Portuguese Law

"Commercial law is the branch of the legal system that can be defined as the sector of private property law that regulates the professional status of commercial entrepreneurs, as well as the transactions they carry out to place the goods and services produced in their activity on the market."

O regime legal da reserva de solo foi introduzido pelo artigo 18.º da Lei de Bases Gerais da Política Pública de Solos, de Ordenamento do território e de Urbanismo, sendo posteriormente concretizado pelo artigo 154.º do Regime Jurídico dos Instrumentos de Gestão Territorial. Sem prejuízo do assinalável esforço de regulação desta figura levado a cabo pelas referidas iniciativas legislativas, muitas questões permanecem sem resposta clara. Após uma descrição geral do regime da reserva de solo, serão abordadas cinco questões concretas: (i) a aplicação no tempo do regime legal da reserva de solo; (ii) a aplicabilidade do regime da reserva de solo a solos rústicos (iii) a admissibilidade de previsão de reservas de solo por prazos superiores a 5 anos; (iv) a identificação dos procedimentos administrativos a adotar após o decurso do prazo fixado (ex voluntate ou ex lege) para a reserva de solo; (v) a (in)existência de uma obrigação de indemnizar o titular do direito relativo ao solo reservado, no cenário de decurso do prazo fixado sem a sua aquisição pela Administração Pública. [versão anterior às provas finais]

A admissibilidade do pacto Marciano e a conversão do pacto comissório em pacto marciano-A crise do sistema de execução judicial de garantias
The admissibility of the "Marciano" pact and the conversion of the commissioner pact into a "Marciano" pact-The crisis of the judicial enforcement system of guarantees

States, in their tax systems, create anti-tax evasion rules to try to eliminate the possibility of taxpayers engaging in behavior that harms the state in collecting the taxes that each citizen or company owes. Anti-tax evasion rules also aim to ensure that everyone contributes to public spending according to their real ability to pay, thus respecting the principle of equal contribution based on real and effective economic and financial capacity. Aware that there are companies that carry out harmful acts and thus reduce their economic and financial capacity to try to reduce their tax burden in terms of corporate income tax, the Portuguese legislator introduced autonomous taxation in corporate income tax, in the corporate income tax code, to try to eliminate belligerent behavior on the part of companies. Using the statistical data from the Autoridade Tributária e Aduaneira, and based on statistics from the tax and customs authority, the study demonstrates the financial burden on companies that bear this type of taxation and compare it with the "Corporate Income Tax" charged annually by the State.

Na última coluna, demos início ao estudo do contrato de seguro de pessoas e da possibilidade de ser qualificado como uma liberalidade atípica. Para tanto, recorrendo ao método tipológico, identificamos os principais (embora não sejam os únicos) índices do tipo do contrato de doação que poderão contribuir para a verificação de uma semelhança suficiente entre o seguro de pessoas e a doação típica. São eles: (i) a gratuidade; (ii) a transferência patrimonial; e (iii) o animus donandi. Na coluna de hoje, veremos como esses índices se fazem presentes no seguro de pessoas, especialmente no de vida, para interpretar corretamente a norma contida no art. 794 do Código Civil. 2 A ESTRUTURA DO CONTRATO DE SEGURO DE PESSOAS: UMA ESTIPULAÇÃO EM FAVOR DE TERCEIRO Da definição contida no art. 757 do Código Civil 2 , extrai-se que o contrato de seguro é aquele celebrado entre o segurador, que assume uma obrigação de garantia 3 , assumindo os riscos que antes recaíam sobre o segurado, a quem cabe a obrigação de pagar o prêmio, remuneração do segurador. A obrigação de garantia cobre os riscos previstos pelo contrato e que recebem o nome de sinistro 4 .

