Tourism Trends

Study on the Effect of Demonetisation on Indian Tourism Industry

The Government of India decided to cancel the legal tender of the high denomination currency notes of Rupees 500 and Rupees 1000 from circulation and usage with effect from 08 November 2016. This declaration of demonetisation of high value currency notes came as a real surprise as there was no prior information to the public or the industry to meet out the challenges of transacting everyday life as well as business without money for the ensuing days. As a measure to handle the temporary crisis, government introduced a new currency with a denomination of Rupees 2000 (approximately equal to 28 euros). After a couple of days several other important economic decisions followed on the operations of financial institutions followed by the currency demonetisation decisions. It resulted in long serpentine ques in banks, several thousands of ATM machines went out of money or not functional for months. This decision to take ban high value currency came up in in peak tourist season of India, several foreign tourists faced tough times at airports, hotels and public places as the only alternative option of digital transactions were not common at many places due to many issues. This paper is an attempt to study the feedback of tourism industry mainly tour operators of India on demonetization of high value currency and its results. An online survey was conducted to the members of Indian Association of Tour Operators (IATO) to collect the primary data. Main objectives of the study include the understanding the mechanism of accepting payments during demonetization period, measures taken up by the tourism industry to manage the situation, and the overall impact of demonetisation in November and December 2016. The study also analyses the feedback of the respondents on the effect of demonetisation on tourism industry. The expected outcome of the study shows the way tourism industry in India looked in to the challenging policy decisions of government that affect the business in the long run.

(Key words: economic policy, demonetisation, digitalisation of payments, crisis management)

Bu bölümde turizmin geleceği dört ana başlıkta ele alınmaktadır. İlk başlıkta 2030 yılına gelindiğinde turizm faaliyetlerine katılan kişi sayısı, ulaşım şekilleri ve seyahat amaçlarına yönelik turizmin küresel rakamlarının hangi seviyeye ulaşacağı Dünya Turizm Örgütü’nün tahminlerine dayanılarak sunulmuş-tur. İkinci başlıkta turizm talebini ve arzını kısa ve orta vadede etkiyecek olan faktörler üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu faktörler arasında turizm talebini şimdiden şekillendirmekte olan gümüş rengi saçlı turistler, Y & Z kuşakları, büyüyen orta sınıf, yeni destinasyonlar, politik meseleler, terör, teknolojik devrim ve iklim değişikliği bulunmaktadır. Turizm talebini etkileyen faktörler aynı zamanda turizm işletmelerinin geleceğinde de etkin rol oynayacaktır. Bu nedenle şimdiden değişen koşullara kendini uyarlayan farklı alanlardaki turizm işletmelerinin uygulamalarına örneklerle yer verilmiştir. Üçüncü başlıkta farklı yaşam biçimleri ve değişen tüketim kalıpları özelinde gelecekteki muhtemel turist tipleri ve bunların turizm işletmelerine olası etkileri ele alınmıştır. Son olarak uzay turizmi başlığı altında turistik amaçlı uzay yolculuğu için uzay aracı geliştirme çabalarına ve uzay oteli prototip denemelerine yönelik güncel bilgiler verilmiştir.

Creativity has become increasingly important for the development of tourism in cities in recent years. As competition between cities grows, they increasingly seek to distinguish themselves through creative strategies. In the field of tourism, however, such strategies may arguably be counter-productive, as the race to produce distinction often results in cities adopting similar creative development models. In particular, many cities rely on the ideas of creativity ‘gurus’ such as Richard Florida and Charles Landry to provide creative solutions to a wide range of cultural, social and economic problems. However, by following such exogenous prescriptions, adopting forms of ‘fast policy’ and copying ideas from other ‘creative cities’ through ‘policy tourism’, the result is often a form of serial reproduction, unattractive to the very tourists cities seek to attract. This review paper examines the search of many cities for distinction through creativity, and analyses the development of different forms of creativity, including creative industries and creative cities strategies and creative tourism. It argues that the shift away from tangible to intangible competitive advantage is continuing, with a trend towards relational forms of tourism based on creativity and embedded knowledge. These processes are illustrated by reviews of the literature relating to cities around the world.

