history of Poland

Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course at Koberwitz (now Kobierzyce), in the summer of 1924, was the gateway event that led to the development of biodynamic agriculture and, subsequently, organic agriculture. The present paper identifies for the first time the 111 attendees of that course. The list reveals that 'Koberwitzers', as they called themselves, were a well credentialed and capable group of individuals, some of whom went on to champion and develop Rudolf Steiner's ideas about agriculture and other fields. The present paper revises a prior analysis of the Koberwitzers. For each Koberwitzer, the list reveals, the name, hometown, occupation, and accommodation during the course. Thirty one percent of Koberwitzers were women. Thirty eight percent were associated directly with agriculture (including farmer, estate manager, and estate owner), 6% of attendees were creatives (including writer, author, artist and editor), and a further 6% were priests. These three occupational categories, viz. Agriculture, Creative and Priest, together account for 50% of Koberwitzer occupations (and 72% of the known occupations). There remains for further scholarship to populate gaps in the listing: the gender of one Koberwitzer remains unidentified; one hometown (and country) remains unidentified; 33 occupations remain unidentified; and 51 accommodations remain unidentified. At the time of the Koberwitz course, Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) was mortally ill. The course was never repeated,. It was up to the Koberwitzers to progress Rudolf Steiner's call for the development of a differentiated natural agriculture without synthetic chemicals. The Koberwitzers met the call. There are now 251,842 certified biodynamic hectares in 55 countries, included in the 71,514,583 certified organic hectares in 186 countries.

Rikako Shindo: East Prussia, Lithuanian, and the Soviet Union during the Weimar Republic.

Summary:
In the Peace Treaty of Versailles in 1919 Germany was compelled to relinquish a number of its territories. In this way, many regions in the eastern part of Prussia were annexed by neighboring countries which had been restored at the end of World War I. A newly created Polish territory (the so-called Polish Corridor) divided Germany into two, so that the province of East Prussia (Provinz Ostpreußen) was separated from the mainland of Germany and subsequently became an exclave. East Prussia now bordered Poland in the South-West, Lithuania in the North-East, the Free City of Danzig administered by the League of Nations in
the West, and the Territory of Memel placed under the control of the Allied Great-Powers in the North. This external change was regarded by Germans in the region as creating an
unprecedented state of distress („beispiellose Notlage“).
These circumstances raise the question about the ways in which East Prussia tried to overcome the political and economic difficulties arising from a situation in which it was
surrounded on all sides by foreign countries during 1920’s. For this question, the present book firstly highlights the fact that the Oberpräsident of East Prussia, the highest authority of the province, desired to extend his powers beyond those necessary for domestic political events, so as to also address a potential crisis in the foreign affairs of the province.
Regarding East Prussia during 1920’s as a historical problem, many previous studies have
taken the view that after World War I the province was continually seeking financial support from the central government in Berlin (the Reich and Prussia), so that the action of particular
interest groups mainly associated with the agrarian and Junker classes represented by the Reich’s President Paul von Hindenburg, contributed to the destruction of Weimar democracy.
In contrast to those views which are based on a unilateral study in domestic policy and focused on the behavior of non-democratic parties and the conservative, reactionary
aristocracy (the so-called Ostelbien), this book attempts to show how the republican authorities of the province tried on their own initiative to emerge from economic difficulties
after the war caused by the external incidents like the new national demarcations and an end to trade with Russia. It is particularly remarkable that the democrat Ernst Ludwig Siehr
(1920–1932) who had held the office of the Oberpräsident since the collapse of the Kapp-Putsch in 1920, took greater account of the interests of non-agrarian parties (industrial and commercial sectors) located in the capital Königsberg. The main aim of this trade center on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea was the re-establishment of trade-relationships with Russia which had been prohibited since 1914. Economic survival depended exclusively upon these relationships. Therefore, in this study, the domestic political events will be discussed in connection with those of foreign affairs. For this reason, special consideration is given to the foreign strategy of the Oberpräsident and the municipal administration’s policy on Russia by the Lord Mayor of Königsberg, Hans Lohmeyer (1919–1933).
The first part of this book deals with domestic political problems. The main purpose of this section is to study the Oberpräsident’s efforts to extend his power in order to address a potential emergency situation in East Prussia. In this context, it is necessary to clarify his political struggle with the central governments in Berlin (the Reich and Prussia) on the one hand and his political opponents, particularly the conservative camp (DNVP and DVP) in East Prussia, on the other hand.
The following two parts of this volume analyze how the Oberpräsident achieved, in practice, his extended authority in the foreign affairs of East Prussia. It is important to clarify how far the Oberpräsident was able to exert his influences over the foreign policy of Germany (Reich) and in which way the Königsberg Chamber of Industry and Commerce represented its interests in the negotiations with foreign countries. For this purpose, Germany’s contractual
relationships with Lithuania and the USSR during the 1920’s, especially trade and traffic agreements, are studied as far as they concern the events of East Prussia.
In the second part of this book, German-Lithuanian relations are described with account being taken of the political conflict between Poland and Lithuania over the Territory of Vilnius and the Territory of Memel. A study of the German-Lithuanian convention concerning waterway traffic, which was signed in Kaunas in September 1923 as an administrative agreement between the German Ministry of Traffic (Reichsverkehrsministerium) represented by the
Oberpräsident of East Prussia and the Lithuanian Ministry of Traffic, is accorded a special position in this section of the book. It must be pointed out that since its conclusion in 1923
this agreement had been kept secret until its repeal in 1928 (it was initially published in a collection of Law of the Lithuanian Foreign Ministry in 1930), because the both countries had aimed to avoid the influence of this agreement over Poland.
The third part of this book deals with German-Soviet relations (1918–1932), especially Königsberg’s policy on Russia/the USSR for the purpose of re-establishing a trade relation
based on rail transport between the port of Königsberg and the USSR through the Baltic States and Poland. The principal theme of this section is therefore a history of a German-
Russian railway traffic agreement, which had first been signed in 1894 and had given a special priority to trade between Russia and the port of Königsberg. However, it was repealed in 1914. After World War I, Lord Mayor Lohmeyer and the chamber of commerce considered re-establishing this agreement so vital to Königsbergs’s economic existence, so that they attempted to establish direct contacts with the Soviets. The railway traffic agreement was restored as part of the German-Soviet trade agreement signed in Moscow in October 1925 which included two secret notes concerning Königsberg’s interest, but their realization ran
into obstacles. In addition to a study of the 1925 German-Soviet economic treaty (addressed as a special issue in this section), negotiations between Siehr and Lohmeyer on the one hand and the representatives of the government of the USSR on the other during their visit in Moscow in 1929 aimed to realize the advantages of the railway traffic agreement will be examined. The various aspects of these negotiations are analyzed in Chapter 6 in greater detail.

