Water Demand

Of the various natural resources necessary for human survival and good health, provision of adequate water supply is a major challenge to many municipalities not only in Kenya but Africa as a whole. In 2000, an estimated one-sixth of the world's population was without access to improved water supply with the majority of these people living in Asia and Africa. This study reports a cross-sectional survey that sought to establish the water supply situation among households living in the high, middle and low income areas within the municipality of Naivasha in Kenya. Data from a random sample of 385 households was obtained from the residential areas with secondary and primary data obtained from the Naivasha Water and Sanitation Company. Primary data was collected on water access, alternative water sources, water quality, per capita water use and cost of water. The data were collected using questionnaires, scheduled interviews, and observations and analyzed using descriptive statistic...

Water service providers must understand the needs and consumption patterns of their customers in order to make informed decisions on new investments. The Mandalay City Development Committee is undertaking an expansion of its water supply and sewerage infrastructure with a goal of reaching every citizen. The service provider needs to revise tariffs to cover higher provision costs. To this end, a survey conducted in 2019 in Mandalay City, Myanmar revealed that 80% of users relied on more than one water source. The selection of water source depended on intended use, quality, availability, and reliability more than it did on price. Users are heavily reliant on groundwater, which is also increasingly scarce and contaminated. The findings shed light on the challenges of meeting operational costs through tariffs when municipal supplies are not the sole source of water, water quality is poor, and non-revenue water is high.

Water scarcity has become a major problem for many countries, resulting in declining water supply and creating a need to find alternative solutions. One potential solution is rainwater harvesting (RwH), which allows rainwater to be stored for human needs. This study develops an RwH assessment system through building information modeling (BIM). For this purpose, a hydrological study of Cfa-type climate cities is conducted with the example of Islamabad, Pakistan. The monthly rainfall data of three sites were assessed to determine the volume of the accumulated rainwater and its potential to meet human needs. The average number of people living in a house is taken as the household number. Household number or of the number of employees working at a small enterprise, roofing material, and rooftop area are used as the key parameters for pertinent assessment in the BIM. The data simulated by BIM highlight the RwH potential using five people per house as the occupancy and a 90 m2 rooftop are...

Water scarcity has become a major problem for many countries, resulting in declining water supply and creating a need to find alternative solutions. One potential solution is rainwater harvesting (RwH), which allows rainwater to be stored for human needs. This study develops an RwH assessment system through building information modeling (BIM). For this purpose, a hydrological study of Cfa-type climate cities is conducted with the example of Islamabad, Pakistan. The monthly rainfall data of three sites were assessed to determine the volume of the accumulated rainwater and its potential to meet human needs. The average number of people living in a house is taken as the household number. Household number or of the number of employees working at a small enterprise, roofing material, and rooftop area are used as the key parameters for pertinent assessment in the BIM. The data simulated by BIM highlight the RwH potential using five people per house as the occupancy and a 90 m2 rooftop area for residential buildings or small enterprises as parameters. The results show that the selected sites can collect as much as 8,190 L/yr of rainwater (48 L/person/day) to 103,300 L/yr of rainwater (56 L/person/day). This much water is enough to fulfill the daily demands of up to five people. Therefore, it is established that the study area has an RwH potential that is able to meet the expected demands. This study presents a baseline approach for RwH to address water scarcity issues for residential buildings and factories of the future.

In many parts of Italy, particularly in the South, it has become ever more difficult to meet the water demand. The recent years of drought and the constant increase of water demand for the civil sector have made irrigation supply more problematic. Wastewater reuse could represent a viable solution to meet water demand. The focus of this paper is on the regulation problems, hampering the development of wastewater reuse for irrigation, and on the potentials for reuse, particularly in Southern Italy. Planned exploitation of municipal wastewater could help meeting the irrigation water demand particularly in Southern Italy, where farmers have been practising uncontrolled wastewater reuse for a long time. In Northern and Central Italy, where available water resources generally meet water needs for different purposes, wastewater reuse could play an important role in controlling the pollution of water bodies. Despite the fact that Italian legislation is extremely strict and outdated, for se...

This report summarises the findings from PhD research carried out by Claire Hoolohan, funded by the Economic and Social Research Council and Thames Water, and supervised by Alice Larkin (Tyndall Centre, University of Manchester) and Alison Browne (University of Manchester).

