Land Rent Review

This paper aims to explore three closely related issues: building maintenance, building depreciation, land rent. What makes these three issues deeply connected is the market value of the property. The choice to carry out preventive or corrective maintenance depends on how the building is affected by age (physical depreciation) and on the trend of land rent. Physical depreciation and land rent are phenomena that act with opposing force in determining the market value of an asset. Because the maintenance is strongly influenced by this value, it becomes crucial to identify the factors that cause it. The combination of the dynamics of two phenomena can (or not) make convenient maintenance. The right interpretation of the correlations in these problem areas can support a better property management / maintenance by owners, managing agents and related parties.

Заметка, написанная в соавторстве с Андреем Рыбаловым о том, что часть вещи не может быть предметом сделки. При аренде части вещи подлинным предметом договора является вещь целиком, просто арендатор не получает владения... только пользование.

This article investigates how rent gaps are created in Beirut, Lebanon, and makes a two-fold argument. First, it argues that rent gaps are created by state-legitimized power and agents of capital through the legal framework, and that the role of location in deter- mining differences between potential ground rents, so salient in Beirut, demonstrates the complementarity of neoclassical land rent theory and rent gap theory. Second, it argues that beyond the legal framework, rent gaps in Beirut are formed through informal, illegal and exceptionalist practices as well as civil, sectarian conflict and forced displacement. This extends the range of forces to consider when thinking about what creates and shapes rent gaps. The paper emphasizes the necessity of a critical perspective on the ways in which value in urban space is created in the interests of the state and agents of capital, while attuning rent gap theory to a more global perspective.

El gobierno del Perú está implementando el Programa Techo Propio Adquisición de Vivienda Nueva (AVN) des­tinado a los sectores de menores ingresos. Sin embargo, este programa tiene diversos problemas porque hay un desbalance entre la demanda, los pocos proyectos de vivienda desarrollados y los precios de la tierra urbana. El análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo fue conducido para evaluar los resultados del programa. La metodología consiste en estudios de casos (Lima y Trujillo) y la aplicación de una encuesta y entrevistas bajo una perspectiva de análisis comparativo con América Latina.

Manuel B. Aalbers and Anne Haila discuss their respective recent books, The Financialization of Housing: A Political Economy Approach (Aalbers, 2016) and Urban Land Rent: Singapore as a Property State (Haila, 2016). Their debate focuses on issues such as comparative research, a political economy approach to urban studies and topics of interest such as land rent, financialization, housing, property states, path dependency, regulation and the role of the state.

This paper provides a review of research into financialisation of built environments, especially in relation to urban politics, social geographies and sustainability. Focus is limited here to the theoretical and conceptual substance of selected literature. Financialisation is conceptualised as a profoundly spatial process, forging social relations that form conditions for urban governance, social geographic change and urban sustainability. The paper frames financialisation of built environments as a process enmeshed with related processes of commodification, privatisation, neoliberalisation, and accumulation by dispossession, associated with the creation and appropriation of rent gaps. Land rent and rent gaps are highlighted as central to understanding financialisation of built environments. We then review research into relations between financialisation of built environments and urban governance, i.e. how financialisation impacts upon, while being facilitated or deterred by, urban politics. This sets the stage for reviewing research into relations between financialisation of built environments and observed patterns of change in the social geographies of cities, and research into the sustainability implications of financialisation of built environments. Conclusions reconsider the nature of the relationship between financialisation and urbanisation, and the challenges of bringing financial systems into the service of achieving social and natural sustainability.

ABSTRACT. The theory of rent gap has received much attention in the 1980's literature on gentrification and urban renewal. Two shortcomings in this literature are the neglect of other formula- tions than Neil Smith's and the lack of empirical research efforts to put the theory to a test. This paper attempts to alleviate these shortcomings by first presenting a comparison of alternative for- mulations of rent gap theory, and then presenting the results of an empirical effort to test the theory with historical data on six areas in Malm6, Sweden. These results corroborate the theory, but suggest some modifications.

This  thesis  deals  with  some  theoretical  problems  affecting  the  calculation  of  the  land  value,  the  capital  asset  in  forestry,  and  the  inter-temporal  decision  of  the  optimal  age  for  cutting  the  stand  using  the  KÖNIG-FAUSTMANN  or  land  expectation  value  formula  (LEV).    Several  conditions  have  produced  the  co-existence  of  different  LEV  formulas,  which  generate  different  land  asset  values  for the same forest problem.  This problem was probably generated given  different  forest  economic  traditions,  which  tried  to  illustrate  the  even-aged  clear-cut  (EAC)  stand  management  within  the  LEV  formula.    In  addition,  this  confusion  was  also  extended  to  the  economic  analysis  of  other  continuous  cover  (uneven-aged  (UAS),  shelterwood  (SHW),  forest  conversion  (FC))  systems,  and  more  complex forest management problems. The aim of this research is to make an explicit distinction between the  different  LEV  formulas  based  on  different  land  rent  theories,  interpret the assumptions behind the mathematical models, and state the  management  problems  that  they  want  to  define.    Thus,  it  is  intended  to  present  a  unified  framework  for  the  applications  of  these  LEV  formulas  in  theoretical  and  empirical  forest  economics  and  to  support  managerial  decisions.      Moreover,  this  thesis  examines  possibilities  and  limitations  for  the  three  LEV  formula  applications  for  analyzing  different  silvicultural  systems,  and  management  problems  under  the  latest  sustainable  forestry  paradigm.  Thus,  some  insights  are  presented  in  order  to  explain  how  the  LEV  formula  as  a  static,  stand-level,  market  based  model  can be used for analyzing dynamic, forest level and multiple-output applications.  This thesis can be divided in three sections:

