Work Breakdown Structure

The challenges associated with collecting accurate data on the progress of construction have long been recognised. Traditional methods often involve human judgement, high costs, and are too infrequent to provide manag-ers with timely and accurate control data. The aim of this study is to propose a prototype system that employs Computer Vision (CV) techniques to report on progress automatically. Significant changes on site can be determined by assessing digital images compared against geometric and material properties of components supplied from an integrated building information model. This model stores and relates this feedback to a representation of the work breakdown structure (WBS) which assigns components to work packages. The structure can be formed in a number of ways based on various criteria, as revealed by the recent results of an industry survey investigating existing practices. We present this pro-posed theoretical framework and discuss the challenges associated with any...

ABSTRACT Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a framework for the standardisation of the work breakdown structure (WBS) for building projects. This is based on the premise that buildings in general retain basic elemental options, and that there is a commonality of activities in the procurement of building projects. Design/methodology/approach – To achieve the objective, the general practice of developing the WBS is investigated. This is achieved by means of an industry-wide questionnaire survey designed to identify the most widely used criteria among UK construction organisations in segregating building works into packages. The survey also investigates the sequencing of these criteria across the WBS hierarchy. Findings – The findings reveal that the most frequently used decomposition criteria in the formulation of WBS for building projects are elements, work sections, physical location and construction aids. The proposed framework is presented as a hierarchical decomposition of a building project based on these criteria. It allows for flexibility in level of detail while maintaining a rigid sequencing of the criteria based on their frequency of use. Originality/value – This paper reports on a specific part of an EPSRC funded project that aims to investigate the application of computer vision techniques to the on-site measurement of construction progress. The part reported in this paper addresses planning issues that will lead to automatic generation of work packages. Previous studies have focused on automating the planning aspect by associating individual components with schedule information. However, large construction projects usually consist of thousands of components. Planning and tracking progress at the level of the component is unrealistic in these instances. The standardisation framework reported in this paper will form the basis for automating the formulation of work packages, thus providing a uniform basis for tracking progress (based on computer vision) during project execution.

As a project team, we discussed and brainstormed about the problems in FMV Işık University and Şile. As a result, we found some environmental problems. First of all, we did a research and found out high percentage of the FMV Işık University students have their individual cars. It helps to increase carbon footprint in a medium size but also it causing to other problems in the campus, for example lack of environmental awareness, in sufficient parking lot, reducing the interest in doing sports. Carbon footprint is becoming a bigger problem day by day all around the world. For this reason, we tend to find a environmental solution to this problem. After some research, we focused on green products and projects. As a result, we thought combining electricity and bicycle might be one of the best solution for this problem. Electric bicycles are getting attention of the whole world and getting more popular day by day. For example electric bicycles set in the capital of Spain, Madrid. Local people can use those bikes with their membership cards whenever they want. We implemented this system for FMV Işık University and Şile. Thanks to electric bikes, finally we can get some attention for the importance of being more green in every case, importance of doing sports and other issues in the area. This is a good opportunity for taking attention to carbon footprint and environmental awareness.

A major process within Project Management, which supports the Project Manager (PM) and the Team to set up, coordinate and subsequently monitor the project is that of Project Control.
Standard structures, i.e. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), Cost Breakdown Structure (CBS), etc., as described in the Project Management Book of Knowledge (PM BoK), and other project coding need to be defined from the very early project stages. Management of interfaces between Planning, Estimating, Cost Control, Commercial and Finance disciplines, as well as processes such as Change Control, Progress Monitoring / Reporting, level(s) of rolling up of information from Contractors, Suppliers, Designers, Consultants, etc. is the ‘work arena’/environment where Project Control performs its daily functions.
British Airports Authority (BAA) responding to developments in the aircraft industry, specifically the introduction of the Airbus A380 – the biggest passenger carrier – is constructing in Heathrow Terminal 3 a Pier (Pier 6) that will accommodate all its demands.
Pier 6 which is the second biggest project within BAA, with tight budgetary and time demands, health and safety, energy and environmental demands, a large number of interfaces, and the requirement for passenger segregation, follows the standard company wide Major Project Process.
A large number of parties, Construction Manager, contractors, suppliers, design consultants and suppliers are working together through the different project stages to deliver the project.
This paper will describe the approach taken by the Project Control Manager and the Project Management team in setting up, and rolling out the Project Control processes and systems. In doing so, this case study will point out the number of benefits, at project as well as company level, that are derived from having and performing proper Project Controls.