Edward Gierek (1913–2001) – górnik, polityk, działacz komunistyczny, w latach 1957–1970 pierwszy sekretarz KW PZPR w Katowicach, a od 1970 do 1980 r. I sekretarz KC PZPR. Hasło zamieszczone w „Leksykonie mitów, symboli i bohaterów Górnego Śląska XIX-XX wieku”, red. B. Linek, A. Michalczyk, Opole 2015.

Contens
Table des matières, Inhalt, Table of Contents, pp. 8–10
Preface, pp. 18–20
SYNTHESIS TESTS
I.1.General problems
Bert Demyttenaere, The Claustralization of the World, s. 23–41
Marek Derwich, pp. 43–54, Résumé: La place du monachisme à la société médiévale et moderne, p. 53
Małgorzata Borkowska, pp. 55–63; Summary: Nuns as trouble shooters: Demands made to convents in XVII–XVIIIth century Poland, pp. 62–63
I.2.  Silesia and Poland
Jerzy Rajman, pp. 67–73; Summary: Medieval monasteries in Upper Silesia. The problem of environment and the range of social effect, pp. 72–73
Przemysław Wiszewski, pp. 75–90; Summary: The female benedictine abbey of the Holy Corps in Legnica in the Silesian society (1348–1538), p. 90
Aleksander Andrzejewski, Leszek Kajzer, Janusz Pietrzak,  pp. 91–103; Zusammenfassung: Das Konvers-haus in Rudy, pp. 100–101
Gabriela Wąs, pp. 105–126; Zusammenfassung: Franziskaner in der Gesellschaft Schlesiens im Mittelalter und Neuzeit, pp. 125–126
Zbigniew Zyglewski, pp. 127–142; Zusammenfassung: Klösterfoundation der Kronmachthaber in der Jagiellonnenzeit. Problemübersicht, pp. 141–142
Małgorzata Maciszewska, pp. 143–153; Résumé: La place des couvents de franciscains de l’observance à la société Polonaise, pp. 152–153
II. MEANS AND METHODS OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE MONASTERY AND SOCIETY
II.1.  Liturgy and cult
Henryk Fros,, pp. 157–167, Résumé: Les moines-hagiographes et la première période de la christianisation de la Pologne (jusqu’à 1034), p. 167
Marian Kanior, pp. 169–180; Summary: The shrine of God's mother of consolation in Górka Duchowna (17th–19th centuries), pp. 179–180
Roman Stelmach,  pp. 181–189; Zusammenfassung: Die schlesischen Ablassurkunden bis Ende des XV. Jahrhunderts, p. 189
Jarosław Wenta, pp. 191–198; Zusammenfassung: Zisterzienserhistoriographie und Memoire am Beispiel Heinrichau, Leubus und Oliva, p. 198
Rościsław Żerelik, pp. 199–210; Zusammenfassung: Die Verstobenegemeinschaft im Licht der ältesten Eintraugungen im Nekrolog aus Heinrichau, p. 209–210
Maria Starnawska, pp. 211–219; Zusammenfassung: Das Nekrologum des schlesichen Kreuzherren mit dem Rotten Stern (die Handschrift der Universitätbibliothek in Breslau IV.Q.19A) als Quelle zur Erforschung des Milieus und der Kontakten des Ordens, p. 219
II.2. Cultural
Wojciech Mrozowicz, pp. 223–232; Zusammenfassung: Die Benediktinischen Bücher und Bibliotheken in der polnischen Gesellschaft in Mittelalter und Neuzeit. Beispiel Kleinpolens, p. 232
Ewa Zielińska, pp. 233–239; Résumé: Relations du monastère des chanoines réguliers de Kraśnik avec son entourage social dans la deuxième moitié du XVe et au cours du XVIe siècles, vues à travers sa bibliothèque, p. 239
Ivan Hlaváček, pp. 241–246; Zusammenfassung: Klöster und ihr Schwulwesen im Vorhussitischen Böhmen, p. 246
Anna Jaroszewska, pp. 247–256; Zusammenfassung: Die Förderung der Kunst der Breslauer Prämonstratenser im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert, pp. 255–256
3. Wizualne / Visual
Pavel R. Pokorný, pp. 259–264; Zusammenfassung: Die Klosterwappen in den böhmischen Ländern, pp. 263–264
Piotr Dymmel, pp. 265–290; Résumé: Le décor héraldique du XVe siècle dans la galerie du monastère de Łysa Góra. Reconstitution, genèse et programme héraldique, p. 282
Walentyna Węgrzyn-Klisowska, pp. 291–294; Zusammenfassung: Schauspiele und Passionenspiele in mittelalterischen schlesichen Klöstern, pp. 293–294
