Water Pump

An independent cough checking device is a gadget that permits quantitative cough estimations in the patients. The gadget is being practiced by two objectives: comfort and security. Internet of Things(IoT) which is a network bared on physical system in which it can be exhibited in the form of typical embedded system including electronic devices. The assessment of its power and recurrence that furnishes clinical data of patient with chronic ceaseless cough. The recognition calculation pursues a methodology with accounts of cough sounds. The normal recognition rate was 82% at a normal caution pace of occasions when considering the vitality edge to every normal patient. This device utilizes sound chronicles from a smaller than normal receiver to distinguish the cough sound and it utilizes respiratory sensors to detect the in and out progression of respiratory system. Heart sensor is utilized to identify the pulse estimations during the procedure. The impact of nonstop cough might be hurtful to the patient by meddling with breathing, rest, muscle throb, sleep insomnia and fatigue. Over 90% of COPD patients happen in low and center pay nations. By breaking down the signal, we can recognize typical and irresistible cough and fast restorative consideration is given to the individuals experiencing respiratory issue. The outcome recommend that can be applied to the detection of cough sounds and could permit the dismissal of a portion of the inaccurately identified devices. With the help of these sensors the data has been collected and then it is uploaded in the cloud for further analysis.

The main responsibility for safeguarding and preserving the structures, collections, activities and inhabitants of an institution or any property is declared as property management. To mitigate adverse impacts due to climatic change, various type of hazardous emissions, mold and fire, relentless attention should be devoted. Fire, which is very destructive due to its intensity of spreading at a higher tempo, serves as a severe threat to us. Objects that are engulfed by fire, is really very hard to recover. In a few minutes, an unrestricted fire will wipe out the resources of an entire room and eventually destroy a large building in a few hours. The major and initial step in preventing a fire is to correctly identify the case, trigger the alarm at the earliest, and then inform professionals from rescue operation team. These requirements can be fulfilled by the fire detection and alarm system. Depending on the particular requirements of the special zone, various device types and options are available. Fire detection with alarm system can be improvised by adding automatic water sprinklers with the fire detection module. Specialists in fire safety always believe that if automatic water sprinklers can be developed, installed and maintained properly then we can minimize the shortcomings arises due to fire. In this paper, we have used Proteus software for hardware design and validation of proof of concept. Keil C is used to program the Microcontroller unit. Index Terms: ATMEL89C51 Microcontroller, Water Pump, Photo diode, LDR, LM35, Relay I. INTRODUCTION In spite of continuing attempts to decrease the incidence and seriousness of industrial fire accidents, there are still frequent disastrous events, which occurs worldwide. There are multiple companies trying to collect and analyze data from such fire incidents and create underlying correlation between the causes and contexts of different fires [1-3]. Mostly flame sensors, heat sensors, flame sensors can identify the existence of fire. The main moto of this project is to minimize the risk of fire by properly selecting the sensors which are prone and accurate in detecting the fire. After the detection alarm system needs to be triggered [4-7]. If fire detection will be added with automatic water sprinklers with the help of Microcontroller programming, it will be definitely a remarkable advantage. With the help of alarm system people can be alerted instantly and fire professionals can be called without any delay [8-11]. The time gap between the arrivals of Fire brigades to the location can create heavy loss but in our project with the help of sprinklers it can be minimized. The mainly used smoke sensor based fire detection module has some disadvantages as it detects smoke coming from cooking as a fire due its sensitivity, it is not that much sensitive to smoldering fire. To overcome all these issues we have improvised the fire detection module with the help of three sensors such as LM35, LDR and Photo diode to increase the efficiency, sensitivity and accuracy as the main properties of fire are illuminance of light and heat/temperature. In the output section we have used water pump to sprinkle the water with the help of relay circuit along with buzzer and LCD display unit. Each sensor output is recognized by a status LED. Indeed we have received better performance with the proposed design.

