Nursing Science

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is recognized as one of the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Information and education gives improvement in the knowledge, attitudes and skills which leads to better control of the disease and is widely accepted to be an integral part of the comprehensive diabetes care. More emphasis should be given to the standardization and improvement of techniques, the people to become more aware of their responsibility and make fewer mistakes during insulin administration, since the treatment of diabetes continues for lifetime, there is a need to monitor the knowledge, understanding and practice of clients in relation to their disease process and its management. Purpose: to assess the knowledge and practice of self-administration of insulin in a view to develop self-instructional module among the patients with diabetes mellitus in selected hospitals of Pune city Objectives: To assess the knowledge regarding self-administration of insulin among patients with Diabetes Mellitus, to assess the practice regarding self-administration of insulin among patients with Diabetes Mellitus, to associate findings with selected demographic variables. Methods: This was a Non experimental descriptive research design and quantitative research approach. 60 diabetic patients were selected from selected hospitals by non-probability purposive sampling technique. Self-structured questionnaire was used to assess knowledge with the observational check list for assessing practice of self-administration of insulin. Results: Mean score of knowledge regarding self-administration of insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus was 19.81with 3.25 standard deviation that shows good knowledge, Mean score of practice regarding self-administration of insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus was 7.85 with 1.81 standard deviation that shows Average practice, and the 'p' value was more than level of significance 0.05 so no any association found between all demographic variables with knowledge and practice Conclusion: knowledge regarding self-administration of insulin was good and practice was average.

Szybka reakcja w przypadku stanu nagłego zagrożenia życia niejednokrotnie decyduje o przeżyciu osoby poszkodowanej. Jednak jak pokazują badania CBOS z 2007 roku, że niemal 43% osób nie jest w stanie udzielić pierwszej pomocy. Przyczyną tego stanu rzeczy najczęściej jest strach przed braniem odpowiedzialności za czyjeś życie, obawa przed wyrządzeniem poszkodowanemu większej szkody oraz obawa przed prawnymi konsekwencjami udzielania pomocy. Cel pracy. Celem niniejszej pracy był oceny stanu wiedzy polskiej młodzieży na temat zasad udzielania pierwszej pomocy. Materiał i metody. W badaniu udział wzięło 200 uczniów liceów, techników oraz szkół wyższych. Jako narzędzie badawcze wykorzystano test wiedzy z zakresu pierwszej pomocy. Uzyskane wyniki badań poddano analizie statystycznej. Wyniki. W badaniu wzięło udział łącznie 200 osób, z czego 15% to kobiety a 85% to mężczyźni. 81% przebadanych jest w trakcie nauki. 63% ankietowanych mieszka w mieście. Na podstawie zabranych danych dotyczących wieku badanych osób, utworzono następujące kategorie wiekowe: do 16 lat-25%, 17-18 lat-25,5%, 19-20 lat-21% powyżej 20 lat-28,5%. Wśród badanych dokonano oceny poziomu wiedzy na temat podstaw udzielania pierwszej pomocy. W pytaniach jednokrotnego wyboru przyznawano jeden punkt za wskazanie poprawnej odpowiedzi. W przypadku pytań wielokrotnego wyboru przyznawano jeden punkt za wskazanie każdej poprawnej odpowiedzi a także za niewskazanie każdej niepoprawnej. Im więcej łącznie punktów uzyskano, tym wyższy był poziom wiedzy ankietowanych osób. Możliwa do uzyskania liczba punktów zawierała się w przedziale 0-50 punktów. Wyniki punktowe następnie ustandaryzowano do wartości 100 i uzyskano odsetek prawidłowych odpowiedzi. Wyniki te podzielono według następujących przedziałów: poziom najniższy (do 75% poprawnych odpowiedzi), poziom przeciętny (76-80% poprawnych odpowiedzi), poziom najwyższy (powyżej 80% poprawnych odpowiedzi). Wnioski. Postawiono wiele hipotez niektóre zostały odrzucone, a niektóre zostały potwierdzone. Dużym zaskoczeniem było, iż wiek ankietowanych nie ma istotnego znaczenia w przedstawianym poziomie wiedzy na temat pierwszej pomocy. Wykazano również, że poziom wiedzy zależy od miejsca zamieszkania. Ankietowani, którzy mieszkali poza miastem wykazywali mniejszą wiedzę na temat pierwszej pomocy niż osoby mieszkające w mieście. Wykazano również, iż osoby których tematyka szkolenia zaciekawiła, niezależnie od tego kto je prowadził, zdecydowanie więcej z niego wyniosły, czego dowodem jest większa znajomość zasad pierwszej pomocy.