Zygmunt Świechowski, pp. 295–310; Résumé: La Genèse du dècor architectural dans l' architecture cistercienne de la Petite-Pologne, pp. 301–302
Krystyna Białoskórska, pp. 311–343; Résumé: Les monastères et le problème du développement des traditions et des milieux artistiques Polonais au XIIIe siècle, p. 332
III.  IN THE COUNTRY
Magdalena Żurek, pp. 347–354; Résumé: Le patronage de la famille de Mieszko III le Vieux sur l’abbaye bénédictine à Lubiń, p. 354
Wojciech Iwańczak,  pp. 355–362, Summary: Hroznata – noble, crusader, monastic founder, p. 362
Marie Bláhová, pp. 363–368; Zusammenfassung: Die Zisterzienser im Dienste der böhmischen Politik unter den letzten Přemysliden und bei der Thronbesteigung der Luxemburger, p. 368
Jerzy Augustyniak, pp. 369–387; Summary: Defensive functions of monasteries as exemplified by the cistercian abbey at Sulejów, p. 382
Antoni Barciak,  pp. 389–393, Zusammenfassung: Die Fürsten von Oberschlesien und das Zisterzienserkloster in Rudy (Rauden), p. 393
Stanisław A. Sroka, pp. 395–397; Zusammenfassung: Die Gönnerschaft der Teschiner Hedwig von Piast († 1521) über die Kartause zu Lapis Refugii im Spisz, p. 397
Jan Harasimowicz,  pp. 399–416; Zusammenfassung: Die Aufhebung der Klöster in der Neumark im 16. Jh., p. 406
IV. IN LOCAL COMMUNITY
IV.1.  Rural
Petr Sommer,  pp. 419–424; Zusammenfassung: Die benediktische Abtei in Sázava und ihr Laienhinterland, pp. 422–423
Krzysztof Kaczmarek, pp. 425–432; Zusammenfassung: Sind die Mönche aus dem Kloster Wieluń im Jahre 1309 wirklich von den Einwohnern von Mochy getötet worden?, pp. 431–432
Anna Pobóg-Lenartowicz, pp. 433–444; Zusammenfassung: Gesselschaftverhältnisse im Güter der Regulierten Chorherren (Augustiner) Abtei zur heilige Maria auf dem Sand in Breslau bis Ende des XV. Jhrs, p. 444
Marek Słoń,  pp. 445–450; Zusammenfassung: Die Leute von Rechnungsbüchern. Das Hospital zum Hl. Geist in Breslau im Spätmittelalter, pp. 449–450
IV.2.  City
Jan Pařez, pp. 453–461; Summary: Prague monasteries between middle and early modern ages their position and specificity in a town organism (Illustrated on Exemples of Premonstratensian Strahov and Augustinian-Hermit St. Catherine), p. 461
Krzysztof Guzikowski, pp. 463–470; Zusammenfassung: Die Stadt – ein Mitbewerber oder ein Verbündete der Zisterzienser? Am Beispiel der Abtei von Kolbatz (Kołbacz), p. 469
Krzysztof Bracha, pp. 471–481; Zusammenfassung: Errores des Augustiners-Eremiten Werners von Freidenberg im Lichte der Heidelberger Inquisition aus dem Jahre 1405, pp. 480–481
Jan Łosowski, pp. 483–493; Résumé: Les autorités et la chancellerie jésuites dans une petite ville au XVIIIe siècle. Exemple de Michów, pp. 492–493
V. VARIA
Andrzej Radzimiński, pp. 497–509; Zusammenfassung: Die Bemerkungen über die Beziehungen der Mönchklöster und Klöster der Regularkanoniker mit dein Domkapiteln in mittelalterischen Polen, pp. 508–509
Dariusz Karczewski, pp. 511–518; Zusammenfassung: Anstrengungen von den Präposituren aus Trzemeszno um den Abttitel, p. 518
Krzysztof Skupieński, pp. 519–526; Résumé: Les couvents, influencèrent-ils le développement du notariat public en Pologne avant le début du XVe siècle?, p. 526
Maurycy Lucjan Niedziela, pp. 527–538; Summary: The superiors of the dominican priory in Borek Stary; Their background, education, mentality, and social influence in 1668-1821, p. 538
Beata Kwiatkowska-Kopka, Waldemar Gliński, Janusz Firlet, pp., 539–545; Zusammenfassung: Die neuesten archäologischen Forschungen in der Zisterzienser-Abtei Jędrzejów, p. 541
SESSION CONCLUSION
Ivan Hlaváček, Krótkie zakończenie [Short ending], pp. 549–551
Spis uczestników [List of participants], pp. 553–556