Engine cooling system is crucial to maintain working temperature of vehicles' engine. The two main heat transfer fluids in typical cooling system are coolant and air. Under hood air flow when approaching radiator is highly non-uniform, thus 3D computational fluid dynamics is required to estimate air mass flow rates. While coolant circuit consists of numerous components, 1D thermal-fluid simulation is utilized to study temperature behavior of the coolant. Automotive designers should design a robust engine cooling system which is working well in both normal and severe driving conditions. When vehicles are keyed-off suddenly after some distance of driving, the coolant temperature tend to increase dramatically. This is because soaking heat at engine could not be transferred away timely, as water pump and cooling fan have stop working after keyed-off. In this study, transient coolant temperatures are observed closely with variety patterns of soaking heat. It is suggested to prolong operation of water pump and fan for a short while after keyed-off to reduce transient coolant temperature. © 2011 IEEE.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx5/6118337/6118565/06119034.pdf?tp=&arnumber=6119034&isnumber=6118565

This report will briefly describe the design requirements and analysis of pipe systems that provide water to the building. Water is necessary for many other purposes, especially showering, washing dishes and clothes than drinking or cooking. When opening the valves in the houses, how this water reaches a high building level. At this point, we think how the water flowing from our faucets will contact us and how important it is, such as building height, apartment number, number of faucets, water volume and number of people living in the house. The purpose of this report is to provide a detailed analysis of the piping systems and at the same time to provide information on the calculation of head loss due to friction and friction in the pipes. This report involves three main categories: introduction to pipelines, assumptions for necessary calculations and discussion of the design problem with the desired results.

Le besoin en énergie dans les sites isolés augmente sans cesse. Alors pour satisfaire répondre à ce besoin, la solution du développement des systèmes de conversion d’énergie photovoltaïque performante est d’actualité .Toutefois, l’utilisation de l’énergie photovoltaïque dépond amplement des conditions atmosphériques.
Donc l’objectif de ce mémoire est d’apporter une contribution à l’étude d’un système photovoltaïque fonctionnant à sa puissance maximale et énergétiquement autonome. Le cas étudié dans ce travail, concerne la commande d’une chaîne de pompage photovoltaïque dans un site isolé. Pour que le système photovoltaïque fonctionne à sa puissance maximale, l’utilisation d’un algorithme dit MPPT est devenu une nécessité. Dans ce but, la technique de perturbation et observation (P&O) a été choisi ; la modélisation et la simulation des différents constituants de la chaîne de conversion d’énergie sont présentées en premier lieu.
Nous avons étudié ensuite le cas d’une chaine de pompage utilisant un moteur asynchrone triphasé comme moteur d’entrainement. Dans le but d’avoir la possibilité de régler le débit d’eau de la pompe centrifuge, deux types de commande sont été utilisé, la commande vectorielle indirecte (IFOC) et la commande directe du couple (DTC) pour la commande de la vitesse de rotation de la motopompe.

Pompa merupakan suatu alat mekanik yang digunakan untuk memindahkan fluida dari suatu tempat menuju tempat lain dengan cara meningkatkan tekanan fluida tersebut. Peningkatan tekanan tersebut digunakan untuk mengatasi hambatan-hambatan pada proses pengaliran berupa: perbedaan tekanan, perbedaan ketinggian, dan hambatan gesek permukaan pompa. Pada sebuah PLTU keberadaan pompa bersifat sangat penting dikarenakan pompa memiliki fungsi untuk mengalirkan fluida kerja yang akan digunakan dalam menghasilkan uap, contoh penggunaannya berupa: boiler feed water pump dan condensate extraction pump. Dalam pemilihan pompa diperlukan beberapa data yang merupakan parameter awal sebelum menentukan pilihan dan jenis pompa yang dipergunakan. Data yang diperlukan adalah debit aliran atau kapasitas produksi, temperature fluida kerja, tekanan fluida kerja, densitas, kecepatan aliran fluida di dalam pipa dan lain-lain.
Selanjutnya adalah data yang berupa hasil perhitungan, di antaranya adalah perhitungan friction loss pipa, kehilangan tekanan (pressure drop) dalam pipa dan fitting, panjang pipa, NPSHA, head total pompa, serta efisiensi pompa.

