Women and Power

Women from all around the world have some difficulties in their daily and business lives. Most of the difficulties that women have faced with is about gender discrimination and patriarchal ideas. On the way of being a member of the EU, Turkey tried to keep pace with the EU and its laws, but women were always faced with patriarchy, ideologies of closed minded society. While the laws and regulations should encourage women to work and give them opportunities to make them show up in society, some laws and regulations discourage women and give an idea of patriarchy. Studies are not enough to show this big problem and defend this topic, but they nearly focus on every issue that women has in daily life and in business life. My research gives some opinions and show some studies about the problems of women such as gender equality policies, patriarchal ideas of the society and gender based discrimination. The aim of my research is to give an information about the problems and obstacles which exists in Turkey about women, inequality of the genders and show that most of the women have been under controlled by men. Literature Review on the problems of gender based discrimination policies and its effects on women's employment and their daily life while Turkey is on the way of being a member of EU Women always had difficulties in life and they carry a lot of work on their shoulders. There are many researchs about this topic and the articles that I found while I was searching was impressive. They generally talk about the difficulties that women has in their life such as patriarchy, ideologies in society, work conditions, wages and education level. However, some laws and regulations made by Turkey especially to keep pace with EU or developmental countries about gender equality, good work conditions for women, economical laws etc. to make these problems solved. Time by time these issues were searched by students,

Reines, impératrices, mères ou sœurs de dirigeants : entre l’Égypte de Cléopâtre et la Rome de Néron, elles ont toutes participé aux jeux politiques. Ce livre donne des clés pour comprendre le rôle des femmes influentes et la relation qu’elles entretenaient avec le pouvoir dans les mondes antiques.

This study analyses the representation of power portrayed through the women in the TV series Game of Thrones. Building on the existing research on women representation in media, this study has mainly focused on the representation of power through the show’s primary characters like Daenerys Targaryen and Catelyn Stark. Using a framework of critical discourse analysis and feminist theories of power, this study examines the discourse of power presented through Daenerys and Catelyn in our social context.  The characters are analysed from Season 1 till the latest aired season i.e. season 6 of the show using critical discourse analysis and textual analysis as a tool for investigation. The overall examination has revealed that power is represented in predominantly patriarchal form in the TV series Game of Thrones through the portrayal of Daenerys Targaryen.

What was possible for a woman to achieve at an early modern court? By analysing the experiences of a wide range of women at the court of Sweden, this book demonstrates the opportunities open to women who served at, and interacted with, the court; the complexities of women's agency in a court society; and, ultimately, the precariousness of power. In doing so, it provides an institutional context to women's lives at court, charting the full extent of the rewards that they might obtain, alongside the social and institutional constrictions that they faced. Its longue durée approach, moreover, clarifies how certain periods, such as that of the queens regnant, brought new possibilities. Based on an extensive array of Swedish and international primary sources, including correspondence, financial records and diplomatic reports, it also takes into account the materialities used to create hierarchies and ceremonies, such as physical structures and spaces within the court. Comprehensive in its scope, the book is divided into three parts, which focus respectively on outsiders at court, insiders, and members of the royal family.

En los últimos años, la mujer romana ha centrado la atención de numerosos investigadores y especialmente de las historiadoras actuales que, en cierta medida, la han reivindicado. El presente libro quiere huir de la perspectiva "de género" presentando un conjunto interdisciplinar de inves-tigaciones que tratan de la mujer romana (especialmente de las mujeres de la elites) en la perspectiva del poder, político esencialmente, pero también el religioso, analizando aquellas situaciones familiares, sociales o conflictivas en las que la mujer romana, algunas mujeres romanas, se han significado.
SIGNIFER LIBROS Gran Vía, 2-2º SALAMANCA Apdo. 52005 MADRID http://signiferlibros.com

