Preventive conservation

Desde a instituição da Academia de Belas Artes de Lisboa,
em 1836, surgiram as preocupações com a manutenção
das colecções de pintura que então passaram para a sua
guarda. Ao longo dos anos, vamos encontrando múltiplas
referências relacionadas com o estado de conservação das
peças devido às condições ambientais, bem como várias
soluções para se resolverem estes problemas.

Since from the establishment of the Lisbon Academy
of Fine Arts, in 1836, there was a concern about the
maintenance of the painting collections which were
inherited by it. Over the years, we find multiple references
regarding the state of conservation of the pieces due to
environmental conditions, as well as several solutions
to these problems.

La conservazione programmata è una procedura innovativa, pensata come passaggio dal restauro come evento alla conservazione come processo di lungo periodo. Essa è qualcosa di più della manutenzione e del monitoraggio: è una strategia complessa, che riunisce la mitigazione dei rischi di grande scala e una accurata organizzazione delle attività quotidiane. Attuarla è dunque qualcosa di più che fare manutenzione: significa impiantare uno scenario nuovo, ponendo questioni sulle strategie e sui nessi tra le attività conservative e i processi di sviluppo locale. Questo articolo introduce la conservazione programmata come tentativo di andare oltre l’affermazione che il patrimonio conta per il suo impatto sull’economia turistica. Il programma di ricerca si incentra sulle esternalità positive del processo di conservazione. Se il capitale umano è un parametro interessante per valutare un’economia, la conservazione conta per il suo impatto sulla capacità di dubitare, di imparare, di innovare: in altre parole, il focus si sposta dal patrimonio come asset dato, alle attività conservative come opportunità per accrescere il capitale intellettuale.

This text describes the pattern that has been followed for drafting the conservation plan of the mural paintings in S. Maria Maddalena church. The conservation project of the building and its interiors is focused on a multidisciplinary approach. It has been drawn up with the collaboration of several professionals engaged together from the beginning of the conservation process. These different skills have gathered up relevant results which have been able to provide a set of information related to the comprehension of the building, meant as a complex system. The main goal is to integrate all this data with the support of each different discipline, querying each professional’s specific answers in order to outline a holistic view of the topic. Through this method it has been possible to set up the criteria for the conservation project, based on the issues of preventive and planned conservation.

This contribution discusses the emergent field of Intergenerational Justice (IJ) with an aim to drawing new light upon issues in conservation. Several key issues in IJ are discussed that allow heritage conservation to be contextualised. Methods and debates from IJ are described and related to conservation practice. The paper is not an exhaustive review, but identifies links to pertinent issues in conservation.

5th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HERITAGE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Throughout the development of the museums architecture, despite many advances and achievements of this architectural typology, there has been a gap between architecture and the museums environment. The microclimate that is created within a museum building, in particular in existing buildings, usually does not favor collections conservation. In Brazil most of museums are installed in historical buildings and the studies about the building influence in microclimate inside de museum are just beginning. The building is a passive agent of conservation but the architectural projects developed in traditional museums have not taken the performance of the building into account. It’s necessary to develop in Brazil more embracing and updated databases on temperature, humidity, lighting and others parameters to improve those projects. The application of bioclimatic strategies and environmental indicators in existing buildings can drive the internal microclimate in the direction of the preventive conservation needs, and the intentional creation of microclimate can harmonize museum architecture and museum collection, frequently thought as independent beings in Brazil.

PROCESSOS DE MUSEALIZAÇÃO : UM SEMINÁRIO DE INVESTIGAÇÃO INTERNACIONAL.
Ao longo do desenvolvimento da arquitetura de museus, apesar dos inúmeros avanços e conquistas dessa tipologia arquitetônica, houve um distanciamento entre arquitetura e as necessidades dos museus em relação às condições ambientais que se estabelecem no interior de um edifício de museu. Este artigo busca identificar metodologias de análise do ambiente climático em edifícios históricos de museus, de forma a aproximar as soluções arquitetônicas das necessidades de conservação preventiva dos acervos, com objetivo de alcançar sustentabilidade ambiental no seu interior. Pretende-se aplicar os parâmetros ambientais de temperatura, umidade e iluminação, definidos pelo campo da conservação de coleções museológicas, em instrumentos de projeto da arquitetura bioclimática, e fazer uma releitura destes parâmetros sob a ótica arquitetônica.

