Urban Water Management

Forty years of war in Angola has had a significant effect in urbanising Angola’s population. Forced urbanisation is a corollary of forced displacement as a weapon of war. Urban population growth has been accelerated rapidly by a combination of push and pull factors but largely because the cities of the
littoral and particularly Luanda were, and continue to be, seen as relative safe havens from instability and insecurity. Urban growth continued unabated even during the periods of ceasefire and relative security, when roads opened to the besieged provincial cities, and families often used these windows of opportunity to move themselves and moveable resources to the safety of the capital or coastal towns. New economic relationships through the extended family, with rural producers linking with the urban informal markets, are emerging. Retailing in the informal sector market is the principal coping mechanism for the urban poor in Luanda. The informal market is dominated by women, many of them heads of households and a large portion of them originally migrants to the city. Development Workshop implemented the Women’s Enterprise Development (WED) project, which aimed to improve the economic situation of women in the informal sector in Luanda. The programme employs a model of micro-finance being tested for the first time in Angola using the practice of group lending, originally developed by the Grameen bank in Bangladesh.

Drinking water is one of the basic service of environment. Drinking water supply in most of the municipalities of Nepal are generally inadequate in terms of overall coverage and water supply are intermittent with access to only a few hours each day. On the event of global awareness on the impacts of climate change, wider attention has to be drawn on the water supply sector in Nepal as of numerous vulnerable attributes. This study aimed at initiating a research on hydrological analysis and the implications of climate change impacts in the balance of water supply and demand. An assessment on the potential impacts of the climate change on the availability of water and its distribution to the households was made. The catchment area was delineated and the trend of discharge for the 23 years was analyzed. The available discharge at the intake sites was estimated using the available downstream discharge data and the catchment area ratio and with the discharge measurement in the field. Based on the finding on the discharge variation and potential demand in future the hydrological analysis focused in water supply and demand was done, the discharge variation and potential climate change impacts, strategic recommendations to incorporate the attributes on the technical design, construction and operation of the water supply scheme were made. Increase in the size of urban population, depletion of water resources, water conflicts in the downstream add complexity on the issue at stake. This would make the system more robust and resilient to cope with the climate change risks and ensure that they are within the acceptable range. This will ensure the sustainability of the project and help to reduce water conflict in the downstream.

Dreaming of a future condition for our own beloved cities, we always think that, the problems those we are facing today would not being faced tomorrow. Besides this, the city will blend harmoniously with natural environment also. The above scenario is very much true for Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. Currently, the worst problems faced by Dhaka are traffic congestion and water logging. The city can be brought to a standstill due to less than an hour of rainfall because of poor water management and lack of natural drainage system. Though, this was not the scenario in the past. As geographical location suggests, Dhaka is a city of many rivers. In past, this resource was used for human settlement but now we are facing our back to these rivers. Due to lack of proper follow-up plans and reluctance of implementing
new plans, Dhaka which was founded based on its strong connection to water has almost lost that bond. It is time to revive that natural connection. This paper explores the prospect of connecting the whole Dhaka city through water network. The water way is the cheapest means of transportation. In Dhaka city, the roads are in north-south oriented and these rivers are situated in east-west. So, the combination of both can be a great fruitful thing for overall Dhaka city. The main proposition is to reconnect the water bodies of Dhaka city and link them to the surrounding rivers to form a „Blue Network‟ through the city to solve the water logging and transportation problem. To do this, literature surveyed has been done to search for the historical evidence of water connection through Dhaka city and new scope for bringing back that connection again. The possible outcomes resulting from numerous changes in the present condition of Dhaka will be also discussed which can make this city to go further to become an eco-city, which is our ultimate goal as a dweller of our own beloved Dhaka.

The rapid growth in consumption of bottled water across the globe has drawn attention of policy makers and academicians alike. However, its consumption practices have been examined primarily in the context of industrialized countries. Drawing on studies of Science, Technology and Society, Public Understanding of Science, and institutions, this article explores the nuances of the consumption conundrum of bottled water in India. This mixed method study relies on data collected through surveys and ethnography of consumption practices at selected sites in Delhi. We find reasons for bottled water consumption to vary with the site of consumption. Although the notions of “purity” and “scarcity” drive consumption behavior, these attributes are far from being objective. Rather, they are shaped by a complex mix of sociocultural factors, public understanding of science, and trust on various institutional mechanisms of water provisioning.