In the culture of health care, nurses are challenged to understand their values and beliefs as humanistic within complex technical and economically driven bureaucratic systems. This article outlines the language of social justice and human rights and the advance of a Theory of Relational Caring Complexity, which offers insights into caring as emancipatory nursing praxis. Recommendations provide knowledge of the struggle to balance economics, technology, and caring. As nurses practice from a value-driven, philosophical, and ethical social justice framework, they will find “their voice” and realize the full potential that the power of caring has on patient and organizational outcomes. Key words: caring, human rights, nursing praxis, social justice, Theory of Relational Caring Complexity

COVID-19 pandemic represents a challenge not only to frontline health professionals, who introducing nursing services but also to nursing academics in nursing education. Clinical simulation is a valuable tool for teaching and learning in nursing education especially in this crisis. Aim: The study aimed to identify the perceived nursing students' satisfaction and self-confidence towards the elements of clinical simulation design and educational practice during the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional design was utilized. The study was conducted at the nursing department, College of Applied Medical Sciences affiliated to the University of Hafr Al-Batin. This study involved 118 nursing students who were enrolled in different levels of academic years. The questionnaire involved three instruments; the Simulation Design Scale, Educational Practices Questionnaire, and Student Satisfaction / Self-Confidence in Learning Scale. Results: The findings revealed that around half of nursing students had a low level of satisfaction with simulation activity and the highest percent of them had a high level of self-confidence for managing the simulated situations. Conclusion & Recommendations: The study findings reflected that the use of simulation in presence of design elements and educational practices' features is a typical solution for clinical nursing education to promote students' satisfaction and self-confidence in learning. The study recommended incorporating virtual clinical simulation and other adaptive digital learning methods as a teaching strategy in nursing curricula, as well as encouragement the nursing colleges to allocate budget for purchasing equipment and high fidelity patient simulation manikins.

The research study is basically on the perception of Nigerian nurses towards nurse leadership as an influential factor to better healthcare outcome. This research study was a qualitative research study underpinned with the philosophy of ethnography. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the ethnographic interview data. A purposive convenient sampling was employed to ensure the right people were recruited and interviewed at their convenience to ensure enough time was given to the interview process, to allow in-depth exploration of information from the participants. The study sample size was eight. The participant were known by the researcher and were only selected with the inclusion criteria which includes only Nigerian nurses in the University of Sunderland, nurses that have been or are in the position of a nurse leader and have practice for more than ten years. Consequently, ethnographic interview was conducted with a face-to-face semi-structured open ended question to able to explore into the nurses experience. Data collection was through audio tape recorder, transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Conclusively, the key themes formed the discussion of the findings. The key themes emerged from the subthemes. The themes were generated from the data collected from the participants according to the information they gave which answered the research question to give the desired result. However, the data collected from the ethnographic interview were
strengthened by theories and literatures to give a final report. Therefore, the support from theory and literature confirmed the findings of the study. As a result, the study revealed that nursing leadership has an enormous
influence on better healthcare outcome, through their roles and performances to ensure quality care. Hence, the perception of nurses indicates that nursing leadership is an influential factor to better healthcare outcome.