The findings explore alternative framings of water efficiency intervention that step away from conventional psycho-economic approaches that are favoured in the water industry, towards those that contribute to social, cultural and technological change to bring about more sustainable patterns of everyday water use. The research is based on Case studies of two innovative case study initiatives, interviews with stakeholders across the water industry and workshops with representatives from across the water companies.

For more information contact the author: claire.hoolohan@manchester.ac.uk

In this paper, we examine the daily water demand forecasting performance of double seasonal univariate time series models (Exponential Smoothing, ARIMA and GARCH) based on multi-step ahead forecast mean squared errors. We investigate whether combining forecasts from different methods and from different origins and horizons could improve forecast accuracy. We use daily data for water consumption in Spain from 1 January 2001 to 30 June 2006.

Uygulama örnekleri ile yeniden düzenlemiş olduğum "Su Getirme" Başlıklı kitabım web sayfamda yayınlandı.
https://www.mehmetardiclioglu.com/kitaplar.
Kitabımın İnşaat ve Çevre mühendisliği lisans öğrencilerine ve uygulama mühendislerine yararlı olmasını dilerim.
Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ardıçlıoğlu

My book titled "Water Supply", which I have rearranged with application examples, has been published on my web page (In Turkish).
https://www.mehmetardiclioglu.com/kitaplar.
I hope my book will be useful to Civil and Environmental engineering undergraduate students and application engineers.

The packing characteristics of the cementitious materials have great influence on the performance of a concrete mix, but there is so far no generally accepted method of measurement. Herein, a new method, called the wet packing method, is developed. It mixes the cementitious materials with water and then measures the apparent density and voids content of the resulting mixture at

The University of Lagos, Nigeria, one of the foremost universities in Africa was established in 1962. The present water distribution network of the University was designed and constructed in 1982 when the population was about 12,000. The current population of the University is about 85,000 with no significant improvement made to the water distribution network. The water demand has risen from 2.48 million litres per day (mlpd) in 1991 to 10.75 mlpd in 2012, whereas the water supply situation has declined to 3.70 mlpd in 2012. This has led to an inefficient water distribution and a serious gap of about 7.05 mlpd between water supply and demand in the University. In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of the water distribution system in the University of Lagos was carried out through the use EPANET, a computer aided tool. The study concluded that the performance of the existing distribution network under current water demand is inefficient and recommended appropriate improvement.

n-revenue water remains one of the main challenges facing the town. This study deals on the analysis of water demand scenario and future water demand forecasting for Yejube town. A mixed cross-sectional research method was implemented to analysis the past and future water demand of the town. The outcome of this study found that the municipal average daily water consumption per capita was 14.3l/c/day and 16l/c/day respectively in 2017 and 2018. The water supply coverage of the town is low when we compare the regional and international standards. Water production and demand are unbalanced; due to continuous interruption of the water supply system inhabitants are facing water related problems. And also, 20.38% and 24% of the water production lost in the distribution system before reaching to the end customers. The population of the town in 2040 expected to reach24807 with an average daily per capita water consumption of 36.7l/day. Generally, delivery of hygienic water supply is one of the key influencing factors that significantly subsidize to the socioeconomic renovation of a country by enlightening the health thereby increasing life standard and economic productivity of the society. Therefore, accurate forecast of future water demand plays a crucial role in optimizing the need for potable water resources and effective water allocation among competing users.

Through an examination of global climate change models combined with hydrological data on deteriorating water quality in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), we elucidate the ways in which the MENA countries are vulnerable to climate-induced impacts on water resources. Adaptive governance strategies, however, remain a low priority for political leaderships in the MENA region. To date, most MENA governments have concentrated the bulk of their resources on large-scale supply side projects such as desalination, dam construction, inter-basin water transfers, tapping fossil groundwater aquifers, and importing virtual water. Because managing water demand, improving the efficiency of water use, and promoting conservation will be key ingredients in responding to climate-induced impacts on the water sector, we analyze the political, economic, and institutional drivers that have shaped governance responses. While the scholarly literature emphasizes the importance of social capital to adaptive governance, we find that many political leaders and water experts in the MENA rarely engage societal actors in considering water risks. We conclude that the key capacities for adaptive governance to water scarcity in MENA are underdeveloped.