«The Celtic presence in Thrace during the 3rd century BC in the light of new archaeological data», In M. Guštin, M. Jevtić (Eds), The Eastern Celts. The Communities between the Alps and the Black See, Koper-Beograd, Univerza na Primorskem, Zalozba Annales, 2011, 227-239

Jordan Anastassov The Celtic presence in Thrace during the 3rd century BC in light of new archaeological data JORDAN ANASTASSOV R esearch on the Celtic presence in Thrace during the 3rd century BC is based almost exclusively on analyses of classical literary sources, to which gene­ rally two prestigious archaeological discoveries are added: the golden torc of Gorni Tsibar and the chariot elements of Mezek (Bouzek 2005; 2006; Frey, Szabó 2001; Megaw 2004; 2005; Szabó 1992; 1996). Without going into detail on this issue, the history of which is strictly associated with the development of Bulgarian archaeology in the 20th century (Emilov 2005), the question of Celtic migration to Thrace with the creation of the kingdom of Tylis in 278/277 BC has long been considered above all a ‘western’ subject of minor interest. It had therefore been excluded from the ield of study by most Bulgarian researchers, except Mieczyslaw Domaradzki, who devoted a signiicant part of his research to this issue (Domaradzki 1978; 1980; 1984; 1995). Since the middle of the 1990s signiicant new ar­ chaeological and numismatic inds from the 3rd century BC, have been discovered. Some have only recently been published, while the majority is still subject to detailed study and analyses (Anastassov 2006; 2008a; 2008b; Anastassov (forthcoming); Lazarov 1993; 1996; 2006; Tonkova 2006; Mircheva 2000­2001; 2007). Thus, the scarcity of the archaeological remains from the end of the Early and Middle La Tène periods, which is generally associated with this turbulent episode of the settling of Thrace, does not appear to be the result of the ephemeral nature of migration and the extremely rapid Hellenization of the Celts, but rather of the state and orientation of research in this area. Northeastern Bulgaria, a concentration zone of La Tène remains It appears today that nearly all of the La Tène artefacts, discovered in Thracian territory south of the Danube are concentrated in the northern part of modern Bulgaria. While artefacts from the 2nd and 1st Figure 1 Distribution map of the main sites with La Tène objects from the 3rd century BC. 227 Jordan Anastassov Figure 2 Distribution map of Kavaros bronze coins (after Lazarov 1993; 1996): 1 Peak Arkovna, 2 Asparuhovo, 3 Bilka, 4 Blaskovo, 5 Bozvelijsko, 6 Venchan, 7 Devnija, 8 Kiten, 9 Komarevo, 10 Kosovo, 11 Nevsha, 12 Nenovo, 13 Neoit Rilski, 14 Petrov Dol, 15 Provadija, 16 Slaveikovo, 17 Sladka Voda, 18 Chaika, 19 Cherkovna, 20 Ruen, 21 Cherna Mogila, 22 Aitos 23 Sliven, 24 Kabyle, 25 Tsenino, 26 Stara Zagora, 27 Simeonovgrad. Figure 3 The Thracian territory during the ‘Great Expedition’ accor­ ding to ancient literary sources. 228 centuries BC associated with the ‘Padea­Panagjurski Kolonii’ culture primarily occur in the northwest part of the country (Rustoiu 2005b), most of the material from the 3rd century BC which may be associated with the historical settlement of the Celts in Thrace is found in northeastern Bulgaria (ig. 1). A region with a concentration of material from the Early and Middle La Tène can thus be identiied at the extreme east of the Balkan range, with the modern city of Shumen at the centre. Geographically, this territory is limited to the west by the city of Veliko Tarnovo, to the east by the Black Sea, to the north by the Danube, and to the south by the Thracian Plain, with an expan­ sion into the Kazanlak region. It is in this zone and more speciically in the valleys of the Rivers Kamchia and Provadia that most of the bronze coins of Kavaros, the last Celtic king of Tylis, are concentrated (ig. 2; Lazarov 1993; 1996; 2006). Their study has raised questions about the location of the Celtic kingdom within this region. The fortiied site of the Arkovna mountain near Dalgopol, where some of the Kavaros coins were probably struck, has been