Terapia ECMO jest jedną z najbardziej inwazyjnych technik pozaustrojowego natleniana krwi. Do natleniania krwi dochodzi po za ustrojem pacjenta za pomocą oksygenatora, który odpowiada za wymianę gazową. Krew w ruch wprawia pompa a krew transportowana jest przez kaniule naczyniowe. Terapia w wykorzystaniem ECMO jest jedną z bardziej inwazyjnych technik wspomagania leczenia wykorzystywaną w warunkach OIT. W związku z tym wiąże się z występowaniem poważnych powikłań, jak na przykład rozłączenie układu, wysunięcie kaniul, zapowietrzenie, które grożą pacjentowi śmiercią lub stanowiących poważne zagrożenie zdrowia. Celem terapii ECMO prowadzonej w sytuacji niewydolności oddechowej jest umożliwianie płucom regeneracji przez ograniczenie agresywnej wentylacji mechanicznej i zapewnienie płucom odpoczynku (tzw. „lung rest”). Wentylacja mechaniczna musi być odpowiednio dostosowana do tego, aby nie powodować większego uszkodzenia płuc. Oznacza to, że wentylację prowadzi się z  stężeniem tlenu ≤ 60%, umiarkowanie niską objętością oddechową (nie wyższą niż 6ml/kg należnej m.c.) i niskim ciśnieniem (nie wyższym niż 30 cm H2O). W prawym przedsionku dochodzi do mieszania się krwi z ECMO z krwią żylną, wskutek czego saturacja tętnicza, odmiennie niż u innych pacjentów OIT, często nie przekracza 90%. Tlen we krwi transportowany jest przez hemoglobinę, dlatego przy tak niskiej saturacji tolerancja niższych od normy wartości hemoglobiny jest ograniczona.

In the present study to assess the effect of reminiscence therapy on psychological well-being, depression, and loneliness among elderly in selected old age homes of Mysore. a non-equivalent pre-test and post-test control group quasi experimental design was adopted. The samples were selected by adopting the non-probability convenience sampling technique. The sample consisted of 70 elderly staying in selected old age homes of Mysore, out of which 35 each in experimental and control group. The tool used for the data collection was Standardized geriatric depression scale to assess depression, Standardized Affect balance scale to measure psychological well-being, and Standardized UCLA loneliness scale to assess loneliness. On day1, 2, & 3 psychological well-being, depression, and loneliness were pre tested both in experimental and control group. On day 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, &14 the reminiscence therapy were administered to experimental group. On day 22, 23, &24 post test was conducted respectively in both groups. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data . Findings of the study revealed that there is a significant reduction in the post test mean depression, and loneliness scores of elderly in experimental group than the control group as evident from the ‘t’ value 5.365, and 9.268 with post-test df ‘t’(68) at 0.05 level of significance, and also there is a significant gain in the post test mean psychological score of elderly in experimental group than the control group as evident from the ‘t’ value 4.763 with post-test df ‘t’(68) at 0.05 level of significance. There was no significant association found between psychological well-being, depression, and loneliness of elderly in old age homes and their selected personal variables viz. age, gender, marital status, education level, income, visits by family members and other chronic medical illness. The findings revealed that, pre-test depression, and loneliness scores of elderly in old age homes was more compared to post-test depression, and loneliness scores and also pre-test psychological well-being score of elderly in old age homes was less compared to post test in experimental group.

Buku Kegawatdaruratan di Daerah Pesisir ini diantaranya
berfokus pada konsep bantuan hidup dasar, masalah gawat
darurat yang sering terjadi pada masyarakat pesisir beserta
upaya penanganannya diantaranya penanganan kasus
tenggelam, penanganan kasus keracunan, penanganan kasus
barotrauma, penanganan kasus gigitan hewan laut,
penanganan kasus gigitan hewan darat, kasus kegawatan
kehamilan pada masyarakat daerah pesisir. Semoga buku ini
dapat memberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besarnya khususnya
untuk para mahasiswa kesehatan serta masyarakat daerah pesisir pada umumnya sehingga berdampak pada peningkatan
pengetahuan dan ketrampilan sehingga masyarakat dapat
memberikan pertolongan pertama pada kondisi gawatdarurat
dengan cara yang tepat dan cepat.

