Impact Analysis

How to Design Impactful Laws - Treatise on Legistic and Legisprudence  in the Age of Soft Law

La loi peine toujours plus à « faire la loi » à l’ère du droit souple et de la globalisation. Afin de produire un impact législatif aussi juste qu’optimal, la légistique doit proposer dans ce nouveau contexte une démarche permettant d’intégrer démocratiquement la force du droit souple dans le processus législatif, de pair avec le contrôle de constitutionnalité des lois, sans se contenter d’améliorer la clarté des textes.

Ce traité présente les fondements de la légistique, constituée historiquement pour faire recouvrer à la loi sa rationalité, son efficacité, sa clarté et sa concision.

Il explique comment :
- créer une analyse d’impact intégrée qui prenne en compte toutes les composantes du développement durable parmi la multiplicité des instruments d’action tant publics que privés (légistique matérielle prospective) ;
- formuler des textes clairs et cohérents (légistique formelle) ;
- évaluer rétrospectivement les effets des lois et des politiques publiques par des méthodes appelées à devenir participatives (légistique matérielle rétrospective).

Ce traité porte sur le droit suisse et le droit de l’Union européenne, avec des aspects de droit comparé. Il intègre de manière critique les développements en économie comportementale, en sciences affectives, en intelligence artificielle et en sciences de la gouvernance et de la régulation.

Il s’adresse non seulement aux juristes mais aussi aux spécialistes en sciences sociales, au personnel politique et administratif ainsi qu’à toute personne intéressée par le pilotage des politiques publiques.

****************************************************************************
How to Design Impactful Laws: Treatise on Legistic and Legisprudence  in the Age of Soft Law

In an age of soft law and globalization, it has become increasingly difficult for the law to “lay down the law”. To ensure in this new context that its impact is as fair as optimal, legistic must go beyond mere clear legislative drafting: it has to propose a method for integrating the strength of soft law in the democratic law-making process.
This treatise presents the foundations of the sciences of legislation (legistic or legisprudence), historically constituted to make laws more rational and effective, clearer and shorter.

It explains how to:
- create an integrated impact assessment that factors in all the components of sustainable development, among the multiplicity of public and private policy instruments (ex ante material legistic);
- formulate and communicate clear and coherent texts (formal legistic);
- retrospectively evaluate laws and public policies through methods which should become more participative (ex post material legistic).

This treatise is based on Swiss and European Union law, with a look on comparative law. It includes developments in regulation and regulatory governance, behavioral economics, affective sciences and artificial intelligence.

This work is intended not only for lawyers, but also for social scientist, members of political and administrative authorities, and anyone interested in public policy evaluation.

In this paper, we propose a new approach for evaluating research projects and programs. According our approach, the improvement might be achieved by adopting a results-based and a project portfolio approach, and assuring a research and technology development (RTD) indicators documentation through a standard and comprehensive indicator description, named indicator template. The results-based approach will assure a consistent indicators structure, according to the results chains and a strong connection between ex ante and ex post impact evaluation. The project portfolio approach will assure a tight integration of the research performance indicators, especially between policies goals and program results. And, finally defining a comprehensive indicator template it will be possible to understand better the indicators, develop a detailed analysis, based on the business intelligence techniques, such as OLAP (On-Line Analytical Processing), data mining and text mining. According our knowled...

This paper presents a study on family impact analysis of the
Statutory Minimum Wage (SMW) in Hong Kong. Qualitative data
were collected from seven focus groups and 13 individual
interviews conducted with low-wage employees, parents of
teenage workers, and parents of employees with disabilities. The
3D7L model of influence was adopted as the conceptual
framework. The study found that SMW provided the participating
employees with a wage floor and obviously raised their income. It
facilitates family budgeting and motivates the participating
employees to provide better care to their families. However, the
rapid inflation eroded their increased income. They continue to
work long hours to earn a living. In interaction with the gender
norm, SMW boosted part-time work opportunities for women but the persistent gender norm limited their choices of work location and salary level. The implementation of SMW also escalated the social expectation on productivity that in turn intensified the marginalization of most vulnerable employees. For employees
receiving public welfare allowances, the inflexible welfare policy
has ‘rub off effect’ on their financial gain from SMW. In sum, SMW
is not able to provide the adequate support and opportunities for
the employees to actualize their motivations in giving better care
to their families. Thus, the policy of SMW needs to be supported
by other relevant social policies and services designed to address
inflation pressures, minimize family-work conflicts, and mitigate
the negative employment effects on the most vulnerable groups
of employees.

This study investigated the effect of dynamic material properties on the Perceived Level of Cushioning (PLC) in shoes. An impact tester as used to characterize the material properties. Three pairs of shoes were used in the two experiments conducted.  Experiment 1 was aimed at establishing  the effects during standing while experiment 2 was an attempt to relate the effects during walking. A 7-point scale was used to rate PLC.  The results showed that during standing PLC may be related to the stiffness of the material, compression, and the time to reach maximum deceleration. However, during walking, PLC appears to be related to the maximum deceleration as measured by the impact tester.

