Metformin

One of the most common metabolic diseases during pregnancy period is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). It is associated with several perinatal complications, especially in those who have risk factors such as obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome, and a family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Some research has shown that physical exercise and medical nutrition treatment can give beneficial effects to control glycemic and body weight for GDM affected women. Furthermore, pharmacological agents such as insulin and a specific oral antidiabetic can be prescribed safely during pregnancy to decrease maternal glucose blood. Therapy of GDM is needed to control blood for the wellness of the patient during and after the pregnancy. The main treatment therapy for GDM is lifestyle modification, which includes medical nutritional therapy and daily physical exercise. In the special case of disorder glucose level, drug therapy will be given to the patient. Insulin is the chosen drug because ...

Context: Metformin is widely prescribed to pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in an attempt to reduce pregnancy complications. Metformin is not approved for this indication, and evidence for this practice is lacking. ... Objectives: Our objective was to ...

Oral dosage forms are the most popular way of taking medication, despite having some disadvantages compared with other methods like risk of slow absorption of the medicament, which can be overcome by administering the drug in liquid form, therefore, possibly allowing the use of a lower dosage. However, instability of many drugs in liquid dosage form limits its use. Effervescent technique can be used as alternate to develop a dosage form which can accelerate drug disintegration and dissolution, is usually applied in quick release preparations. Along with the development of new pharmaceutical technique, effervescent tablet are more and more extensively to adjust the behaviour of drug release, such as in sustained and controlled release preparations, pulsatile drug delivery systems, and so on. This review demonstrated the new applying of effervescent technique in effervescent tablets. Keywords: Effervescent Tablet, Sustained release, Floating Delivery System

The Sirt1/AMPK signaling pathway is a key sensor of energy status and regulates glucose and lipid metabolism. Leucine (Leu) activates Sirt1 by lowering its Km for NAD(+) and potentiates other sirtuin/AMPK-activators, resulting in improvement of insulin sensitivity. Since metformin (Met) converges on this pathway, we hypothesized that leucine would amplify its gluco-regulatory effects. The effects of Leu (24g/kg diet)+Met (0.05-0.5g/kg diet) combinations were compared to standard therapeutic Met (1.5g/kg diet; ~300mg/kg BW) on glycemic control in high fat diet induced insulin resistant mice for 6weeks. The effects of Leu on Met stimulation of Sirt1 and AMPK activities were further evaluated in adipocytes. Sub-therapeutic levels of Met combined with Leu resulted in increases in Sirt1 activity and in tissue P-AMPK/AMPK ratio and corresponding dose-responsive improvements in fasting and post-prandial glucose, in glucose response to an insulin tolerance test and in the area under the cur...

BACKGROUND Metformin is the cornerstone medication in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with estimates that it is routinely prescribed to 120 million type 2 diabetes patients around the world. Preceding studies say long term use of metformin in T2DM lowers vitamin-B12 levels and its clinical manifestations can be misdiagnosed as diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The aim of this study is to correlate haematological parameters with estimated serum Vit. B12 levels in T2DM patients on long term metformin in patient subjects and healthy volunteers.

Metformin can be regarded as a first-line treatment in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) due to its safety and effectiveness. However, a proportion of women do not achieve adequate glycemic control with metformin alone. We aim to identify predictors of this poor response to metformin. Retrospective multicentre cohort study of women with GDM who started metformin as first-line treatment. The assessed cohort was divided into a metformin group and metformin plus insulin group. Biometric and demographic characteristics, glycemic control data, obstetric, neonatal and postpartum outcomes were compared between groups and analysed in order to identify predictors of poor response to metformin. Data were analysed using STATA version 13.1. Of the 388 women enrolled in the study, 135 (34.8%) required additional insulin therapy to achieve the glycemic targets. Higher age [aOR 1.08 (1.03-1.13), p = 0.003], higher pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) [1.06 (1.02-1.10), p = 0.003] and earlier intr...

A simple, fast and sensitive quantification method for the drug metformin in dog serum was developed using flow injection analysis (FIA)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The method was fully validated according to industry standards. It is the first time that FIA-MS/MS for metformin was developed surpassing all existing methods in terms of time of analysis. The quantification method was dependent on the formation of [M+H](+) using electrospray ionization (ESI) and employing multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) using quadrupole-linear ion trap (4000 QTRAP(®)) instrument. A deuterated internal standard (IS) of metformin bearing six deuterium atoms was used to compensate for matrix effects and for variation in ion current within the ESI source. The ion transitions that were monitored were m/z 130.1→m/z 71.0 and m/z 130.1→m/z 60.1 for metformin and m/z 136.0→m/z 77.0 for the internal standard. A linear response (r=0.9966) was established for a range of concentrations of 5-2340ng/mL. The ...

Metformin telah banyak digunakan sebagai terapi yang murah untuk mencegah komplikasi metabolik pada pasien diabetes. penggunaan metformin dibandingkan dengan obat anti diabetes (OAD) lain mempunyai risiko rendah untuk mengalami perburukan infeksi TB, menurunkan munculnya kavitas TB, menurunkan risiko kematian selama menjalani terapi anti-TB, meningkatkan konversi sputum dan menurunkan risiko TB kambuh. Pengobatan LTBI bertujuan untuk mencegah progresitifitas menjadi TB aktif sehingga dapat memberi manfaat untuk individu dan komunitas. Metformin bekerja menghambat pertumbuhan M. Tuberculosis dengan produksi ROS mitokondria, meningkatkan efikasi dari obat anti TB konvensional, mengurangi jaringan yang rusak karena TB, memperbaiki respons imun, menurunkan proses peradangan, menurunkan tingkat keparahan dari TB, memperbaiki hasil pengobatan, dan menurunkan angka kejadian dari TB laten.

Dimethylbiguanide (Metformin) is an anti-hyperglycemic drug used in the management of insulin resistance-related diseases like type 2 diabetes mellitus for over 40 years. The molecular mechanisms of action related to its metabolic effects are linked to dependent and independent AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK) activation. Epidemiological evidence has suggested that metformin administration has been associated to lower cancer risk and cancer-related mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Anti-tumoral properties have been described via AMPK-dependent and independent pathways. Metformin is a cationic molecule capable of copper sequestration and subsequent mitochondrial electron transport inhibition, compromising oxidative phosphorylation. Moreover, metformin has also been confirmed to modulate pluripotency in cancer stem cells, blunting their survival and proliferation. Finally, the reduction of vitamin B12 availability has also been suggested to control onecarbon metabolism, ...

A method was developed for simultaneous estimation of Metformin HCl, pioglitazone HCl and
glibenclamide in pure and tablet dosage form by using methanol as a solvent. Metformin HCl, pioglitazone HCl
and glibenclamide show absorbance maxima at 237 nm, 270 nm and 230 nm respectively. Shimadzu UV 1700,
capable of multicomponent analysis, was used for quantitation. This method is based on a multiwavelength
spectroscopic method. Validation study reveals that the methods are specific, accurate, precise, and reproducible.
All three drugs obey Beer's law in the concentration ranges used for the methods. Validation studies are
statistically significant as all the statistical parameters are within the acceptance range (% COV< 2.0 and S.D. <
2.0) for both accuracy and precision study. High recovery and low % COV reveals the reliability of the method for
quantitative study of three drugs in tablet formulation. The methods are simple, rapid accurate, precise,
reproducible, and economic and can be used for routine quantitative analysis of Metformin HCl, pioglitazone HCl
and glibenclamide in pure and tablet dosage form.
Keywords: Multi-wavelength spectroscopy, Metformin Hydrochloride, Pioglitazone Hydrochloride and
Glibenclamide