The Materiality of Diplomacy in the Hellenistic-Roman Mediterranean: Gifts, Bribes, Offerings. (Edinburgh Studies in Hellenistic History and Culture. Edinburgh University Press)

Edinburgh Studies in Hellenistic Histor y and Culture The Materiality of Diplomacy in the Hellenistic-Roman Mediterranean 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 Edinburgh Studies in Hellenistic History and Culture Series editors: Benedikt Eckhardt & Andrew Erskine Embraces the diversity of the Hellenistic world, from Sicily to Babylonia and beyond Today, the Hellenistic world is one of the largest and most vibrant fields in the study of antiquity. After centuries at the periphery, sandwiched between Classical Greece and Classical Rome, the period between Alexander’s death and the battle of Actium is now thoroughly embedded into the historical study of the ancient world. The many innovations in political and literary culture that mark this period are now much better understood than in earlier, declinist models, and the increasing interconnectedness of the ancient world provides ample material for attempts to broaden the horizon of ancient history beyond the limits of traditional definitions. The series aims to be a hub for excellent research in this field, consolidating existing strengths and setting research agendas for the future. Ranging from the late fourth to the late first century bce, it will cover all aspects of Hellenistic history and culture, taking an inclusive approach that does not privilege core regions such as Greece or Macedonia but gives equal weight to developments on the Western and Eastern fringes of the Hellenistic world. By publishing studies on Greece, Sicily and Mesopotamia alongside each other, the series will embrace a holistic approach to the period, demonstrating how specialist knowledge held in various subdisciplines within and beyond Classics needs to be pooled to come to terms with the rapidly accelerating connectivity that characterises the Hellenistic world. Published in the series: The Materiality of Diplomacy in the Hellenistic-Roman Mediterranean Gifts, Bribes, Offerings Edited by Eduardo Sánchez Moreno and Enrique García Riaza www.edinburghuniversitypress.com/series/XXX The Materiality of Diplomacy in the Hellenistic-Roman Mediterranean Gifts, Bribes, Offerings Edited by Eduardo Sánchez Moreno and Enrique García Riaza 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 Edinburgh University Press is one of the leading university presses in the UK. We publish academic books and journals in our selected subject areas across the humanities and social sciences, combining cutting-edge scholarship with high editorial and production values to produce academic works of lasting importance. For more information visit our website: edinburghuniversitypress.com © editorial matter and organisation Eduardo Sánchez Moreno and Enrique García Riaza, 2024 © the chapters their several authors 2024 Grateful acknowledgement is made to the sources listed in the List of Illustrations for permission to reproduce material previously published elsewhere. Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publisher will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. Edinburgh University Press Ltd 13 Infirmary Street Edinburgh EH1 1LT Typeset in 10.5/13pt Warnock Pro by Cheshire Typesetting Ltd, Cuddington, Cheshire, and printed and bound in Great Britain A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 3995 3038 5 (hardback) ISBN 978 1 3995 3040 8 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 3995 3041 5 (epub) The right of Eduardo Sánchez Moreno and Enrique García Riaza to be identified as the editor of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). Contents List of Figures Notes on Contributors Introduction Unboxing the Gift: Diplomatic Presents in Their Cultural Contexts Eduardo Sánchez Moreno and Enrique García Riaza vii x 1 Part I A Background for Gifts in Action: Gracing Gods, Kings and Cities 1 Diplomatic Gifts in the Biblical Context of the Sixth to Fourth Centuries bc: A Systematic Study of Deuteronomistic History (Joshua–2 Kings) Francesc Ramis Darder 2 Greek Cities and Diplomatic Gifts in the Classical Period Dominique Lenfant 3 Gifts for the Gods and Keimēlia: Some Reflections on Arms as Diplomatic Gifts in the Greek World María del Mar Gabaldón Martínez 17 34 57 Part II From Asia Minor to Lusitania: The Multiple Use of Gifts in a Tensely Interconnected World 4 Crowns to Rome: Honours, Gifts and Hellenistic