Tourism Product Development

In this study, gastronomy tourism in recent years parallel with the growing demand for local food
places that offer the guests who visited Kastamonu are presented to the extent of the culinary
culture of the region investigated. The primary purpose of the study is to seek valid and reliable
answers to the question of what extent enterprises offering regional food keep unique dishes of
Kastamonu. Additionally, the effect degree of local food culture of Kastamonu in terms of
touristic promotion and marketing has been examined as a sub-purpose of the study. 16 openended
questions which is prepared by structured interview method have been asked to managers of
9 food-beverage enterprises which are located in the city center in order to answer the research
questions. The data obtained have been resolved by content analysis method. In the end of the
research, it has been determined that very few number of local foods special to Kastamonu are
offered in local food and beverage businesses which are located in the center and despite this
shortage, it is determined that these conditions have created an important force of attraction in
terms of tourism marketing effort.

The article analyzes the classification of cultural and natural heritage resources, features of its using, attractiveness factors and opportunities for usind in tourism. At the same time, the formation of eco-cultural museums in areas with natural and cultural resources and the existing international experience in this field, the factors of attractiveness in tourism, the formation of demand for eco-cultural museums also were studied in the article. The Article shows the advantages of using the natural and cultural heritage of Tug and Azykh villages and surrounding areas in the formation of eco-cultural museums in Azerbaijan.

Limited attention has been given to the potential of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) in the role of tourism product, especially as regards gastronomy and culinary practices being one of the six UNWTO’s ICH categories. Gastronomy and culinary practices represent an important and irreplaceable part of a national cultural heritage and as such serve as an element of tourism destination differentiation. Building on the theoretical alignment between heritage tourism, food and culinary tourism and differentiation of tourism products this research examined tourist perception of ICH categories and tourist participation in workshops as ICH-based tourism products in order to determine which category is the most suitable for the potential use of ICH in creation of tourism products. Preliminary research (group interview) was carried out with experts in the field of tourism product creation, promotion and public relations from the Zagreb Tourist Board. Tourist perception of ICH was collected via face-to-face survey. On the basis of primary research and data analyses using descriptive statistics, the results indicate that among six different categories of ICH, tourists were the most familiar with the Croatian gastronomy and culinary practices, but showed the lack of knowledge regarding preparation of Croatian traditional food specialties. Furthermore, the majority of tourists would extend the stay in the destination in order to participate in the ICH- based tourism workshops. This research results demonstrate considerable significance of tourist’s interests towards ICH-based tourism products. However, the results indicate that ICH is not sufficiently employed in the creation of ICH-based tourism products as they hold large potential on tourism market. Limitation of this study is reflected in the fact that it was carried out in only one tourism destination in Croatia, the city of Zagreb. The possibilities of broader research perspective would include a research to be conducted on leisure tourists during summer months in the Croatian coastal tourism destinations.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between brand personality and customer relationship perception in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry. We performed a survey with 283 Brazilian visitors of Disney parks, using Structural Equation Modeling. Brand personality, the second-order factor, was formed by first-order factors (Credibility, Joy, Sophistication, Audacity and Sensitivity), all of them with positive effects on customer relationship perception. The prediction was 29%, considered a great effect. Hence, we confirm the relation between brand personality and relationship perception and the Credibility dimension as the main driver of long-term relationships in the T&H sector. Our discussion contributes to the body of knowledge of relationship marketing and branding, especially in identifying the nature of the relationship between these marketing variables. Research on brand management can benefit from our results since they put light into the interaction between brand and customers, and the main aspects sustaining these interactions.