This richly detailed book describes the lives of Chinggisid women: the wives and daughters of Chinggis (Genghis) Khan and his successors. Although the main focus is on people and places outside of China, it relates to Chinese history in several respects. First, a profusion of information about the traditional powers, privileges, and lifestyles of Mongol noblewomen elucidates the Yuan 元 dynasty (1271-1368) institution of empress by situating it within a broader historical context. Also, the author describes the marriage of a Jin 金 dynasty (1115-1234) Jurchen princess to Chinggis Khan. Most importantly, Broadbridge's book contributes to a key debate in Chi-nese women's history. Scholars posit various causes for the general downturn in female autonomy after the Tang 唐 dynasty (618-907) and disagree about when this change occurred. Until recently, most historians saw the deterioration of female status as a result of the fundamental cultural, social, and political transformations constituting the momentous Tang-Song 唐宋 transition (750-1250). They argued that during the Tang, influence from nomadic cultures had a liberating effect on China by decreasing the authority of Confucian ethics and the classical rites. Subsequently, Song Neo-Confucians demanded more stringent controls on female behavior, constricting female agency. In recent decades, revisionists have cast doubt on this thesis. They claim that women's legal rights and social roles did not differ much during the Tang and Song.1 Instead, they propose that the decline in women's status began later , during the conquest dynasties of Liao 遼 (907-1125), Jin, and Yuan. Rather than seeing pastoral cultures as elevating women, to the contrary the revision-ists point out the oppressive nature of certain nomadic customs. In particular, they argue that the nomadic stress on bride wealth degraded women to chat-tel, and they were effectively purchased by husbands and permanently owned by in-laws. They see this arrangement as accounting for the custom of levirate. Having paid for a woman, a family would want to keep her even after her husband had died.

El presente número de la Revista de Administración Pública del Instituto
Nacional de Administración Pública, A.C; toca sin duda un tema singular,
sensible y obligadamente impostergable: Administración Pública: Mujer y Trabajo, avance hacia la consolidación de la igualdad de géneros. Una
aspiración y un compromiso. En el cual se reúnen talentos y experiencias académicas, de investigación y de trabajo continuo dentro de la Administración Pública Mexicana en todos los órdenes de Gobierno y en los tres Poderes del Estado. Y es que, por sí mismo, el tema convoca y exalta el compromiso por una recurrente búsqueda y pertinente encuentro de elementos que hagan de la igualdad de géneros en el ámbito de la Administración Pública a nivel nacional una realidad y una práctica cotidiana, sin menoscabo de acciones que promuevan este cometido.
Es así que los trabajos que reúne este número, se han integrado con el
vigoroso ánimo de trasmitir por un lado el amplio recorrido que la propia
Administración Pública Mexicana ha hecho en su avance por lograr
condiciones de igualdad en torno a la participación de las mujeres en
el espacio público, en concreto en el de la Administración Pública como
campo de desarrollo profesional y crecimiento personal de las mujeres
que en él se desenvuelven; y por otro lado, la participación de las mujeres en el terreno político, de creciente presencia y singular valía.
Como todo documento de investigación, análisis y consulta profesional
y académica, el número reúne trabajos que pasen por el rigor propio de
la disciplina y de la metodología de Administración Pública, por lo que
en él encontramos aportaciones significativas que también buscan, en
un acto reflejo, contribuir con mayores herramientas de reflexión a los
avances sustantivos en la materia aportados por los parámetros jurídicos,
administrativos, organizacionales y gubernamentales. Todo ello, con
el único propósito de hacer de esta valiosa aportación una herramienta
de estudio para próximas investigaciones que contribuyan con el tema
y repercutan en acciones inmediatas dentro de las agendas de los
tomadores de decisiones para que a futuro el tema de la igualdad deje de ser un punto aún distante.

Durante la segunda mitad del siglo XV y el primer tercio del XVI se atestigua en el contexto hispánico un importante fenómeno de mujeres autoras muy relevante en el campo espiritual. Esta renovación solió entenderse en clave de reforma constituyendo un fenómeno de características diferenciadas que podemos denominar "reformismo femenino". Fijamos la atención en el círculo cortesano femenino de la reina Isabel la Católica para analizar sus comportamientos religiosos en esta clave.

