Instrumentation and Measurement Science

The development of systems capable of recognizing and categorising emotions is of interest to researchers in various scientific areas including artificial intelligence. The traditional notion that emotions and rationality are two separate realms has gradually been challenged. The work of neurologists has shown the strong relationship between emotional episodes and the way humans think and act. Furthermore, emotions not only regulate human decisions but could also contribute to a more satisfactory response to the environment, i.e., faster and more precise actions. In this paper an analysis of physiological signals employed in real-time emotion detection is presented in the context of Intelligent Inhabited Environments (IIE). Two studies were performed to investigate whether physical exertion has a significant effect on bodily signals stemming from emotional episodes with subjects having various degrees of affect intensity: 1) a statistical analysis using the Wilcoxon Test, and 2) a cluster analysis using the Davies- Bouldin Index. Preliminary results demonstrated that the heart rate and skin resistance consistently showed similar changes regardless of the physical stimuli while blood volume pressure did not show a significant change. It was also found that neither physical stress nor affect intensity played a role in the separation of neutral and non-neutral emotional states.

CONTEOS Y MEDIDAS
La historia de los “conteos y medidas” utilizados en México a través de los siglos está todavía mal conocida; sin embargo llama la atención que el CIESAS como institución ha impulsado su conocimiento durante décadas y que su interés por el tema nunca se ha detenido. Uno de los trabajos sobre las medidas indígenas que se considera hoy en día como un clásico es el de Marcos Matías Alonso (Medidas indígenas de longitud (en documentos de la ciudad de México del siglo XVI), México, CIESAS, Cuadernos de la Casa Chata, 94-Sep, 1984). Por su parte, la Dra Teresa Rojas Rabiela reeditó dos fuentes de importancia: Ordenanzas de tierras y aguas, recogidas por Mariano Galván y Rivera ([1826] 1995, CIESAS-Archivo Histórico del Agua-Registro Agrario Nacional),  Diccionario de pesas y medidas mexicanas, de Cecilio A. Robelo ([1908] 1997, CIESAS), además de participar en el libro Metros, leguas y mecates. Historia de los sistemas de medición en México (Héctor Vera y Viriginia García Acosta coords., Publicaciones de la Casa Chata, 2011) que representa una contribución importante al tema. Últimamente publiqué El imaginario de los números entre los antiguos mexicanos (Ediciones de la Casa Chata, CIESAS-CEMCA, 2014) que trata del tema de las medidas y los conteos prehispánicos en varios de sus capítulos.
El pequeño dossier que se presenta tiene la propósito de seguir despertando el interés por el tema y señalar algunas pistas de investigación. Empieza por dos artículos, de Carmen González y el mío, que intentan echar las bases de una comparación entre los sistemas de medidas longitudinales en el Centro de México y en los Andes. Los dos artículos siguientes tratan de cuestiones relacionadas con el textil, pues esta actividad se basa en conteos y medidas a pesar de que, a la fecha, no hayan sido el objeto de una investigación sistemática. Esperamos así contribuir al desarrollo de nuevos temas.
Danièle Dehouve
Directora de investigaciones en el CNRS, París Oeste
y Directora de estudios en la EPHE, París, Sorbona