The process of globalisation has made an unprecedented change in indigenous people's lives worldwide. However, the degree of exploitation and marginalisation vary from State to states and tribal group to group. It examines that younger age group is more than 40%, the majority of Adivasis are illiterates. More than 70 per cent of samples are male and married, and they follow a nuclear family system. Fifty-three per cent of Adivasis are residing in small huts, their religion is Hindu, and they speak the Telugu language. Sixty per cent of respondents are cultivator with below three acres of land, and their annual income is below 14,000/ rupees. It shows that majority of Adivasis are in poverty. Twenty-three per cent of the respondent is suffering from Anaemia health problems, followed by 19 per cent of Blood Pressure, 15 per cent Diabetes, 13 per cent Tuberculosis, Nine per cent Gynecological problems, in the study area. The globalisation has adversely impacted socioeconomic aspects, including marriage, dressing patterns, and food habits of Adivasis in the study area of Telangana State, India.

The recent beta release of is triggering a lot of excitement GPT is generative pre deep neural network model ever built by any a transformer based natural language processor (NLP) programming community. in another form. It can write fic language description. software development have to reposition and re every question posed in natural language the latest GPT-3 model and software development methodologies in the changing cloud computing, web services applications and mobile apps are just integration of conglome application programming interfac transformation, and machine lear future software engineering needs and demands. History of Artificial Intelligence Before talking about artificial intelligence let incorporates perceiving and analysing visual scene, understanding and speaking computing arithmetic and logic operations, having memory, continuously inferring for generalization human intelligence. Human brain consists of approximately 10 with each other with 100 system and transmit the information through the synapses to other neurons to carry out all the complex task we call natural intelligence. The history of artificial intelligence computing element is similar to a biologica artificial neuron is shown in Figure 1. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License; Which Permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the origin The recent beta release of artificial intelligence excitement in machine learning community GPT is generative pre-trained transformer. GPT-3 is a general purpose transformer based model ever built by any artificial intelligence (AI) company. transformer based natural language processor (NLP) programming community. It is a language model that takes input text in natural language can write fiction, generate programming code and language description. This paper investigates how advancement in software development process and software products and services. have to reposition and re-skill in this disruptive technology era every question posed in natural language. In this paper first the 3 model is described and its capabilities are looked into and software development methodologies in the changing web services and AI integration are applications and mobile apps are just integration of conglome gramming interfaces (APIs). Thus the incumbent programmers are informed about machine learning and AI NLP advancement at a very rapid space future software engineering needs and demands.

Technology  Enhanced Learning (TEL), Open Educational Resources (OER), innovative learning paradigms, educational scenarios and the associated digital technologies, learning environments, applications and content are continuously changing and rapidly evolving nowadays, thus affecting not only the effectiveness, the impact and the cognitive outcomes of teaching, but also the quality of the learning process and outcome as a whole. The impact of TEL environments and portals using OER can be evaluated in terms of usability, effectiveness and pedagogical use. Impact evaluation has always carried great potential for improving learning outcomes and tailoring learning toward the users’ needs, motivation, satisfaction and expectations. However, impact assessment of the use of teaching and learning resources, environments and portals in a systematic manner has proven to be difficult.
The research work described in this paper contributes to assess the impact of using Open Learning Resources in a shared and distributed way, on an innovative portal, namely the “Open Discovery Space” (ODS) portal. In this European example case, there are different dimensions of impact to consider, including impact on teachers, students, stakeholders, schools and the educational system at large. The focus of the impact evaluation in this research is to understand how best such TEL environments are to be accommodated, adopted and used within the educational processes, and how well they can fit within the current national/regional curricula and educational systems. To achieve this, this research aims to evaluate how best the e-learning portals and services like ODS are to be accommodated within existing teaching and learning processes/practices as they are seen by teachers and learners.
The objectives of the impact assessment activities are to discover the nature and extent of effects and changes, and demonstrate the outcomes on the micro-level stakeholders, including on individual teachers, learners and schools and the macro-level stakeholders, including regional, national, and EU-level stakeholders, and also the policy makers. In this context, it is expected that identifying and measuring the actual impact that a portal like ODS has on educational systems will help stakeholders to fully exploit the strength of such portals and services and will facilitate improvements in terms of the application of digital technologies in educational systems and in their decisions for educational processes.
Impact assessment of an eLearning portal such as ODS involves evaluation and assessment of educational aspects that directly relate to the context of the teaching and learning activities. For this reason, the results of such assessment can be used as a basis to improve the educational system. This type of assessment contrasts with traditional approaches, which focus on a limited number of factors and are usually used for grading and accountability purposes. Thus, our impact assessment methodology considers various impact factors including motivation factors, engagement, support, empowerment, involvement, satisfaction, accessibility, availability, usability, effectiveness, achievement, performance, sharing, interaction, communication, collaboration, innovation, training, creativity, search facility, socialising, culturally and linguistically appropriate features, etc.
Taking into account the early results of this research, it appears that the use of an e-learning portal like ODS, in EU Educational Systems has a great impact on the whole educational system and on the learning processes and learning practice, and has the potential to greatly improve the quality of the work done in schools. Such an initiative is generally suitable for a wide range of teaching practices, while it enables the accomplishment of the learning tasks easily and offers a wide range of useful and updated learning resources. Further work is planned, in order to benchmark the results with previous studies, in order to conduct the qualitative research effectively and detect trends/patterns, and improve the reliability of ODS impact assessment survey results over time and across multiple assessment tools and instruments.

