Adventure Tourism

SHUNT adalah komunitas panjat tebing asal Kabupaten Magetan yang didirikan oleh sekelompok pemuda yang sangat hobi berkegiatan alam, terutama panjat tebing. Komunitas yang beralamatkan di Jl. Raya Taman Asri No. 326 RT. 09 RW. II Milangasri Panekan Magetan eksis sejak tahun 2006 dengan total anggota saat ini adalah 210 anggota, yang terdiri dari kalangan pelajar. Meskipun komunitas ini bersifat umum ada aturan batas minimum usia saat mendaftar menjadi anggota SHUNT, calon anggota setidaknya harus berusia 15 tahun saat mendaftar. Selain berkegiatan di alam, SHUNT juga sering mengikuti perlombaan panjat dinding mulai tingkat kabupaten hingga provinsi. Perlombaan yang sering di ikuti dan sering mendapat juara adalah lomba panjat dinding kategori speed dan lead. Sementara untuk lomba Boulder hampir tidak pernah menang, " Kami hampir tidak pernah menang di Lomba Boulder, ya karena di wilayah Madiun lomba boulder masih jarang, yang sering itu lomba panjat dinding yang tinggi itu " Sejauh ini SHUNT memilik 14 orang Atlet panjat dinding untuk kategori speed dan lead dan berharap bisa mewakili Magetan dikancah nasional maupun internasional.

If you have ever gone off the track riding over rough terrain, then you can relate with the feeling one gets, after a long ride with life’s best mountain bike when sweat is dripping and muscles are tired but we still laugh and enjoy the landscape. This conqueror feeling does tremendous healing to our mental stress, anxiety, and insecurities. As health concerns including obesity, heart disease, mental health, and diabetes are on the rise, physical exercise, especially in the outdoors while inhaling fresh air without the requirement of best air purifiers, is becoming more critical to our health as individuals and as a society.

Numbers of individuals in search of the ultimate high are on the rise in adventure sports such as rock climbing and BASE jumping (Carnahan, 2006; Hetland and Vitterso, 2012) alongside other adrenaline fuelled activities such as drug-taking (Mann, 2014). (BASE jumping is leaping from a fixed object: Building, Antenna, Span, or Earth [cliff] with a parachute). From the outset, the theme for this project has been ‘Adrenaline Junkies’ – a synthesis of concepts indicating adventure and excitement from recreation, but also addiction and dependency from so-called recreational drugs (drug abuse). A driving curiosity being to ask, why do they do what they do? Why do they risk their lives to obtain a fleeting high which that rush of adrenaline gives? Linked to this idea, ‘chasing the dragon’ is a phrase coined by opium users when attempting to get high (Buxton et al, 2011, Shiel, 2016), as the risks of getting high in this way can be fatal. Using this as a starting point, it sparked the idea to shape my sculpture in the form of a dragon.

Top 6 Most Romantic Dubai Honeymoon Destinations
10/15/2019 0 Comments

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​​We all desire for the best times with the love of our life at some point or the other, there is everything so exotic and cool about Honeymoon holidays that anyone can imagine, no one will ever say no to chance to experience an International holiday for a honeymoon considering the charm related to it. But what stops travelers is sky brushing prices for International tour. But no worries! We are here to help you to make your dream holiday come true by providing budget Dubai honeymoon packages.

Kedarkantha Winter Trek is Situated in the lofty Garhwal Himalayas, the Kedarkantha peak offers a very accessible trek, any time of the year. The Kedarkantha Trek takes you on a memorable journey starting with the Govind National Park which is a treasure house of flora and fauna such as leopards, bears, musk deer and many birds! Aahvan Adventures is a leading Adventure Travel Company in India located in Ahmedabad, We organize treks and adventure trips in the Himalayas in no man’s land.