Una versión reducida del texto “An Unexpected Twist of Ideology. Neoliberalism and the Collapse
of the Soviet Bloc publicado en "Praktyka Teoretyczna", núm. 5, 2012. Traducción de Luis Martínez
Andrade. Metapolítica: marzo 2013.
The full English version also at Academia.edu: https://www.academia.edu/11798198/An_Unexpected_Twist_of_Ideology._Neoliberalism_and_the_Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Bloc

As a sophisticated intellectual, one of the least known aspects of İbrahim Müteferrika, the founder of Turkish printing press, is his service as a diplomat. İbrahim Müteferrika went to Poland and undertook negotiations during a time when the Ottoman Empire was fighting against Austria and Russia. However, hitherto we have not had much information about this particular diplomatic mission. In this article, we will examine his embassy to Poland between December 1736 and February 1737 under the light of contemporaneous historical sources and archival documents, through his ambassadorial account dedicated to this mission which we have recently discovered.

During the interwar period in the Polish armed forces there were about 40 former officers from the Army of the Ukrsainian People's Republic headed by otaman Symon Petliura. They all served according to the individual contracts signed with Polish War Ministry. Some of them have been trained in the Polish Higher Military School (similar to the Academy of the General Staff), where they got a higher military education. This article deals with these people and their studies.

