Infrared spectroscopy

In this work, the vibrational spectral analysis was carried out using Raman and infrared spectroscopy in the range 100-4000 cm(-1) and 50-4000 cm(-1), respectively, for the title molecules. The molecular structure, fundamental vibrational frequencies and intensity of the vibrational bands are interpreted with the aid of structure optimizations and normal coordinate force field calculations based on Hartee Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT) method and different basis sets combination. The complete vibrational assignments of wave numbers were made on the basis of potential energy distribution (PED). The scaled B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) results show the best agreement with the experimental values over the other methods. The effects due to the substitutions of methyl group and halogen bond were investigated. The results of the calculations were applied to simulated spectra of the title compounds, which show excellent agreement with observed spectra.

Lignocelluloses industrial waste flour of olive husk powder (LCF) was utilized as reinforcement in carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR)/Polyamide-12 (PA-12) thermoplastic elastomer composites. To improve the bonding quality between the LCF and the blend, the powder was chemically treated by two means, the former is the treatment with toulene-2–4-diisocyanate (TDIC), and the latter is mercerization with sodium hydroxide followed by neutralization with acetic acid. The untreated and chemically treated powders were analyzed with attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR). The morphology of the powders before and after treatment was studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The LCF reinforced composites were prepared using computerized Haake internal mixer coupled with rheometer. The processing conditions were 178°C and rotor speed of 80- round per minute for 7 min. The melt mixing process was monitored by the torque-time plastograms of the Haake internal mixer. The development of the stock temperature during the mixing process was monitored using the rheometer of Hakke internal mixer. The structural changes of the XNBR/PA-12 composites were inspected by SEM and attenuated ATR-IR spectroscopy. The influence of the modified filler on the toughness and hardness of the prepared samples are reported. The resistance of the prepared composites to water and toluene swelling are evaluated as well.

Aqueous suspensions of submicrometer, 20 vol% AlâOâ powder exhibited a transition from strongly flocculated, thixotropic behavior to a low-viscosity, Newtonian-like state upon adding small amounts of maltodextrin (0.03 g of maltodextrin/(g of AlâOâ)). These suspensions could be filter pressed to highly dense (57%) and extrudable pastes only when prepared with maltodextrin. The authors analyzed the interaction of maltodextrin with AlâOâ

The paper gives an introductory survey of the complex problem of “Kupferfraß”. Possible chemical changes in the copper pigments, caused by environmental influences or reduction with other components of the paint layer or with cellulose are discussed. Attempts to characterize some pigments have been successful. Reactions of different green copper pigments with cellulose can be detected by infrared spectroscopy. In all decayed samples, Cl and S can be detected by energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The presence of basic copper chlorides seems to be proved although structural identification has not so far been possible. The above-mentioned results make the assumption that the browning of the paper carrier is caused by a Fehling-type reaction. The initial step is not yet quite clear, however. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird versucht, einführend einen Überblick zum komplexen Problem des „Kupferfraßes” zu geben. Möglichkeiten chemischer Reaktionen der Kupferpigmente mit anderen Komponenten der Malschicht, Zellulose oder Schadstoffen in der Atmosphäre werden diskutiert. Die Bemühungen zur Identifizierung der Pigmente waren in einigen Fällen erfolgreich. Auf Grund der IR-Untersuchungen konnte festgestellt werden, daß einige Pigmente Reaktionen mit der Zellulose eingehen. In allen Proben von geschädigten Blättern konnten Cl und S nachgewiesen werden. Die Existenz basischer Kupferchloride scheint erwiesen, obwohl es bisher nicht gelang, diese exakt auf Grund von Röntgenstrukturanalysen zu identifizieren. Die bisher erzielten Ergebnisse machen die Vermutung wahrscheinlich, daß die Bräunungsreaktion im Verlauf des Degradationsprozesses auf eine Art Fehling-Reaktion zurückzuführen ist. Die Ursache für die Startreaktion ist noch nicht geklärt.

Abstract: Purpose: To rationalize the use of surfactants by preparing Salbutamol sulphate microspheres using two types of surfactants, Tween 80 and Span 80 and study their effects on different characteristics of the microspheres. Methods: Microspheres containing Salbutamol sulphate was ...

Hydroxyapatite (HA) - Ca(10)(PO(4))(6)(OH)(2) is a basic inorganic model component of hard biological tissues, such as bones and teeth. The significant property of HA is its ability to exchange Ca(2+) ions, which influences crystallinity, physico-chemical and biological properties of modified hydroxyapatite materials. In this work, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, XRD. SEM and EDS techniques were used to determine thermal stability, chemical and phase composition of Mn containing hydroxyapatite (MnHA). Described methods confirmed thermal decomposition and phase transformation of MnHA to alpha TCP, beta TCP and formation of Mn(3)O(4) depending on sintering temperature and manganese content. In vitro biological evaluation of Mn-modified HA ceramics was also performed using human osteoblast cells. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The coherent time-stretch transform enables high-throughput acquisition of complex optical fields in single-shot  measurements. Full-field spectra are recovered via temporal interferometry on waveforms dispersed in the temporal near field. Real-time absorption spectra, including both amplitude and phase information, are acquired at 37 MHz.

The Late Cretaceous Grassy Lake and Cedar Lake amber deposits of western Canada are among North America’s most famous amber-producing localities. Although it has been suggested for over a century that Cedar Lake amber from western Manitoba may be a secondary deposit having originated from strata in Alberta, this hypothesis has not been tested explicitly using geochemical fingerprinting coupled to comparative analyses of arthropod faunal content. Although there are many amber-containing horizons associated with Cretaceous coals throughout Alberta, most are thermally mature and brittle, thus lacking the resilience to survive long distance transport while preserving intact biotic inclusions. One of the few exceptions is the amber found in situ at Grassy Lake. We present a suite of new analyses from these and other Late Cretaceous ambers from western Canada, including stable isotopes (H and C), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, and an updated faunal compendium for the Grassy an...

This paper exhibits a short-run correspondence method appropriate for swarm versatile robots application. Infrared is utilized for transmitting and accepting information and obstruction location. The infrared correspondence code based swarm signaling is utilized for an independent versatile robot communication system in this research. A code based signaling system is developed for transmitting information between different entities of robot. The reflected infrared sign is additionally utilized for separation estimation for obstruction evasion. Investigation of robot demonstrates the possibility of utilizing infrared signs to get a solid nearby correspondence between swarm portable robots. This paper exhibits a basic decentralized control for swarm of self-collecting robots. Every robot in the code based swarm signaling is completely self-governing and controlled utilizing a conduct based methodology with just infrared-based nearby detecting and correspondences. The viability of the methodology has been checked with simulation, for a set of swarm robots.