Little research has identified issues faced by tour guiding professionals and investigations of tour guide experiences have been neglected in favor of tourist experience and behavior studies. Even less research has focused on adventure guiding experiences and potential sources of stress and emotions in this context. Studies that have investigated adventure guide experiences generally focused on guide-client interactions and sociological accounts of these experiences. Due to these gaps in the literature, and the recognised potential of psychological theories to enhance studies of stress and emotions in tourism settings, this study explored stress and emotions resulting from employer-guide interactions in an adventure tourism context from a psychological perspective. Longitudinal autoethnographical data was recorded during a river guiding season in South America. A reversal theory framework guided data analyses of key motivational states, sources of stress, and resulting emotions. Analyses identified potential transactional sources of stress and negative emotions for adventure tourism guides, and motivational states associated with stress and emotional outcomes in the employer-guide relationship. Results are discussed in relation to psychological theory and stress and coping research. Recommendations for practice, that could alleviate stressful experiences between employers and guides, are also discussed.

Physical inactivity and academic underperformance in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) subjects
are complex youth issues requiring multifaceted solutions. This exploratory study investigated a novel outdoor learning
approach to addressing both issues through an outdoor adventure education (OAE) STEM education programme designed
to enhance student engagement and self-determination in STEM subjects and physical activity. Twenty-two high school
(secondary school) students participated in a five-day alternative spring break snow science programme that integrated
STEM topics with winter outdoor activities (i.e., snowshoeing, downhill skiing, and snowboarding). Results indicated that
the OAE STEM programme provided an autonomy-supportive learning climate characterised by experiences of optimal
engagement (i.e., flow) and self-determination (i.e., autonomy, relatedness, and competence). Findings suggested that OAE
STEM programmes have the potential to enhance high school/secondary school students’ engagement in both physical
activity and STEM education. Implications for research and practices that blend STEM education with OAE are explored.

When someone says Bangkok, we often visualize the city showcasing happening nightlife, clubs and extravagant massage parlors serving you over relaxed and chilled out vacation. Because it has been portrayed for the same for years. But Bangkok has much more in its belly reflecting the best of the Thai cultures and always ready to rejuvenate travel experiences. So when you plan for a vacation to Thailand, do not forget to visit these magnificent places in Bangkok and let your pals know about the real beauty of this spectacular destination. Take a quick glimpse at all the top places to visit in Bangkok and elevate your travel experience with our Bangkok tour package and Bangkok honeymoon package.

Airbnb’s disruptive impacts on tourism destinations have been well acknowledged but systematic examination is still lacking. This study investigates these impacts on host communities from the perspectives of tourism destination stakeholders including Airbnb hosts, traditional accommodation providers, local residents and policy makers in Queenstown, New Zealand. Underpinned by social representation theory, the results of fourteen semi-structured interviews confirm the complexity of Airbnb growth, which is characterised by multiple and conflicting interests, and potential paradoxes in destination management policies. This research highlights the advantage of using multiple stakeholder perspectives by providing a more holistic and critical under- standing of Airbnb’s impacts. It offers a starting point to inform the on- going debate regarding sustainable tourism development in destinations with globally disruptive entities.
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1802469

Correct citation for this article:
Cheng, M., Houge Mackenzie, S. & Degarege, G.A. (2020). Airbnb impacts on host communities in a tourism destination: An exploratory study of stakeholder perspectives in Queenstown, New Zealand. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1-19.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1802469

Dentro de la Ruta del Spondylus, esta nueva propuesta turística identifica las playas ecuatorianas más propicias para la práctica del surf y explora sus características. La información está disponible en una mini-guía recién editada que reseñamos aquí.

The spatial organisation of the adventure tourism industry in South Africa is presented based on an analysis of a national dataset of adventure tourism suppliers. At a national level, the spatial distribution of adventure tourism in South Africa is geographically uneven. The Western Cape is by far the most important province in terms of adventure, followed by KwaZulu-Natal and then Gauteng. Coastal provinces are at an advantage when it comes to building an adventure tourism industry, but the presence of physical resources such as the sea, mountains, rivers, dunes, open veld and nature reserves alone, does not account for development of the sector. Density and distribution of operators is also linked to both population size and disposable incomes, making adventure tourism a tourism-related product across all provinces, but also a tourism-characteristic product in both the Western Cape and KwaZulu-Natal, supported by both domestic and international tourists. Indications are that for seven of the nine provinces, the sector is underdeveloped so opportunities for expansion abound, especially in terms of urban adventure products.