Textile objects were inadequately stored in an overstuffed wardrobe in the sacristy. First, the objects were inspected and photographed. A short condition report was generated for each object. The objects were then neatly stored in a bigger wardrobe. Chasuble and stoles were hung on padded hangers. Copes were folded over a cushion of cotton stockinette stuffed with polyester batting, then wrapped in Tyvek and stored in the bottom of the wardrobe. Smaller objects were wrapped in acid-free tissue paper and stored flat in a drawer.

Project team: Sagita Mirjam Sunara (team leader), Mateo Curić, Nikolina Drlje, Jelena Hudinčec and Silvija Matas (students).

Preventive strategies for the conservation of heritage sites have gradually been preferred to curative approaches because of their ability to maintain their significance. Furthermore, most experts now agree that conservation management of heritage places based on a common understanding of their cultural values is essential to address all the particularities of their contexts. Recently, significant research has demonstrated the potential of Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) for the collaborative data management in conjunction with conservation projects. The recent development of HBIM web platforms illustrates the value of strengthening the link between the digital model and the physical realm of heritage assets. This paper advocates the application of Digital Twin’s (DT) principles, using HBIM models as a digital replica, to support the preventive conservation of heritage places. Based on an extensive literature review, a comprehensive framework that integrates the DT in...

The need to have a Plan of Preventive Conservation, it is essential with regard to the processes of conservation of the heritage. This article presents a methodology developed by the project "Ciudad Patrimonio Mundial", which contributes to the development of a pilot Plan for preventive conservation, developed bearing in mind the proposal made by the ICOMOS for study of damage and consists of the following aspects: "anamnesis, diagnosis, treatment and control". (ICOMOS: 2003).

In this way were determined four-phase plan, which have been implemented according to the experiences of the campaigns of preventive conservation (maintenance, in this specific case) applied in Susudel (December - 2011 and January 2013) and from the campaign of maintenance applied to heritage buildings of San Roque. At the end they will be presented the results of the campaign, from which general strategies for the development of a pilot Plan for preventive conservation in San Roque will be developed, which is aimed at the conservation of the heritage buildings in this neighborhood of Cuenca, in order to apply this methodology in sectors strategically chosen of this World Heritage City.

In recent years the importance of risk assessment within the practice of condition surveys in the field of built heritage conservation has been gaining ground, thus acknowledging the positive results of a risk management approach, consolidated as a practice, in the field of museums and their collections. This study provides a review of recent experience, such as recommendations and guidelines, best practices and projects, that address risk management methodology for the preventive and planned conservation of built heritage, both in the Italian and European context. Its purpose is to understand the different approaches and to analyse the methods and models defined by these projects, in order to form an operational reference framework which, in its turn, will be able to contribute to the development of a holistic risk management approach to built heritage.

Download here: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10115572/1/Heritage-Conservation-and-Social-Engagement.pdf Heritage Conservation and Social Engagement is an edited volume that explores different kinds of engagement, participation, access, and creative use of resources motivated by the practice of conservation, and offers ethical and practical perspectives from which to approach cultural heritage projects. The chapters are structured around the themes of engagement and participation, with an emphasis on the value of cross-disciplinary collaborations and the adoption of more encompassing approaches to conservation decision-making. The authors explore the complexities of these collaborations, which are often influenced by the colonial baggage of museums and whose effectiveness vary according to context, objectives, methods and resources available. TABLE OF CONTENTS: Introduction Renata F. Peters 1. Conservation and engagement: transforming and being transformed Renata F. Peters 2. Conservation and collaboration: a discussion Miriam Clavir 3. The role of conservation education in reconciliation: the example of the Iraqi Institute for the Conservation of Antiquities and Heritage Jessica S. Johnson, Kim Cullen Cobb and Brian Michael Lione 4. Community involvement in built heritage conservation: the case study of the Birzeit Historic Centre Rehabilitation Project, Palestine Anna Teresa Ronchi 5. Putting sustainability Into practice: the use of locally available materials in conservation Flavia Ravaioli 6. The ‘Open Lab Project’: addressing the skills deficit of volunteer community archaeologists in Lincolnshire, UK Craig Spence 7. Cultural heritage conservation and public benefits: effectiveness of Kenya’s legal and administrative framework Gilbert Wafula 8. Learning from archives: integrating preservation and access Nancy Bell and Dinah Eastop 9. Objects And Wellbeing: a personal view Elizabeth Pye

Esse e os demais planos de aula de Políticas de Preservação foram elaborados pelos Professores Fabiano Cataldo e Stefanie Freire como resultado de discussões constantes para o aprimoramento do trabalho.