Pompa hidrolik berfungsi untuk mensupply fluida hidrolik pada tekanan tertentu kepada sistem hidrolik. Pompa ini digerakkan oleh motor listrik atau sebuah mesin yang dihubungkan dengan sebuah sistem kopling. Sistem kopling yang digunakan dapat berupa belt, roda gigi, atau juga sistem flexible elastomeric. Pompa hidrolik ada beberapa tipe yang digunakan, yaitu:  Gear pump: bersifat murah, memiliki ketahanan yang lama (awet), sederhana pengoperasiannya. Tetapi kelemahannya adalah memiliki efisiensi yang rendah, karena sifat pompa yang ber-displacement tetap, dan lebih cocok untuk digunakan pada tekanan di bawah 20 MPa (3000 psi).  Vane pump: murah dan sederhana, biaya perawatan yang rendah, dan baik untuk menghasilkan aliran tinggi dengan tekanan yang rendah.

"Pada bangunan tinggi untuk memasok kebutuhan air bersih, biasanya digunakan pompa agar air dapat disalurkan ke tempat yang letaknya jauh dari permukaan. Permasalahan yang sering terjadi adalah terganggunya keandalan/kualitas pasokan air bersih dan juga inefesiensi dalam konsumsi energi listrik yang diakibatkan oleh pengaturan kerja motor pompa yang tidak baik. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan diatas penulis merancang sistem pengaturan operasi motor pompa air bersih berbasis PLC CQM1H dengan cara mengatur kerja pompa atas empat grup, dan masing-masing grup pompa mempunyai fungsi yang berbeda. Sistem operasi motor pompa dilengkapi juga dengan fungsi cadangan, sehingga pada saat terjadi kerusakan pada salah satu pompa proses pasokan air tidak terganggu. Berdasarkan pengujian dengan menggunakan simulator secara umum semua proses pengaturan motor pompa telah sesuai rancangan.

Kata Kunci : Pengaturan, Motor Pompa, Bangunan Tinggi, PLC


In a tall building that used to supply clearly water, it usually need pump motor so the water can be supplied to distance/remote place that far from the surface.The most happened problem is the disturbance of clean water supply and the efficiency of electrical energy consumption that affacted by unproper worked of pump motor arrangement. To solve the problem, the writer design the arrangement of clearly water pump motor operation based on PLC CQMIH by arranging the work of the pump into four groups, and each group of pump have different function. The motor pump operation are completed with backup function so when there is a damage in one of the pump motor still can supply the water. Based on the test that used simulator in generally, all pump motor arrangement process are already based on design.

Keywords : Controller, Pump Motor, Tall Building, PLC.

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A fire outbreak is a hazardous act that leads to numerous consequences. Detecting a fire at an early stage and extinguishing it can aid in prevention of various accident. Till now we rely on human resource. This often leads to risking the life of that person. Therefore, fire security becomes an important aspect to save human lives. In this paper a fire extinguishing robot has been proposed and designed which detects the fire location and extinguish fire by using sprinkler on triggering the pump. This robot uses three flame sensors for accurate fire detection. This proposed model of Fire Extinguishing Robot using Arduino used to detect presence of fire and extinguishing it automatically without any human interference. It contains gear motors and motor driver to control the movement of robot when it detects any presence of fire and will automatically start the water pump to extinguish that fire breakout. This model robot has a water ejector which is capable of ejecting water at the fire breakout place. The water ejector pipe can be move towards the required direction using servo motor .The whole operation is controlled by an Arduino UNO micro controller.