In the European Union all members states have already transposed Directive 1999/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 May 1999 on certain aspects of the sale of consumer goods and associated guarantees into national law. In Romania, the state, through its legislative institutions, the Parliament and the Government, and through those who take care of market surveillance, in our case the National Authority for Consumer Protection, should ensure the consumers a high level of protection. The aims of our paper are to render in brief the legislative framework related to the consumer protection and to clarify a number of issues regarding: the distinction between products that benefit a 2 years legal warranty and those for which the legal warranty is limited to the average duration of use (household products); the legal warranty for second-hand products; the importance for the consumer of the presumption of the product's noncompliance; the situations that involve rep...

A teoria da perda de chance teve a sua origem em 17 de julho de 1889 quando a Corte de Cassação francesa a aplicou num caso de mandato judicial, referindo-se aos casos em que uma pessoa cause a outrem a perda de obter uma vantagem ou de impedir um prejuízo. Encontram-se, na jurisprudência portuguesa, vários casos da aplicação desta figura no âmbito de mandato judicial, embora a sua aplicabilidade não seja unânime no ordenamento jurídico de Portugal. Mesmo assim, são poucos os casos da sua aplicação na responsabilidade médica pelos tribunais. Este artigo tenta demonstrar as razões pelas quais os tribunais evitam aplicar esta figura na responsabilidade médica, defendendo a sua aplicabilidade na prestação de cuidados de saúde.

Texto da conferência ao "1st World Congress 'Wine Tourism and the Law'", em Loures (Portugal), no dia 23 de outubro de 2023. Publicado em Itália na "Rivista di diritto agrario" (Fasc. 1/2023 - I), assim como na Argentina na "Revista Iberoamericana de Derecho Agrario" (N.º 18, 2023) e no Brasil, e ainda na Revista "Argumentum" (Vol. 24, n.º 3, 2023, pp. 655-670).

Trata-se da análise do art. 266 da Lei Federal n o 12.737 de 30 de novembro de 2012, especialmente no tratamento do crime de interrupção ou perturbação de serviço telegráfico, telefônico, informático, telemático ou de informação de utilidade pública, foi alterado pela lei 12.737/2012 para incluir também o serviço telemático ou de informação de utilidade pública entre os objetos do crime.

Esta dissertação procura analisar, num prisma jurídico-historiográfico, um trecho específico daquele que é concebido como o primeiro grupo de normas em Portugal, expondo o que sobre ele tem sido dito, que implicações teve para o desenvolvimento da ordem jurídica medieval como era concebida no séc. XIII, mormente o relacionamento que a disposição em causa estabeleceu entre o Direito Régio e o Direito Canónico, e explicar o porquê de toda uma grande divergência entre os doutores, e também historiadores, que lhe dedicaram os seus estudos.

After years of intense debate, on August 22, 2016 the Portuguese Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) Law was altered, and altruistic gestational surrogacy was made legal in Portugal. Although the journey has not been easy since then. The Portuguese Constitutional Court was called twice (in 2018 and 2019) to analyse the legal provisions of the surrogacy legal regime. The judges concluded that altruistic surrogacy was not in violation of the Portuguese Constitution, although the legal solution, and later amendment, was, in some of its provisions, unconstitutional. The judges found that the law needed to guarantee the right of the surrogate to regret the arrangement after the child was born. Considering the rulings of the Constitutional Court, surrogacy contracts in Portugal are not enforceable and the surrogate can, after the child is born, revoke her consent and become the legal mother of the child. The Parliament altered the Law accordingly in 2021, although, for the time being, it is still to be regulated. Using qualitative methods, including legal, and bioethical analyses and a review of literature, this paper introduces an overview of the Portuguese legal solution on surrogacy and discusses, in particular, the right to regret of the surrogate after the child is born. The conclusion is that the Portuguese law on surrogacy does not yet have a clear and needed position about who are, in fact, the parents or mother(s) of the child in contested surrogacy contracts if the surrogate regrets the arrangement and revokes her consent after the child is born.