This article examines the growth of Community-Based Tourism within the broader discipline of tourism. New topics in the field have emerged such as responsible tourism, pro-poor tourism, sports tourism and moral impacts of tourism. This phenomenon also reflects the multi-disciplinarity of tourism. In this article, using the Title, Abstract and Keywords (TAK) for instances in which the words (Community-based Tourism, Community Tourism and Community-Based Eco-Tourism) to subsume Community-Based Tourism (CBT), a search was made in various databases and found that CBT as a sub-specialty of tourism started to emerge in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The number of articles published specifically on CBT has been growing phenomenally. The major contribution of this article is that we now know the evolution of CBT and we also now know its trajectory of growth which has been upward. While the number of articles on CBT is growing, there is no journal dedicated solely to CBT.

Research is important for tourism development in many countries. In Qatar, some tourism research has been published in scholarly journals. However, no studies have identified or examined the thematic, methodological, and authorship trends of Qatar tourism research. This study bridges this knowledge gap by reviewing tourism research on Qatar published in journals. Seven databases such as ScienceDirect, Hospitality and Tourism Complete, Emerald Insights, Scopus, ProQuest, Taylor & Francis Online, and Sage Journals Online were used to search and identify articles on Qatar tourism. Twenty-eight articles were identified for content analysis. The main results show that the dominant research themes/foci are sports tourism (35.7%), tourism planning and development (17.9%), and heritage (10.7%). From the methodological perspective, 68% of the data type was secondary. Furthermore, data analysis techniques, validity, trustworthiness, and research limitations were neglected by most authors. This paper also states the implications of these findings.

This paper looks at macro trends and major drivers in tourism as these impact on cultural tourism in general and the Council of Europe cultural routes in particular. It considers the emergence of new forms of tourism, such as creative tourism and analyses the major trends that are likely to have an impact on the relationship between tourism and culture in the future.

Barcelona presents an ideal-typical case of the development of creative tourism. The city has become a leading player in creative tourism development for a number of reasons, including:

 the current model of mass tourism development has begun to falter, stimulating a search for alternative models that articulate with everyday life and local creativity
 the relatively closed nature of the cultural sector in the city has positioned creative tourism as a potential avenue for networking and knowledge exchange
 Frequent repeat visits have stimulated tourists to seek out new areas of the city and new ways of experiencing the city. This has also been a source of contact between locals and tourists, which has been an important factor in introducing local creativity to visitors.

This paper analyses the development of cultural and creative tourism in Barcelona, particularly emphasising the crisis caused by the success of the original cultural tourism model. The emergence of creative tourism is analysed as a movement stimulated by, and positioned in opposition to, the traditional tourism model and established tourism regime.

The development of cultural and creative tourism over time has not only extended the ‘reach’ of tourism into new areas of the city, but has also created new relationships between locals and visitors. This evolution can been seen as a shift from experience based models of tourism, which Onni (2012) characterises as being non-relational and temporally limited, to relational modes of creative tourism, which are based on informal networks, weak ties and shared interests.

The paper also considers the further implications of the emergence of alternative informal circuits of tourism in the city, especially as these imply different concepts of value, and the development of relational capital in addition to or in place of economic capital.

Tlak konkurencie núti ubytovacie zariadenia špecializovať sa na vybrané trhové segmenty a odlíšiť sa. Rastúci počet židov turistov, tak vytvára príležitosť pre rozvoj ubytovacích zariadení, obzvlášť hotelov poskytujúcich komplexné služby aj tým najnáročnejším hosťom. Príspevok sa zaoberá požiadavkami židovských hostí na ubytovacie služby a porovnáva ich s ponukou týchto služieb v hoteloch na Slovensku a v zahraničí. Jeho cieľom je vymedziť kóšer cestovný ruch a preskúmať jeho vplyv na ponuku služieb ubytovacích zariadení.

TRENDS IN HOSPITALITY AND THE LEISURE INDUSTRY:
How social welfare and spending power influence holiday trends.

Trends in hospitality in the leisure industry always have been strongly linked with family welfare indicators. Also economical, emotional and sometimes state-enforced restrictions are diminishing in exchange for more freedom of choice in holiday destinations and activities. This chapter will describe the characteristics of trends and trend development in Europe versus upcoming countries. Five trends will be discussed: Sustainability, Glamping, Wellness and well-being, the need for adjustment of hospitality offer to the Chinese market. In the next five to ten years, the hospitality and leisure industry will have to come up with more innovative high quality service offers. Their offer will have to at least satisfy, but hopefully exceed expectations of a large number of international travellers with a good holiday budget in search for more unique individual travel and leisure experiences.