Scrutiny over trans people's bodies in urban contexts is continuous. This thesis develops the idea that the outdoors offers a less-gendered space for trans people, enabling and empowering them to escape self-surveillance processes and to feel freer in their gender expression/identity. I believe that spaces of resistance can be build in the wilderness, and that specific experiences are happening in it for trans people. Moreover, outdoor experiences help trans people build resilience to overcome the gender-related issues that may happen in the cities. In addition, doing outdoor activities empowers us, trans people, in our bodies. However, these experiences have not been given much attention in scholarly literature. Taking into account the fluidity and dynamism of out life experiences, I combined the use of autoethnography with semi-structured-in-depth interviews conducted with five trans people, then put these experiences in conversation with the theories. Nature was described as a less judgmental space, and a place where it is possible to be ourselves. It was also portrayed as a place to escape the urban contexts’ gender normativities, which, I argue, are damaging us. The outdoors is also a safe space for trans people and unmapping these counter-geographies is aiming to claim our space in it.

Keywords: Trans, Outdoor, Body Experience, Counter-geographies, Queering Methodology


RESUMEN
La vigilancia sobre los cuerpos de las personas trans en contextos urbanos es continua. La presente tesis desarrolla la idea de que la naturaleza ofrece un espacio menos generizado para las personas trans, pudiendo escapar de procesos de auto-vigilancia y sentirnos más libres en nuestra expresión/identidad de género. Considero que se pueden construir espacios de resistencia en el medio natural, y que experiencias específicas se están produciendo en él para las personas trans. Además, las experiencias al aire libre ayudan a crear resiliencia para superar los problemas relacionados con el ser trans que puedan ocurrir en las ciudades. Asimismo, realizar actividades al aire libre nos empodera a las personas trans en nuestro cuerpo. Sin embargo, estas experiencias no han merecido mucha atención en la literatura académica. Teniendo en cuenta la fluidez y el dinamismo de nuestras experiencias de vida, combiné el uso de la autoetnografía con entrevistas en profundidad semi-estructuradas realizadas con cinco personas trans, poniendo estas experiencias en conversación con las teorías. La naturaleza fue descrita como un espacio donde se juzga menos, y un lugar donde
es posible ser nosotres mismes. También se presentó como un lugar para escapar de las normatividades de género del contexto urbano que, como argumento, nos está dañando. El aire libre también es un espacio seguro para las personas trans, y desmapear (unmapping) estas contrageografías apunta a reclamar nuestro espacio en él.

Palabras clave: Trans, Outdoor, Experiencia del cuerpo, Contrageografías, Metodologías Queer

Citation: Houge Mackenzie, S. & Hodge, K. (2019). Adventure recreation and subjective well-being: A conceptual framework. Leisure Studies. doi: 10.1080/02614367.2019.1577478.  Despite the documented positive outcomes of adventure experiences, subjective well-being (SWB) frameworks have been largely absent from discourse and analyses in adventure studies. This conceptual paper proposes a framework for understanding how adventure recreation experiences promote eudaimonic SWB. In our framework we propose that adventure recreation fosters eudaimonic aspects of SWB by supporting satisfaction of basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, relatedness and beneficence. The framework also integrates contact with nature as an important mechanism through which adventure recreation fosters eudaimonic SWB. Analysis of research and practice across diverse aspects of adventure recreation (leisure, tourism, and education contexts) is used to support the proposed framework and to critically evaluate howpsychological models, such as SDT and SWB, can advance theory and practice in adventure recreation. We conclude by offering a number of suggestions for future research directions and practical implications.

This study integrated flow theory and reversal theory perspectives to investigate a potential range of flow states amongst adventure participants in a sequence of two studies. Study one was conducted with expert (n = 6) adventure participants via retrospective interviews, while study two collected prospective data from novice whitewater riversurfers (n = 10) via waterproof-surveys and head-mounted video cameras. These methods were used to evaluate previous conjectures that distinct ‘serious’ (telic) and ‘playful’ (paratelic) flow states may occur in adventure activities and to identify key characteristics which may underpin distinct flow states. Results highlighted qualitative differences amongst flow states, as well as suggesting that flow research in adventurous pursuits could benefit from the integration of reversal theory constructs.

Kayaking and rafting on white water is viewed as core adventure activity in both the adventure recreation and adventure tourism literature. Additionally, many argue that the activity also represents a segment of extreme or lifestyle sport. This case study of the Ash River, South Africa
demonstrates how, with specific reference to white water kayaking and rafting, the boundaries between adventure recreation, adventure tourism and extreme sports are blurred. That is, the various white water activities mutually support one another, with guides, operators and participants ‘boundary hopping’ between them. The Ash River is shown to be a significant white water adventure site for South Africa due to its flow volumes, speed, consistency, quality of rapids and unsurpassed water quality. Thus, the river draws in both local and international tourists, for some of whom the river was ‘bucket list white water adventure site’. The result is
that the white water adventure industry generates significant income, direct and indirect job opportunities, for the Bethlehem and Clarens area. The study also examined the demographic and socio-economic profiles of the kayaking and rafting tourists, as well as explored their motivations and experiences. It was found that there are some significant differences between the motivations and experiences of the kayakers compared to the rafters, between male and female rafters and
between white and black rafters. Lastly, the age profile of the rafters seems to impact on what activities are undertaken.

Ecotourism is a growing arena of tourism industry and is a potential tool for sustainable development. This study focuses identifying potentials of ecotourism in Tinjure-Milke-Jaljale (TMJ) area in Eastern Nepal via assessing flow of tourists, purpose for visits, major natural attractions, physical infrastructures and human resources available in the region. Direct interviews were conducted with respondents purposively selected from 50 households using structured questionnaires. Demographic variables and visit purpose were expressed in numbers and percentage using MS-Excel soft ware. A descriptive analysis was performed for the natural features, human resource, physical infrastructures and cultural entities which were collected using standard checklist. Results showed that TMJ was visited by approximately 1, 00,000 internal and 600 international tourists throughout the year in 2018.Th e main purpose of visit to TMJ was to adhere the beauty of rhododendron or landscape followed by re...

There is great potential for the development of adventure tourism in Southern Africa for a number of reasons. One is the variety of landscapes provided by South Africa's natural environment that are suitable for adventure tourism activities, many of which remain relatively pristine. In addition, the development of adventure tourism has significant potential to uplift local communities through local economic development strategies due to the relatively low capital needed to establish many activities considered adventure tourism. However, very little research exists on this important industry in the South African context. Th is research note, therefore, highlights three important aspects of adventure tourism development in South Africa. First, the challenges facing the adventure tourism industry are addressed. Three of the most significant challenges to its development are the need for specific skills among staff , the use of adventure tourism as a pro-poor development strategy, and environmental management concerns associated with adventure tourism. Next, an overview of existing research is given, much of which has focused on specific adventure activities and destinations in South Africa. Finally, and most importantly, a detailed outline is offered of further research that would assist in the management and development of adventure tourism in South Africa in the future.

Wilderness as a concept emerged as a way of thinking about nature with the beginnings of a pastoral way of living around twelve thousand years ago.  It was conceived as a region where one was likely to get into a confused, disordered, or “wild” condition, but it is now commonly defined as uncultivated and otherwise undeveloped land.  This essay investigates how wilderness is represented, and any associated limitations, in Jon Krakauer’s non-fictional account and Sean Penn’s film adaptation of Chris McCandless’s journey Into the Wild. Firstly, the Alaskan wilderness is treated as a sanctuary, separate from “civilisation”, a place where the “civilised” individual can retreat to escape from the perils of ordinary life. Secondly, Into the Wild continues the literary tradition of portraying wilderness as antagonist to man and his works, and a relentless environment that needs to be “tamed” and “conquered”.  Thirdly, wilderness is exclusive, following on from the American pioneering tradition, as a “frontier” reserved for the individual white American male. Lastly, it suggests the existence of a pure and pristine wilderness that is devoid of other human inhabitants and a history. All of these themes impose limitations on our understanding of “wilderness”.