Diplomacy Andrew Erskine 5 The Romans and the Gifts from the Greeks: The Story of an Ostentatious Rejection Nathalie Barrandon, Anthony-Marc Sanz and Enrique García Riaza 77 108 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 vi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 contents 6 Gift, Debt, Anxiety in Late Hellenistic Times: On the Cautiousness and Attitudes of Achaeans, Macedonians and Bastarnae towards Diplomatic Presents Miguel Esteban Payno and Gerard Ventós Rodríguez 7 Buying Goodwill, Granting Rewards: The Roman Headquarters as a Space of Diplomatic Interaction Borja Vertedor Ballesteros 8 From Presents to Bribes: Symbolic and Political Evolution of the Diplomatic Gift in Relations between Romans and Numidians during the Third and Second Centuries bc Esther Sánchez Medina and Gabriel Rosselló Calafell 9 Torques, Horses and Gold: Approaching Diplomatic Gifts in Gaul Alberto Pérez Rubio 130 147 168 188 10 Do ut des: Liberating Hostages and Offering Gifts on the Hispanian Front in the Second Punic War Eduardo Sánchez Moreno and Jorge García Cardiel 212 11 Gold for the Romans: Booty, Gifts and Bribes during the Roman Conquest of the Western Iberian Peninsula Manuel Salinas de Frías 242 12 Bonding Gifts: Material Exchange and Political Alliance during the Sertorian War David García Domínguez and Diego Suárez Martínez 265 Epilogue Gifts at the Edges of the World: Diplomatic Exchanges in the Roman West and Early Colonial Chile Tomás Aguilera Durán Index 283 307 Figures 2.1 Procession of gift-bearers: delegation VI (Lydians) carrying bracelets, metal drinking-bowls and amphorae, east side of the Apadana at Persepolis (Wikimedia Commons). 2.2 Gold griffin-headed armlet from the Oxus treasure, British Museum (Wikimedia Commons). 2.3 Alabaster vase with the inscription ‘Xerxes, the Great King’ in Persian, Elamite, Akkadian and Egyptian hieroglyphs, PennMuseum B10 (Wikimedia Commons). 2.4 Schist statue of Ptah-Hotep, an Egyptian official with a Persian torque, probably from Memphis, Brooklyn Museum (Creative Commons). 2.5 Siglos, silver Persian coin (5.43 g), c. 420–375 bc, Sardes mint. Persian king or hero (Classical Numismatic Group 99, Lot: 383; Creative Commons). 2.6 Silver Achaemenid phiale, Susa Acropolis (after Curtis & Tallis, 2005: fig. 277). 3.1 Bronze Etruscan helmet of the Negau type from the Alpheus River, Olympia. The inscription indicates that it was dedicated to Zeus by Hieron, son of Deinomenes, and the Syracusans after the Battle of Cumae (© The Trustees of the British Museum). 4.1 Four men carry a substantial and clearly heavy crown on a ferculum as part of the triumphal procession depicted on the small frieze of the Arch of Trajan at Benevento (© Olof Vessberg. National Museums of World Culture – Mediterranean Museum, Stockholm). 41 42 42 43 45 46 69 97 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 viii 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 lsit of figures 6.1 Relationship between gift exchange and anxiety (by the authors). 7.1 Diagram of the Roman Republican camp, based not only on archaeological evidence but also on literary sources, particularly Polybius, Livy and Appian (by the author). 8.1 Coin attributed to Syphax, minted between 213 and 202 bc. Mazard’s CNNM, n. 12. 8.2 Coin attributed to Masinissa, minted between 203 and 148 bc. Mazard’s CNNM, n. 60. 9.1 Statue known as the ‘Warrior of Vachères’, representation of a Gallic auxiliary from the Province c. 50–30 bc, in which the thick torque that decorates his neck stands out (Barruol, 1996; Pernet & Rouzeau, 2013) (Musée Calvet, Avignon; © Radu Oltean). 9.2 Statue known as the ‘Warrior of Mondragon’, representation of a Gallic aristocrat from the Province at the end of the second century bc or first half of the first century bc, who supports himself on his shield and shows a torque with his right hand (Cavalier & Baudrand, 2018) (Musée Calvet, Avignon; © Radu Oltean). 9.3 Torque from Mailly-le-Camp (Musée d’Archéologie Nationale; Wikimedia Commons/Gérald Garitan). 9.4 Graffiti on the Mailly-le-Camp torque: 1 – κιντουλλος; 2 – ταουτανοι; 3 – νιτιοβρογεις; 4 – νιτιοβρο; 5 – αυραππιιος; 6 – νιτιοβρογεις (Lejeune, 1969). 9.5 Stater minted in the territory of the Suessiones with the legend CRICIRV, and a horse, torque, small wheel and fibula on the reverse (Bibliothèque nationale de France). 9.6 Bronze of the Carnutes with the legend PIXTILOS. Obverse, a male bust with fibula and torque (Bibliothèque nationale de France). 