"The rapidly developing relationship between tourism and creativity, arguably heralds a ‘creative turn’ in tourism studies. Creativity has been employed to transform traditional cultural tourism, shifting from tangible heritage towards more intangible culture and greater involvement with the everyday life of the destination. The emergence of ‘creative tourism’ reflects the growing integration between tourism and different placemaking strategies,
including promotion of the creative industries, creative cities and the ‘creative class’. Creative tourism is also arguably an escape route from the serial reproduction of mass cultural tourism, offering more flexible and authentic experiences which can be co-created between host and tourist. However the gathering critique also highlights the potential dangers of creative
hype and commodification of everyday life."

Alongside tourism´s expansion, cultural routes have been gaining increasing prominence in recent years.
These renowned routes are some of the world´s richest and most diverse cultural destinations, building upon unique local heritage and traditions while encouraging the close participation of local communities. Apart from enhancing the visitor experience, cultural routes represent immense opportunities for economic growth and inclusive development by creating employment and small business
ventures, helping to distribute tourism´s socio-economic benefits throughout multiple value chains. In addition, these routes stimulate cultural exchanges that instill local pride, enrich the cultural identity and heritage of destinations and foster closer ties between visitors and
host communities.
The significance of cultural routes in sustainable tourism development has been part of UNWTO’s work for many years now, most notably through the Samarkand Declaration on Silk Road Tourism, which gathers the commitment of 19 countries to promote the “fruitful rebirth of legendary routes as one of the world´s richest cultural tourism destinations”. In 2015, cultural itineraries were highlighted in the very first UNWTO/UNESCO World Conference on Tourism and Culture in Cambodia, which aimed to seal the strong alliance between tourism and
culture towards sustainable development.
Against this backdrop, this Global Report on Cultural Routes and Itineraries presents key information on the current trends, along with case studies highlighting public-private sector cooperation in the development of cultural routes, underscoring the importance of cross-sectorial coordination to guarantee the protection, preservation
and conservation of cultural itineraries and attractions in the framework of tourism development.

Creativity has become increasingly important for the development of tourism in cities in recent years. As competition between cities grows, they increasingly seek to distinguish themselves through creative city and creative industries strategies. In the field of tourism, however, such strategies may arguably be counter-productive, as the race to produce distinction often results in cities adopting similar creative development models. In particular, many cities rely on the ideas of creativity ‘gurus’ such as Richard Florida and Charles Landry to provide creative solutions to a wide range of cultural, social and economic problems. However, by following such exogenous prescriptions, adopting forms of ‘fast policy’ and copying ideas from other ‘creative cities’, resulting in serial reproduction, unattractive to the vary tourists cities seek to attract.
This paper examines the search for distinction through creativity, and analyses the development of different forms of ‘creative tourism’. It argues that the shift away from tangible to intangible competitive advantage is continuing, with a trend towards relational forms of tourism based on creativity and embedded knowledge.

“Marketing destinations through storytelling” explains the influential power of stories as marketing contents and the key strategies for successful story making and storytelling. It also explains how to develop the storytelling skills, and how this practice becomes a life-changing experience.

Tourism is a rapidly developing field of economic, social and cultural activity, which reflects to a large extent the changes in society as a whole. For coastal resorts, the shift from a highly standardised mass produced holiday product towards more flexible forms of consumption matches the emergence of a postmodern society concerned with the search for individualised experiences. In the emerging ‘experience economy’, resorts will need to avoid growing competition in the provision of basic holiday ‘services’, such as sun and beach, and begin to add experiences which differentiate destinations from each other. In this respect, culture is likely to play an increasing role in the development of new experiences for the postmodern consumer. This presentation provides an overview of some of the key social and cultural trends in tourism consumption, and their likely consequences for coastal destinations.