Pressure ulcers (PU) are still a serious complication of immobility and a source of frustration for healthcare providers. Until now, the rate of occurrence and prevalence are alarmingly high. Nurses' knowledge and attitudes play a critical role in prevention of PU. The purpose of this study was to find out the level of knowledge and attitudes of final-year nursing students towards prevention of PU. A quantitative, exploratory cross-sectional design was used with fifty final-year students being recruited at random using a simple random sample technique. The tool had three sections: socio-demographic data of nursing students, PUKAT (Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Assessment Tool), and APuP (Attitudes towards Pressure Ulcers Prevention tool). According to the findings of this study, the average knowledge score of final year nursing students was 48.7% (Mean = 14.85; SD=6.01). Only 18 (36%) nurses got a score of 60% or above on the PUKAT assessment instrument, which is regarded as satisfactory. Though there was a positive attitude prevailed among final year nursing students on prevention of PU, only 44 % of responders (n = 22) attained the satisfactory score. Also, there was a moderate correlation between knowledge and attitude of the nursing students on prevention of PU.

Introduction: Healthcare workers’ (HCW) hands are considered to be a crucial vehicle for the transmission of nosocomial infections from them to patients. Objectives: The main objective of the study is to analyse the nurses knowledge, attitude, and fall prevention practices at Pakistani hospitals. Material and methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in District Headquarters Hospital, Narowal during March 2019 to November 2019. The data was collected from 100 participants. The data was collected from those nurses who was working in different hospitals of Pakistan in surgical ward department. Results: The data was collected from 100 participants. The participants’ mean age was 32.49 years (SD 8.17) and 157 (96.9%) of them were female. The mean duration of participants’ work experience was 8 years and 5 months. Of the total number of participants in the study, 50 (50.6%) nurses had experienced inpatient falls and 78 (78.4%) nurses had participated in educational programs on fall prevention. Conclusion: It is concluded that nurses generally possess an inadequate level of knowledge pertaining to ulcer care despite a positive attitude.

Od zarania dziejów śmierć kojarzona jest z bólem oraz cierpieniem, a także stratą i wieloma innymi negatywnie zabarwionymi emocjami. Pomimo faktu, że jest to nieodłączna część ludzkiego egzystowania jej definicja jest bardzo trudna do opisania, a nad jej stworzeniem już od starożytności pracowali lekarze, filozofowie, duchowni oraz psychologowie, którzy dążyli do duchowego, psychologicznego, jak i fizjologicznego poznania celu bytowania człowieka na ziemi. Zarówno pojęcie umierania, jak i śmierci są bardzo rozległe i dotykają wielu sfer życia człowieka.
W poprzednich stuleciach w Polsce tuż przed śmiercią, jak i po niej, wszystkie obrzędy wiązane z tymi przykrymi wydarzeniami odbywały się w domu. Wiązało się to z obecnością członków rodzin przy umierającym człowieku i udzielanym mu w ostatnich minutach wsparcia najbliższych osób. W czasach obecnych miejscem zgonu jest najczęściej szpital. W związku z tym, że coraz więcej osób ostatnie dni swojego życia spędza w szpitalu, wśród obcych mu osób, nie można nie wspomnieć o postawach personelu medycznego, wobec tego nieuchronnego procesu. Ludzi ci na co dzień obcują ze śmiercią i osobami u kresu życia, które przeżywają w tym okresie różne emocje.  Celem przedstawianej pracy jest poznanie opinii personelu pielęgniarskiego na temat śmierci i umierania oraz określenie wpływu czynników socjodemograficznych i zawodowych kształtujących poziom prezentowanych opinii w tym zakresie.

Low Birth Weight is a life-threatening condition. The occurrence of this condition causes substantial morbidity and mortality in children. Nurses have an important role in primary and preventive care of the community. Antenatal mothers must be made aware of this condition and their active cooperation in prevention and control measures. A Non-experimental study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding prevention of low birth weight babies among antenatal mothers at Bharati hospital Pune. The study consists of 60 Antenatal Mothers, who are in-between below to above 36 years and available at the time of study at Bharati hospital. Content validity of the tools was ensured by verifying it with expert from the field of Nursing. Convenient sampling method was used for the selection of samples. The instrument for the data collection was a structured knowledge questionnaire. Results: There is a significant difference between the scores of test and Re-test knowledge of antenatal mothers regarding prevention of low birth weight. The data collected was analysis in terms of frequency, percentage and presented in the forms of table and Bar graph. The knowledge score of the sample was 71.66% in good. It shows that there is an association between demographic variables with post-test knowledge scores. The demographic variables which have relationship are age, education, parity. Earlier studies conducted by other researchers also showed educational programs are helpful in increasing the knowledge of antenatal mothers.