Delhi is a mega city which has undergone immense transformation. It is dominated by urban landscape, flyovers, elevated corridors and roads which are being constantly widened and improved. The provision of urban underground utilities is disturbing the soil quality, the roots of existing trees is injured in the process and therefore the tree cover do not survive beyond a few seasons after the construction activity. Urban parks and other open spaces are often intruded upon, even the peri-urban areas around Delhi are fast expanding, reducing quality green cover. Though urban green spaces (including residential parks) exist in Delhi, the urban soil has poor physical qualities, further there is loss of soil cover, alteration of existing natural drainage pathways. The objective is to assess the negative impact of anthroprogenic disturbance on soil hydrology and soil texture in urban green spaces, since these spaces play a vital role in absorbing rain water and reduce flooding. The soil infiltration studies were conducted using standard double ring infiltrometer in parts of south west Delhi and they suggest lowered infiltration rates than that is expected for fine to medium sand in the region.The infiltration rate determined varies from 6mm/hr to 36mm/hr. The soil texture was studied using standard sieve analysis. The top soil was found to be fine sand, (40% fine sand, 29% medium, 12% coarse sand and less than 10% fines and around 10% gravel). The physical inspection of the soil showed construction debris, plastics, high level of sealing on the surface of soil, these suggest altered surface interventions has reduced the infiltration capacity of fine sandy soil. This has led to altered storm runoff responses in these green spaces. Urbanization is inevitable, it is recommended that urban design guidelines should include green infrastructure planning with managed infiltration for urban open space so that urban soil properties are restored. The infiltration capacity of soil in urban green spaces have sufficient capacity to absorb the average daily rainfall volume, only very high intensity rainfall episodes should cause urban flooding. So disposal of debris, plastics, should not be allowed in parks and open spaces adjacent to roads. The research findings of this paper are applicable for other cities in India too, which are undergoing transformation. Upscaling of this study will help restoration of natural drainage pathways for rain water, including efficient ground water recharge in urban areas, as infiltration plays a vital role in it.

Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay) is located on the western seacoast of India on the Arabian Sea. It was originally a cluster of seven islands, which were later joined to form the present city. Greater Mumbai Region consists of 7 islands in the city area and 4 islands
in the suburbs. It has been the constant effort of natural reclamation which produced spaces in Mumbai, which can be seen today. The city population has grown exponentially and the mid-year population estimates for 2008 suggest that the population has grown to 13.4 million with the density of 30,803 per sq. km. The research study area of M-Ward is an overcrowded eastern suburb of Mumbai city. The ever growing exponential population has put an immense pressure on the already shrinking resources in the city, especially the surface water resources. This research is focused on the shrinking of the surface water bodies and wetlands due to rapid unplanned settlements in this area, as it is close to the Thane Creek having large area of mangroves. It emphasis the importance of water
bodies, which help to maintain the water cycle and the balance with the natural environment, as well as their importance in providing fresh water for drinking purpose use, which is one of the major concern in the M-Ward area. Also, the greater frequency and severity of flooding, channel erosion, and destruction of aquatic habitat commonly following watershed urbanization. The research will be useful for the land use decision makers of the city to address the relationship between land use and natural resource protection.

INTRODUCTION
The continuous occurrence of natural disasters as hurricanes, floods and earthquakes is placing significant pressures in urban areas. Ten of fifteen world’s largest cities are located in low-lying coastal areas. These dense cities are also centers of economic vibrancy, diverse cultural dynamics and public life. However, recent flooding
disasters have demonstrated how fragile coastal regions can be. With incremental sea level rise and more frequent violent storms, cities must find urban strategies to be able to accommodate a changing environment and which simultaneously, can deal with the social uncertainties that come in times of emergency.
Superstorm Sandy landed in the Atlantic coast in October of 2012 affecting 8 countries leaving at least 233 casualties (1). In the United States, Hurricane Sandy affected 24 states with particularly severe damage in New Jersey and New York. This event exposed the vulnerability of this territory especially in the waterfront areas.
Flooding streets, tunnels and subway lines, as well as cutting power was experienced in and around the city (2).
Resist, Delay, Store, Discharge is an urban project by OMA office, which seeks to introduce comprehensive urban design strategies for the New Jersey city of Hoboken which was heavily affected by the pass of the hurricane Sandy. This design proposal was one of the 10 winners from the Rebuild by Design competition, an initiative
by Department of Housing and Urban Development. This competition came up in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy with the urgent need to rethink the way that New York as a coastal city is confronted to climate events.
The role of urban planning is fundamentally evolving towards the searching of strategies that can absorb and mitigate the pressures of climate change, introducing spaces that can coexist with factors of variability and unpredictability that a climate disaster brings with it. Therefore, this paper exposes the strategic characteristics of
Resist, Delay, Store, and Discharge and positions it in the contemporary discussion on architecture and Urbanism.
Additionally, two case studies will be analyzed in order to understand the pertinence of the theme in relation with design challenges that focused on dealing predominantly with water and the excess of it. The analysis of these urban projects highlights how in many cases the introduction of the concept of urban resilience can define
a matter of survival.
1.Diakakis M.; Deligiannakis G.; Katsetsiadou K.; Lekkas E. (2015). “Hurricane Sandy mortality in the Caribbean and continental North America”. Disaster
Prevention and Management: An International Journal24 (1). doi:10.1108/DPM-05-2014-0082
2. Shaun Donovan, Secretary of the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