NPSH Calculations for Pump Systems
Pompalarda Kavitasyon Hesabı
Pompa ve Sistem Kavitasyon Hesabı

Pompanın içindeki basınç,basılan sıvının buharlaşma basıncının altına düştüğünde sıvı buharlaşır ve buhar kabarcıkları oluşur.Su buhar olurken hacmi genişler,pompa çıkışta basınç yükselir.Buhar hızlı bir şekilde yoğuşur ve hacmi küçülür.Bu küçülen hacme sıvı halde su hızlı bir şekilde dolar.Buhar kabarcıklarının patlamasıyla da pompa çanaklarında kavitasyon erozyonu meydana gelip,çanaklardan malzeme kaldırır.Böylelikle kavitasyon meydana gelir.
Sıvılarda basınç arttıkça kaynama sıcaklığıda artar.Basınç düştükçe kaynama sıcaklığıda azalır.

There are three vertical mixed flow cooling water pumps installed in a nuclear power plant. At the maximum plant output all three of them are in operation. If one is switched off, the plant output must be reduced. All three cooling water pumps needed to be overhauled after each cycle (18 months), what was too often comparing with similar plants. The main reasons were cracks which were often noticed at the impeller blades inlet near the hub. Sometimes a cooling water pump was switched off also between two planed overhauls due to the broken blade. Besides, air bubbles were noticed at the cooling water outflow. The plant staff put forward the goal to increase pumps reliability and to increase the time between two pump overhauls on three cycles.
The supposition was, that the pumps sucked the air through the air entraining vortices. Pump sump is not “classical” according to recommendations (1), but pumps have turning vanes in front of suction bell inlet. Detailed analysis of existing situation was carried out on hydraulic model and also by computational flow dynamics (CFD). There were no not-allowed surface or subsurface (bottom or wall) vortices noticed, and also flow conditions in front of the impeller were acceptable. The basic advantage of this solution should be, that it requires lower submergence and shorter pumps – cheaper solution! But the research work indicated submerged vortices generated by turning vanes, which entered the impeller. Modifications were introduced and studied, but without success. After accepting the conclusion, that no practical solution could be expected on the side of pump sump, the problem was solved another way - on the impeller side. The level of stresses in the point of the highest concentration was reduced for ca 75 % with better impeller design and the position was shifted away from the impeller inlet - the sensitivity of impeller on dynamic loading was highly reduced!
The basic contribution of the paper is the increase of knowledge of the solution with turning vanes in front of the vertical pump impeller.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations of pump sumps are troublesome due to the nature of the flow. Pump sump flow is turbulent and unsteady, and pump sump dimensions are large compared to diameter of vortices occurring near the sump walls or in the pump column. Therefore, to capture the general and important phenomena of the flow, the computational grid should be fine enough at certain areas of the sump. Combined with unsteady calculations, this usually results in computationally expensive cases. The decision for a suitable turbulent model plays an important role in adding or reducing the computational costs. The present study first compares some different turbulent models on a fine computational grid to the published experimental model. The intention of the present work is to get an answer whether the Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) model really fails in predictions of vortex modeling, since the usage of Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model for industrial cases would represent huge computational power demands. In the second part of the paper a real case pump sump is analyzed.

A double suction storage pump has been refurbished because of the strong cavitation which resulted in cavitation damage on blade and consequently in frequent repairs of the impeller. The analyses of the old and the new impeller were done by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD), performing transient simulations with the commercial solver Ansys CFX. In the simulations, the scale-adaptive-simulation with the curvature correction (SAS-CC) turbulence model was used. No model tests were carried out. Additionally, observations with the digital camera were made through the specially designed plexi-glass window, mounted at the lid at the suction side. The predicted pump head at the operating point agrees well with the pump characteristics measurements, performed with the direct thermodynamic method. The extent of the cavitation predicted by CFD is smaller than the observed one because the cloud cavitation was not predicted. The observations of the cavitation extent show that the impeller design is better than the old one, which was also possible to anticipate based on the CFD results.