Na początku marca wirus SARS-CoV2 stwierdzono w 84 krajach świata. W Polsce pierwszy przypadek COVID-19 odnotowano 4 marca 2020 roku, a pierwszy zgon w wyniku tej choroby nastąpił 12 marca. Dzień przed tym zgonem WHO ogłosiło stan pandemii. Aktualnie nie ma na świcie kraju w którym nie odnotowano by obecności tego nowego koronawirusa. Aktualnie (17.10.2020) na świecie zanotowano 39,7 mln przypadków, a liczba ofiar śmiertelnych to 1,11 mln. Na terytorium Polski do chwili obecnej zanotowano 167 tysięcy przypadków COVID-19 i 3524 zgony w jej wyniku. Cel pracy. Celem pracy było określenie poziomu wiedzy społeczeństwa Polskiego na temat nowego koronawirusa wywołującego chorobę COVID-19. Materiał i metody. Grupę badawczą stanowiło 170 osób zamieszkujących na terenie Polski i posiadających konto na jednym z portali społecznościowych. Techniką wykorzystaną w badaniu była ankieta własnego autorstwa. Badania trwały od lipca do sierpnia 2020 roku. Grupa osób poddanych badaniu miała charakter losowej próby okolicznościowej. Do zebrania danych posłużył autorski kwestionariusz ankiety, który zawierał 15 pytań i obejmował dane socjodemograficzne badanych osób oraz wiedzę na temat wirusa SARS-CoV2. Pytania zawarte w kwestionariuszu miały tylko jedną poprawną odpowiedź. Obliczenia wykonano w programie IBM SPSS. Wyniki. Wykazano brak istotnej statystycznie korelacji pomiędzy wiekiem a poziomem wiedzy na temat zapobiegania transmisji wirusa SARS-CoV-2 (p=0,793). Wykazano różnice istotne statystycznie pomiędzy grupami (p=0,013). Mężczyźni z badanej grupy posiadają wyższy poziom wiedzy na temat transmisji wirusa SARS-CoV-2 niż kobiety (p=0,013). Wykazano brak różnic istotnych statystycznie pomiędzy grupami (p=0,274). W badanej grupie brak istotnych statystycznie różnic pomiędzy poziomem wiedzy mieszkańców wsi i miasta na temat zapobiegania transmisji wirusa SARS-CoV-2. Wykazano brak istotnej statystycznie korelacji pomiędzy poziomem wykształcenia a poziomem wiedzy na temat zapobiegania transmisji wirusa SARS-CoV-2 w badanej grupie (p=0,172). Wnioski. Poziom wiedzy społeczeństwa Polskiego na temat SARS-CoV-2 jest wystarczająca. 72% respondentów uzyskało ponad 80% prawidłowych odpowiedzi na pytania dotyczące transmisji wirusa SARS-CoV-2 i jej zapobieganiu.

To play the effective role of a change agent, the nurse has to focus on three main roles via visionary, facilitator and ideal person. Being a visionary, nurse communicates, advices, coaches and provides feedback to bring change in any health and educational settings. Then to bring change she has to play role facilitator. Nurse has to educate people what change is needed so she should play role of educator as well. She should be an ideal person to bring change. She helps in problem solving and research. She plays a role of problem solver. Hence, nurse plays a vital role as a change agent.