Resumo: O nosso ordenamento proíbe a convenção pela qual o credor fará sua uma coisa dada em garantia, caso o devedor não cumpra a dívida garantida. A proibição é expressamente consagrada para a hipoteca, e aplicável, por operação de várias remissões legais, ao penhor, à consignação de rendimentos, e aos privilégios creditórios. A doutrina tem procurado estender a proibição a outras garantias (típicas e atípicas), mediante argumentos que partem da análise da ratio da proibição, mas sem que se encontre o correspondente fundamento metodológico. Neste estudo procuraremos perceber qual o regime da proibição e o percurso metodológico da dita extensão funcional ou teleológica da proibição, confrontando essa extensão com a inviabilidade da analogia de normas excepcionais. Concluiremos que a proibição é uma norma excepcional, e que a proposta extensão analógica, produzindo os mesmos efeitos que a analogia, é vedada pelo art. 11.º do Código Civil.

Abstract: Our legal system prohibits an agreement by which the creditor may make his own a thing given to him as security, in case the debtor does not comply with the guaranteed debt. The prohibition is expressly established for mortgages, and applies, by operation of various legal remissions, to pledges, consignment of earnings, and privileged claims. Legal scholarship has sought to extend the prohibition to other (typical and atypical) guarantees, by means of arguments based on the analysis of the ratio of the prohibition, but lacking a corresponding methodological basis. In this study we will try to understand the prohibition's regime and the methodological path of the so-called functional or teleological extension of the prohibition, confronting this extension with the inadmissibility of analogy of exceptional rules. We shall conclude that the prohibition is an exceptional norm, and that the proposed analogical extension, producing the same effects as analogy, is forbidden by art. 11 of the Civil Code.

The current Constitution of Portuguese Republic (1976) is an entrenched and detailed constitution which aims to limit as much as possible the bodies exercising public power, since it was made after a long period of dictatorship. The Constitution, including detailed provisions on the organization and functioning of the administration and drawing the framework of the administrative procedure and administrative judicial procedure, sets an example for the constitutionalization of administrative law as well. The 2002 Code of Procedure in the Administrative Courts (Código de Processo nos Tribunais Administrativos), which concretizes the constitutional right to effective judicial protection, regulates many institutions strengthening administrative judge, especially the power of injunction. The Code of Administrative Procedure (Código do Procedimento Adminis-trativo), the last version of which came into force in 2015, introduces many new solutions that reduce the inequality between the administration and individuals, in the direction of the principles set by the Constitution. In terms of the organization of the administrative judiciary, Portugal had adopted the French model (Council of State-type) for about a century and a half. With the influence of the Constitution of 1976, German model (court-type) has been preferred. This article describes the constitutional framework regarding the judicial review of the administration in Portugal, gives basic information about the Code of Administrative Procedure and the Code of Procedure in the Administrative Courts and makes comparative evaluations concerning Turkish law.

The authors address the legal void that exists regarding medical student access to clinical records and health information that local healthcare organizations hold under legal and institutional custody. They develop a legal thesis that configures the creation of medical student professional secrecy and its connection with the duty of confidentiality as assumptions that underlie the medical student’s right to access and reuse health information. Medical students have the legitimacy to access health information and clinical records, as they bear an unequivocal informational, legitimate, constitutionally protected and sufficiently relevant need. They conclude that the legislature must work together with universities and hospital institutions to legally establish the concept of Medical Student Professional Secrecy, its link to the duty of confidentiality and the right of the medical student to access and reuse health information. Furthermore, it must do so in a specific legal act and in...

The timelessness of the matters of love and heartbreak is evident from the place that these themes have historically held in the literature. Fictional representations of love and estrangement are frequently recovered within legal reasoning, because of the nature of the stories portrayed, or the ethical-normative judgements and frames of reference on which their literary enunciation is based. In the field of law, the formal structuring of these matters and its penal relevance draw on ‘crimes of passion’ as an example and a sign of the legal conditions, interpretative constructs, and sociological conceptions that organize and give meaning to subjects, facts, and norms. Whether it is the cause that justifies the fact, a mitigating factor that modifies the crime or punishment, or a particularly reprehensible and perverse circumstance, this ‘crazy little thing called love’ has provoked and shaped different levels of censure and comprehension throughout history. That very elasticity is the starting point for this article, which examines the legal frameworks and the legal, literary, and historical imaginations that circulate and connect diverse interpretative communities, as well as the discursive debates over authority and normativity, in the different fictions and functions linked by their aspiration to truth and justice.