La consapevolezza, del cambiamento climatico, ci impone maggiormente di considerare nuove modalità, sostenibili da un punto di vista ambientale, per l’approvvigionamento della risorsa idrica sempre più scarsa. Gli scenari prevedono possibili conflitti per il reperimento, in futuro di questa importante risorsa, alla base di ogni organismo vivente, la vita. La volontà di rendere l’approvvigionamento d’acqua resiliente al cambiamento climatico, ci obbliga a pensare alla realizzazione di una nuova rete infrastrutturale idrica, che permetta sinergicamente a nuove tecnologie ecosostenibili, di ridurre sensibilmente la dipendenza dall’acquedotto comunale e con essa lo spreco di una risorsa cosi preziosa.

Focusing on the efforts of Nairobi’s water utility to reduce leakage in the city’s expansion of water infrastructure, this study offers an organizational assemblage perspective on infrastructure. Drawing on the concept of assemblage and its uptake in science and technology studies and cultural anthropology, infrastructure is the material form of emergent systems through which the flow of nature, goods, ideas, people and finance is organized over space and time. Nairobi’s water infrastructure brings together a diverse set of features, including pipes, meters, GPS technologies, smartphones, engineering reports, Excel spreadsheets, landlords, plumbers, African chiefs, thieves, foreign experts, politicians, accountants, engineers, the everyday lives and ethnicities of the people of Nairobi, climate conditions, hydraulics, urban topographies and the fluids sludge and water.
Based on a thick performative description of three praxiographic studies, condensed from a four-year ethnographic case study that included eight months of onsite fieldwork in Nairobi, I describe the engagement of Nairobi’s water utility in three technoscientific practices of water leakage and loss management: measuring, tracking, and demarcating water flow and leakage. Through a creative non-fictional writing process, including ficto-critical storytelling, inspired by a postcolonial and feminist understanding in science and technology studies, I empirically and politically account for how a technoscientific intervention enacts the pacification, visibility, and formalization of infrastructure.
My practical ontology framework helps me to understand how the organizing of infrastructure enacts the recursive dynamic of ontological multiplicity and stabilizing, a key concern in assemblage thinking and actor-network-theory. This dynamic is not only experimental, but entangled in organizing practices of governing fluidity, managing invisibility, and operating messiness. I also give the uptake of the concept of assemblage thinking in the turn to infrastructure in social theory empirical depth. This study suggests an empirical and conceptual way forward for organizational research to deploy infrastructure thinking.

Junto con El Salvador y Perú, México es uno de los países que tienen menor disponibilidad de agua por habitante en América Latina. Actualmente, más de 30 ciudades mexicanas enfrentan problemas vinculados con la gestión del agua urbana. Las ciudades han crecido tanto que el abasto de agua es un tópico cuya relevancia se actualiza constantemente.

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar el régimen que regula la gestión del agua en la ciudad de San Luis Potosí. A lo largo del capítulo se desarrolla esta idea con la intención de mostrar, desde el punto de vista jurídico, cómo y quiénes son los responsables de gestionar los recursos hídricos superficiales y subterráneos en la ciudad. Para tal fin, se explican las directrices que reglamentan la propiedad y administración del agua en los ámbitos federal, estatal y municipal. El capítulo se divide en cinco apartados. En el primero nos referimos al régimen jurídico federal, es decir, el corpus normativo producido por el órgano dotado de facultades para legislar en materia de aguas que son de jurisdicción federal. En el segundo analizamos la propiedad de las aguas, de acuerdo con el criterio patrimonial contenido en el artículo 27 constitucional; el tercer apartado aborda el régimen de las aguas estatales y las funciones atribuidas a los municipios, referibles a los servicios públicos de agua potable y saneamiento. En el cuarto se explican las facultades y competencias de los órganos gubernamentales en el marco del modelo mexicano de gestión del agua. El quinto versa sobre la gestión urbana del agua en la ciudad de San Luis Potosí bajo la lógica del marco normativo detallado en los apartados precedentes. Finalmente, se incorporan las conclusiones.