The story of the children of Pahiatua (Pahiatua Children), where was a temporary camp for Polish orphans after soldiers, including members those form the Anders’ Army, is well known in New Zealand. Polish citizens, mainly from the Eastern Borderlands, not only found their second homeland in New Zealand, but also have significantly contributed to the erection of the newly established state of Aotearoa. Many of them, using their patriotic attitude, have funded to the basis for indeed friendly Polish-New Zealand diplomatic relations. This has been emphasized by politicians from both in Wellington, as well as the local public opinion. The former Honorary Consul of the Republic of Poland in Auckland, John Roy-Wojciechowski, who was born in the Borderlands, made a huge contribution to the establishment of positive image of Poland in the Antipodes, mainly through the Polish Museum and “The Kresy-Siberia Virtual Museum”. In 2014, there was the 70th anniversary of the arrival of Polish orphans to New Zealand, which was a perfect opportunity to popularize the importance of the relations between Poland and New Zealand, still not enough analysed in the Polish literature.

Przed lubelskim sądem toczyła się w latach 1660-1662 sprawa o czary i spędzenie płodu, w której oskarżoną była Regina, żona Stanisława Sokołka. Protokoły z tego postępowania ukazały się drukiem już w 1947 roku, opracowane przez Mirosławę Zakrzewską-Dubasową (Dąbrowską-Zakrzewską). Jak się jednak okazuje, praca ta nie zawierała pełnego zapisu sprawy!

Akta procesu, który zakończył się skazaniem oskarżonej na spalenie na stosie i infamię, znajdują się w dwóch księgach przechowywanych w Archiwum Państwowym w Lublinie (zespół Akta miasta Lublina). Pierwsze przesłuchania (rozpoczynające się w roku 1660) zostały zapisane w księdze wójtowsko-ławniczej (sygn. 109), kolejne, z lat 1661-1662, wraz z odpisami decyzji Sądu Asesorskiego, do którego oskarżona się odwoływała, znajdują się w księdze urzędu radzieckiego (sygn. 169). O ile protokoły procesu z drugiej księgi, opublikowano w 1947 roku prawie w całości, to wiele fragmentów z akt wójtowsko-ławniczych zostało wówczas, z nieznanych powodów, pominiętych.

Odnalezione przeze mnie niedawno niezwykle interesujące wpisy dotyczą przede wszystkim początkowego etapu procesu. Można się z nich dowiedzieć, co tak naprawdę było przyczyną wszczęcia postępowania (czyli o jakie dokładnie „czary” oskarżono Reginę) oraz jakie zeznania składali przesłuchiwani wówczas świadkowie (m.in. Teresa German, Anna Gorycka, Józef Piskorek i Dorota z Dyskiego Gościńca). Znalezione fragmenty wieńczy tekst przysięgi oczyszczającej, którą przed sądem miała złożyć oskarżona.

Czy dysponując prawie kompletnym zapisem procesu, co w przypadku spraw o czary nie jest częstym zjawiskiem, będziemy w stanie lepiej zrozumieć przyczyny i okoliczności wszczęcia postępowania przeciwko Reginie? A może odwrotnie, nowe materiały jeszcze bardziej wszystko zagmatwają?

There are many matters in the history of Polish-English relations that have so far escaped the attention of historians dealing with this subject. Religious issues that are the subject of this article, which is the result of a monthly query in the British Library, Bodleian Library, and The National Archives of England and Wales, seem to be undervalued. The aim of the article is to present selected religious and political issues as important factors in the shaping of Polish-English diplomatic relations at the turn of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.

Kult nieznanego żołnierza jest szczególnym przykładem kultu bohaterów narodowych. Narodził się na Zachodzie i rozpowszechnił na całym świecie, przyjmując w poszczególnych regionach lokalny charakter. Stało się tak również w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej. W niniejszym szkicu skupię się na konkretnym momencie historycznym i na tym, jakie znalazł odbicie w kulcie nieznanego żołnierza, a szerzej: w narodowych narracjach heroicznych. Momentem tym jest okres stalinizmu i odwilży połowy lat pięćdziesiątych – czas przełomowy w rozwoju środkowoeuropejskiego kultu. To wtedy uległa podziałowi spójna, powstała w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym, narracja heroiczna, a władze w każdym z krajów wybrały różne strategie narracyjne względem kultu, odpowiadające bieżącym potrzebom legitymizacyjnym. W latach sześćdziesiątych doszło jednak do jego ponownej uniformizacji, gdy kult nieznanego żołnierza wszędzie uzyskał nowy, komunistyczny kształt. Ten krótki esej może stać się przyczynkiem do refleksji nad kultem bohaterów narodowych, nad jego wymiarem środkowoeuropejskim i specyfiką narodową. Jako że punktem wyjścia do analizy będą topograficzne miejsca pamięci, groby nieznanego żołnierza, tekst jest również próbą uchwycenia różnych metod ideologizacji przestrzeni miejskiej. Dokładniej przyjrzę się trzem grobom: bukareszteńskiemu, warszawskiemu i budapeszteńskiemu.