This paper reports on the valuation of the marine halibut and salmon sport fishery of central and lower Cook Inlet, Alaska. The project was designed to simulate changes in economic value and regional economic impacts for environmental analysis but has also been used in fishery allocation management. This study develops a predictive model of participation rate changes for estimation of net benefits to anglers and links the resulting demand function to a regional input-output model for determining expenditure-based impacts of marine sportfishing to the Kenai Peninsula economy. The participation rate model is driven by changes in mean sport fishery attributes such as the expected catch rate and weight for various species as well as the average cost of a fishing day. The total estimated new money brought into the Kenai Peninsula as a result of 259,615 saltwater angler days in central and lower Cook Inlet was $37.4 million in 1997, and the total compensating variation, $25.4 million. Sim...

This Impact Report identifies and summarises the diverse impacts, resulting from the £500m of UK funding of Science and Technology in 2013, using numerous quantitative metrics and short case study extracts.  It shows how the varied impacts of a national science and technology organization and its many funded programmes can be annually identified, captured, tracked, and summarised in a public document.

The report was produced for, and by, the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) -  the UK Research Council responsible for funding: (1) all UK astronomy, particle and nuclear physics research, (2) related UK science and technology facilities (e.g. as Harwell and Daresbury), (3) the UK contribution to international science (e.g. CERN, international telescopes and space missions), (4) innovation and business spin-off programmes, and (5) UK public engagement activities.

The Report was co-researched and co-authored by the STFC Impact Team, including myself while Impact Evaluation Manager in 2013, with Dr. Claire Dougan-McCallie (lead author/Head of Impact) and Jenny Beard, with additional input from senior managers, and many data and case study contributions from other key managers across STFC.

Varied key impacts are identified and reported including:

• Research amongst the best (by citation impact) in astronomy, nuclear and particle physics.
• Supported research of 226 Principal Investigators in 70 universities, led to 1,100 peer-reviewed papers in 2012.
• Facilities (the Diamond Light Source, ISIS and CLF) were used in 2012/13 by over 4,200 unique users , in over 2,400 experiments, producing over 1,000 papers in peer-reviewed journals.

• Technology from CERN benefited the UK economy by over £100 billion every year.
• Funding the development of the UK’s space, internet and computer animation industries, returned over £500 billion to the UK economy per annum.
• Funded Innovation Campuses hosted over 230 enterprises and supported over 5,000 jobs.
• UK industry won £43 million in contracts from the international subscriptions funded, and had accumulated a total of £150 million since 2005.

• Funded research inspired future generations to study STEM subjects, attracting 90% of UK undergraduates to study physics, funded 782 PhD students  and 16,800 student training days.
• Between 2009 to 2012 public engagement programmes engaged people on 58 million occasions, with 2 million people engaged in face-to-face activities in 2013 alone.

ABSTRACT Automobile sector is one of the most blooming sectors now-a-days. With the advent of computer assisted engineering and the blend of classic methodologies combined together to bring the most durable result about pre-manufacturing analysis and design optimization. This paper presents an overview of the role of Computer Assisted Engineering in the Design and Simulation of a Formula Vehicle.

Background: The use of Additive Manufacturing (AM) in military logistics is limited by the uncertainty about the legal risks of using the method. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the potential legal risks associated with AM of military materiel and its effects. The study was conducted as a case study, where AM is considered in military logistics. Methods: Legal issues were approached from the normative point of view in the context of potential legal dispute situations in four different cases. The topic was studied by reviewing and analyzing literature sources, official sources, and Finnish Defence Forces military materiel purchasing contracts and interviews. The study interpreted and systematized the general principles of IPR and contract law when using AM in the military. Results: An identified result of the study was that the use of AM to print military materiel under normal conditions may entail risks that should be contractually managed. In other cases, e.g. crises or wartime, there are risks, but they are difficult to predict and manage or are acceptable. The results of the study concern countries with a similar military economic system to Finland in terms of military logistics. The results can be applied to the activities of different security sectors, due to the similarity of their activities. Conclusions: The use of AM can enable the material to be used in safety situations where speed and versatility are required for material readiness. The use of the method requires a legal right, the holder of which has the right to manufacture the product. In different situations, the legal basis is open to interpretation and may pose risks to the decision-maker. The research will provide information to decision-makers for the preparation of contracts for the acquisition and maintenance of military material and implementing AM to military logistics.

Due to the remarked efficacy of microfinance on poverty reduction and tenable development, this study evaluated the sustainability of microfinance projects (MPs) implemented by two purposively selected microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Goa, Camarines Sur using both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Impact pathway (IP) analysis showed that MP components were causal in attaining the desired outcomes. