (Query 1) and (b)
sectoral demand (Query 3) from sampled producers.
Source: Authors
This situation contrasts with a visible demand for the creation
of some kind of representation for this sector, either corporate
or from a labor perspective; over the half of the sampled
companies feel a lack of representation to cluster all timber
house producers in Brazil (Figure 1b and Query 3). This
need for a better representation is identified by Lawton,
Rajwani, and Minto (2018), since associations are made up
of multiple individuals and organizations working toward a
shared purpose.
Due to the lack of organizations that are reportedly focused
on the timber housing production sector, several companies
were motivated to participate in entities from other related
activities (Figure 1a).
Thus, associations and labor unions evinced greater
adherence among the sampled producers (Figure 2 and Query
2). However, a small portion of the sampled population still
officially and strategically declared to be part of technology
and research institutes, committees for production and
sectoral articulation, and also production cooperatives (Figure
2 and Query 2). This panorama suggests that some companies
–in a context lacking representation– have adhered to other
distinct sectors to strengthen each other. In view of this
problem, associations from different industrial groups have
been requested by Brazilian timber house producers to
supply this perceived absence, for example, entities from civil
construction (mainly focused on masonry), forest production,
sawmilling, woodworking, furniture, wood preservation, pulp
and paper, general trading, etc. Despite this chronic fact,
such producers have been looking for a way to feel more
represented because, according to Padilha (2013), class
entities have been always created to congregate professionals
46
Figure 2. Organizations with participation of sampled companies.
Source: Authors
and to allow actions in defense of specific interests, such as
market reserve, fee tables, political lawsuits, etc.
Regarding the demand for greater specific representation,
the studied companies reported that associations constitute
a basic and immediate need, by virtue of visible claim
and pretensions from the timber housing production sector
(Figure 3 and Query 4). Thus, the result was more telling
when compared to other studies due to the specific focus on
class associations, which are meant to represent and defend
corporate rights. Due to these noticeable sectoral lacks,
the establishment of labor unions was the second essential
demand, although its main purpose is to represent workers.
This panorama also suggests that some companies are active
INGENIERÍA E INVESTIGACIÓN VOL. 40 NO. 2, AUGUST - 2020 (43-49)
DE ARAUJO, LOPES, MORALES, CORTEZ-BARBOSA, GAVA, AND GARCIA
in the campaign for workers’ rights, which is quite rare in any
industrial sector. A small portion of the sampled producers
declared the need for the creation of cooperatives, as well as
institutes for timber housing research and technology.
Figure 3. Organization demands from sampled companies.
Source: Authors
Thereupon, the entrepreneurs studied in this sampling
pointed out those main demanded organizations (Figure
4 and Query 4). In this figure, the acronyms were used
for associations (A), unions (U), cooperatives (C), and for
institutes of research and technology (I). Timber housing
producer associations were the most prominent in demand,
including almost 40% of the interviewees. In a small scale, the
studied companies also pointed out other associations and
cooperatives focused on timbered construction techniques,
wood product producers, woodframe technique builders, etc.
Due to sectoral disarticulation and informality, several
producers still declared the need to create labor unions to
represent their workers and professionals (Figure 4), denoting
this Brazilian production sector’ current lack of representation,
which was characterized as the second main sectoral demand.
However, regarding the effectiveness of those listed
alternatives, articulations will still be necessary, particularly
among their future members and their political agendas, as
well as public agencies, both in municipal, state and federal
contexts.
Most likely, this turning point will be driven by the
intensification of construction industrialization –a real
phenomenon that is visible in the United States, Sweden,
Germany, and Japan, as cited by Koones (2019)– under
the need for new cluster formations among suppliers and
producers.
In comparison with the current international panorama,
several countries focused on the culture of timber utilization
already possess class entities to represent their professionals,
companies, and groups for science and technology of timber
construction. A global perception reveals that several
international entities from forest-timber fields are present
in the United States, Canada, Germany, Finland, Sweden,
Figure 4. Suggestions about new organizations.
Source: Authors
Norway, Austria, Bosnia, Chile, New Zealand, Australia, etc.
However, with respect to these studied producers, some
countries concentrate entities for this purpose, for example,
Lithuania (Mediniu˛ Namu˛ Gamintoju˛ Asociacija, 2007),
Estonia (Eesti Puitmajaliit, 2009), and Spain (Asociación de
Fabricantes y Constructores de Casas de Madera, 2009).
Conclusions
Formerly, timber housing producers had no official class
entities in Brazil, and this situation remains similar in 2020.
This fact has forced such companies to seek representation in
related sectors, for example, some generalist groups for trade
and industry, civil construction (essentially in masonry and
steel), or even, in some different associations for other forest
and timber activities, which include sylviculture, sawmilling,
furniture, wood preservation, etc. This mechanism is rather
limited, since most of these entities are not set in the context
of timber housing companies, which have domestic presence
since the late 1800s.
This lack of representation is noticeable, either from
corporative or labor perspectives, that it motivates the
sampled entrepreneurs to declare the immediate need to
effectively create associations for these producers, as well as
labor unions for their workers.