Resumen. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar desde un punto de vista historiográfico la potestas de Leonor de Castilla (1241-1290), reina de Inglaterra. Se estudia su actividad antes de convertirse en reina y en qué medida determinó su posterior ejercicio del poder. Este se analiza desgranando los diferentes mecanismos empleados por la reina: mediación e intercesión, política matrimonial, influencia en la corte, actividad cultural, intervención en la política interna y exterior… La biografía política de esta consorte presenta aún muchas lagunas e interrogantes lo que abre unas amplias posibilidades que creemos necesario poner de relieve

Abstract. The aim of this article is to analyse from a historiographic point of view the potestas of Eleanor of Castile (1241-1290), Queen of England. It studies her activity before she became queen and the extent to which it influenced her subsequent exercise of power. This power is analysed by evaluating the different mechanisms that were used by the queen: mediation and intercession, marriage policy, her influence in the court, her cultural activity, her intervention in the internal and international policy… The political biography of this consort still shows many gaps and questions, something that opens a wide range of possibilities that we believe should be highlighted.

https://www.revistamirabilia.com/issues/mirabilia-journal-33-2021-2

Isabel de Villena, author of Humanism, offers a female paradigm of government in her Vita Christi: the Virgin Mary as queen and as pope. Through queenship, she formulates a new political ethic that she presents as a model to power male holders. Its study confirms the participation of the author in the “Querelle of Femmes” and show coincidences with contemporary courts of queens like Isabel I.
Isabel de Villena, autora del Humanismo, presenta un paradigma femenino de gobierno en su Vita Christi: la Virgen María reina y papisa. Mediante la reginalidad formula una nueva ética política a seguir por los titulares masculinos del poder. Su estudio refrenda la participación de la autora en la Querella de las Mujeres y muestra sintonías con cortes de reinas contemporáneas como Isabel I.

En la política de promoción de las monjas mendicantes que desarrollaron los reyes de Castilla se percibe una tipología de “fundaciones en relación” con mujeres. Alfonso X y Pedro I colaboraron con sus amantes, Mayor Guillén y María de Padilla, y el segundo también con sus hijas, Beatriz e Isabel, para dar origen a monasterios de la Orden de Santa Clara o de sus formas previas. Estas páginas analizan unos procesos de fundación que enlazan lo personal y lo familiar con lo político, visibilizan formas de interacción entre los sexos y desvelan algunas de las fisonomías adoptadas por las religiosas que constituyeron la institución clarisa, una orden religiosa exclusivamente femenina en la que tuvieron gran peso las mujeres como agentes históricos.

Resumen. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar un estado de la cuestión o repaso historiográfico de los recursos de poder con los que contó la reina de Inglaterra Leonor de Castilla (1241-1290). Se analizan temáticamente los recursos relacionales y los materiales, base fundamental de su reginalidad y el aspecto más trabajado de esta reina en la historiografía anglosajona. Nuestra conclusión es que el estudio de los recursos de poder de Leonor de Castilla presenta aún muchas posibilidades, por lo que se hace necesario continuar investigando los componentes que hicieron posible su reginalidad.
Palabras clave. Leonor de Castilla; reginalidad; Inglaterra; poder; historiografía; estado de la cuestión

Abstract. The aim of this article is to present a historiographical review of the sources of power of  the  queen  Eleanor  of  Castile  (1241-1290).  Relational  and  material  sources  are  analysed  thematically, since they have been established as the fundamental basis of her queenship by Anglo-Saxon historiography. Our conclusion is that research on the sources of power of Eleanor of Castile still offers many possibilities of study. Therefore, it is imperative to continue studying the elements that made her queenship possible
Key words. Eleanor of Castile; queenship; England; power; historiography; overview

https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/ELEM/article/view/75424/4564456557445