In the domestic water supply industry, the reduction of pumping costs is a continuing objective. With the efficient scheduling of pumping operations, it is considered that 10% of the annual expenditure on energy and related costs may be saved. A typical cost function will include all of the expenditure caused by the pumping process and also consider the electrical cost of pumping taking into account the various electrical tariffs, as well as peak demand and pump switching costs. Using only fixed speed pumps, it is possible to use an efficient dynamic programming based method, provided that the storage reservoir levels are known. Other techniques that are showing fruitful results in optimisation are genetic programming and simulated annealing. This paper compares these methods and discusses which is more appropriate in this type of pump scheduling problem.

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In the domestic water supply industry, the reduction of pumping costs is a continuing objective. With the efficient scheduling of pumping operations, it is considered that 10% of the annual expenditure on energy and related costs may be saved. A typical cost function will include all of the expenditure caused by the pumping process and also consider the electrical cost of pumping taking into account the various electrical tariffs, as well as peak demand and pump switching costs. Using only fixed speed pumps, it is possible to use an efficient dynamic programming based method, provided that the storage reservoir levels are known. Other techniques that are showing fruitful results in optimisation are genetic programming and simulated annealing. This paper compares these methods and discusses which is more appropriate in this type of pump scheduling problem.

The applications of photovoltaic energy are steadily increasing. However, the output power of a photovoltaic system is influenced by the meteorological conditions (temperature and irradiation), which can affect the production and efficiency of the photovoltaic panel energy. So to ensure that the photovoltaic panel produces its maximum power possible at any time and regardless of the external conditions, we use the equipment called MPPT (maximum power point tracker). Sliding mode control is recognized by its stability and robustness and widely used in non-linear systems but represents a disadvantage because of the chattering phenomena. So in order to overcome this problem and improve this control, we opted to add to it the adaptive fuzzy control which will adapt the switching gain. This controller is named AFSMC (adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control) and will be compared the sliding mode controller SMC in order to see the difference and to the P&O (perturb & observe) method to validate this controller. Our system consists of a photovoltaic panel a DC-DC boost converter and a centrifugal pump with a DC motor. All simulations are carried out under MATLAB/SIMULINK and the extracted results show the efficiency of the AFSMC controller and confirm that the new methods have improved energy efficiency and production.

The cavitation is an inevitable factor in pumps used in the whole industry, which is a major cause of energy loss and mechanical breakdown. In this study, the cavitation phenomena at the design flow rate were numerically analyzed for two pumps with different incidence angles. The design flow rate for both models was located near the best efficiency point (BEP). The incidence angle was determined with the impeller inlet diameter and the blade angle. A pump with a smaller incidence angle consistently showed a stable flow pattern as the inlet pressure decreased, whereas a pump with a larger incidence angle contained non-uniform flow streamlines despite a very small amount of the generated cavities. The flow pattern at the impeller inlet was handled by the shape and thickness of the generated cavities which could act as an additional blockage in the pumps. The inception and growth of the cavity with a decrease of inlet pressure were also inferred, which was specifically quantified as the blockage ratio. A pump with a larger incidence angle performed poor cavitation characteristics and obtained the pressure fluctuation and cavity oscillation. The magnitude of pressure fluctuation was indicated using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis. The experimental tests were performed on both pumps to validate the numerical results.

JUAL POMPA AIR TENAGA SURYA – KAMI MENJUAL Pompa Air Tenaga Surya Merek LORENTZ GERMANY - Coverage Area Sulawesi Maluku Papua NTT NTB Bali Kalimantan Sumatera Jawa

JUAL POMPA AIR TENAGA SURYA – KAMI MENJUAL Pompa Air Tenaga Surya merek LORENTZ GERMANY - Coverage Area Sulawesi Maluku Papua NTT NTB Bali Kalimantan Sumatera Jawa

Pompa Air Tenaga Surya Submersible ( Solar Water Pump) by LORENTZ.

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Pompa Air Tenaga Surya LORENTZ adalah solusi anda dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan air yang ramah Lingkungan. Sistem pompa sangat cocok untuk jaringan Air minum PDAM, Irigasi, Perkebunan, dll.
LORENTZ Solar Water Pump dapat beroperasi tanpa menggunakan Battery, sehingga bebas biaya perawatan, Tanpa BBM dan Listrik PLN.