On 189 Years of Confusing Debates over the KöNIG-FAUSTMANN Formula: Analysis of the Hidden Assumptions in Three Different Formulas and Consequences for Their Applications to Forest Management. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303370019_On_189_Years_of_Confusing_Debates_over_the_KoNIG-FAUSTMANN_Formula_Analysis_of_the_Hidden_Assumptions_in_Three_Different_Formulas_and_Consequences_for_Their_Applications_to_Forest_Management [accessed Jul 13, 2016].

RESUMEN En el presente artículo se aborda el incremento y caída de la renta diferencial del suelo minero a lo largo del presente siglo. En primer lugar se describen los principales elementos relativos a la producción global de mineral de hierro y cobre de mina, las principales mercancías mineras producidas en los dos espacios nacionales analizados. Luego se realiza una breve introducción teórica relacionada con la renta diferencial para luego considerar su estimación para dos casos nacionales como el chileno y el australiano, así como también el desenvolvimiento de la rentabilidad de las mayores empresas mineras del mundo.

The article examines the post-socialist restitution of property as a process of land dispossession related to coastal tourism development. It focuses: first on Albania, a former socialist country with distinct particularities regarding property issues which call the notion of "restitution" in question and, second, on the coastal area of Himara in Southern Albania, as a case of extreme insecurity in land tenure, absent owners, intense pressures for tourism development and particular ethnocultural features. Methodologically, it builds on the concept of accumulation by dispossession but also land rent in order to examine the benefits from land development, while it mainly rests on qualitative approaches and systematic fieldwork. The article argues that the framework on the restitution of property in Albania has been key in supporting land dispossession in the area of Himara, especially linked to tourism development. In this case, the land dispossession regimes present contextual configurations regarding the specific conjuncture and land features, the scales of capital investment and ethnocultural parameters. At the same time, the article situates land dispossession within the context of the wider land development dynamics in the area of Himara. Although accumulation by dispossession tends to favour the domestic real estate companies and investment groups, the local population has also a share in the benefits from land development mainly through informal practices and the support of local networks. By recalling the notion of land rent, the article brings evidence that rents do not only stem from the post-socialist restitution of property and accumulation by dispossession, as much of the academic scholarship suggests. They also stem from diversified social dynamics and informality, which support tourism development and mobilise rent's distributional role, especially in a context of land tenure insecurity.

"The Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2011 has been introduced in Lok Sabha, which will replace the much criticised Land Acquisition Act, 1894. The new Bill aims to “ensure a humane, participatory, informed consultative and transparent process for land acquisition for industrialisation, development of essential infrastructural facilities and urbanisation”. It tries to comprehensively define “public purpose” and outlines various kinds of compensation which will be provided to the displaced landowners and the people dependent on the acquired land. It proposes that consent from 80% of the affected families needs to be obtained (similar to the “free, prior and informed consent” policy ideology) and “a Social Impact Assessment of proposals leading to displacement of people” to be conducted before the acquisition. The Bill wants private companies to buy land directly through “private negotiations on
a ‘willing seller-willing buyer’ basis” for their private use. It is quite evident that the Bill is an attempt to gain control over the conflict and violence associated with land acquisition and respond to the resistance movements against land acquisition
across India.

This article examines the tropes of “humane process of land acquisition”, “just and fair compensation”, “public purpose”, “voluntary/involuntary acquisition”, “willing/ unwilling seller” which frame the normative argument of this Bill (and also the debate around land acquisition in India) vis-à-vis the demand of and/natural resources for the expansion of private capital and the demands of the people opposing such acquisitions."

The high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agriculture in West Java is a threat to the sustainability of agricultural land as a source of food production and has an impact on food security. The high rate of conversion of agricultural land is due to the low agricultural land rent. To improve agricultural land rent, Tasikmalaya Regency implements an organic rice farming system. In 2012, as much as 21% of the total paddy fields in Tasikmalaya District have implemented organic farming systems and have been able to expand the market overseas. Based on the results of the analysis, the value of organic rice land rent is IDR 14,974,224 / planting season / hectare or IDR 44,922,671 per year / hectare. The value of the Domestic Resource Ratio (DRC) shows that organic rice farming carried out by farmers has been efficient and has a comparative advantage and is able to survive without assistance or government intervention.