Starting from an episode of gender violence suffered by the community of Franciscan tertiaries of Santa Maria de la Cruz de Cubas and caused by its prelates, we analyze here the denounce discourse formulated by these women in the biography of the visionary Juana de la Cruz and in her sermons. Possible change proposals in these texts are also evaluated. In order to do this, we review their concept of what the Church is and the relationship model between the sexes. The prophetic nature of this feminine discourse confers to its views an undoubted political weight.
Partiendo de un episodio de violencia de género sufrido por la comunidad de terciarias franciscanas de Santa María de la Cruz de Cubas a manos de sus prelados, se analiza aquí el discurso de denuncia que estas mujeres formularon en la biografía de la visionaria Juana de la Cruz y en sus sermones. También se valoran posibles propuestas de cambio en estos textos. Para ello, se pasa revista al concepto de Iglesia y al modelo de relación entre los sexos. El carácter profético de este discurso femenino confiere a sus planteamientos una indudable carga política.

This study addresses the relative absence of archaeological considerations of gender and, specifically, the underrepresented role of women in the pre-contact period of the Southern Plateau. Ethnographic and ethnohistorical records are reviewed in search of material and contextual correlates for gender in the past, revealing that paleoethnobotanical remains, digging sticks/handles, cooking features, pounding/grinding implements, needles and awls, and basketry and matting are particularly useful correlates for female task differentiation. "Power" is offered as a useful framework for exploring gender relations in economic and other social spheres of society. It is argued that gender-differentiated work organization operated as a mechanism for maintaining gender equality and also as a source from which power and autonomy were enacted, reinforced, and derived. It is also argued that there was greater fluidity and flexibility of gender roles than has often been presented in ethnographic literature.

“Cerrando las brechas de género. La participación política de las mujeres en México”. Constituye un análisis para entender los motivos de la exclusión histórica de las mujeres en la vida democrática de México; así como una agenda posible para que juntas, las personas, derribemos las barreras de la exclusión.

Between the Middle Ages and modern times there was in Castile a phenomenon of feminine prophetism with great public impact. Among its main exponents are two tertiaries, the Dominican Mary of Santo Domingo and the Franciscan Juana de la Cruz. Both women incarnated the word of God in a particular way. We will analyze the communication systems that these women used to be heard trying to evaluate the weight of orality and writing in a moment of change from an oral culture to a "civilization of writing" because some important aspects of its prophetic announcement are found here.
En la transición de la Edad Media a la Moderna se dio en Castilla un fenómeno de profetismo femenino con gran repercusión pública. Entre sus principales exponentes destacan dos terciarias, la dominica María de Santo Domingo y la franciscana Juana de la Cruz. Ambas encarnaron la palabra de Dios de forma peculiar. Analizamos aquí los sistemas comunicativos que emplearon para hacerse oír intentando valorar el peso de la oralidad y de la cultura escrita en el momento de cambio de una cultura oral a una “civilización del escrito” por entender que aquí radican algunos aspectos importantes de su anuncio profético.

This paper aims at reviewing the contents of an original chapter of the "De Republica libri sex et viginti" [lib. VII, chap. 11] written by the Toulouse jurist Pierre Grégoire, discussing the delicate "quaestio" of women’s ability to govern. The chapter is very interesting, appearing a turning point in Grégoire’s thought, at first attracted to the typical anti-feminist positions of his era, and then open to a generous judgment on women’s quality and suitability in government. This chapter is also interesting for the extraordinary wealth of philosophical, historical and legal sources, through which the main arguments "pro principatu et imperio foeminarum" are investigated, confirming the wisdom of the author’s thought and the encyclopedic inspiration that dominates his scientific personality.

Abstract – Credit is one of the most crucial inputs in the process of development. By extending small loans to poor individuals, microcredit, specially SHGs enables its borrowers to take up income earning activities that lead to a series of improvements in their economic situation. In addition to the improved income earning ability, microcredit has been increasingly promoted for its positive impact on empowerment, especially for women borrowers. Present study is an attempt to evaluate the same.

... emphasize the importance of "seeing things in context," especially in trying to understand women cross-culturally.17 Accounts by white male explorers, archeologists, police, traders, and government workers added to a sometimes distorted picture of "Inuit life." Assumptions of ...