Pusat Agen Penjualan Pompa KSB type Etanorm Syt Penjualan pompa Ksb dengan type etanorm syt di indonesia, agen pusat penjualan pompa ksb dengan harga murah kualitas terbaik. perushaan kami menyedikan dan menjual pompa ksb etanorm syt dimana pompa ksb type etanorm syt ini adalah pompa yang di desain untuk cairan panas, oli panas, hot oil thermal, hot weater, dan cairan lainya. perusahaan kami melayani kebutuhan pompa di usaha industri anda juga menyedikan barang sperti pompa ksb di jamin untuk keaslian bara di sisi kami melayani menjual pompa ksb etanorm perususahaan kami juga memberi pelayanan jasa pemasngan di lokasi maupun pengopelan/perakitan antara pompa dan motors pengeraknya. Pompa KSB selain memang sudah terkenal dengan nama lensensi germany da memakai setandar eropa, pompa ksb etanorm ini juga memiliki kelebihan. Kelebihan Pompa type KSB etanorm KSB etanorm-CentrifugalPompa KSB type etanorm adalah pompa yang mana memang pompa di desain untuk kebutuhan industri sehingga presure hingga 16 bar, dan panas yang bisa di sirkulasikan pompa 180 °C untuk hot water air panas 350 °C untuk thermal oil atau minyak oli dan di lengkapi dengan kecepatan putaran hingga 3500 rpm. tergantung untuk kebutuhan industri yang di perlukan untuk pompa ksb type etanorm ini juga masih ada banyak bagian dan kapasitas yang di perlukan, sperti di bawah ini akan kami ulas untuk pompa ksb etanorm yang di bagi menjadi berbagai type jenis lagi. KSB ETANORM SYT Etanorm SYT/SYN 040-025-160 Pusat Agen Penjualan Pompa KSB type Etanorm Syt Penjualan pompa Ksb dengan type etanorm syt di indonesia, agen pusat penjualan pompa ksb dengan harga murah kualitas terbaik. perushaan kami menyedikan dan menjual pompa ksb etanorm etanorm syt ini adalah pompa yang di desain untuk cairan panas, oli panas, hot oil thermal, hot weater, dan cairan lainya. perusahaan kami melayani kebutuhan pompa di usaha industri anda juga menyedikan barang sperti pompa ksb di jamin untuk keaslian bara di sisi kami melayani menjual pompa ksb etanorm perususahaan kami juga memberi pelayanan jasa pemasngan di lokasi maupun pengopelan/perakitan antara pompa dan motors pengeraknya. Pompa KSB selain memang sudah terkenal dengan nama lensensi germany dan matrial yang di gunakan memakai setandar eropa, pompa ksb etanorm ini juga memiliki kelebihan. Kelebihan Pompa type KSB etanorm CentrifugalPompa KSB type etanorm adalah pompa yang mana memang pompa di desain untuk kebutuhan industri sehingga pompa ksb type etanorm memiliki kapasitas tekanan presure hingga 16 bar, dan panas yang bisa di sirkulasikan pompa 180 °C untuk hot water air panas 350 °C untuk thermal oil atau minyak oli dan di lengkapi dengan kecepatan putaran hingga 3500 g untuk kebutuhan industri yang di perlukan untuk pompa ksb type etanorm ini juga masih ada banyak bagian dan kapasitas yang di perlukan, sperti di bawah ini akan kami ulas untuk pompa ksb etanorm yang di bagi menjadi berbagai type jenis lagi. Penjualan pompa Ksb dengan type etanorm syt di indonesia, agen pusat penjualan pompa ksb dengan harga murah kualitas terbaik. perushaan kami menyedikan dan menjual pompa ksb etanorm etanorm syt ini adalah pompa yang di desain untuk cairan panas, oli panas, hot oil thermal, hot weater, dan cairan lainya. perusahaan kami melayani kebutuhan pompa di usaha industri anda juga menyedikan barang sperti pompa ksb di jamin untuk keaslian barangnya, di sisi kami melayani menjual pompa ksb etanorm perususahaan kami juga memberi pelayanan jasa pemasngan di lokasi maupun pengopelan/perakitan antara pompa dan motors pengeraknya. Pompa n matrial yang di gunakan CentrifugalPompa KSB type etanorm adalah pompa yang mana memang pompa di pompa ksb type etanorm memiliki kapasitas tekanan presure hingga 16 bar, dan panas yang bisa di sirkulasikan pompa 180 °C untuk hot water air panas-350 °C untuk thermal oil atau minyak oli dan di lengkapi dengan kecepatan putaran hingga 3500 g untuk kebutuhan industri yang di perlukan untuk pompa ksb type etanorm ini juga masih ada banyak bagian dan kapasitas yang di perlukan, sperti di bawah ini akan kami ulas untuk