Se usar, por favor, não deixe de citar. Isto é fruto de trabalho intelectual. Utilizar esse material, ainda que parcialmente, ou só os autores, sem citar, é plágio.

Para o Programa ver: http://www.unirio.br/unirio/cchs/eb

The paper aims at enlightening the positive effect that a shift from restoration as an event to conservation as a planned process.could have on regional economy and local development processes; the empowerment of actors is identified as the main factor. An analysis of the skills required by planned conservation provides an explanation of the way intellectual capital comes into play. The author argues therefore that the concept of preventive and planned conservation should be implemented in the design of regional development projects, which encompass investments on cultural heritage properties and sites.

Los monumentos en espacio público son un reto para las instituciones encargadas de su conservación, dada la complejidad de factores que confluyen y que pueden atentar contra la preservación de los bienes. Para afrontar este problema, un plan de conservación preventiva es una alternativa eficaz que permite establecer las estrategias y directrices hacia las cuales se deben encaminar las acciones para el manejo y conservación de los monumentos. Esta ponencia expone el caso del Plan de Conservación Preventiva para monumentos en espacio público de trece (13) de las veinte (20) localidades de la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia. Dicho Plan se construyó sobre la base de los principios del análisis multicriterio para determinar prioridades de acción sobre aspectos técnicos y de gestión de los componentes interrelacionados para este tipo de bienes en particular. En este sentido y teniendo en cuenta las características de los monumentos en espacio público, los componentes comprendieron los elementos urbano-paisajísticos, los aspectos relacionados a la conservación de los materiales y los factores sociales. De esta manera, el Plan determinó los lineamientos concretos sobre los programas que deben orientar las acciones de conservación de los monumentos en espacio público a cargo de la administración distrital, dando cuenta de la multidimensionalidad de los bienes de esta naturaleza para su conservación

Abstract

This report was compiled as part of a work placement assessment required for the completion of an MA in Preventive Conservation at Northumbria University.

This report examines the risks to the collections of Andover Museum and Museum of the Iron Age during the COVID-19 pandemic. This report covers areas such as: analysing the potential impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the process of conservation and collection care, potential considerations for Emergency/Disaster Planning, Andover Museum and the agents of deterioration (which collections are most at risk) and known conservation/building issues.

Based on these considerations, a series of recommendations were formulated to reduce/mitigate the highlighted risks.


Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Andover Museum and Museum of the Iron Age, and the Hampshire Cultural Trust in their assistance of compiling this report and willing to be a case study for this report.

Un exceptionnel sanctuaire à armes daté de la période laténienne, découvert lors d’une opération de diagnostic archéologique conduite à Ablis (Yvelines) par l’INRAP en novembre 2013, a suscité la réalisation d’une fouille programmée et la mise en place d’une chaîne de conservation, dite « de la fouille au musée », garantissant le suivi des données de terrain et la conservation de vestiges qui sont majoritairement en alliage ferreux. L’article présente les premiers résultats de cette expérience pilote en matière de méthodes d’enregistrement des données de terrain, de conservation du mobilier métallique, d’étude du site et d’analyse morphologique et stylistique du matériel par les nouvelles technologies (photogrammétrie, tomographie industrielle, microscopie 3D, etc.). Cette collaboration est aussi l’opportunité de former les étudiants en archéologie et en conservation à la préservation des métaux tout au long de la chaîne archéologique.