Tourism has been and will increasingly be a development opportunity for small territories. Cultural events – as one of the tourism segments – have been an important opportunity for tourism development in small destinations and
between large metropolitan areas and main tourist destinations. Through creative and innovative actions from the local governance management in these destinations, a cultural multi approach destination branding was created in
the last decade’s and resulted in the association of quality in the tourism activity with the destinations. Óbidos is a small destination between the metropolitan areas of Lisbon and Oporto in Portugal. Paraty is located between São
Paulo and Rio de Janeiro metropolitan areas and biggest cities of Brazil. Despite of a theoretical and initial
disadvantage on competitiveness of these small destinations in using tourism as a development tool, the local governance agents created different cultural events which increased tourism to a level where this activity reached an
important position for local economy, though not threatening authenticity. In this context, our paper aims to make a comparison between Óbidos and Paraty through the description of the local governance management in each
destination and to identify the cultural events which are responsible for attracting tourists through the last years. Finally, it is crucial to understand which creative and innovative actions and tourist products are being created and
implemented to keep these territories competitive among other tourism destinations.

Community-based tourism (CBT) is a model of community development which places the community at the centre of that development. It attempts to harness the effort of communities through their empowerment for the benefit of the community. This article develops a Community-based Visitors Affinity Index (CBTVAI) based on perusal of extant literature in which only secondary was used in terms of research methodology. The key contribution of this article is the development of a CBTVAI which is an instrument useful to owners/managers of CBT entities in evaluating their CBT businesses from a visitor perspective. The index does not include all possible items because CBT ventures exist in different contexts with different requirements. This index merely provides sample items related various basic aspects linkedto the attractiveness of CBT to visitors. As such, the index represents a flexible framework which can continuously evolve and be reformulated based on specific needs of a CBT entity. The CBTVAI has some strengths and weaknesses. Some of its strengths include the provision a visitor perspective grounded in real life experience; a framework for profiling CBT ventures; a platform for receiving visitor feedback in the form of immediate " post-trip " feedback; and a tool for assessing broad visitor/customer (dis)satisfaction with CBT offerings. The weaknesses include: failing to take into account the visitor " s demographics and psychographics; ignores prices per item; places an extra burden on communities to undertake technical data analysis which skills could be deficient in communities.

The Moroccan southeast, with its river water oases, has been utilised for tourism purposes since the coun-try’s “pacification”, which took place in the 1930s. The “Road of the Kasbahs” marketing campaign refers to parts of the river water oasis of the Oued Todra and the Oued Dadès, as well as of the Oued Drâa. Until the end of the 20th century, a form of culturally oriented round-trip tourism was practised with a fair amount of success. However, the practice of tourism in the river water oasis of southeast Morocco has been changing over the past 20 years.
One prerequisite that allowed tourism to penetrate into more far-flung areas of the Moroccan river water oa-sis is the “asphaltification” of many former gravel roads and paths over the past 20 years – especially along the rivers and valleys in the Moroccan southeast. As a result, many previously more or less inaccessible valleys, with their river oases, became open to tourism. Besides this almost tangible spatial extension and quantitative growth following infrastructural circumstances, some additional, more fundamental changes can be observed in the touristification process of Moroccan river water oasis areas.
This article focuses on the different aspects of these new phenomena. It is based on preliminary findings from a fact-finding mission in the Drâa-Tafilalet in spring 2017 as well as on previous empirical work in the region performed by the authors. The goal of the text is to draw some conclusions on Moroccan tourism policy, which as yet does not really seem to be conductive to dealing with the fundamental changes and challenges on both the demand side and the supply side in tourism.
Résumé français:
Touristification du paysage des oasis marocaines: nouvelles dimensions, nouvelles ap-proches, nouveaux acteurs, nouvelles formules de consommation
Le Sud-Est marocain avec ses oasis d'eau de rivière a été mis en valeur pour le tourisme depuis la préten-due « pacification » dans les années 30 du 20e siècle. La formule de commercialisation de la «Route des kasbah» se réfère à une partie des oasis d'eau de rivière de l'Oued Todra et de l'Oued Dades, ainsi que de l'Oued Drâa. Jusqu'à la fin du 20e siècle, une forme de tourisme culturel de circuit axé sur le patrimoine natu-rel et culturel a été pratiquée avec un certain succès. Au cours des 20 dernières années, cependant, la pra-tique du tourisme a changé d’une manière fondamentale dans les oasis d'eau de rivière du Sud-Est maro-cain.
Une condition préalable pour que le tourisme puisse toucher des zones plus larges des oasis d'eau de ri-vière marocaines est la « bitumisation ». De nombreuses anciennes routes et pistes de gravier ont été gou-dronnées au cours des 20 dernières années, en particulier le long des rivières et des vallées du Sud-Est marocain. Cette condition préalable réalisée, de nombreuses vallées anciennement inaccessibles avec leur oasis de rivière se sont ouvertes à la découverte par le tourisme. Mais en dehors de cette extension spatiale presque évidente et de la croissance quantitative due aux circonstances de l'infrastructure, des change-ments plus fondamentaux peuvent être observés dans le processus de touristification de l'oasis d'eau de rivière marocaine.
La contribution se concentrera sur les différents aspects de ces nouveaux phénomènes. Elle sera basée sur les conclusions préliminaires d'une mission d'enquête au Drâa-Tafilalet au printemps 2017 ainsi que sur d'anciens travaux empiriques réalisés dans la région par l'auteur. L'objectif est de rédiger des conclusions sur la politique marocaine du tourisme qui, jusqu'à présent, ne semble pas encore vraiment disposée à faire face aux changements fondamentaux et aux nouveaux défis de l'offre et de la demande dans le tourisme dans la région Drâa-Tafilalet.