O solo é o componente natural com uma regulação natural mais incipiente, sendo refém da fraca perceção pública do nível de contaminação atualmente existente e dos elevados custos das operações de remediação. Além disso, várias atividades humanas essenciais – como as relativas à alimentação e à habitação – têm vindo a afetar cumulativamente a qualidade ambiental do solo, gerando problemas de erosão, de impermeabilização e de infertilização. Na ausência de um regime legal estruturado de proteção do solo, este texto procede a uma análise multinível e transversal de um conjunto de regras dispersas que, de forma imediata, têm como objeto o solo e como objetivo a sua proteção ambiental.

The objective of this paper is to analyse the legal position of the consumer in the event of a lack of conformity of the goods in Croatian and Serbian law The national regulations governing this issue in both states are influenced by the legislation of the European Union. More specifically, Directive 1999/44/EC on certain aspects of the sale of consumer goods and associated guarantees influenced the Serbian Consumer Protection Act, while the said Directive and the new Directive (EU) 2019/771 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the sale of goods influenced the Croatian Act on Obligations. However, both legislators preserved certain specific rules, most notably the ones pertaining to the rescission of the contract Given the fact that Serbia has not yet harmonized its Consumer Protection Act with Directive (EU) 2019/771, its regulation is to be assessed taking into account only Directive 1999/44/EC In comparing the two legal orders, the paper discusses several issues in relation to consumer sales, such as the sources of law in this field and their application, basic definitions and the notion of conformity of the goods with the contract and consumers' rights in the event of a lack of conformity, with the aim to identify differences, similarities, and specificities. It can be inferred that the main differences concern the regulatory approach, the definition of the notion of conformity of the goods with the contract, and certain specific rules relating to the rescission of the contract. On the other hand, the main similarities regard the hierarchy of the rights at the disposal of the consumer and the time limit during which the seller may be held liable

O tema aqui apresentado implica uma análise das garantias reais e obrigacionais na relação mobiliária quanto a constituição, transmissão e extinção do penhor e usufruto de valores mobiliários de forma célere, nomeadamente em mercados especificamente criados para o efeito.

On Time Express is a foreign investment company engaged in land, sea and air transportation services. Also called financing companies for goods delivery services, namely business entities outside banks and non-bank financial institutions that are specifically for carrying out economic activities in delivering goods and services. The work contract system is implemented based on the principle of trust as a service provider, a standard agreement is written based on the principle of freedom of employment contract made by PT. OnTime Express. That is, both parties, both service providers and consumers, together and agree to make a work contract agreement. But in reality, the work contract agreement as a service provider in its operations is not uncommon for problems that arise due to unexpected results between the parties. The consumer is unable to fulfill the contents of the agreement as agreed in the initial agreement resulting in a breach of contract. This must be resolved to maintain ...

It is a known fact that man is the support of any and all society, there is no society that can be conceived or structured without his existence, and this, disaggregated from the social body, in Aristotle's perspective would be considered a "brute or God", since man is a "political animal" and as such, he was made to live in society, however, it is important to bear in mind that man could not in the most convenient way guide himself autonomously, precisely because of this fact, is that there are also the institutions. The teleological fundamentality of institutions is embodied in the need to socially integrate man, without neglecting the important role they play in the development of his personality. It is also crucial to highlight the fact that men need normative and principled guidance for their conduct, and this guidance is materialized through the various normative social complexes (moral order, religious order, social order and the legal order), at this point , we are primarily interested in the legal order and its impact and dimension within society.