Bu kaynaklara ek olarak son yıllarda alternatif turizm aktiviteleri de çeşitlenmektedir. Bu aktivitelerden birisi de yamaç
paraşütü sporudur. Gelincik Tepesi, hem merkeze yakınlığı hem de dört mevsim uçuşa uygunluğu açısından
Mersin’deki diğer tepelere göre avantajlı bir alandır. Bu çalışma ile Gelincik Tepesi’nin yamaç paraşütü sporu
açısından mevcut potansiyeli araştırılmaktadır. Bu amaçla Gelincik Tepesi’nde düzenli olarak uçuş yapan
profesyoneller ile odak grup görüşmesi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen sözlü görüşmeler neticesinde elde edilen
47 dakikalık ses kaydı ve yazılı görüşme notları ile alanda gerçekleştirilen bireysel gözlemler sonucunda elde edilen
veriler SWOT analizi yöntemiyle çözümlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular tepenin, uçuş kabiliyeti açısından birçok
rakibine kıyasla çeşitli avantajlara sahip olmakla birlikte, çözülemeyen arazi sorunları, alt ve üst yapı sorunları, kamu
kurumlarından yeterli destek alamama ve tanıtım eksikliği nedeniyle henüz bir alternatif turizm merkezi olmaktan uzak
olduğunu göstermektedir. Gelincik Tepesi’ne sahip çıkılmaması durumunda, bu sporu profesyonel olarak
gerçekleştiren kişi ve kurumların alternatif tepeler arayışında olarak bu tepeyi terk etme olasılığı mevcuttur.

As tendências das dinâmicas do lazer e desportivas verificadas nas últimas décadas, a par da crescente procura dos espaços naturais, têm levado à expansão e à diversificação do turismo na natureza e de aventura. Regiões como os Açores apresentam um forte potencial para o desenvolvimento deste produto mas é necessário garantir um modelo de desenvolvimento turístico sustentável, centrado nos recursos endógenos e na diversificação de produtos turísticos, para ir ao encontro das expectativas dos visitantes e, simultaneamente, assegurar a minimização dos impactos com a atividade turística. A aposta em produtos específicos como a observação de cetáceos ou o canyoning permite desenvolver clusters turísticos que, para além de proporcionarem a satisfação dos visitantes, contribuem para aumentar a sua permanência e para atrair segmentos de turistas cujo motivo principal de viagem seja a prática dessas atividades.
Neste artigo apresenta-se o caso da atividade de canyoning nos Açores enquadrada no âmbito do turismo na natureza e do desporto de aventura, incluindo os recursos e as potencialidades para a prática desta atividade, a sistematização do trabalho realizado para desenvolver este produto no arquipélago e uma análise da oferta turística deste segmento na região. Os aspetos essenciais do planeamento operacional da modalidade, em particular da gestão do risco e gestão ambiental, são discutidos numa perspetiva de orientação da oferta dos serviços para a qualidade, segurança e sustentabilidade.

W ostatnich latach obserwujemy wzrost zainteresowania turystyką alternatywną. Zima coraz więcej osób ucieka od zatłoczonych wyciągów narciarskich w poszukiwaniu przygody i kontaktu z naturą. Popularne stają się takie formy narciarstwa jak telemark, ski-touring, ski-alpinizm, narciarstwo śladowe. W artykule przedstawiono uwarunkowania rozwoju narciarstwa turystycznego w Polsce. Zaproponowano rozwiązania zmierzające do jego popularyzacji (nowela ustawy o usługach turystycznych i innych aktów prawnych). Zaproponowano utworzenie organizacji zajmującej się krzewieniem narciarstwa turystycznego w Polsce.

This article examines the growth of Community-Based Tourism within the broader discipline of tourism. New topics in the field have emerged such as responsible tourism, pro-poor tourism, sports tourism and moral impacts of tourism. This phenomenon also reflects the multi-disciplinarity of tourism. In this article, using the Title, Abstract and Keywords (TAK) for instances in which the words (Community-based Tourism, Community Tourism and Community-Based Eco-Tourism) to subsume Community-Based Tourism (CBT), a search was made in various databases and found that CBT as a sub-specialty of tourism started to emerge in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The number of articles published specifically on CBT has been growing phenomenally. The major contribution of this article is that we now know the evolution of CBT and we also now know its trajectory of growth which has been upward. While the number of articles on CBT is growing, there is no journal dedicated solely to CBT.