KEYWORDS
Project control, Project Structures

The purpose of this paper is to present modern ways to manage time, resources and progress in a large-scale project. Over the last ten years, new project management techniques and tools have appeared such as concurrent engineering, Continuous Acquisition Lifecycle Support (CALS) and Engineering Data Management System (EDMS). The world downturn of the early 90s influenced project management: increasing constraints on time and budget and more external direction on spending that, for example, requires sophisticated sub-contracting practises. However, the evolution of the software and hardware market makes project control tools cheaper and easier to use. All project groups want to have their scope of work considered as complete projects and to control them themselves. This has several consequences on project staff behaviour concerning project control, and has to be taken into account in every planning process designed today. The system described will be at the heart of the planning and ...

A major process within Project Management, which supports the Project Manager (PM) and the Team to set up, coordinate and subsequently monitor the project is that of Project Control. Standard structures, i.e. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), Cost Breakdown Structure (CBS), etc., as described in the Project Management Book of Knowledge (PM BoK), and other project coding need to be defined from the very early project stages. Management of interfaces between Planning, Estimating, Cost Control, Commercial and Finance disciplines, as well as processes such as Change Control, Progress Monitoring / Reporting, level(s) of rolling up of information from Contractors, Suppliers, Designers, Consultants, etc. is the 'work arena'/environment where Project Control performs its daily functions. British Airports Authority (BAA) responding to developments in the aircraft industry, specifically the introduction of the Airbus A380 – the biggest passenger carrier – is constructing in Heathrow Ter...

Etihad Rail is a multi-billion dollar rail network development project set across the United Arab Emirates. The planning, decision making, monitoring and controlling of such a massive infrastructure project requires the use of established, effective and efficient project management systems to assure and accomplish successful outcomes.

The pragmatic research objective of this paper is to assess and analyse the tools, techniques and strategies used for the project management of the Etihad Rail.This research paper explores the systems, methodologies, theories and practices of project management needed to successfully produce business results for the Etihad Rail project.

At first, the paper discusses the business case of Etihad Rail with the help of the logical framework approach. Then we see some strategies for the risk management process.

Second, the paper then suggests some tools and techniques such as work breakdown structure, Gantt chart and critical path method which are required for the planning, scheduling and management of a project. The inputs of the above mentioned tools and techniques are then incorporated in the analysis of the Etihad Rail project.

Next, the paper looks into the monitoring and control process procedures for a smooth running of a project. Here it discusses the importance of meetings and reports which help to define a project, providing a better understanding of the project situation/status and in implementing effective decision making. It includes the earned value analysis method which suggests being the ideal method for monitoring and measuring work performance.

Last, the paper includes some models for change management processes such as McKinsey’s 7-S model, Prosci change management process and Kotter’s 8 step change model. A method is selected from the above mentioned models which can be suitably used for the Etihad Rail project.

The progress of any undertaking is timely, temporary and unique, it has a clear laid procedure of how events will happen. A project is any unique undertaking with a start and end dates. This essay is going to outline how the Project Manager of Northrise University is organising a Year End Party to celebrate the end of exams. The event will take place on 14 th Dec. You are to organise all aspects of the event including, booking the entertainment, advertising and ticketing. After conducting a feasibility study, the student body of Northrise University in ndola have called for an end of exam party to celebrate their effort and time spent during the semester, the project manager has been tasked with organizing the event that will take place on the 14 th of December this year. To ensure the success of the project, the start date will 10 th November and it will end on 17 th December, the early start date is to ensure that all logistics such as the chairs, decorations, food and security are put in place. The project stakeholders include the students, lectures, management, Northrise University, the government, Zambia police service, management and staff of Mukuba hotel, student council of Northrise University, the parents/guardians of the students, project sponsors, student life, project planning committee, managers of the project and the community. To insure the full success of the project, the manager has appointed a planning committee that will be setting 3 times every week to review the progress of the named project. The organizing committee is going to be the highest authority in the management of the project after the manager. The publicity secretary will handle all matters of importance to the general public like informing stakeholders of the progress undertaken at any given point, announcing changes if any in the undertaking of the project and full advertisement of the project to ensure maximum participation by the students. In order to reduce conflict of priorities, the project has been assigned tasks and if any conflict arise, the manager will handle them. The project is being sponsored by student life, the student council and northrise university. The steering committee has already on the project scope, schedule, budget, plans and will be meeting once every week to view progress and changes if need be. Our goals and objectives are to throw a successful end of exam party, to complete the project within the stipulated time period, minimize the risk that may occur during the course of the project, create a strong and united working team that will guarantee the success of the project, heavily publicize the event to insure maximum exposure, engage the stakeholders in the progress of the project and