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is considered one of the important factors in minimizing the installation costs and improving the efficiency of any photovoltaic water pumping system. The MPPT controller is specifically used to extract the maximum available power from the photovoltaic (PV) array. The maximum power can be achieved by using a specific algorithm. This work aims to raise awareness among farmers about the energy benefits available in the region of Meknes in Morocco, the economic gain and the environmental impact applied to the solar pumping system so that it can be generalized. To obtain the maximum power at each moment, a direct current (DC) water pump (SQF 0-6-2) powered by the solar panels (REC_330NP) through a buck converter was adapted. In addition, this study illustrates the theory of operation of the perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm and simulates the evaluation of this algorithm under different operating conditions (temperature and solar irradiation), and showed the advantages of this system that can operate at the optimal power regardless of disturbances.

An Automation is the utilization of different control techniques for operating equipment's such as operations in factories, aircraft and other applications with reduced human power. The filling process is a mission performed by a machine that fills liquid products such as water or cold drinks. Traditional bottling method include placing bottles on a conveyor belt and filling only one bottle at a time. In this paper, it has been designed and implement water filling machine system for different types of bottles by using PLC. Where the water filling machine system includes design and implement prototype of a flat belt conveyor with dimensions (300*40) mm and automatic process for water filling machine using the water pump and sensors which gives the appropriate information to control unit then design the controller using PLC. The PLC plays important role to implement automatic filling process by using PLC programing software and ladder diagram language. It was found that the water filling machine using PLC is less operational cost and less power consumption than the traditional control systems, in addition more flexible and time saving

La pompe à eau à pistons naît probablement à Alexandrie, dans la première moitié du IIIe siècle a.C., dans le contexte des travaux de Ctésibios sur la pompe à air pour l’orgue hydraulique et sur la catapulte à air comprimé. L’ouvrage de Philon de Byzance intitulé Pneumatiques, au milieu du IIIe siècle a.C., est le premier texte conservé à mentionner (et à décrire) la pompe à eau. Ensuite nous avons un « trou » de deux siècles, jusqu’au texte du De architectura de Vitruve qui décrit la « machine de Ctésibios » (machina Ctesibica) vers 25 a.C. Entre deux, aucune mention dans les textes, aucun témoignage archéologique ; les plus anciens restes de pompe découverts datent du début du Ier siècle p.C. Nous laissons de côté le texte de Philon qui pose divers problèmes de transmission pour commencer notre étude au Ier siècle a.C. qui nous paraît marquer le début de la véritable diffusion de cet appareil. L’essentiel de notre enquête porte donc sur la période impériale romaine avec juste une « excursion tardive » dans les textes des lexicographes et encyclopédistes du VIe - VIIe p.C. Nous parcourons d’abord les sources littéraires et épigraphiques, puis les sources archéologiques avant de nous arrêter sur les textes de Vitruve et de Héron d’Alexandrie qui nous permettront d’approfondir les modes de construction et de fonctionnement de la pompe à pistons destinée à puiser de l’eau.