Given the lack of proposals, some new suggestions were
listed to create representation and associative channels
among producers and workers of the Brazilian timber housing
INGENIERÍA E INVESTIGACIÓN VOL. 40 NO. 2, AUGUST - 2020 (43-49)
47
Class entities from the timber house production sector in Brazil
construction sector. These suggestions aimed to organize
and represent the industry in order to defend their needs
and interests, together with the national government, with
respect to technological improvement, market consolidation,
and stimuli for new operations. Associations and cooperatives
have been demanded, both for producers and workers, to
represent different types of construction techniques, prefabricated houses, timber products, and carpentry.
Acknowledgements
This paper is a specific part of a wide research on the same
sector (De Araujo, 2017), led and carried out by the first
author in his doctorate thesis, under supervision of the last
one, for the University of São Paulo (USP-ESALQ). Only
his scholarship was used as financial resources, that is, no
specific national agency supported the application of this
survey.
References
Abou-Moghli, A. A., and Al-Abdallah, G. (2018). Evaluating the
association between corporate entrepreneurship and firm
performance. International Journal of Entrepreneurship,
22(4), 1-10. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3
30225684_Evaluating_the_association_between_corpo
rate_entrepreneurship_and_firm_performance
Alves, J. F. (1996). Interesses industriais e clivagens associativas:
a união dos industriais do Norte (1897-1900). Revista da
Faculdade de Letras: História, 13(2), 515-534. https://repo
sitorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/8646/2/2175.pdf
Asociación de Fabricantes y Constructores de Casas de Madera.
(2009). Servicios para asociados. http://www.casasdemad
era.org/servicios.html
Brazil - Decreto n➸ 19 770, de 19 de Março (1931). Regula a
sindicalizacão das classes patronais e operárias e dá outras
providências. Brasília: Diário Oficial da União.
Cardoso, U. C. (2014). Associacão: série empreendimentos
coletivos. Brasilia: Sebrae, 2014.
De Araujo, V. A. (2017). Casas de madeira e o potencial de
producão no Brasil. [Doctoral thesis, Universidade de São
Paulo] 10.11606/T.11.2018.tde-22032018-113405
De Araujo, V., Nogueira, C., Savi, A., Sorrentino, M., Morales,
E., Cortez-Barbosa, J., Gava, M. and Garcia, J. (2018a).
Economic and labor sizes from the Brazilian timber
housing production sector. Acta Silvatica et Lignaria
Hungarica, 14(2), 95-106. 10.2478/aslh-2018-0006
De Araujo, V. A., Lima Jr., M. P., Biazzon, J. C., Vasconcelos, J.
S., Munis, R. A., Morales, E. A. M., Cortez-Barbosa, J.,
Nogueira, C. L., Savi, A. F., Severo, E. T. D., Christoforo,
A. L., Sorrentino, M., Lahr, F. A. R., Gava, M., and Garcia,
J. N. (2018b). Machinery from Brazilian wooden housing
production: size and overall obsolescence. BioResources,
13(4), 8775-8786. 10.15376/biores.13.4.8775-8786
De Araujo, V. A., Vasconcelos, J. S., Morales, E. A. M., Savi,
A. F., Hindman, D. P., O’Brien, M. J., Negrão, J. H. J.
48
O., Christoforo, A. L., Lahr, F. A. R., Cortez-Barbosa, J.,
Gava, M., and Garcia, J. N. (2018c). Difficulties of wooden
housing production sector in Brazil. Wood Material Science
& Engineering, 1-10. 10.1080/17480272.2018.1484513
Doucet, L. and Favreau, L. (1991). Théorie et pratiques
en organisation communautaire. Québec: Presses de
l’Université du Québec.
Eesti Puitmajaliit (2009). Estonian woodhouse association.
http://www.puitmajaliit.ee/association-1
García-Alcaraz, J. L., Adarme-Jaimes, W., and BlancoFernández, J. (2016). Impact of human resources on
wine supply chain flexibility, quality, and economic
performance. Ingeniería e Investigación, 36(3), 74-81.
10.15446/ing.investig.v36n3.56091
Hudson, M. (1999). Administrando organizacões do terceiro
setor: o desafio de administrar sem receita. São Paulo:
Makron Books.
Jesus, R. P. (2007). Associativismo no Brasil do Século XIX:
repertório crítico dos registros de sociedades no Conselho
de Estado (1860-1889). Locus: Revista De História, 13(1),
144-170. https://periodicos.ufjf.br/index.php/locus/article
/view/20658
Koones, S. (2019). Extraordinary prefab houses around the world.
http://forbes.com/sites/sherikoones/2019/02/18/extrao
rdinary-prefab-houses-around-the-world/amp/
Lawton, T. C., Rajwani, T., and Minto, A. (2018). Why trade
associations matter: exploring function, meaning, and
influence. Journal of Management Inquiry, 27(1), 5-9.