Water logging is one of the prime urban problem that Dhaka suffering for decades. Even after a light rain many areas of the Dhaka turned out to be small islets with thousands stranded or wallowing through knee-deep dirty waters stuck up in roads and streets.
If the rain lasts for hours it changes the view of the Dhaka city - most of the busy roads and streets become inundated because canals, being the primary drainage system of the city are blocked, cannot carry the huge volume of storm water.

In the urban area, the physical infrastructure plays an important role. In water distribution system, the water supplied from the reservoir to the consumer end. The pattern of the pipeline will follow the road network of the area. Due to rapid urbanization in an urban area, the water demand is rapidly increasing. Therefore, the pressure on the existing network is growing. This may result in the gap between supply and consumer chain in different manner. Leak detection plays a significant role in the efficient management of Water Distribution System (WDS), as it will help in reducing water wastage. By applying modern tools in the system, the existing problems will be minimized and give one step ahead for the making of the smart city.

Year 1995, Republic Act no. 8041 was enacted by the Senate and House of Representative entitled the National Water Crisis Act of 1995 in order to address the nationwide water crisis which adversely affects the health and well-being of the population, food production and industrialization process.
The passing of this act has given the President the leverage in the privatization of certain subjected water supply and sanitation systems that are found to be in under-performing and inefficient. Two years later, major concession agreements were made between Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) and two bid awardees who were now called concessionaires namely Maynilad Water Services Inc.(MWSI) under Lopez Group and Manila Water Company Inc.(MWCI) under the Ayala Group. Maynilad was given the West Zone of Metro-Manila as their coverage and Manila Water covered the East Zone.

In order to fully appreciate this whole study it would be helpful if we have a short review of the history of our country’s water services from the macro to microeconomic scale. I, personally, do not belong to the company said above but I do belong a similar industry. And on my opinion, Manila Water Company is the best local benchmark that this country has. I have in my dream of someday our organization, San Jose Water, would consider adopting their business and operations model without the need for privatization.

Esta investigación tiene por objetivo analizar el Derecho Humano al Agua (DHA) en la ciudad de San Luis Potosí, México. Para esa finalidad se explora la documentación oficial de carácter internacional en la que se declara tal derecho y luego se aborda el contexto y las particularidades de su aprobación en México, el 8 de febrero de 2012. Se entiende por DHA el acceso, la disposición y el saneamiento de agua para consumo personal y doméstico en forma suficiente, salubre, aceptable y asequible. Se emplean los componentes del DHA como ejes articuladores del estudio, con la intención de examinarlos y vincularlos con la forma en que se realiza el abastecimiento de agua en una ciudad sometida al modelo de desarrollo industrializador. El análisis comprende el nivel enunciativo y se somete a prueba en dos sectores ubicados en el norte y suroriente de la ciudad de San Luis Potosí.

El acceso al agua es un pilar fundamental para el desarrollo de la humanidad y, por lo tanto, de los derechos humanos, los cuales son intrínsecos a las personas, pues se trata de los valores y garantías necesarias para la existencia, bienestar y progreso del individuo. En el régimen jurídico constitucional mexicano el acceso al agua es un derecho fundamental, pues se incluye en el apartado relativo a las garantías individuales, además, la Ley suprema instaura como una obligación de los municipios la prestación del servicio público de agua potable, alcantarillado y saneamiento. No obstante, la sobreexplotación y contaminación ponen en constante riesgo este recurso elemental.

The chapter talks about the role of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the development of urban water management . Use of spatial data in electronic format has replaced the old process of studying hard copy maps and other documents to gather information to solve urban water issues. The chapter introduces GIS, GIS data and GIS operations to the reader and then goes on to talk about the role of GIS in urban water management. GIS can analyze the spatial data itself or preprocess it as input data for urban water management models. The chapter talks about how GIS can be integrated with urban water management models and also how other tools can play a role in this system to enhance urban water management decisions. The integration of GIS and the urban water management models is very productive though it has some challenges of its own.