El ser humano siempre ha tenido la necesidad de conocer otros lugares, por cu-riosidad inicialmente y, con posterioridad, por motivos de relax, salud, diversión, deportes, naturaleza, congresos o cultura. Sin embargo, desde la década de los cincuenta del pasado siglo el turismo se ha convertido en una nueva «indus-tria», que moviliza a más mil millones de personas cada año y supone un 7% del PIB mundial y un 8% del empleo planetario, sólo superado en materia de exportaciones por los sectores energético y automoción. En algunos países como España, Francia, Italia o Portugal el sector turístico asciende hasta representar el 14% de la riqueza y el 15% del empleo total. No obstante, este sector se muestra actualmente muy afectado por dos factores imprevistos y globalizadores: la pandemia del Covid19 y el incremento de los precios energéticos. Todo ello obligará a tomar nuevos rumbos y estrategias, pues incluso cuando todo ello se supere, ojalá sea pronto, no podremos abandonar las coordenadas de la compatibilidad ya asumidas por esta actividad en sus aspectos sociales, económicos, culturales y ambientales, tanto en los países emisores como en los receptores.

"Abstract
Deforestation is contributing to loss of wildlife habitat as well as to release of greenhouse gases. Forests are logged for many reasons, mostly related to money or to people’s need to provide for their families. Over the last few decades, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have received local, national and international support to target biodiversity loss. To alleviate pressure on forests, socio-economic development strategies based on grass-root inclusion and top-down funding have increasingly been applied. Conservation NGOs have also embraced this strategy, with ecotourism one of the initiatives intended to create additional income and engage local communities in conservation. This paper focuses on the role of conservation NGOs in ecotourism, illustrated by a case study of WWF’s work in Sebangau National Park, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The research audited WWF’s contribution to ecotourism projects aimed at improving forest conservation through socio-economic welfare. The findings include poor cooperation and communication between stakeholders and missing frameworks for ecotourism implementation. Although interested parties have welcomed ecotourism and see a great future for tourism to Sebangau, it has not so far thrived or helped conservation to any great extent. Few benefits of visitor activities have reached people in the communities, who are therefore poorly incentivised to support WWF’s conservation work.
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Keywords: donor-assisted ecotourism, NGOs and ecotourism, local communities and ecotourism, WWF, Indonesia
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