Significant variation in the institutions and efficiency of public bureaucracies across countries and regions are observed. These differences could be partially responsible for divergence in the effectiveness of policy implementation, corruption levels, and economic development. Do imperial legacies contribute to the observed variation in the organization of public administrations? Historical foreign rule and colonization have been shown to have lasting effects on legal systems, political institutions, and trade in former controlled territories. Imperial legacies could also explain variations in the performance of public administrations. The author uses the case of Poland to investigate the long-term effects of foreign rule on bureaucratic systems. Historically, Poland was split between three imperial powers with very different public administrations: Prussia, Austria, and Russia. Statistical analyses of original data collected through a survey of more than 650 Polish public administrations suggest that some present-day differences in the organization and efficiency of bureaucracies are due to imperial legacies.

Zen in the attic. A contribution to the reception of Buddhism in Poland. Abstract: The reception of Buddhism, which in Europe began already in the nineteenth century, did not pass over Poland. Initially limited to scientific milieus and small social circles, in time Buddhism became more widely present, especially in artistic communities and youth subculture groups. After the World War Second, despite of being cut off by the Iron Curtain from main cultural changes, Poland was permeated by fashions and phenomena characteristic of the Atlantic civilization, including the fascination for Oriental religiosity, especially Buddhism. Oriental studies were carried out at universities, while individuals and groups of enthusiasts tried on their own to study Buddha’s writings and teachings. There were among those people Władysław Misiewicz from Radom and Piotr Boniński from Gliwice. Their interest, however, was limited to intellectual reflection and they did not practice Buddhism. One of the first groups to practice Buddhist meditation was the circle of artist Andrzej Urbanowicz, who in 1967, together with his friends established an artistic group called “Oneiron”. Texts and intellectual quest led them towards Zen Buddhism, and Urbanowicz’s atelier became the first place in Poland where meditation was practiced. Meetings were also held at Mąchocice Kapitulne near Kielce. Activities of the still unformal group of Buddhists were kept under surveillance by the secret police. In 1975 Philip Kapleau, an American teacher of Buddhism, answered the group’s invitation, and from that time on, he visited Poland many a time. After Urbanowicz left Poland, in 1978, architect Andrzej Korbel became the leader of the group; in time, the Warsaw circle took the lead, with psychotherapist Wojciech Eichelberger. In the meantime, however, eff orts to legalize the group encountered obstacles and it was not until 1981 that the fi rst Zen Buddhist Community in Poland was established. Later on, next groups were organized but, despite the fact that a real breakthrough took place after 1989, already in the 1980s there were four officially registered Buddhist communities, with branches and circles in different towns and cities.

I have since identified the author as John Peyton; see Sebastian Sobecki, 'John Peyton's A Relation of the State of Polonia and the Accession of King James I, 1598-1603. The English Historical Review, 129: 540 (2014), 1079-97. http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/129/540/1079

This paper discusses the reactions of Polish political emigration to the Russian amnesty proposals after 1831. Initially, they were strongly rejected, and the emigrants who received amnesty were considered traitors. Over time, this position relaxed, although majority of refugees preferred to stay in exile.

W tej pracy magisterskiej prześledzono obecność Ukraińców wśród wykładowców i studentów Studium Teologii Prawosławnej Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego i ich położenie w kontekście przemian polityki państwowej i kościelnej.
Wyjaśniono stan naukowego opracowania problemu, wyznaczono przyczyny i warunki stworzenia Studium, osobliwości jego funkcjonowania.
Rozpatrzono działalność profesorów Studium, którzy mieli pochodzenie ukraińskie, ich więzi socjalne, zainteresowania naukowe, wpływy i tym podobne.
Przeanalizowano skład studentów Studium, ich byt i działalność społeczną, proces edukacyjny i stosunki międzynarodowościowe.
Zrobiono wniosek, że Studium zostało potężnym centrum ukraińskiej narodowej myśli teologicznej swojego czasu i oporą dla rozwoju nauki ukraińskiej w emigracji.