O gerenciamento de riscos é uma ferramenta valiosa que auxilia na preservação de acervos bibliográficos.  Diante disto, a pesquisa objetiva propor um Plano de Gerenciamento de Riscos para a salvaguarda do acervo da Biblioteca Francisca Keller, pertencente ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social do Museu Nacional/UFRJ. Caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa exploratória e descritiva, utilizando o estudo de caso como modalidade de pesquisa. Na elaboração do plano de gestão de riscos, utilizaram-se como guia base as normas técnicas ABNT/ISO 31.000:2009 e ABNT/ISO/IEC 31.010:2012. Para mapear as condições da biblioteca, os Bibliotecários responderam a um questionário com perguntas abertas e fechadas. Além disso, foi realizada uma observação tendo por base um roteiro que estabelece aspectos objetivos e padronizados a serem observados. Para a construção do plano de gerenciamento de riscos, explicaram-se as sete etapas estabelecidas na norma técnica ISO 31.000:2009 da Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT). As etapas compreendem: 1) estabelecimento de contexto; 2) comunicação e consulta; 3) identificação dos riscos; 4) análise dos riscos; 5) avaliação de riscos; 6) tratamento de riscos e; 7) monitoramento e análise crítica. Para facilitar a identificação de riscos, foram investigados dez agentes de deterioração que podem causar graves danos e perdas, representando por isso situações de perigo, cujo reconhecimento é importante para a redução de riscos. São agentes: forças físicas; criminosos; fogo; água; pragas; poluentes; luz e radiação; temperatura inadequada; umidade relativa inadequada; e dissociação. No tratamento dos riscos, utilizou-se a ferramenta conceitual dos “Cinco estágios de controle”, em que as medidas de tratamento são organizadas em cinco possíveis esferas de ação: evitar, bloquear, detectar, responder e recuperar. Os cinco estágios são aplicados nas seis camadas de invólucros em que está submetido o acervo, a saber: região, sítio, edifício, sala, vitrine/estante, embalagem/suporte. Como resultado, tem-se o produto deste estudo: o plano de gerenciamento de riscos da Biblioteca Francisca Keller. Foi realizado um planejamento de ações que visam à proteção preventiva do acervo da biblioteca como um processo interativo que se propõe a ser incorporado à rotina de atividades da instituição. O plano apresenta o seu objetivo, o contexto da biblioteca e as responsabilidades pelas atividades do plano; o processo de avaliação dos riscos; o tratamento dos riscos com a proposta de mitigação para cada risco genérico identificado na biblioteca; o monitoramento; a proposta de revisão do plano; e ações para o caso de emergências.

Plaster is an ideal casting material, but it is dust-sensitive and difficult to clean – a problem that was already the subject of lively public and professional discussion in the 19th century. The Archaeological Institute of the University of Göttingen took up this debate anew in 2016 and made it the topic of an international conference. 23 conference papers are published in this volume. By means of case studies, experts from the field of archaeology and conservation science explain different cleaning and treatment methods, and contextualise them in their respective collection history. The examples – casts of historical sculptures and artists’ original plaster models – stem from numerous university cast collections, as well as from large European museums.

Resumo: O museu atual advém do colecionismo privado que depois de transformações na sociedade culmina na criação de museus nacionais e depois na criação do Icom, promotor da difusão e proteção do patrimônio musealizado. Sua definição de museu incorpora processos de salvaguarda e comunicação do acervo como elementos essenciais para o cumprimento do papel social do museu. Através de pesquisa bibliográfica, o presente texto defende que os processos de salvaguarda compõem o sistema de gestão de acervos, o qual, por sua vez, comporta subsídios à difusão da informação em museus por meio das exposições. Abstract: The current museum comes from the private art collecting. After changes in society the private collections culminates in the creation of national museums. Later the ICOM is created, institution of protection and diffusion of museological heritage. Its definition of Museum incorporates safeguard procedures and communication of the collection as key elements to satisfy the social role of the museum. Through bibliographical research this text argues that the safeguard procedures makes the collections management system which includes bases to dissemination of information on museums through the exhibits.

The history of museum climate guidelines is developed through three overlapping strands:awareness of problems, doing something about them, and the slow development of the science. Topics covered are nineteenth-century discoveries of climate issues; the history of passive RH control and its science, the emergence of mechanical systems, and the logic of best available technology; the emergence of stringent specifications; an era of relaxation; the emergence of current specifications; a critical history of the science; and the five errors of argumentation about specifications. The conclusions offer a brief recipe for action for institutions making decisions on this topic.