The shape of the blade leading edge (LE) is a design variable that cannot theoretically affect the inlet flow characteristics under the definition of the velocity triangle. However, the LE is the first to encounter the working fluid in terms of streamwise direction. Depending on its shape, not only the local flow characteristics but also the performance can be affected. In this study, a numerical analysis of the hydraulic and suction performance for a mixed-flow pump was performed with different shapes of the blade LE. The blade was prepared with four sets according to the ellipse ratio (ER), including a square (ER=0), round (1), elliptic (2), and parabolic (5) shape. As the shape of the blade LE was square, the flow streamline was immediately separated from the blade surface, showing a significant drop in the hydraulic performance. As the blade LE was designed in a round, elliptic, or parabolic shape instead of a square shape, the hydraulic performance did not show a noticeable difference. On the other hand, in the prediction of suction performance, the square LE obtained the best characteristics. As the LE shape gradually became a parabolic shape, the cavity blockage was reduced, and the suction performance was also improved.

Pumping water and energy storage from a deep sea" Something like a trompe pump in reverse would be used to pump water and store energy. Where a one way valve is used on the intake and a column of air displaces water to pump it. Then the compressed air is release to run a turbine that then allows the water column to fill again. And air is compressed back it to move the water. Though on a note maybe the one way valve would be similar to a hydraulic ram. Though I don't know if a water hammer effect would harm the device or how it would affect it. I don't know if a hydraulic ram could use a column of air that could resonate and pump water using deep water pressure to compress air and a one way valve to pump water or be part of some energy source. Or if it would take multiple stages to use more than one water hammer to pump deep sea water powered by water pressure and compressed air. Going back to the original idea of a modified trompe pump in reverse that may use stages to move water. Though If multiple stages could take advantage of they water hammer effect if the compression of air could power the next stage to use a water hammer not only to pump water and compress air for one stage but multiple stages to take stress off air columns. I guess there is another way of using both in multi stage of first pumping compressed air that starts a water hammer cascaded to pump water. And using compressed air to collect or store extra energy.

1)  This rapid assessment of the Luwero District community based handpump maintenance system inspected all the 526 handpumps in Luwero, interviewed three quarters of all village level pump caretakers, conducted 66 focus group discussions with ordinary citizens, and interviewed a substantial proportion of pump mechanics and local officials.

2)  Eighty one percent of handpumps in Luwero District were in working condition in April 1990.  Seventy five percent were in working order and were being frequently used.

3) The average breakdown-to-repair time for Luwero handpumps is nine to ten days.  No more than about 5% of handpumps stay broken down for a month or more.

4) Local adaptations by communities, institutions and individuals frequently deviate from the original design of the Luwero community based handpump maintenance system.  Such adaptations are usually quite appropriate in the circumstances. For example, communities have developed their own ways of collecting pump funds, and the Resistance Committee (RC) system is not always involved.  As well, institutions such as schools and health units, and not communities as such, often maintain and repair handpumps if the institution is seen to be the handpump owner.  Thirdly, when pumps break down, caretakers often contact the sub-county mechanic directly, without going through the RC system.

5) Even though most handpump users are women, 84% of pump caretakers are men.

6) Village level pump caretakers seem only very rarely to disseminate basic health messages on CDD and child immunisation.

7) There is great confusion about whether the earmarked taxes collected by some sub-counties for handpump repair are actually used for this purpose.  Citizens strongly suspect that the money is "eaten".  Existing sub-county pump taxes need to be investigated before new ones are instituted in other areas.

8)  The vast majority of village caretakers do not keep any written record of the money they collect.  Citizens often suspect the  caretakers and  RC Is of "eating" the money.  This suspicion creates problems when the caretakers try to collect funds for pump maintenance and repair.

9)  Most people in Luwero seem dissatisfied with the sub-county pump mechanics, who are accused of exploiting their monopoly over repair skills and spare parts to charge unfairly high prices which poor rural communities have difficulty in paying.