Airbnb, the largest networked hospitality platform, originated in “social travel” and is still associated with the “Sharing economy” and with altruism. But since 2008, it has evolved from sharing spare rooms and “living like a local” into a very successful business. Now that Airbnb beats the major hotel chains in accommodation offered and in valuation, we can argue many did not realize the extent and the power of the disruptive business model of “networked hospitality”. Building upon a previous scenario study about the potential future growth of Airbnb (Oskam & Boswijk, 2016), this paper will analyse the phenomenon in Amsterdam using data collected from the company’s website. It will propose a research agenda identifying further knowledge gaps. The study seeks to contribute to the understanding of networked hospitality businesses to inspire strategies for the hospitality industry and regulatory policies that foster innovation and reduce harmful side-effects.

El turismo ha evolucionado desde sus inicios hasta la actualidad. Hay principalmente tres factores  que  han  generado  cambios  en  el  sistema  turístico.  Primero,  un  cambio  en  la  visión social del mundo y del comportamiento del ser humano en su entorno, factor que está más que todo relacionado con lo sociológico y  lo  natural.  Segundo, la evolución de los medios de transporte y gracias también a las nuevas  tecnologías. Tercero, el surgimiento de nuevos medios de comunicación y de la tecnología como motor de cambio. Este trabajo se ocupará del primero y del tercero donde se explicarán los cambios que ha sufrido el mercado y que actualmente marcan las nuevas tendencias del turismo aprovechando además las tecnologías de información y de las comunicaciones.

Tourism has evolved since it began up to our days. There are three main factors that have generated  changes  in  the  tourism  system.  First, a change in the social vision of the world and the behavior of the human being beyond its  environment,  factor  that  is  more  related  with the sociological and natural aspects. Second, the evolution of the means of transport. Third, the appearance of new communication media and technology as a motor of change. This work will refer to the first and the third factors, explaining the shifts that have been suffered in the market and that actually mark the new trends of tourism, taking advantage of the technologies of information and communications.

Culture and heritage constitute vital resources for tourism development, and tourism in turn makes an important contribution to cultural development. This paper considers the key trends in the cultural and heritage tourism markets, including the development of demand, the elements of culture and heritage included in the tourism product, the role of the cultural producers and the effects of globalisation and localisation. Future directions for the development of cultural and heritage tourism are also considered.

Community-based tourism (CBT) offers both opportunities and challenges in the quest
for holistic community development. The evolution and development of CBT projects
can follow different trajectories. This conceptual paper’s main contribution is the
formulation of a comprehensive model of the development of CBT. The model
suggests that CBT projects can be initiated from within and outside the community by
the private, public and non-governmental sectors or a combination of these using a topdown
or bottom-up approach. It also posits that CBT projects can take a formal or
informal character depending on the conditions leading to their initiation. The paper
highlights the benefits and constraints to the scaling up or down of operations linked to
informality. It supports further research in analyzing the various aspects associated
with the shift from formality to the informality of CBT projects and vice versa

To cite this article: Oliver Mtapuri & Andrea Giampiccoli (2013) Interrogating the role of the state and nonstate actors in community-based tourism ventures: toward a model for spreading the benefits to the wider community, South African Geographical Journal, 95:1, 1-15,

"The development of tourism in metropolitan areas of the Asia Pacific Region will be a major challenge in the 21st century. As tourism has developed, so the traditional distinctions between different forms of tourism (such as beach tourism, rural tourism and urban tourism) have diminished, and in major cities the distinctions between ‘tourists’ and residents is also rapidly disappearing. Major cities in Asia are having to cater for growing local populations as well as an increasing range of tourists. This complex mixture of tourism forms, of tourists and locals, and global and local flows, is something that Asian cities will have to deal with more frequently in future. As global tourism becomes concentrated around major transport hubs, and people in Asia also travel more frequently, so the volume and diversity of tourism in major Asian cities is bound to grow. We can also see many cities in the region responding to this situation by adopting product development and marketing strategies to position themselves in the regional and global tourism markets. As a result, attention for metropolitan tourism is rising, and nowhere more so than in Asia.

This paper examines the global strategic context in which cities in Asia are operating and the consequences this has for the development of Metropolitan Tourism in the region. The analysis also outlines the major trends in the development of metropolitan tourism today and in the near future."