9.7 Potin minted by the Remi au personnage dansant. Obverse, a figure holding a torque; reverse, fibula on a quadruped (Bibliothèque nationale de France). 10.1 The Continence of Scipio, by Federico de Madrazo y Kuntz, 1831 (© Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, Madrid). 10.2 Silver paterae, vases and jewellery from El Castellet de Banyoles, Tivissa, Tarragona (© Museu d’Arqueologia de Catalunya, Barcelona). 133 163 172 175 198 199 200 201 204 204 205 223 227 list of figures 11.1 Torques from Berzocana, Cáceres (© Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte, Gobierno de España). 11.2 Torques from the Fuentes de Valdepero (Palencia) hoard (© Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte, Gobierno de España). 11.3 Pieces (funicular torques, filiform torques, belt plate) from the Mogón hoard, Villacarrillo, Jaén (© Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte, Gobierno de España). 11.4 Treasure and silverware from Abengibre, Albacete (© Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte, Gobierno de España). ix 256 256 257 257 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 Notes on Contributors Tomás Aguilera Durán is an Assistant Lecturer in Ancient History at the Autonomous University of Madrid. He specialises in the historiography of ancient Iberia and its ideological reception in modern times, as well as in the perpetuation of classical ethnographic clichés in Western culture, studies which he approaches from a transcultural and postcolonial perspective. Nathalie Barrandon is Professor of Ancient History at the University of Reims. Co-director of the project Parabaino: Massacres and Extreme Violence through the Greek and Roman Experiences. She has published important works on Roman Republican expansion in Hispania and on the use of violence in the Graeco-Roman world. Andrew Erskine is Professor of Ancient History at the University of Edinburgh and a specialist in the Roman relations with the Greek and Hellenistic world and in Roman Republican imperialism. He is the author of outstanding contributions on Polybius and Rome, as well as on Hellenistic intellectual culture and Roman oratory. Miguel Esteban Payno is a ‘Juan de la Cierva’ Postdoctoral Fellow at the Autonomous University of Madrid. On the basis of a PhD thesis on diplomacy and political communication in Celtiberia, he has recently delved deeper into the analysis of International Relations and the anthropology of diplomacy applied to the societies of the Hellenistic-Roman West. María del Mar Gabaldón Martínez is a Senior Lecturer in Ancient History at CEU San Pablo University in Madrid, member of the board of the Spanish Association of Military History and former director of Gladius, the main Spanish journal devoted to the study of armament and military notes on contributors xi history. Her main fields of research are the symbolic and ritual aspects of weaponry during Classical Antiquity. Jorge García Cardiel is a ‘Ramón y Cajal’ Research Fellow at the Complutense University of Madrid. His main field of study is power and ideology in the Iberian culture and the hybridity process under Roman rule. As member of the Occidens Group, he is currently co-directing a research and development project on the time of the Punic Wars and its narratives, funded by the State Investigation Agency of Spain. David García Domínguez is a Predoctoral Researcher in Ancient History at the Autonomous University of Madrid. His research deals with the Roman Civil Wars understood as ‘connected histories’, within which he is developing a PhD thesis on the Sertorian War and the role of the Hispanic communities in the conflict. Enrique García Riaza is Professor of Ancient History at the University of the Balearic Islands, Senior Researcher of the Civitas Group and founding member of Libera Res Publica, a network for the study of the Roman Republic, and a member of the Editorial Board of LRP Collection. The political and diplomatic history of the expansion of the Republic is his main subject of study. Dominique Lenfant is Professor of Ancient History at the University of Strasbourg and Director of the Institut d’histoire grecque. As a Hellenist, historian and translator, she works on the Classical period, and in particular on Graeco-Persian relations, with a focus on the history of diplomacy. She is also director of the journal Ktèma: Civilisations de l’Orient, de la Grèce et de Rome Antiques. Alberto Pérez Rubio holds a PhD in Ancient History from the Autonomous