10.1177/1056492616688853
Loss, C. D., Gomes, A. P., Goldoni, A. G., Tagliari, L. D., and
Maculan, L. S. (2016). Valor imobiliário de habitações
populares de acordo com padrões de acabamento. In:
Proceedings of 16th Encontro Nacional de Tecnologia do
Ambiente Construído, (pp. 5557-5571), São Paulo. Porto
Alegre: ANTAC, 2016.
Loureiro, J. E. (1967). Aspectos do conflito industrial no Brasil.
Revista de Administracão de Empresas, 7(24), 42-77.
10.1590/S0034-75901967000300002
Martins, L. G. R., Steiner, M. T. A., Wilhem, V. E.,
Steiner Neto, P. J., and Santos, B. S. (2018). Paraná’s
credit unions: an analysis of their efficiency and
productivity change. Ingeniería e Investigación, 38(3),
59-67. 10.15446/ing.investig.v38n3.68892
Mediniu˛ Namu˛ Gamintoju˛ Asociacija. (2007). Lithuanian wood
houses industry. http://www.timberhouses.lt/lithuanian
_wood_houses_industry
National Institute of Industrial Property (2019). Estudos setoriais.
http://www.inpi.gov.br/menu-servicos/informacao/est
udos-setoriais
Padilha, E. (2013). O papel das entidades de classe na nova visão
do sistema Confea/Crea. http://www.eniopadilha.com.br
/documentos/EnioPadilha_CNP2013_EntidadesdeClasse
.pdf
INGENIERÍA E INVESTIGACIÓN VOL. 40 NO. 2, AUGUST - 2020 (43-49)
DE ARAUJO, LOPES, MORALES, CORTEZ-BARBOSA, GAVA, AND GARCIA
Pena-Montoya, C. C., Osorio-Gomez, J. C., Vidal-Holguin, C. J.,
Torres-Lozada, P., and Marmolejo-Rebellon, L. F. (2015).
Reverse logistics in plastics subsector: main facilitators
and barriers. Ingeniería e Investigación, 35(3), 27-33.
10.15446/ing.investig.v35n3.49834
Pinheiro, R. M., Castro, G. C., Silva, H. H., and Nunes, J. M.
G. (2011). Pesquisa de mercado. Rio de Janeiro: Editora
FGV.
state of Ceara in Brazil. Innovation, 17(3), 383-399.
10.1080/14479338.2015.1075855
Soares, R. M. F., and Cabral, C. L. O. (2012). A
presença das entidades representativas na formação
profissional do pedagogo: resgate dos movimentos. In:
Proceedings of 6th Colóquio Internacional “Educacão e
Contemporaneidade”, São Cristovão. São Cristovão: UFS,
2012. https://ri.ufs.br/bitstream/riufs/10181/71/70.pdf
Raosoft (2004). http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html
Realyvásquez, A., Maldonado-Macías, A. A., and GarcíaAlcaraz, J. L. (2018). Effects of employees’ physical and
psychological characteristics over manufacturing system’s
performance. Ingeniería e Investigación, 38(2), 79-89.
10.15446/ing.investig.v38n2.65202
Ribeiro, A. B., Miranda, A. C. D., and Reis, J. M. (2015).
Movimento associativo e entidades de classe: discussões
existentes e a produção científica. Revista Brasileira de
Biblioteconomia e Documentacão, 11(1), 2-19. https:
//rbbd.febab.org.br/rbbd/article/view/266
Salamon, L. M. and Anheier, H. K. (1996). The international
classification of nonprofit organizations: ICNPO-revision
1, 1996. Working Papers of the Johns Hopkins Comparative
Nonprofit Sector Project (19), 1-24. https://asauk.org.uk
/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/CNP_WP19_1996.pdf
Santos, C., Camargo, S. H. C. R. V., Giuliani, A. C., Novaes Netto,
A. F., and Spers, V. R. E. (2010). Competências de uma
associação de classe e o seu exemplo administrativo e ao
meio ambiente. eGesta. 6(2), 102-127.
Schwartz, D. and Bar-El R. (2015). Catalyst for building
an innovation ecosystem: an experiment in the
UN/ICC (2015). Scaling up sustainability collaboration:
contributions of business associations and sector initiatives
to sustainable development. UN Global Compact Office.
https://d306pr3pise04h.cloudfront.net/docs/issues_doc
%2Fdevelopment%2FBusinessAssociationsSectorandSD
.pdf
Vanacker, T. R., Zahra, S. A., and Holmes, R. M.
(2017). Corporate entrepreneurship, firm performance
and institutions: evidence from European firms.
Academy of Management Proceedings, 2017(1), 15764.
10.5465/AMBPP.2017.15764abstract
Vishwakarma, A. K., Nema, A. K. and Sangle, S. (2018). Study
of determinants of proactive environmental strategies in
India’s power sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 194,
43-53. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.135
Zamora, A. V., Delgado, F. M. and Sarache, W. A. (2014).
Prodcedure for calculating added value: application in the
medium-voltage fuse industry. Ingeniería e Investigación,
34(1), 90-94. 10.15446/ing.investig.v34n1.42797
INGENIERÍA E INVESTIGACIÓN VOL. 40 NO. 2, AUGUST - 2020 (43-49)
49