La ciudad de San Luis Potosí se ubica sobre el valle de una cuenca semiárida en la región centro-norte de México. La ciudad ha experimentado un acelerado crecimiento urbano, demográfico e industrial en las últimas cinco décadas. Derivado de este proceso de crecimiento constante, la demanda de agua para satisfacer a la población y a la industria ha reconfigurado los usos y los derechos de agua en la ciudad. De este modo, el abasto de agua se entreteje con una serie de decisiones políticas, jurídicas e institucionales para garantizar los volúmenes requeridos. Los derechos de agua asignados al organismo operador y los concesionados al robusto sector industrial de la ciudad han puesto a prueba el modelo de gestión del agua urbana, especialmente porque el acuífero profundo es la fuente principal, del cual se extrae, de acuerdo con la información oficial, hasta el 92% del volumen requerido por los usos urbanos. Por otro lado, la extracción intensiva de agua subterránea ha generado diversos impactos socio-ambientales, y ha servido como justificación del discurso oficial para trasvasar agua hacia la ciudad. Bajo el modelo de gestión que prioriza la oferta, el referente para el abastecimiento de agua se asocia únicamente con el aumento de la infraestructura que permite incorporarla rápidamente a las zonas urbanas industrializadas.

El abasto de agua a la ciudad de San Luis Potosí depende fundamentalmente del bombeo efectuado en pozos profundos. Bajo este esquema de aprovechamiento se justifica la continua extracción de agua del subsuelo, no obstante, ha propiciado efectos concomitantes que se han agudizado con el paulatino crecimiento industrial, urbano y demográfico de la ciudad. El progresivo incremento de la urbanización, industria y población requiere una relectura de los usos del agua. Dicho ejercicio permitiría mostrar el aumento de su aprovechamiento y relacionarlo con las fuentes disponibles. La extracción excesiva no moderada ha propiciado un déficit que de acuerdo con el diagnóstico oficial ha causado que el agua subterránea esté en “estado de fragilidad”. Por ello se han elaborado proyectos para trasvasar el líquido de la cuenca del río Santa María hacia la zona urbana. Este artículo trata la discusión actual en torno a la gestión urbana del agua y sus fuentes en la ciudad de San Luis Potosí.

El abasto de agua a la ciudad de San Luis Potosí, México, radica en el funcionamiento del sistema de pozos profundos, cuyo esquema de aprovisionamiento hídrico opera para garantizar la demanda permanente de los usuarios urbanos e industriales. No obstante, los impactos socioambientales generados por la extracción de agua subterránea (hundimientos, agotamiento de pozos y alumbramiento de agua con flúor) derivaron en el dictamen que decretó la sobreexplotación del acuífero. Asimismo, el agua superficial de la cuenca (la ubicada en ríos, arroyos y embalses) ha sido desdeñada a través del consenso público que la asume como “naturalmente” escasa, cuestión que condujo a determinar que la cuenca en la que se ubica la ciudad es hidrológicamente deficitaria. Este artículo tiene por objetivo mostrar que la escasez de agua superficial y la sobreexplotación de agua subterránea son argumentos simultáneamente científicos y políticos, al exponer que los dictámenes técnicos han sido empleados políticamente para justificar, al menos, dos hechos: el desabasto de sectores urbanos empobrecidos y el trasvase de la cuenca del río Santa María (El Realito) que traslada el líquido hacia la zona urbana de San Luis Potosí.

Since the early days of the COVID-19 crisis the scientific community has constantly been striving to shed light on various issues such as the mechanisms driving the spread of the virus, its environmental and socio-economic impacts, and necessary recovery and adaptation plans and policies. Given the high concentration of population and economic activities in cities, they are often hotspots of COVID-19 infections. Accordingly, many researchers are struggling to explore the dynamics of the pandemic in urban areas to understand impacts of COVID-19 on cities. In this study we seek to provide an overview of COVID-19 research related to cities by reviewing literature published during the first eight months after the first confirmed cases were reported in Wuhan, China. The main aims are to understand impacts of the pandemic on cities and to highlight major lessons that can be learned for post-COVID urban planning and design. Results show that, in terms of thematic focus, early research on the impacts of COVID-19 on cities is mainly related to four major themes, namely, (1) environmental quality, (2) socio-economic impacts, (3) management and governance, and (4) transportation and urban design. While this indicates a diverse research agenda, the first theme that covers issues related to air quality, meteorological parameters, and water quality is dominant, and the others are still relatively underexplored. Improvements in air and water quality in cities during lockdown periods highlight the significant environmental impacts of anthropogenic activities and provide a wake-up call to adopt environmentally friendly development pathways. The paper also provides other recommendations related to the socio-economic factors, urban management and governance, and transportation and urban design that can be used for post-COVID urban planning and design. Overall, existing knowledge shows that the COVID-19 crisis entails an excellent opportunity for planners and policy makers to take transformative actions towards creating cities that are more just, resilient, and sustainable.