University of Madrid, where he collaborates as Honorary Member, and he is founder and co-editor of Desperta Ferro Publishing. Interested in ancient warfare, particularly in the Celtic world, his main research deals with the study of military coalitions, diplomacy and connectivity in ancient Gaul. Francesc Ramis Darder holds a PhD in Theology from the Faculty of Theology of Catalonia. He is a lecturer in Sacred Scripture and History of Israel at the Centre d’Estudis Teològics and at the Institut Superior de Ciències Religioses of Mallorca and former Vice President and Director 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 xii 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 notes on contributors of Publications of the Spanish Biblical Association. His main research focus is Mesopotamian history and culture in its relationship with the Old Testament. Gabriel Rosselló Calafell is an Assistant Lecturer in Ancient History at the University of the Balearic Islands. He is a specialist in the field of North African diplomatic relations with the Roman Republic, a subject on which he has published important works. Manuel Salinas de Frías is Professor of Ancient History at the University of Salamanca. Over the decades he has conducted research projects and published extensively on the local communities of the Iberian Peninsula, Roman Republican expansionism and its impact on the political elite, provincial administration, as well as on social and religious issues in Roman Spain. Esther Sánchez Medina is a Lecturer in Ancient History at the Autonomous University of Madrid, where she teaches subjects on Roman History and Late Antiquity. She has focused her research on North Africa, dealing with political conflict and ethnic, cultural and religious alterities on the margins of the Roman Empire and its historiographical echo. Eduardo Sánchez Moreno is a Senior Lecturer in Ancient History at the Autonomous University of Madrid, where he leads the consolidated research group Occidens: Power, Conflict and Diplomacy in the Ancient West. His research interests lie in the peoples and cultures of ancient Iberia and the review of imperialism, diplomacy and ethnicity in the framework of Roman Republican overseas expansion. Anthony-Marc Sanz holds a PhD from the University of Paris I PanthéonSorbonne. He is a researcher attached to the Laboratoire ANHIMA Paris– Marseille, UMR 8210, and has an important background in the study of Roman Republican diplomacy, with particular focus on the processes of surrender (deditio) and their political and symbolic implications. Diego Suárez Martínez is a Predoctoral Fellow in Ancient History at the Autonomous University of Madrid. He devotes his attention to the aristocratic discourses of late Iron Age societies, and significantly to the study of single combat as a narrative of power and otherness during the Roman hegemony process over the Mediterranean (third to first century bc). notes on contributors xiii Gerard Ventós Rodríguez is a Postdoctoral Research Associate at the University of Girona. He has recently defended his PhD on Roman imperialism during the Middle Republic, studying the dynamics of multi-scale conflict and connectivity in the Western Mediterranean regions, to which he has contributed with relevant publications. Borja Vertedor Ballesteros is a Predoctoral Fellow in Ancient History at the University of the Balearic Islands. He works on the political and diplomatic function of Roman camps during the Republican expansion, dealing specifically with the role of Roman governors and their consilium. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 The Materiality of Diplomacy in the Hellenistic-Roman Mediterranean Edited by Eduardo Sánchez Moreno and Enrique García Riaza Studies the diplomatic and cultural implications of the exchange of symbolic objects in the ancient world • Examines the diplomatic and cultural implications of the exchange of symbolic objects in the ancient world • Regarding the Eastern Mediterranean, deals with cases from the Biblical world, classical Greek, Hellenistic states and Roman interaction • Concerning the Western Mediterranean, studies the Roman Republic’s contact with Numidia, Gaul and the Iberian Peninsula • Addresses a number of cross-cutting themes, such as the relationship between gifts, loot and bribery, the anxiety in receiving or refusing presents, or the spaces of diplomatic interaction LAUNCH DISCOUNT SAVE 30% Visit edinburghuniversitypress.com Use code NEW30 at checkout