RESUMEN En esta investigación presentamos una estimación para el año 2010 de la renta de la tierra sojera y maicera en Argentina, Brasil y Estados Unidos, países que representaron el 80% de la exportación mundial, a partir del cálculo de las condiciones de producción regulatorias del sector a nivel global. Los resultados indican que Argentina presenta los menores costos y la mayor renta por tonelada producida, mientras que, en el caso de las mediciones por hectárea, si bien Argentina mantiene los menores costos, es en Estados Unidos en dónde se genera la mayor renta por hectárea en virtud de una mayor productividad. En el caso argentino la renta sojera y maicera representó un monto equivalente al 3,1% de su PBI, una participación marcadamente mayor que en el caso brasileño y estadounidense.

ABSTRACT In this research we present an estimate for 2010 of soybean and corn land rent in Argentina, Brazil and the United States, three countries which represented 80% of world exports. The calculations are based on the sector's marginal regulatory conditions of production at the global level.

"Appraisals of Clark (1987) The Rent Gap and Urban Change in international journals:

"As an assessment of the rent gap thesis, I found Clark's research convincing, and as a reassertion of rent theory the book is both timely and important."
James Barlow, Scandinavian Housing and Planning Research, 1988:279

"... the valuable contribution this book makes, both in its elaboration of the historical tradition of the land rent concept and as a modern application of this concept in an urban setting"
Jan van Weesep, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 1988:376

"a milestone in the reintegration of capital land relations into urban and regional studies"
Simon Duncan, Environment and Planning A, 1989:413

"Eric Clark's meticulous study ... overcomes the rather formidable measurement problems ... The measures used in this investigation of the rent gap thesis are neither as elaborate nor as precise as those devised by Clark"
Blair Badcock, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1989:127

"pioneering analysis"
Chris Hamnett, Transactions, Institute of British Geographers, 1991:181

"superb, critical study"
Neil Smith, Transactions, Institute of British Geographers, 1992:111

"pathbreaking"
Neil Smith, Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1995:125"

Luego de 2009, con precios récords, el agro se recuperó. Por ello, el gobierno cuenta con sus recursos para subsidiar al resto de la economía. El problema es si, en la situación actual, puede tensar más la soga. Lea este artículo y entérese qué se esconde detrás de los debates actuales por el tipo de cambio.

Streszczenie. W artykule przedstawiono ogólne zagadnienia dotyczące zapłaty czynszu przez najemcę. Negocjowanie warunków umowy najmu ma bezpośredni wpływ na sytuację ekonomiczną nieruchomości, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do takich elementów umowy ...

Сейчас высокую значимость имеют исследования, позволяющие оценить экономическую эффективность управления конкретным землепользованием или земельными ресурсами в целом. Ведя разговор об экономических показателях существования земельного участка нельзя обойти стороной вопросы, связанные с земельной рентой. При этом существуют современные методы управления активами, которые возможно использовать в сфере управления земельными ресурсами. Для этого нужно связать их с рентной теорией. В статье проведен литературный обзор научных публикаций, посвященных ренте. На современном этапе ученые исследуют земельную ренту, выделяют дифференциальную и монопольную ренты, но ставят под сомнения существование абсолютной ренты. По мнению автора, традиционные виды ренты следует выделять для всех категорий земель. Для разных категорий земель будут отличаться рентообразующие факторы. При использовании стоимостного подхода к управлению в сфере управления земельными ресурсами в качестве его индикаторов целесообразно использовать из видов стоимости, утвержденных законодательством: рыночную, инвестиционную и кадастровую. Доказано, что специфические индикаторы стоимостного подхода к управлению так же применимы. В статье осуществлена их связь с классической теорией земельной ренты.

В статье рассматриваются вопросы повышения эффективности взимания арендных платежей за земельные участки, находящиеся в муниципальной собственности. Ключевые слова: земельный участок, земельные платежи, арендная плата, зонирование, муниципальное управление.

The economic model of geonomics is introduced to bend the arc of capitalism towards ecological democracy. Economic utopias are viewed as short-term ideologies that cannot help us to develop a long-term strategy for the ecological survival of the human race on this planet, in rational and ethical terms. Geonomics can provide for long-term allocation efficiency of the human social economy as an earth sharing system where territorial claims of rent are balanced against a fair economic income for all participants of value creation. A just third way towards economic growth and distributive justice is proposed that is based on the taxation of economic rent as public revenue, to reconcile passive income from private property and active income from public value creation; this economic method is seen as an efficient and effective tool to break through the Sisyphean circle of human economic history.

Streszczenie. W artykule przedstawiono ogólne zagadnienia dotyczące zapłaty czynszu przez najemcę. Negocjowanie warunków umowy najmu ma bezpośredni wpływ na sytuację ekonomiczną nieruchomości, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do takich elementów umowy ...