The fact that private fountains surpass public fountains greatly in number is one of the conclusions of this paper, which also concerns the delivered quantity of water.  The private fountains, and the revelation of their non-domestic display function, have produced knowledge that is incompatible with the modern urbanistic approach of how water supply to an ancient city should be viewed and understood.

The Performance Assessment Project was initiated in January 2009. PAS aims to develop indicators for benchmark, measures and monitor the performance of the urban water and sanitation services and also improves the overall performance of service delivery systems of all urban local bodies of Gujarat.
During the first year of the project, emphasis was laid on data collection from all 166 urban local bodies (ULBs) and analysis of the data which serve as a baseline data. This annual report with analysis of Key Performance Indicators of all the three sectors were analyzed and presented in the report.
Performance Assessment System (PAS) 2008-13 aims to measure, monitor and improve the performance of the municipal water and sanitation services in urban areas. The project includes all 400 urban local governments in the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra of India.
The project aims to measure, monitor and improve the performance of the water and sanitation services in urban areas. 159 municipalities and 7 municipal corporations (Gandhinagar got added as a municipality in 2013) of Gujarat are being studied as part of the project. The PAS indicator framework is aligned with the Government of India’s Service Level Benchmark (SLB) indicator framework and the same indicators are generated by the PAS checklist.
In the first round of data collection, information was collected from all 166 urban local bodies by the Urban Management Centre project staff in person. Several visits were made depending on the need and interaction requirement at the urban local bodies.

hich had seven to seventeen capitals depending on how one counts them. These multicentered cities were
partially networked through their waterworks, roads, and related infrastructure in ways that can offer insights into urban history and conservation. The first part of this paper presents the challenges of multicentered cities, and the benefits of taking a historical geographic approach to them. Later sections develop this argument through a case study of Delhi. They proceed from brief consideration of physiographic factors and intangible water heritage to an extended treatment of Delhi’s historical geography. The historical geographic narrative begins with Sultanate waterworks of the twelfth through fifteenth centuries that collected hillslope runoff into tanks (hauz, kund), supplemented by shallow groundwater from wells and stepwells (baolis). A fascinating
spatial and technological shift then occurred during the late Sultanate and Mughal period (fifteenth to eighteenth centuries) when the city centers and their waterworks relocated from hillside catchments to the Yamuna riverfront. This process culminated in the Mughal capital of Shahjahanabad where canal networks augmented local well water supplies. The concluding section revisits the challenges of conserving this evolving urban landscape,
underscoring the conceptual and methodological contributions of a historical geographic approach.

La experiencia japonesa muestra una preferencia por el establecimiento de medidas de prevención de contaminación acuática de largo plazo, en lugar de mecanismos temporales que intentan dar una solución de emergencia ambiental. Además, la competencia interministerial en la gestión de los sistemas de tratamiento de agua residual doméstica expresa una relación de responsabilidades compartidas y de genuina caracterización. El documento muestra la situación que ha experimentado el pueblo japonés respecto a la contaminación causada por el agua residual doméstica, destacándose la importancia que en los últimos veinte años se ha dado al control y regulación de la misma.

This article explores recent Australian experiences in the application of the concept of integrated urban water management (IUWM) to land development sites through the review of 15 case studies. It discusses lUWM’s emergence and comments on the success or otherwise of Australian experience in its application. The understanding of IUWM is maturing within the Australian water industry, an occurrence that has been facilitated by demonstration sites such as those reviewed. Successes include the translation of IUWM concepts into well-functioning operational urban developments, significant reductions in the impact of the urban developments on the total water cycle, and the increasing acceptance of the concept within the water and land development industries. However, there is still room for greater integration of the water supply, stormwater, and wastewater components of the urban water cycle, improved dissemination of knowledge, enhancement of skills in both public and private organisations, and monitoring the performance of systems and technologies.