Over the last decade, the Middle East has experienced remarkable developments in travel and tourism. The UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) estimates that international tourist arrivals (overnight visitors) grew from 24.1 million in 2000 to 58.2 million in 2010, before
declining sharply in subsequent years to 51.6 million arrivals in 2013. As the birthplace of three of the world’s major religions, the Middle East has been the leading hub for religious tourists for several centuries. The region’s unparalleled rich heritage of monuments depicting ancient civilizations has also been a lure for many cultural tourists from around the world.
In recent years, some Gulf countries, such as the United Arab Emirates (UAE), have taken the initiative to diversify the region’s tourism appeal by transforming the desert into a luxury tourist paradise with appeal to a wide range of business and leisure travelers. Nonetheless, political
tensions in the aftermath of the Arab Spring protests in countries such as Egypt and Syria and ongoing armed conflict in Iraq since the end of the Iraq War in 2011 have continued to hurt tourism in certain parts of the region and have led to the destruction of some of the
world’s most important heritage sites. The launch of tourism development plans by a number of countries in the Middle East and the winning of bids to host prestigious events has led to optimism in some quarters about the future prospects for tourism in the Middle East. But tourism remains severely challenged by concerns about the continuing political instability in
parts of the region.

RESUMEN Los adversos efectos socioeconómicos, psicológicos y ambientales del turismo convencional, o de masas, provocaron la aparición de nuevas formas de turismo como el turismo comunitario. Esta forma de turismo presenta características prometedoras y alternativas como el empoderamiento de la comunidad y la sensibilidad medioambiental que podrían aplicarse a los sistemas de clasificación (rating/grading) turísticos. Este artículo presenta un nuevo e innovador sistema de clasificación turística inspirado por estos principios del turismo comunitario. El artículo se basa en trabajos previos de los autores y en ideas provenientes de la literatura especializada y su contribución principal es una propuesta de modelo de clasificación turística que, inspirada en el turismo comunitario, incorpora aspectos como la equidad, la educación, el empoderamiento, el carácter endógeno y la sensibilidad ambiental como pilares y criterios para la clasificación turística. La aplicación de este sistema de clasificación requeriría de incentivos oficiales ya que la mayor parte de estos sistemas son de carácter voluntario.

ABSTRACT The adverse socioeconomic , psychological and environmental impacts of conventional/mass tourism prompted the emergence of new forms of tourism such as community-based tourism. This form of tourism manifests promising and progressive characteristics such as community empowerment and care for the environment with potential of these characteristics to be harnessed for rating/grading of facilities. This article presents a novel and innovative rating/grading system which leverages these CBT principles. The article is based on previous work and insights on grading systems from the extant literature. The major contribution of this article is the E-based model of facility classification system. The proposed classification system incorporates aspects such as Equity; Education; Empowerment; Endogenous; and the Environment as pillars/criteria for grading facilities. The operationalisation of this grading system has policy implications in that it requires incentives from the government given that most grading systems are voluntary. PALABRAS CLAVE sistemas de clasificación turística | turismo comunitario KEYWORDS classification | grading | rating system | community-based tourism

This course overlay the introductory aspect of Tourism industry, highlighting all its salient features in historical perspective. It also includes the various phenomenal growths it has shown in recent years and the anticipation it has emerged as a flourishing industry with bright prospects.

Hay destinos consolidados que juegan en la “Champions League” del turismo mundial. Otros destinos importantes compiten en la “Europa League” o “segunda división europea”; y otros se posicionan en “ligas turísticas” más modestas. Sin embargo, los nuevos perfiles de turistas más experienciales, unido al éxito de acciones brillantes de marketing y promoción, están propiciando oportunidades de futuro a los destinos menos explotados turísticamente.

Marketing is important for the survival of any business. Based on a review of the literature, this article observes that marketing is both a challenge and an opportunity for the development of Community-based Tourism (CBT) ventures. Marketing is crucially important for promoting and advertising such ventures as well as a way to gain competitive advantage. The adoption of Information Technologies opens possibilities for CBT ventures in isolated localities to connect in real time with the rest of the world via internet connectivity and to embrace e-commerce, e-marketing and e-CBT. Linkages across space are important. The article proposes a model which argues that marketing should pursue three main routes/pathways, firstly, an independent pathway, in which direct marketing to the source market is either done by a CBT umbrella organization or by CBT ventures themselves; secondly, the dependent partnership route in which marketing is done in partnership with the a CBT umbrella organization and/or CBT ventures including external entities (private sector, and government entities; industry groups/associations; and non-governmental organizations (NGOs)) individually or with a number of them; and thirdly, the fully dependent route in which marketing is directly done by private sector and government entities; industry groups/associations and NGOs (alone or with a number of them). The strengths and weaknesses of each strand/pathway are assessed. A strong CBT sector is good for community empowerment, community development and overall self-determination.