Rosa Luxemburg weist darauf hin, dass in der aufgehetzten Stimmung ein "Teil der linken Presse" eine vermeintlich "sachliche und ernsthafte" Diskussion "zur jüdischen Frage" führen möchte. Als gänzlich neu beschreibt Luxemburg, dass sich an der Hetze gegen die Sozialdemokratie des Königreich Polens und Litauens eine Gruppierung beteiligte, die "sich sozialistisch schimpft, und zwar die 'Revolutionäre' Fraktion der PPS". [...] An die Adresse derjenigen PPS-Mitglieder, die selbst über die Judenfeindschaft in den eigenen Reihen erschrocken waren, schreibt sie, es sei eine Illusion zu glauben, "man könne ein Sozialnationalist sein, ohne Antisemit zu sein".

The events of 1648–1658 in the southeast region of The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth have gone by various names: the Khmelnytsky Uprising, the Cossack Uprising, the Khmelnytsky Rebellion, a rebellion, a civil war, a war for national independence, the Cossack–Polish War . The collective name offered by the author in the title, namely ‘the Cossack Uprising 1648–1658’, suggests the event had more than one hero, and also that it did not end with his death in 1657 . Assumption of the broader scope of the Uprising dissociates the work from Russian and Soviet historiography (especially Marxist), but also from only recently more independent Ukrainian one. They all frequently see the Khmelnytsky Uprising ending in the Pereyaslav Agreement of 1654. To me the final turning point, made clear in the title, concerns the Treaty of Hadiach and points to the anniversary character of the monograph (the 360th anniversary of the Treaty of Hadiach, and the 450th anniversary of the Union of Lublin in 2019). In the latter part of the monograph, which draws on tradition of Polish historiography, the ‘Cossack Uprising 1648–1658’ will be synonymously referred to as ‘the Khemelmytsky Uprising’ to avoid repetition.
The events have so far been researched mostly by historians, usually specialists in the early modern period. They have been looked into mainly in terms of political history , less frequently in terms of social  and economic  history, and to a much lesser extent in terms of broadly understood history of culture . Visual history  tools have never been applied. A need exists to put in order and interpret the iconographic representation of those events, thus a need to analyse the image of the Khmelnytsky Uprising in the iconosphere. In time of visual history and culture there is no analysis of the image of the greatest Cossack uprisings of all time without considering the new media: films and computer games, which seems achievable only by means of an interdisciplinary approach.
The aim of the monograph is to present a complicated image of the Cossack Uprising 1648–1658 constructed over ages, which is a result of the demise of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with the watershed events of the Pereyaslav Agreement and attempts at saving the state by the Treaty of Hadiach. Simultaneously, foundations for emergence of fully-formed Slavic nationalities, including the Ukrainian one, were arising within the Commonwealth. Developments in the visual history of the Khmelnytsky Uprising were furthered in the 19th century as a result of transformations in East-Central Europe, and later in the 20th century following the Russian Revolution and its consequences after gaining independence by Ukraine in 1991. This monograph is an attempt at creating a model, a set of tools for aiding future historical research, especially on early modern period, which goes beyond traditional historiography. From this perspective the choice of Khmelnytsky and the Cossack Uprising bears little importance; for our purposes the French Revolution  or the culture of Renaissance could be analogically studied in terms of visual history. (from introduction)

The electoral campaign and elections to the Sejm of the Polish People's Republic in 1957: state of research, current determinations and research perspectives

The electoral campaign and elections for the Sejm of the Polish People's Republic of the 2nd term of office had an extraordinary character as compared to all the elections in the People’s Republic of Poland. As part of the so-called thaw the authorities democratised the electoral regulations enabling the possibility to register more candidates on the electoral lists than the number of seats that were to be filled. Although each district, as before, had registered only one electoral list, this gave the impulse for a competition between the candidates over a smaller number of mandates. This competition turned unpredictable, which resulted in a call for the PZPR’s authorities, led by Władysław Gomułka, to vote “without crossing”, namely to vote for persons included on the electoral list on the so-called mandate places and not to choose freely. Thanks to the popularity of Gomułka in the period of “the October changes” such a practice was successfully imposed on the electors. The elections became nothing short of a popularity contest in which the 1st secretary of the Central Committee was selected. On the other hand, the voting “with no crossing” remained an inseparable element of the electoral practice of the Polish People's Republic for nearly the next 30 years. In this article, the available literature on the electoral campaign and elections to the Sejm of the Polish People's Republic of the 2nd term of office has been reviewed. The further part presents the most important issues related to the elections of January 1957: a reform in electoral law, the preparation of elections and filling the electoral lists, the course of the electoral campaign (taking into account the role of the army and the Security Service), as well as the voting and its results. The previous determinations have been presented in a synthetic form and supplemented by some additional determinations and conclusions. It is completed with an outline of perspectives and research questions to be faced by the authors who will undertake the discussed subject in the future.

Tom zawiera zapis wspomnień księdza profesora Zygmunta Zielińskiego. Ten wybitny historyk dzieli się z czytelnikiem refleksjami dotyczącymi okresu od drugiej wojny światowej do współczesności. Autor opisuje m.in. swój pobyt w seminarium duchownym, próbę werbunku przez UB, posługę kapłańską czy wieloletnią pracę na KUL. Wspomnienia ks. Zielińskiego zostały poprzedzone wstępem i opatrzone aparatem naukowym przygotowanym przez Rafała Łatkę.

Publikacja w ramach centralnego projektu badawczego IPN „Władze komunistyczne wobec Kościołów i związków wyznaniowych w Polsce 1944–1989”.

The article presents the figure of Franciszek Makuch (1913-1979), who as an officer participated in the fights of 1939, among others in defense of Modlin and later, under the pseudonym “Roman” he fought in the ranks of the Home Army. In the conspiracy he was the head of the department of air-transferring. After the entry of the Red Army he was betrayed, detained by the NKVD and deported to the Soviet Union, where he had to work physically in the mines. After his returning to Poland he was observed by the Public Security Office in the case of “MONOPOL - V”.

Ostatniego ćwierćwiecza polskich przemian politycznych dotyka i niniejsza publikacja, która jest zbiorem artykułów przygotowanych przez pracowników naukowych i doktorantów z różnych ośrodków w kraju. Prace dotykają zarówno polityki wewnętrznej, jak i zagranicznej państwa, co oznacza, że odnoszą się do stosunkowo dużego obszaru poznawczego. Zdecydowaną przewagę uzyskały w tej tematyce problemy zewnątrzpaństwowe odnoszące się do Unii Europejskiej, polityki zagranicznej, kilku aspektów bezpieczeństwa europejskiego i międzynarodowego, migracji wewnątrzeuropejskich czy Kościoła katolickiego. Wszystkie te kwestie mieszczą się w ogólnych zarysach „wybranych problemów politycznych” państwa polskiego w latach 1989-2014. Zadaniem niniejszej publikacji stało się przybliżenie Czytelnikom takich problemów politycznych Polski z ostatniego ćwierćwiecza, które wymagają dodatkowego komentarza, pogłębionych analiz podmiotowych i przedmiotowych oraz ciągle aktualnego spojrzenia metodologicznego i merytorycznego.

Materiał z konferencji naukowej pt. "Polska dyplomacja kulturalna po roku 1918. Osiągnięcia, potrzeby, perspektywy", która odbyła się w dniach 16-17 października w Pułtusku. Organizatorzy: Akademia Humanistyczna im. A. Gieysztora w Pułtusku i Muzeum Niepodległości w Warszawie. Konferencja i publikacja dofinansowana ze środków Ministerstwa Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego, Fundacji BRE Bank.

Prowadzone przez aparat partyjno-państwowy PRL śledztwo w sprawie wyjaśnienia okoliczności śmierci Grzegorza Przemyka stanowi jedno z najbardziej jaskrawych przejawów matactw i bezprawia w post-stalinowskiej historii „ludowej” Polski. Rozpętana wokół śledztwa kampania propagandowa miała na celu zrzucenie winy za zbrodnię na sanitariuszy pogotowia i obronę faktycznych sprawców – funkcjonariuszy MO. Mało kto wie, że te działania propagandowe były wspierane przez „ekspertów” z tytułami naukowymi, którzy radzili kierownictwu resortu spraw wewnętrznych, jak należało kierować kampanią medialną w sprawie Grzegorza Przemyka. W tekście zaprezentowano źródłowy przykład takiej ekspertyzy autorstwa prof. Włodzimierza Szewczuka, psycholog pracujący na Uniwersytecie Jagiellońskim. Jego propozycje miały dość klasyczną dla propagandy formę i ograniczały się w zasadzie do ogranych chwytów. Bardziej szczegółowa była opinia zespołu ekspertów z Wojskowej Akademii Politycznej im. Feliksa Dzierżyńskiego, kierowanego przez prof. Józefa Borgosza. Ekspertyza zespołu świetnie ukazuje cynizm, z jakim podchodzono do sprawy śmierci Przemyka. Świadectwo to jest tym cenniejsze, że ukazuje, iż ów cynizm zaistniał nie tylko w kręgach kierowniczych PZPR i MSW.