The aim of this research is to define the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) and to
understand the linkages between WBS and man-hours development for Shipbuilding
Project. The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is the best tool to simplify the
complexity of the project and this research will define the complete and accurate WBS
of a Hull Ship since it is an important and critical activity in every shipbuilding to
estimate the project schedule, cost and labour man-hours. The methodology will
involve latest literature review related to Shipbuilding WBS and man-hours estimation
and a suggestion will be made for the best method of WBS and man-hours
development. Implication from this research will assist Project Manager and Project
Team to develop an improved project schedule planning method, which be utilized
during project management to identify the best WBS and project man-hours. This also
will lead to cost reduction in terms of man-hour optimization when the proper tasks
and activities are clearly defined during WBS development

This paper is based on a hypothetical conference. The conference is the project that has been managed in the paper. Various different aspects of project management have been applied in it including project scope, requirements, deliverable, boundaries, critical success factors, risk analysis, organisational breakdown structure, cost planning and much more.

Phenomenologists draw on descriptions of experience to uncover the conditions that enable experience. However, a second-order or distanced view of experience can distort it. In his analysis of the ready-to-hand, Heidegger utilizes experiences of breakdown to avoid this problem, but he doesn't provide a detailed account of why this methodology is effective. I use Heidegger's analysis of interpretation to reconstruct a detailed account of the breakdown methodology and show why it avoids the problem of "observation distortion." Although Heidegger is only explicit about his use of this methodology in the analysis of the ready-to-hand, I show that analyses of breakdown experiences are implicit throughout Being and Time and have an important role in two key moments of the analysis of Dasein: Being-with (publicness) and Dasein's structural whole (care).

The aim of this research is to define the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) and to
understand the linkages between WBS and man-hours development for Shipbuilding
Project. The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is the best tool to simplify the
complexity of the project and this research will define the complete and accurate WBS
of a Hull Ship since it is an important and critical activity in every shipbuilding to
estimate the project schedule, cost and labour man-hours. The methodology will
involve latest literature review related to Shipbuilding WBS and man-hours estimation
and a suggestion will be made for the best method of WBS and man-hours
development. Implication from this research will assist Project Manager and Project
Team to develop an improved project schedule planning method, which be utilized
during project management to identify the best WBS and project man-hours. This also
will lead to cost reduction in terms of man-hour optimization when the proper tasks
and activities are clearly defined during WBS development

The goal of the project is to introduce an innovative idea on how to generate electricity in a very effective and environmentally friendly way.Therefore in this project, we aim to improve a new efficient device called HAPPY2WINDWARD which is going to be environmentally clean and cheaper in contrast to its components.Wind power is the energy obtained from the wind. It is one of the oldest sources of energy used by humans and today is the most seasonal and efficient energy of all renewable energies.Basically Happy2windward is a balloon that lifts a wind turbine. That's the easiest way to describe the technology. Wind turbine manufacturers are competing to build taller turbines to harness more powerful winds above 500 feet, or 150 meters. But this balloon goes higher so that it is easy to reach faster wind speeds to produce electricity.We plan to export to all over the world where is appropriate to implement this technology according to meteorological conditions.

Lean manufacturing has been one of the most standard method in the manufacturing and service industry for elimination of waste. Every manufacturing industry has to put in continuous effort for its survival in the current impulsive and competitive economy. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the adoption of lean manufacturing tools and techniques in the manufacturing industries. This paper is based on actual implementation of lean manufacturing techniques. It focuses on the execution of flow from the start until the end of the implementation, types of analysis and tools applied, evaluation methods and how the industry benefited from the implementation. In this case study we particularly focused on Shop floor management, Quality Management (QM), Supplier and Customer Management (SCM) and Workforce Management (WM). After going through various testing on implementation of Lean Manufacturing principles in Micro Small medium Enterprise (MSME), researcher studied thoughts of some author where they discussed pragmatic problems they overcome while implementing lean principles in developing economies MSME. At the end, the result shows that there is monthly increment in capital productivity and labour productivity. And decrement in inhouse rejection, breakdown hours and customer complaint from the implementation of lean. I.

Project Managers have a reasonably comprehensive toolbox of management techniques to tackle all but the most critical area of the project: That of the idea generation process. The idea generation process is still very much regarded as a 'black-box' from which a concrete solution to a problem will somehow emerge, and from which a Work Breakdown Structure can then be

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose a framework for the standardisation of the work breakdown structure (WBS) for building projects. This is based on the premise that buildings in general retain basic elemental options, and that there is a commonality of activities in the procurement of building projects.Design/methodology/approachTo achieve the objective, the general practice of developing the WBS is investigated. This is achieved by means of an industry‐wide questionnaire survey designed to identify the most widely used criteria among UK construction organisations in segregating building works into packages. The survey also investigates the sequencing of these criteria across the WBS hierarchy.FindingsThe findings reveal that the most frequently used decomposition criteria in the formulation of WBS for building projects are elements, work sections, physical location and construction aids. The proposed framework is presented as a hierarchical decomposition of a building ...

Convertito V., Iervolino I., Calcaterra D., De Luca Tupputi F., Santo A., Di Crescenzo G., Festa G., Zollo A., Silvestri F., D'Onofrio A., Simonelli A., Manfredi G., Verderame G., Ricci P., James V., Penna A., Sica S., Monaco P., Totani G.

US university engineering programs include a "senior design" course in their curricula. These courses are a student's last opportunity to use design skills learned in school. Student teams work to solve a problem while demonstrating their design and technical skills. A survey of one university department's program showed that few student groups complete the full functionality promised at the outset,

Breaking down project information via different breakdown structures has been a successful way of managing and controlling construction projects with levels of efficiency and effectiveness otherwise unimaginable to achieve over the past decades. However, the current practice of grouping and organizing building information models from multiple project participants does not reflect such breakdown structures well. This gap renders it a challenge to introducing Building Information Modelling (BIM) to on-site meetings in the construction phase, such as daily subcontractor huddle and pull planning meetings, in which on-the-spot-requests to query federated models are prevalent. This paper introduces the underlying concepts of a method that allows automatic grouping of models so that the model breakdown structure (MBS) matches a certain breakdown structure within a project. An automation tool has been developed accordingly and tested in two case studies, which prove that the proposed method enables project participants without extensive trainings of BIM the rapid identification of the desired model contents.

ABSTRACT Problem: In software engineering, a piece of software is assembled from components or modules and these components in turn can be recursively made up from smaller sub-components. The management of a software project involves tracking the development and maintenance of the individual components. Though tools exist to track component dependencies and historical changes, the key software management hurdle is the manual evaluation of the trade-offs in leveraging current components v/s investing in new software development.

Project Managers have a reasonably comprehensive toolbox of management techniques to tackle all but the most critical area of the project: That of the idea generation process. The idea generation process is still very much regarded as a ‘black-box’ from which a concrete solution to a problem will somehow emerge, and from which a Work Breakdown Structure can then be developed. Yet without a methodology to actively monitor and manage this idea generation process which, after all, is the key to the success of the project, how do we ensure that the project manager and the product development team can effectively do their jobs? The Design Breakdown Structure acts as a precursor to the traditional Work Breakdown Structure, and allows the idea generation process to be graphically mapped and monitored. The Design Breakdown Structure is proposed as the basis of effective project management and communication for collaborative projects.