proposed as one of the probable royal residences (Tylis?). While this interpretation is supported by the discovery of numerous La Tène remains, as well as the presence of luxury objects and the prestigious nature of the site, it needs conirmation by further research. The determination of this region, based on ar­ chaeological and numismatic data, is corroborated by classical literary sources that emphasize the penetra­ tion of migrating groups from the north of the Balkan Mountain range (ig. 3; Justin, XXV, 1; Pausanias, X, 19; Plutarch, Paul-Emile, 9; Seneca the Younger, Nat. Quaest., III, 11.2). The most signiicant evidence concerns the Celtic troops massacred at Lysimacheia in 278/277 BC by Antigone Gonatas, who had previously conquered the territory of the Triballi and the Getae (Justin, XXV, 1). If this source is based on accurate facts, the expansion of the Celts from west to east would have followed a route between the Danube and the Balkan range and would have reached the Getic territory in the extreme northeast of modern Bulgaria. Their displacement from the northeast to the southeast Balkan Peninsula would thus necessarily imply the crossing of the Balkan Mountains. Jordan Anastassov The concentration of most of the archaeological and numismatic material contemporaneous with these events at one of the most important points of passage of the Balkan range, which is moreover in a territory attributed to the Getae, can hardly be considered a coincidence. The ethnonym of the Coralles (ΚΟΡΑΛΛΟΙ), iden­ tiied by C. Guyonvarc’h as of Celtic origin and lo­ cated in this same region, is certainly in agreement (Guyonvarc’h 1967). Given these observations, the hypothesis by which the Tylis kingdom should be sought near Byzantion at the extreme southeast of the Balkan Peninsula is dificult to accept. seem to be the emblematic type of the ‘Thracian’ La Tène horizon. They can probably be associated with the presence of individuals originating on the northern edge of the Celtic world (Anastassov 2006, 14). Fibulae from the Middle La Tène scheme are also typical. They are iliform with a strapped foot. The hook can be more or less massive, sometimes globular, and includes a spherical or discoid button on the foot. Artefacts from the ‘transition’ horizon Lt B2/C1 The La Tène artefacts of the Early and Middle La Tène type discovered in Bulgaria can currently be counted in several hundreds. While their number may still seem largely insuficient and the lack of context regrettable, these discoveries permit an appreciable modiication of the image from earlier research that was based only on a few dozen inds. Generally, the objects are characteristic of the ‘transition’ horizon Lt B2/C1 (Anastassov 2006). Some more recent discoveries from the end of the Middle La Tène (Lt C2) raise the question of the duration of the Celtic occupation or inluence in this region after the disappearance of the Tylis kingdom in 213/212 BC. Ornaments Ornaments and particularly ibulae predominate. They relect an essentially ‘female’ side of this issue. It is quite certain that this is due to the state of research, also observed in other regions of the La Tène world. In the present case, it probably results from the need to isolate suficiently characteristic elements. The ibulae are represented by several variants broadly diffused in the La Tène cultural area (ig. 4) (Anastassov 2006). For the Early La Tène schema, late derivations of the ‘Duchcov’ type have been identiied. Many are also characterized by the presence of one or more decorative springs at the end of the foot (ig. 4: 5-6, 13-14). These ibulae, known as the ‘Pestrup’ type, Figure 4 The main Early and Middle La Tène ibula shapes from the Thracian territory: 1 Dragoevo, iron (Anastassov 2006, n°7) ; 2 Shumen region, iron (ibid., n° 35) ; 3 Cherencha, iron ( ibid., n° 65) ; 4 Shumen region, bronze ( ibid., n° 36) ; 5 Dragoevo, iron ( ibid., n° 17) ; 6 Cherencha, bronze ( ibid., n° 83) ; 7 Dragoevo, iron ( ibid., n° 19); 8 Ruse region, iron, (Anastassov 2008a, Pl. 1, 4); 9 Seuthopolis, bronze (Dimitrov, Čičikova et al. 1984, n° 81); 10 Markovo, bronze (Anastassov 2006, n° 26); 11 Shumen region, iron ( ibid., n° 46)); 12 Shumen region, iron ( ibid., n° 44); 13 Koshov, bronze (Anastassov 2008a, Pl. 1, 5); 14 without localisation, bronze (Domaradzki 1997, 51, n° 613). 229 Jordan Anastassov characterized by triskele décor of clear La Tène tradition (ig. 9; Cullin­Mingeaud et al. 2006, n°167). Some elements of women’s bronze belts, primarily buckles with hooks with zoomorphic heads discov­ ered in the Dalgopol region can also be included in this category (ig. 10; Cullin­Mingeaud et al. 2006, n° 178; Lazarov 2001, 134, n° 46-47; 2006, 178, ig. 12; Tonkova 2006, 278, pl. V, 3). Figure 5 ‘Hybrid’ bronze ibula from the Veliko Tarnovo region. A – (Cullin-Mingeaud et al. 2006, n° 164); B – (after Мirčeva 2000–2001, ig. 1). Some examples can also be considered as hybrids. This is the case when considering a ibula from the Ve­ liko Tarnovo region, which has a zoomorphic foot (ring), typical for the Hungarian Plain, while its construction is clearly of ‘Thracian’ tradition ( ig. 5; Mircheva 2000­ 2001; 2007, 71, ig. 7). Although interpretations of this type of discoveries can be multiple, these objects show above all the existence of contacts between populations of different origins and material culture. Ring ornaments are also relatively varied with outstanding examples, like the Gorni Tsibar torc, a stray ind decorated in the ‘Waldalgesheim’ style (ig. 6-9; Anastassov 2006, 20­21; Tonkova 2006). They have many parallels across the entire eastern Celtic area and particularly in Bohemia, Moravia and the Carpathian Basin. They include bronze bracelets with protuberances or knots often decorated with false-iligree motifs or in the plastic style (ig. 6: 1-4; 8). Beaded rings have also been found (ig. 6: 5-9). The small diameter of some of them suggests the presence of children. A single example of knobbed anklets has so far been uncovered ( ig. 20: 15; Megaw 2004, ig. 4; Mihaylova 1992, ig. 2-3). In addition to bronze ring ornaments, blue glass bracelets with undulating yellow and white lines have also been found (ig. 8; Lazarov 2006, ig. 21; Kvinto 1985, ig. 6a). They generally have a ‘D’ cross-section, with one or two medial mouldings delimited by nar­ row grooves. It is also important to emphasize the unique dis­ covery of a fragment, probably of a ring (?), that is 230 Weaponry Weaponry of the La Tène type from the 3rd century BC is relatively rare in comparison to younger discover­ ies dating to the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. This paucity is quite certainly due to the state of research and is based, at least in part, on the dificulty of identiication and the often advanced destruction of iron objects. Offensive weaponry is distinguished primarily by the presence of swords (ig. 11-13; Anastassov 2006; 2008a; Megaw et al. 2000; Atanasov 1992; Torbov 2005). Knives are rather rare with examples of the ‘Hiebmesser’ type characteristic of Middle La Tène (ig. 26: 3; Atanasov 1995, ig. 25-26; 1992, VIII, 8). Spearheads cannot be linked to the discoveries from Central and Western Europe from the current state of documentation. 0 2 cm Figure 6 Bronze ring ornaments. 1–9 Shumen region (Anastassov 2006, n° 49–59). Jordan Anastassov Regarding the swords in particular, the vast major­ ity is dated from the end of the Middle and to Late La Tène (Torbov 2005). Few examples from Lt B2/ C1 are known. At present, the earliest La Tène sword in Bulgaria has been identiied indirectly on a wall painting in the royal tomb of Ginina Mogila at Sboryanovo (ig. 13; Anastassov 2008b). This is a sword of the ‘Hatvan­ Boldog’ type with a fairly massive circular chape­end with an openwork design, a marked mid­rib and prob­ ably a metal belt. No actual example of this type has as yet been found in Bulgaria. This is also true for the metal belts that characterize the warrior groups of this period of expansion. Recent analysis of one of the rare decorated swords in Bulgaria discovered in the Ruse region and dated to Lt C2 has demonstrated the re­use of two older obverse plates, probably dating to Lt B2 or to the beginning of Lt C1 for its scabbard (ig. 11; Anastassov 2008a). This discovery, in addition, has demonstrated the presence of original modiications, which characterize peripheral regions, alongside the La Tène craft tradition. 0 3 cm Figure 8 Glass bracelets. 1–3 Peak Arkovna (Lazarov 2006, ig. 21). We must certainly not forget the intentional defor­ mation observed on the majority of these swords. In funerary context it appears today that their deformation is primarily a practice emblematic of the eastern and Padanian Celtic area (Anastassov 2006, 22). Concerning the defensive weaponry, only few dis­ coveries can be mentioned. We ind elements of shields (rectangular shield­boss), chain mails and helmets, which are represented by one or two examples (ig. 26; Lazarov 2006; Torbov 2004; Atanasov 1992). On the whole, they are dated from the late stage of Middle La Tène (Lt C2) and present, alongside the classical La Tène forms, elements of Hellenistic or local inluences and reinterpretations. Chariots 0 4 cm Figure 7 Bronze ring ornaments. 1 Shumen region (Anastassov 2006, n° 49); 2–6 Northestern Bulgaria (Cullin-Mingeaud et al. 2006, 113). Chariots are represented by several discoveries; the most famous of which certainly comes from the Map­ Tepe tomb in Mezek in southern Bulgaria near the Greek border (ig. 14-15; Fol 2001; Stoyanov 2005). This old discovery consists of two linchpins, ive rein-rings, two strap buckles and an element with a discoid end (rid­ ing crop holder?). All of these exceptional elements, which will be subject to more in­depth analyses, are decorated in the ‘plastic’ style typical for productions in Bohemia (Lt B2/ C1). A linchpin from the Shumen region has also been identiied. It has a quadrangular bronze head decorated with a double­dragon motif (‘Arbre de Vie’) (ig. 16; Anastassov 2006, 22­23). A bronze fragment, probably from a chariot, con­ served at the Museum of Varna, has been published recently (ig. 17; Cullin-Mingeaud et al. 2006, ig. 168). This is an element with a zoomorphic (bovid?) mask with almond­shaped eyes, in the plastic style. A good 231 Jordan Anastassov Figure 9 Bronze disc from a ring (?), Northestern Bulgaria (Cullin­ Mingeaud et al. 2006, n° 167). 0 3 cm 0 no known settlements that could be considered ‘truly’ Celtic. The characteristics of a dozen sites located in the Shumen region and which have yielded abundant La Tène material cannot be speciied without further detailed excavation (Anastassov 2006). At present most of the La Tène artefacts from settle­ ment contexts comes from sites a priori ‘indigenous’. 3 cm Figure 10 Bronze belt buckles. 1 Peak Arkovna (Lazarov 2006, ig. 12); 2 Bozveliisko (ibid., n° 46); 3 Peak Arkovna (ibid., n° 45); 4 Northeastern Bulgaria (Cullin­Mingeaud et al. 2006, n° 178; Tonkova 2006, Pl. 5: 3). parallel can be found in one of the rein­rings of Attichy in Northwest Gaul (Oise/France) (Duval, Blanchet 1974, ig. 3, 5: 2; Duval 1985, 40; Szabó, 305). Pottery 0 10 cm Celtic pottery remains rare. It is represented by a few dozen pieces from four sites: Seuthopolis, Tsare­ vets (Veliko Tarnovo), Sboryanovo and Arkovna (fig. 18; Lazarov 2006, 179; Vagalinski 2007, fig. 18-19; Dimirtrov, Čičikova et al. 1984, 52-53, ig. 24; Kvinto 1985, 60, ig. 7). These are fragments of graphite or grey polished pottery that seems to come above all from the eastern Celtic region. Unfortunately, the vast majority comes from old excavations and may be regarded as lost. Settlements It is still extremely dificult, if not impossible, to reconstruct even a schematic image of the nature of Celtic settlements in Thracian territory south of the Danube given the little knowledge of dwellings of this period in general. It is important to note that there are 232 Figure 11 Sword with scabbard from the Ruse Region, iron (Anastassov 2008a, Pl. 2; ig. 5). Jordan Anastassov Two examples should be kept in mind: the fortiied sites of Seuthopolis and Sboryanovo, founded before the historical migration of the Celts (ig. 19-20; Dimi­ trov, Čičikova 1978; Stoyanov et al. 2006; Dimitrov, Čičikova et al. 1984). Objects uncovered in these two royal residences with strong Hellenistic inluences give evidence about the peaceful establishment of small groups, mostly women, coming from Central and Western Europe. In general the material relects population mixture, also corroborated by observations from their respective necropolises. We note that the abandonment of Seuthopolis as well as Sboryanovo is dated to the middle of the 3rd century BC. This is perhaps not without relation to the creation of the Tylis kingdom. The explanation of such a phenomenon, however, goes largely beyond the possibilities offered by archaeology and other interpretations also exist (Stoyanov et al. 2006, 21; Tatscheva 1986; 2000). 0 10 cm Figure 12 Swords with a scabbard. 1 Kalnovo, iron (Аtanasov 1992, pl. 7); 2 Pavolche, iron (after Theodossiev 2005, ig. 2 (a–b)). 0 1 cm Figure 13 Sword of the ‘Hatvan­Boldog’ type, painted on the wall of the Ginina Mogila tomb (Sboryanovo), schematic reconstruction (Anastassov 2008b, ig. 3). The fortiied site of the Arkovna mountain, which has already been mentioned, is a unique case since it has been interpreted, on the basis of numismatic discover­ ies and La Tène objects (Kavaros coins, ibulae, glass bracelets, belt elements, pottery), as one of the probable residences of Kavaros (Lazarov 1993; 1996; 2006). Without going into details about this recent discovery, which will be subject to more in­depth analyses, initial observations show evidence of strong Hellenistic inlu­ ences in structures and artefacts. In any case, this would have been a prestigious site in which populations from Central Europe and the Balkans lived together. 233 Jordan Anastassov Figure 15 Chariot elements from Mezek, bronze (Fol 2001, 384). 0 3 cm Figure 14 Chariot linchip from Mezek, bronze (photo. J. Anastassov). The settlement excavated on the site of Tsarevets at Veliko Tarnovo differs in the nature of its structures, which have no true parallels south of the Danube (ig. 21; Lilova 2005; Kvinto 1985). They have more in common with the installations of the Carpathian Basin, Bohemia and Moravia. Investigations from the 1970s revealed the presence of at least three pit houses associ­ ated with inds from Lt B2/ C1, including ibulae, glass bracelets and graphite pottery. This may be the only known evidence of a ‘Celtic’ settlement in Thrace. Necropoles Like settlements, no true ‘Celtic’ necropolis is cur­ rently known. In funerary contexts La Tène artefacts come almost exclusively from aristocratic contexts of Figure 16 Chariot linchip from Shumen Region, bronze and iron (Ana­ stassov 2006, 60). 0 4 cm Figure 17 Fragment of a chariot element (?), bronze (Cullin­Mingeaud et al. 2006, n° 168). 0 234 1 cm the ‘Thracian’ tradition. This is once again an image certainly distorted by the research orientation, which has focused on tumuli rather than lat cremation burial grounds. Analyses of the La Tène artefacts from the Shu­ men region, unfortunately lacking context, nevertheless suggest the existence of such necropolises, for which their expanse and characteristics can be determined only by future research (Anastassov 2006). In the Hellenistic necropolises at Sboryanovo, Seuthopolis, Branichevo and Madara (Domaradzki 1984, ig. 40: 42), for example, ornaments have been found associated with rich female burials. As an example, tumulus n°23 of the western ne­ cropolis at Sboryanovo may be mentioned, which yielded a cremation burial with four small ibulae of the Early La Tène scheme (Lt B2), a bronze belt chain, many glass beads, including one with a human mask and around twenty ine pottery vessels of Greek and Thracian origin (ig. 22; Gergova, Radev 1994). The same goes for the burial of a young girl in a tomb in the tumular necropolis of Seuthopolis (tumulus n°2/ tomb n°2), which yielded two small gold ibulae of the ‘Pestrup’ type, associated, among others, with a gold necklace of Greek or local production (ig. 23; Dimitrov, Čičikova 1978, 52-53). Assuming that the ornament constitutes a