Keskin M, M Akkamis, YE Sekerli. 2018. An Overview of GNSS and GPS based Velocity Measurement in Comparison to Other Techniques. International Conference on Energy Research (ENRES2018), 1-2 November 2018, Alanya, Turkey, Proceedings Book, pp.392-404.  ......... .......... .............. ........... ............ ............ .......... ............ ............ ..........
Abstract: GNSS-based speed sensing have some advantages over other methods with no moving parts, not affected by tire properties, dust, ground ruggedness, tall vegetation, suitability for measuring human speed, etc. However, GNSS receiver manufacturers do not provide detailed data on the accuracy of their products in velocity measurement under different conditions. Hence, studies are conducted to assess the speed accuracy of the GNSS receivers. This paper overviewed studies on the accuracy of GNSS receivers for speed measurement and basic knowledge on other methods was also included. Studies revealed key findings: GNSS units determine the speed based on three methods (travel distance/time, Doppler shift and time-differenced carrier phase, TDCP) and the TDCP method can offer better accuracy than the other two methods. GNSS receivers with higher update frequencies give more accurate speed data as compared to the lower ones, especially in varying speed conditions (acceleration and deceleration). High correlation exists between GPS velocity error and acceleration and deceleration (R2>0.70) in variable speeds meaning that the error rises in higher acceleration and decelerations. GPS units underestimate the speed as compared to the actual speeds. The accuracy of speed with DGPS was improved as compared to non-differential GPS. Adding GLONASS to GPS does not improve the performance considerably. HDOP might be used as a quality indicator for speed data reliability. Also, caution should be exercised for GNSS speed measurement under challenging environments (overpass, forest, urban area, etc.). ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ .......... ........... ............ ............ ........... ........... .......... ............. .......... ............
Özet: GNSS esaslı hız ölçümü tekniği diğer yöntemlere göre bazı avantajlara sahiptir: hareketli parça bulunmaması, teker ve lastik özelliklerinden, tozlanmadan, zemin yüzeyinin düz olmamasından, zeminde yüksek boylu bitki örtüsü olmasından etkilenmemesi ve insan hızını ölçmeye uygun olması. Ancak, GNSS alıcısı üreten firmalar, ürünlerinin farklı koşullardaki hız ölçümü doğruluğu konusunda yeterli bilgi sunmamaktadır. Bu nedenle, GNSS alıcılarının hız ölçüm doğruluğunu değerlendirmek için çalışmalar yürütülmektedir. Bu makalede, GNSS alıcılarının ve kıyaslamalı olarak diğer yöntemlerin hız ölçümündeki doğruluğu konusunda yapılan çalışmalar özetlenmiştir. Bu konuda yapılan çalışmalar, önemli bulgular ortaya koymuştur: GNSS alıcıları hızı üç yöntemle belirleyebilmektedir (Alınan yol/zaman, Doppler frekans kayması ve TDCP). TDCP yöntemi hız ölçümünde diğer iki yöntemden daha iyi doğruluk sağlayabilmektedir. Yüksek veri güncelleme frekansına sahip GNSS alıcıları, özellikle değişen hız koşullarında (hızlanma ve yavaşlama), düşük frekanslı olanlara kıyasla daha doğru hız verisi sağlamaktadır. Değişken hızlarda GPS hız ölçümü hatası ile hızlanma ve yavaşlama ivmesi arasında yüksek korelasyon (R2>0.70) bulunmaktadır, bu, hata değerinin yüksek ivmeli hareket durumunda arttığı anlamına gelmektedir. GPS alıcıları, gerçek hızı az miktarda daha düşük değerlerde tahmin etmektedir. Diferansiyel GPS (DGPS) ile ölçülen hızın doğruluğu, diferansiyel olmayan GPS ile karşılaştırıldığında artmaktadır. GPS'e ek olarak GLONASS uydularının kullanımı performansı önemli ölçüde etkilememektedir. HDOP, hız ölçümünün güvenilirliği için kalite göstergesi olarak kullanılabilir. Ayrıca, olumsuz ortam koşullarında (üst geçit, orman, kentsel alan vb.) GNSS hız ölçümü doğruluğu konusunda dikkatli olunmalıdır.

Resumen La industria láctea es un sector de la industria que tiene como materia prima la leche procedente de animales (por regla general vacas. Esta es uno de los alimentos más básicos de la humanidad. Uno de los sub-productos principales de la industria láctea es el queso.Para producir quesos de buena calidad es de vital importancia tratar la leche a utilizar de una forma correcta. El queso se produce por coagulación de las proteínas de la leche, a partir de fermentos lácteos y/o cuajo. En cualquier proceso productivo es necesario el conocimiento de la correcta aplicación de los equipos para apoyar al usuario en la medición, regulación, transformación, etc., de una variable deseada. La instrumentación industrial tiene por fin medir variables así como seleccionar y calibrar instrumentos. Los instrumentos de control pueden clasificarse según su función y la variable del proceso a medir. Los instrumentos industriales se componen de las siguientes partes: elemento primario, transmisor, controlador y elemento final de control. Abstract The dairy industry is an industry whose raw milk from animals (usually cows). This is one of the staples of humanity. A major by-products of the dairy industry is the cheese .To produce a good quality cheese is vital to use milk treated in a correct way. Cheese produced by the coagulation of milk protein, from milk enzymes and / or rennet. In any production process is necessary knowledge of the correct application of equipment to support the user in the measurement, control, transformation, etc., of a desired variable. Industrial instrumentation is intended to measure variables, select and calibrates instruments. The controls instruments can classify by function and process variable to measure. Instruments consist of the following parts: primary element, transmitter, controller and final control element.

In social economic researches we often need to measure non-observable, latent variables. For this we use special research
instruments, with uni and multi dimensional scales designed for measuring the constructs of interest. Validity and reliability of
these scales are crucial and special tests have been developed in this respect. Reliability concerns often arise, due to external
factors that can influence the power and significance of such tests. Even for standardized instruments variations are possible, and
they could seriously affect research results. The purpose of the present study is to investigate if and how external factors could
influence a largely used reliability estimator - Cronbach Alpha. Several scales commonly used in marketing researches were
tested, using a bootstrapping technique. Results show that important differences in the values of Cronbach Alpha are possible due
to indirect influence from external factors - respondents’ age, gender, level of study, religiousness, rural/urban living, survey type and relevance of the research subject for the participants to the survey.