The conservation field has produced various preventive conservation tools to support the organization and interpretation of data and contribute to sound decision-making. This paper examines selected tools for the analysis and visualization of air temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) data to refine its interpretation and allow flexibility in collection management. In addition to comparing the functionalities of T and RH tools, interviews were conducted with practitioners to learn about their use. The survey of tools and practitioners identified key application themes: alignment with environmental standards and guidelines, assessments of collection risk, increased sustainability of environmental management practice, and the promotion of effective communication within an interdisciplinary team. Also highlighted were potential gaps, including a need for more flexibility in the numerical and visual display, and an inability to integrate environmental data with complementary datasets.

Desde a instituição da Academia de Belas Artes de Lisboa,
em 1836, surgiram as preocupações com a manutenção
das colecções de pintura que então passaram para a sua
guarda. Ao longo dos anos, vamos encontrando múltiplas
referências relacionadas com o estado de conservação das
peças devido às condições ambientais, bem como várias
soluções para se resolverem estes problemas.

Since from the establishment of the Lisbon Academy
of Fine Arts, in 1836, there was a concern about the
maintenance of the painting collections which were
inherited by it. Over the years, we find multiple references
regarding the state of conservation of the pieces due to
environmental conditions, as well as several solutions
to these problems.

Contemporary art installations and sculptures are made of a large variety of materials. The modern concept of light art emerged with the development of artificial electric light sources and experimentation
by modern artists of the Constructivist and Bauhaus art movements. Numerous artists exploited different kinds of light elements as neon tubes, light bulbs, incandescent lamps, etc. As we have seen (in the
National Museum of Contemporary Art in Athens-ΕΜΣΤ), obsolescence may force art conservators and light technicians or curators to make different decisions in conservation or compromises. Sometimes the
solution to the problem, is the replacement of the broken argon tube at the expense of the original version of the light sculpture where intervention seems to be ‘utopian’. It seems that Colalucci’s and Dekarte’s formalities, namely a) to define the restoration, taking into account its impact on the interpretation of the work of art, b) to approximate the physicality of the work of art in mechanical terms (cables, gears, bulbs, etc.), are fundamental principles in art conservation, which always bears relation to the technological progress of our time.

this article introduces the reader to the considerations that had to be taken when cleaning and refreshing two of its large display cases at the Jewish Museum of Greece. The staff of the museum planned in advance, ensuring the safety of the objects and staff. eventually it is natural for unpredicted problems to occur in the real time process. The Museum acknowledged the convenience of the visitor pathway and, moreover, granted visual access to the treatment actions by encouraging communication with the working staff, enriching the visitor experience. The process was beneficial for evaluating the staff's teamwork and the production of a record, and a methodology to be followed for other display cases of the museum and potentially by other institutions.

Storage space is a major concern for most museums all over the world, yet practical guidance to assess current space usage or future space needs may not be entirely adapted to the needs of non-specialized users. Six published storage space estimation methods are reviewed, compared and tested on a sample storage area, revealing that further guidance to elucidate key concepts and reduce uncertainty is needed.

Kathy PERRIN, Duncan H. BROWN, Guus LANGE, David BIBBY, Annika CARLSSON, Ann DEGRAEVE, Martin KUNA, Ylva LARSSON, Sólborg Una PÁLSDÓTTIR, Bettina STOLL-TUCKER, Cynthia DUNNING, Aurélie ROGALLA VON BIEBERSTEIN

The activities of the EAC-working party for archaeological archives resulted in the EU co-funded ARCHES project to establish common standards and guidance for the creation, preparation and deposition of archaeological archives in Europe.
The resulting "Standard and Guide to Best Practice in Archaeological Archiving in Europe" was published online on 31st May 2014 as the EAC Guidelines 1. The text is available in nine languages.
The "Standard and Guide…" addresses archiving issues at all stages of an archaeological project regarding all elements of the archive. It is applicable to the compilation of new archives as well as to the existing ones and should, when possible, be regarded as a standard to be applied also by repositories.