No Brasil, encontra-se uma das maiores disponibilidades hídricas do
planeta, distribuídas em diversos corpos d’água. O turismo fluvial é uma prática
que vem se desenvolvendo no país, e para alcançar sua sustentabilidade
diversos estudos pertinentes as atividades de aventura realizadas no ambiente
fluvial deverão ser realizados. Alguns rios e canais no mundo são considerados
roteiros turísticos tradicionais por diversos motivos, tais como sua importância
histórica, beleza cênica e localização. O rio Amazonas (e seus tributários Negro
e Madeira), o Paraná, o Tocantins e o Araguaia são uns dos maiores rios em
termos de descarga. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma breve
abordagem sobre os principais sítios turísticos fluviais no Brasil, suas principais
características ambientais, e as atividades de aventura turísticas desenvolvidas
na região e seus impactos ambientais. A inter-relação dos fatores geológicos,
geomorfológicos e climáticos, resulta na grande diversidade de quadros
hidrológicos, que devem ser estudados, visando sempre à preservação e
conservação, a partir do estabelecimento de critérios para as atividades de
aventura, minimizando assim os impactos negativos. Foi realizado um estudo
minucioso sobre os rios e suas características peculiares, que devem ser
observadas para a elaboração e desenvolvimento das atividades de aventura.
Para avaliar o impacto e quais atividades podem ser desenvolvidas em cada
sítio fluvial, foi determinado o padrão de canal (retilíneo, entrelaçado,
anastomosado ou meandrante); sua classificação (efêmeros, intermitentes ou
perenes); existência e formação dos bancos de areias; o dique marginal; lagos
e lagoas; pântanos e brejos; ilhas; o relevo fluviolacustre; o interflúvio; e o
talvegue. O trabalho abrangeu a bacia do rio Amazonas, que é uma via
naturalmente navegável, sendo o rio que mais propicia e desenvolve a
atividade turística fluvial no país e atividades de aventura como o surf e
bodyboard no fenômeno da Pororoca. O rio Negro e o Solimões que
desenvolve diversas atividades de aventura, tais como o kite surfe e aqua-ride
no denominado encontro das águas, e pelo arquipélago de Anavilhanas. A
bacia do rio Tocantins, Araguaia e São Francisco, onde se desenvolve diversas
atividades aquáticas como canoagem, pesca esportiva e passeios fluviais para
as praias de barras, sendo as atividades turísticas de aventura a opção
econômica para as comunidades ribeirinhas. E o Alto rio Paraná, que trata-se
do único trecho do rio, com suas inúmeras ilhas, que possui a sua
biodiversidade preservada. Constatou-se que em diversas regiões ribeirinhas,
que a atividade turística até a década passada estava voltada para o segmento
de veraneio, nos últimos anos a procura se voltou para o sistema fluvial local, e
seus ambientes associados, como as praias em barras arenosas, as lagoas, os
canais e as matas, passando as atividades de aventura locais serem o grande
atrativo.

Two facets of exploration, the modern and the nostalgic, have framed the idea of exploration since the late 1700s. The combination of these facets led to certain paradoxes. Explorers often proclaimed their expeditions as evidence of the progress of civilization even as they reveled in adventures that they depicted as an escape from civilization. The uneasy relationship between nostalgic and futuristic visions of exploration began to fray in the middle decades of the twentieth century as explorers confronted environments so extreme that they had to bring their own environments with them. Yet the spirit of nostalgia is not dead. If exploration has been systematized by scientists on earth and mechanized by missions into space, it maintains its nineteenth-century ethos in the world of extreme adventure.

Although bungee jumping is a global phenomenon, Africa lags the world in terms of this particular sub-sector of adventure tourism, with commercial bungee jumping only taking place in Uganda, Zambia and South Africa. As South Africa‟s bungee sector is the most developed, research was undertaken in order to establish the nature of both the supply of, and demand for, this iconic form of hard adventure. The study found that bungee jumping stimulates local economic growth by generating substantial employment opportunities and spawning other adventure tourism activities and side businesses. Seasonality, combined with the global economic downturn has forced the operators to be entrepreneurially creative, in particular, to find ways of attracting more domestic tourists and day trippers. Thus, the financial base of bungee jumping in South Africa rests on domestic tourism. The demographic and socio-economic profile of the bungee jumpers is also presented, alongside factors which they identified as important with regards to the future growth of the industry. It is argued that a clean safety record and gold standard safety features could be adopted to expand the industry, as South Africa‟s commercial bungee jumping sector is globally competitive. However, the sector lacks official regulation and official safety standards, which is both a serious shortcoming and a hinderance to the development and growth of the sector.