In a sudden and shocking way, the Government of India decided to cancel the legal tender of the high denomination currency notes of Rupees 500 and Rupees 1000 from circulation and usage with effect from 08 November 2016. This declaration of demonetisation of high value currency notes came as a real surprise as there was no prior information to the public or the industry to meet out the challenges of transacting everyday life as well as business without money for the ensuing days. As a measure to handle the temporary crisis, government introduced a new currency with a denomination of Rupees 2000 (approximately equal to 28 euros). After a couple of days several other important economic decisions followed on the operations of financial institutions followed by the currency demonetisation decisions. It resulted in long serpentine ques in banks, several thousands of ATM machines went out of money or not functional for months. This decision to take ban high value currency came up in in peak tourist season of India, several foreign tourists faced tough times at airports, hotels and public places as the only alternative option of digital transactions were not common at many places due to many issues. This paper is an attempt to study the feedback of tourism industry mainly tour operators of India on demonetization of high value currency and its results. An online survey was conducted to the members of Indian Association of Tour Operators (IATO) to collect the primary data. Main objectives of the study include the understanding the mechanism of accepting payments during demonetization period, measures taken up by the tourism industry to manage the situation, and the overall impact of demonetisation in November and December 2016. The study also analyses the feedback of the respondents on the effect of demonetisation on tourism industry. The expected outcome of the study shows the way tourism industry in India looked in to the challenging policy decisions of government that affect the business in the long run.

E-commerce stands for electronic commerce, which refers to doing business over the internet. E-commerce has completely changed the way people think about business. E-commerce is the process of purchasing and selling goods and services through the internet and through computer networks. As a result, the focus of this study is on determining the growth and development of E-commerce in India, as well as current Ecommerce trends. This study took a qualitative approach and reviewed existing literature to better understand the breadth, growth, and development of E-commerce in India, as well as the current trends that drive industry growth. The findings of this study also suggest that E-commerce will continue to rise rapidly in India. These studies also show that E-commerce provides Retailers, Producers, Individuals, and Wholesalers with a variety of opportunities.

This ATLAS publication stems from a joint meeting held by the Association’s Cultural Tourism Research Group and the City and National Capital Tourism Research Group in Barcelona in 2013. Both of these groups have an active research interest in the development of tourism in cities, and in particular the way in which culture, creativity and tourism interlink.

Kültürel rota Zeytinyağı rotaları Zeytinyağı turizmi Tematik turizm Küreselleşen dünyada tüm sektörler gibi turizm sektöründe yaşanan değişimler dünyadaki kültürel rotaların ve bölgelerin tespit edilip değerlendirilmesini ve yenilerinin oluşturulmasını gerekli kılmaktadır. Turizm literatüründe geçtiğimiz on yılda yer alan akademik çalışmalarda, zeytin ve zeytinyağının yalnızca bir gıda maddesi olmadığından; toplum üzerinde ekonomi, sağlık, ekoloji, turizm ve kültür gibi diğer alanlarda etkili çok yönlü özellikleri dolayısıyla doğal bir miras olduğundan bahsedilmektedir. Zeytinyağı rotaları bunlardan biridir. Zeytinyağı turizmi, zeytin ağaçlarının sıklıkla yetiştiği alanlarda gelişmekte olan tematik bir turizm çeşididir. Çalışmada, dünyadaki zeytinyağı rotaları incelenmiş olup, Türkiye'de sertifikalandırılmış bir zeytinyağı rotası oluşturabilmek için gerekli teorik altyapı ortaya koymaya çalışılmış ve öneriler sunulmuştur. Çalışma, bu alanda yapılacak yeni araştırmalarda kullanılacak yöntem ve modellerin saptanmasında yol gösterici bir niteliğe sahiptir.

Envisioning destination marketing 3.0 explains how mission driven destinations may shift their marketing system by developing life-changing experiences and stories through co-creation and open innovation where all stakeholders are empowered to contribute.