This publication is a translation of 'Het loopt in de papieren' - geïntegreerde bestrijding van insecten in collecties', first published by the Instituut Collectie Nederland in 2003.
Compared with the Dutch original, this English version contains a few small changes and some up-dated information.
This special English edition has been published on the occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the International Association of Book and Paper Conservators (IADA).

This is the 2019 English translation by Louise Sire-Nieman of the Dutch guidelines for museum lighting that were published by ICN in 2005. These guidelines obviously lean heavily on the work by Stefan Michalski from CCI and follow the Canadian and CIE line of thought. They served well in the Netherlands to push the shift from number-standards ('50 lux') to process-standards and risk-based thinking (how much change do you accept in how much time that will give you a light dose and the possibility to play with intensity and duration of exposure).
This brochure was never published in English because Stefan Michalski and colleagues have said it all in their own language (see the CCI website's 'Ten Agents of Deterioration'). However, during her internship in the Netherlands Louise came across the brochure and used it to develop a lighting policy for objects at Teylers Museum (Haarlem). She found it very useful and undertook the task of translating the brochure so that fellow students can use it as well.
Although developments in museum lighting have continued since the date of the original publication, the information and procedure to design a lighting policy in the brochure are still valid.
I am grateful to Louise for the great work she did and I hope that the Light Lines can help you develop responsible museum lighting. As an addition to the good publications that are out there already.

This publication is a translation of 'Pluis in huis, geïntegreerde bestrijding van schimmels in archieven' first published by the Instituut Collectie Nederland in 1999. Compared with the Dutch original, this English version contains a few small changes and some up-dated information.
This special English edition has been published on the occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the International Association of Book and Paper Conservators (IADA).

This manual was developed during the ICCROM-CCI-RCE course on risk management of collections. The method has been generalized to buildings and sites. It is available in English and French, as pdf or web page.
English pdf here: http://canada.pch.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-PCH2-Museology-PreservConserv/STAGING/texte-text/risk_Manual-2016_1485276122362_eng.pdf  PDF en français: http://canada.pch.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-PCH2-Museology-PreservConserv/STAGING/texte-text/risk_Manual-2016_1485276122362_fra.pdf 
As a web page, English:  http://canada.pch.gc.ca/eng/1483718902877/1483719018250 
Page web en français:  http://canada.pch.gc.ca/fra/1483718902877/1483719018250

The main goal of this undergraduate thesis was to outline recommendations regarding the physical security of the special collections inside Guilherme Figueiredo Room in the Central Library of the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO). The focus was specially given to two collections inside the Room: Guilherme Figueiredo Collection and Memória da Biblioteconomia Collection. To make this possible, it’s acknowledged that bibliographic collections are exposed to different kinds of risks and it is necessary that library managers/librarians know how to deal with them, in order to safeguard libraries’ collections in the best way and for the longest time possible. More specifically, special collections inside university libraries are exposed to the same kind of risks and, given its singular importance inside the institution, it is necessary a special effort to safeguard them. The literature of the area lists ten agents of deterioration and loss, two of them being focused on this work: the agent “criminals” and the agent “dissociation”. In this context, risk management is perceived as a tool for preventive conservation, in order to anticipate the possibility of a risk and then act to mitigate them in bibliographic collections. Risk management is understood through the Risk Management Cicle established by two ABNT standards: ABNT NBR 31000:2009 and 31000:2018, with its “helpers” given by the literature: the ten agents of deterioration and loss, the five stages of control, the six layers of enclosure and the ABC scales for risk analysis. It’s acknowledged that the non-availability of a bibliographic item can be taken as a disaster and, therefore, it is understood that the physical security of bibliographic collections is a imminent risk, possible of being dealt with the so-called “good preventive security practices”, that is, actions that require little or no special resources, be it monetary, human or others and that can be achieved through risk management. Based on the areas’ literature and on-site observations, recommendations on preventive security for the Guilherme Figueiredo Room are made. It is concluded that although Guilherme Figueiredo Room is not behind on the prevention of the agents focused on this work, it is necessary some improvement and systematization. Furthermore, it’s concluded that risk management is a important tool when it comes to preservation of bibliographic collections; that all actions aimed at improving security can be made considering risk management; and that the knowledge related to mitigate risks is not a specialized knowledge and should be part of the shaping and training of every librarian.