strong identifying signature, as seems to have been the case during the Late Iron Age (Kaenel 2007), these female burials may be evidence of high­ranking women from Central or Western Europe within the ‘Thracian’ elite. The archaeological material would thus relect the practice of exogamy, largely attested in other sources, both in Thrace and in the Celtic world in general. From a chronological point of view, most of these ‘feminine’ discoveries can be dated to the end of the 4th or the very beginning of the 3rd century BC, i. e. to the start of the ‘Great Expedition’ and perhaps even before the founding of the Tylis kingdom. They could in this way be early indices of contacts or alliances between Celtic and Thracian chiefs, like the Celtic embassy sent to Alexander the Great on the Danube in 335 BC (Strabo, Geo., VII, 3, 8; Arrian, Anabasis, I, 4, 6­8). Jordan Anastassov Alongside these aristocratic female burials, recent research has also yielded evidence of tombs with La Tène objects which differ according to their arrange­ ment or associated rituals from most of the burials known in Thrace. This is the case in a rich warrior’s tomb found in the Hellenistic necropolis at Plovdiv (Philippopo­ lis): a cremation burial which contains a deliberately deformed La Tène sword associated with an Early La Tène ibula of the ‘Pestrup’ type (Lt B2), as well 0 Figure 18 Celtic pottery. 1 Peak Arkovna, gray smooth/ polished ceramic (Lazarov 2006, ig. 13) ; 2 Sboryanovo, graphite ceramic (Vagalinski 2007, n° 18). 0 0 50 m 2 cm Figure 19 La Tène objects from Seuthopolis. A – Distribution map of the ibulae (after Dimitrov, Čičikova et al. 1984) ; B – The main Early and Middle La Tène ibula shapes (drawings J. Anastassov). as around twenty Greek and local pottery fragments (Bospatchieva 1995). Although the investigation of this tomb dating to the beginning of the 3rd century BC is still in its preliminary phase, it appears quite likely that this was a burial of a ‘Celtic’ warrior whose presence in this territory could be explained by the development of mercenary units in the Hellenistic kingdoms (Rustoiu 2006a, 53­63). This tomb is an isolated discovery in southern Bulgaria and as such cannot be associated with the presence of a large group of migrants. Nevertheless, the intentional deformation of the sword, which is an unusual practice for the ‘Thracian’ funerary traditions in this period (Anastassov 2006, 22), indirectly testi­ ies to the presence of individuals originating from the eastern or Padanian border of the Celtic world at the time of the warrior’s death. The Kalnovo necropolis located along the River Kamtschia in northeastern Bulgaria is an extremely im­ portant discovery that contrasts with the other funerary arrangements known in Thracian territory (Аtanasov 1992). It has eight ‘catacomb’ tombs (pits with niches), 235 3 cm Jordan Anastassov 0 0 2 cm 4 cm Figure 20 La Tène objects from the fortiied settlement of Sboryanovo. 1, 7–14 iron ; 2–4, 6 bronze ; 5 silver (Megaw 2004, ig. 9); 15 Knobbed anklet (ibid., ig. 4); (Vagalinski 2007, ig. 18) ; Topographical map of the settlement (Stoyanov et al. 2006, ig. 2). 0 2 cm 0 236 2 cm of which three contained ornaments and weapons from Lt C1 and Lt C2 (ig. 24). A large deposit (votive, trophy?) consisting of a complete warrior’s panoply from Lt C2 (helmet, sword, spearhead, shield, horse bit, chain mail) (ig. 26) was also recovered in a prob­ able ritual area organized around a rich male burial associated with ibulae from Lt C1 (ig. 25). While the ornaments and weapons are indisputably of La Tène tradition, the funerary structures ind their closest parallels in the Ukrainian and Russian steppes. In Bulgaria, only a single similar discovery has been made at present, i.e. a tomb at Branichevo in the same region, which also contained La Tène objects (Doma­ radzki 1984, ig. 40). With such a discovery, which must still undergo multiple analyses, it is the hybrid ‘Celto­Scythian’ nature with strong Hellenistic inluences that should above all be emphasized. It shows the complexity of ethnic and