Pages 41-43 41 www.ijntr.org  Abstract-Background: Becoming a mother is an important stage in every woman's life. Most different period in women's life is their growth into parenthood and is precisely postpartum period. The postnatal period is a critical phase in the lives of mothers and newborn babies. Most maternal and infant deaths occur during this time. Yet, this is the most neglected period for the provision of quality care. Objective: To assess the level of knowledge among postnatal mothers about postnatal care. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study design was adopted for the study.Non probability purposive sampling technique was used to select the postnatal mothers. Fifty seven postnatal mothers were interviewed face to face using structured interview schedule in Gynecological/Obstetrical Ward of National Medical College Teaching Hospital, Birgunj. Data were collected using pre-tested structured interview schedule in Bhojpuri version. The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics (chi-square). Findings: Among 57 postnatal mother half of the postnatal mothers, 30 (52.63%) had average level of knowledge regarding postnatal care. Highest knowledge was in the area of breastfeeding and lowest in the areas of family planning. There is still lack of knowledge among mothers regarding postnatal period, postnatal exercise, timing of first bath after birth of baby. There were statistically significant association between religion and knowledge of postnatal mothers (p-value 0.006). Similarly, there was no any statistical significant association of knowledge with others socio demographic variables. Conclusion: Different types of awareness program are required to improve maternal knowledge on postnatal care.

Ciągła terapia nerkozastępcza jest często stosowanym leczeniem na oddziałach intensywnej terapii, które wymaga kompleksowej wiedzy oraz kompetencji personelu. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie problemów związanych z klinicznym zastosowaniem metod ciągłej terapii nerkozastępczej w ostrej niewydolności nerek. Coraz łatwiejszy i szerszy dostęp wielu ośrodków klinicznych do tych metod przy jednoczesnym minimalizowaniu kosztów oraz problemów technicznych uzasadniają konieczność ustalenia wytycznych, dotyczących czasu
i sposobu ich wdrażania w ostrej niewydolności nerek. W dostępnym piśmiennictwie wciąż brakuje wieloośrodkowych badań z randomizacją, porównujących różne metody leczenia ostrej niewydolności nerek. Stąd decyzja o wyborze sposobu terapii opiera się na doświadczeniu i praktyce klinicznej poszczególnych zespołów terapeutycznych.

Latar belakang: Pembatasan asupan cairan merupakan regimen paling sulit diikuti oleh Pasien Hemodialiasa (HD), sehingga menyebabkan peningkatan Interdialytic Weight Gain (IDWG) dengan berbagai komplikasi. Self-efficacy mejadi faktor utama yang mempengaruhi perilaku perawatan diri (self-care behavior) pasien penyakit kronik dan prediktor utama kepatuhan pembatasan cairan pasien HD. Dengan menilai dan mengetahui faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap self-efficacy perawat akan terbantu dalam memprediksi serta menjadi dasar untuk memodifikasi perilaku pasien terkait regimen pengobatan maupun pembatasan cairan. Tujuan: Mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan self-efficacy pembatasan cairan pada pasien HD. Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif analitik dengan desain cross sectional. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Mei-Juni 2019 di ruang HD RSUD M. Yunus Bengkulu dengan melibatkan 80 responden yang direkrut menggunakan tekhnik purposive sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah Indonesian Fluid Intake Appraisal Inventory (I-FAI). Analisa data dilakukan dengan uji Independent T-test. Hasil: Dari 80 responden, 38,8% berusia 46-55 tahun, 51,3% berjenis kelamin perempuan, 35% berpendidikan menengah, 50% tidak bekerja, 95% telah menikah, dan 63% disertai penyakit hipertensi, 43,8% sudah menjalani HD selama 13 bulan-5 tahun, 60,0% mengalami anuria, 51,3% menjalankan ibadah puasa ramadhan, skor rata-rata self-efficacy pembatasan cairan adalah 218 dengan rentang nilai 164 hingga 276. Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara puasa ramadhan dengan self-efficacy pembatasan cairan pasien hemodialisa (p=0,006), dan tidak ada hubungan bermakna antara lama hemodialisa dan daly urine output dengan self-efficacy pembatasan cairan pasien HD. Saran: Tenaga kesehatan diharapkan dapat memberikan edukasi dengan guideline puasa ramadhan pada pasien HD karena puasa merupakan faktor yang signifikan berhubungan dengan self-efficacy pembatasan cairan.