Limited work has explored the relationship between efficacy and personal constraint negotiation for adventure tourists, yet efficacy is pivotal to successful activity participation as it influences people's perceived ability to cope with constraints, and their decision to use negotiation strategies. This paper explores these themes with participants of a commercially organised mountaineering expedition. Phenomenology-based ethnography was adopted to appreciate the social and cultural mountaineering setting from an emic perspective. Ethnography is already being used to understand adventure participation, yet there is considerable scope to employ it further through researchers immersing themselves into the experience. The findings capture the interaction between the ethnographer and the group members, and provide an embodied account using their lived experiences. Findings reveal that personal mountaineering skills, personal fitness, altitude sickness and fatigue were the four key types of personal constraint. Self-efficacy, negotiation-efficacy and other factors, such as hardiness and motivation, influenced the effectiveness of negotiation strategies. Training, rest days, personal health, and positive self-talk were negotiation strategies. A conceptual model illustrates these results and demonstrates the interplay between efficacy and the personal constraint negotiation journey for led mountaineers.

The international tourism industry is becoming increasingly segmented with the growth of different ‘niches’ or ‘segments’ of tourism. One notable and rapidly expanding niche segment in the international tourism economy is that of adventure tourism. Although adventure tourism has attracted a growing international scholarship, research on adventure tourism in Africa is currently undeveloped. Despite this, all Southern African Development Community (SADC) states are promoting themselves as adventure tourism destinations. This article identifies seven key management and policy issues relating to the development of the adventure tourism business in the SADC region.

There is no place on Earth where mountain climbing, a form of adventure tourism, is more popular than in Nepal. Nepal is home to 10 of the 14 world’s highest peaks over 8,000m, including Mount Everest, at 8,848m, the world’s tallest peak. This chapter discusses the evolution of climbing on Mount Everest, its economic contributions, and associated issues, particularly ecological and ethical.

Sherpas occupy the key position in contemporary Himalayan mountaineering and related tourism industries across the Himalayan chain. Once engaged merely in carrying loads, they now guide clients and organize expeditions. The transformation has left many foreign mountaineers and commentators disoriented. This is largely due to differences in the characteristic ways in which the Sherpas experience the sport, ways different from those of Western mountaineers, Korean mountaineers, and other Nepalis. The dissertation investigates these distinctive ways of experiencing mountaineering. It is based on nine Korean mountaineering expeditions undertaken following the Sherpas and twenty-five months of ethnographic research, which moved between Kathmandu, South Korea, and Sherpa villages in Walung in northeastern Nepal. By comparing with Western and Korean mountaineers’ understanding of Himalayan mountaineering, it examines how Sherpas take participation in the tourism industry as their vocation, encounter foreign visitors, and deal with global impacts the country is facing. It also proposes an original theoretical framework that analyzes experience without committing to “anthromanticism” or the eurocentric assumption of human nature as discrete mind, body, and community.
The dissertation employs a pragmatic phenomenological perspective, which sheds light on ethico-onto-epistemologies or “cosmic dispositions” in relation to the observer’s perspective. The Sherpas’ cosmic disposition is threefold: individualist collectivism, tantric monism, and open-closed chronology. They regard participation in Himalayan mountaineering as their ethnic vocation and venue for social gathering. Though economic interest is important, the collective appreciation relies on the manner of social relationships. Unlike Western or Korean ideal approach to Himalayan mountaineering, moreover, their understanding considers concrete dimensions of the tourism industry. The Sherpas have increasingly made use of the global nexus with their characteristic ease in the face of unknown and uncertain future. Because the dispositions become distinctive only in relation to others, it also suggests Taoist idealism, Buddhist dualism, and Confucian hierarchy for Korean cosmic disposition as manifested by contemporary Korean mountaineers’ experiences. The pragmatic phenomenological perspective provides a non-eurocentric approach to the transnational, cosmopolitan, and globalizing encounters that take place in the Himalayas.