cultural processes provoked by the ‘Great Expedition’ that archaeology still has dificulty in grasping and particularly explaining. Origin(s) of the migrants Based on the La Tène objects uncovered in Bulgaria it is now possible to distinguish the origin of some of the individuals who took part in the ‘Great Expedition’ and settled in Thrace during the 3rd century BC. The territories of Moravia, Bohemia and the Car­ pathian Basin, which have delivered the closest paral­ lels, seem to have been among the main sources of the migrating groups. A new zone located at the border of the northern La Tène/Celtic world has to be added to this oriental Celtic territory, known for a long time as one of a series of outposts (Szabó 2006). It is made visible by the large diffusion of the ‘Pestrup’ type ibulae on the Thracian territory, the origin and development of which is situated in northern Germany and in the Marne and Moselle regions (Anastassov 2006, 16­17). Whether these are the vestiges of the Tectosagi, Tolistoboï, Trocmi, Aigosagi or Coralles is extremely Figure 21 The settlement of Tsarevets at Veliko Tarnovo. A – Schematic map of the structures (pit houses, ireplaces) B – La Tène objects. 1–8 bronze; 9–13 glass (after Kvinto 1985, ig. 6). Jordan Anastassov 0 2 cm 0 0 5 cm 1m 0 10 cm Figure 22 Female tomb in tumulus n° 23 of the Western necropolis at Sboryanovo. A – Plan of the tomb (Gergova, Radev 1994) B – Grave goods. 1–3 iron; 4 silver; 5 bronze; 6–11 glass; 12–24 Greek or Thracian pottery. (drawings: 1–4 J. Anastassov; 5–24 Gergova, Radev 1994). 237 Jordan Anastassov 0 0 dificult to answer. The archaeological data, however, makes it possible to conirm some of the observations made on the basis of literary sources about the tribal or ethnic heterogeneity of the migrating population. They also make evident the mixing of Celtic and Thracian populations reported by ancient authors con­ cerning the weaponry, the customs or the settlement (Ammianus Marcelin, Hist. XXVII, 4; Justin, XXXII: 3; Polybius, V, 65; Strabo, I, 1 / III, 4. 17 / VII, 1.1 / 3. 2, 11 / 5. 1, 2, 4, 10). These preliminary observations, which future re­ search will certainly support and specify, aim above all to open the debate and entice relection. The con­ clusions presented in this framework should therefore be considered with discernment, having in mind the preliminary character of this research. 1 cm 1m Figure 23 Female burial from tomb n°2/ tumulus n°2 from the necro­ polis of Seuthopolis. A – Plan of the brick tomb (Dimitrov, Čičkova et al. 1984, ig. 86) B – Grave goods. 1–4 gold (drawings: J. Anastassov; 3–4 Dimitrov, Čičkova). Prof. Marie Besse, Prof. Gilbert Kaenel, Prof. Diana Gergova, Lidia Kvinto, Lachezar Lazarov, Milena Tonkova, Bogdana Lilova, Aurel Rustoiu, Viktoria Fisher, Lionel Pernet, Ivan Anastassov, Maria Rupova­Anastassova, Alessandra Favre, Penka Rupova, Ivanka Rupova, Viktor Tankov, Dimitar Tankov, Rebecca Miller. Work supported by the Ernst and Lucie Schmidheiny Founda­ tion and from an Augustin Lombard grant of the Geneva SPHN Society. Translated by Rebecca Miller. 0 0 2 cm 2 cm 0 0 0 2 cm 300 m 0 Figure 24 Kalnovo necropolis. Detail of structure n° 1 (after Аtanasov 1992, ig. 1, 3). 238 4 cm 10 cm Figure 25 Kalnovo necropolis. Grave goods from structure n°1. 1–3 iron; 4–13 ceramics (3–13 after Аtanasov 1992). Jordan Anastassov 0 10 cm Figure 26 Kalnovo necropolis. Warrior’s panoply found in the upper layers of structure n°1. 1 iron, silver ; 2–10 iron (after Аtanasov 1992). 239 Literature Literature Acsady, Nemeskéri 1970 Acsady G. Y., Nemeskéri J., History of human life span and mortality, Budapest. Alexandrescu 1980 Alexandrescu A. D., La nécropole Gète de Zimnicea. – Dacia 24, 19­126. Aldea, Ciugudean 1985 Aldea I. Al., Ciugudean H., Noi descoperiri celtice de la Blandia­ na. – Apulum 22, 37-43. Almagro-Gorbea 1991 Almagro-Gorbea M., Les Celtes dans la péninsule Ibérique. – S. Moscati et al. (eds.), Les Celtes, Milano, 389-405. Amandry 1963 Amandry P., Collection Hélène Stathatos 3. 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