This study determined the students' level of satisfaction on the services of the Supreme Student Government in Congressional Integrated High School. Having utilized descriptive research design through the survey method, the study was participated by 353 randomly chosen students both from the junior high school and senior high school departments of Congressional Integrated High School. Results reveal that the SSG performs satisfactorily in terms of values formation, promotion of students' rights and welfare, promotion of child-friendly environment, and recognition and development of students' skills and talents. Nevertheless, it is very unsatisfactory in terms of promoting academic excellence among the students. The study did not dwell on the perception of the other school stakeholders on the services of the SSG. I likewise did not determine the significant relationship of the participants' profile to their responses. The results of this study could serve as a basis in improving the services of the Supreme Student Government among the students of Congressional Integrated High School.

Mixed methods research is captured by a pragmatically inflected form of postpositivism. Although it passes for an alternative methodological movement that purports to breach the divide between qualitative and quantitative research, most mixed methods studies favor the forms of analysis and truth finding associated with positivism. We anticipate a move away from exploring more philosophical questions or undertaking modes of enquiry that challenge the status quo. At the same time, we recognize that mixed methods research offers particular strengths and that, although it serves as a Trojan Horse for positivism, it may productively carry other paradigmatic passengers.

Adolescent drug abuse is one of the major areas of concern in adolescent and young people's behavior. Substance abuse is found in all age groups. But its prevalence is higher among adolescence and young adults, a large majority of who are students. They most widely use tobacco, alcohol and marijuana. The teens who abuse drugs and alcohol are at higher risk of physical and mental health problem. By seeing above factors the investigator strongly felt that education by structured teaching to higher secondary school students will bring awareness and help in reducing economical and psychological problems among adolescents and hence decreases economic burden on patient and country. By this study investigator will give planned teaching programme to prevent complications, and health teaching to the adolescents. It was educative and evaluative approach with quasi experimental (one group pre test, post test design). The study was conducted at higher secondary school at Hassan District, Karnataka. The target population was 60 selected by simple random sampling technique (lottery method). The method of data collection includes 30 structured knowledge Questionnaire. The findings are Pre-test knowledge score was 35.1% with mean knowledge level 10.53+/-1.32 and Post-test knowledge score was 80.8% with mean knowledge level 24.23+/-1.8. The hypothesis has accepted with the calculated paired t-test that was significant at the level of (P=0.001). According to the findings of the study statistically significant association was present between the level of knowledge gain and age, place of residence and type of family at the P<0.001.

Introduction: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is one of the commonest ailments of the alimentary system. It affects about 4 million of the world’s population annually, with incidence of complications in approximately 10–20%. PUD impacts negatively on the health-related quality of life of affected individuals while employers and healthcare systems are burdened with high economic cost of dealing with the disease. Established risk factors of PUD such as stress, smoking, and use of alcohol, coffee, and NSAIDs are commonly associated with university students and could impact on the disease prevalence. Therefore, determining the prevalence trends of established PUD and associated risk factors in risk populations is essential for clinical and epidemiological decision making.
Objective:To investigate the prevalence trend and associated modifiable risk factors of PUD among students in Niger Delta University (NDU), Amassoma Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
Methods:A hospital based retrospective survey design was employed. The medical records of students who accessed the NDU Medical Centre from January, 2014 to December, 2019 were assessed. Relevant data extracted from students’ case files were analysed with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social sciences (SPSS) version 23 and described statistically in terms of frequencies and percentages.
Results:A total of 988 students were diagnosed of PUD from January, 2014 to December, 2019. More Christians (74.7%) and first year students (30.4%) had PUD. More females (55.6%) than males (44.4%) were diagnosed of PUD. Females had PUD than males in 2014 (64.1%), 2015 (61.5%), 2016 (56.2%) and 2018 (54.0%); while males had PUD than females in 2017 (52.0%) and 2019 (51.4%). Prevalence was highest among students within 17-21 years in 2014 (33.5%), 2015 (43.2%), and 2017 (32.4%) while in 2016, 2018 and 2019, prevalence was highest among 22-26 (33.3%), 27-31 (30.3% and 34.3%) respectively. Starvation, stress, NSAID use, alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking were the major modifiable risk factors of PUD documented. Starvation and stress were most common (100%) among students.
Conclusion:PUD prevalence is low but risk factor association is enormous. Education aimed at reducing risk factor association may help change future prevalence trend in the positive direction.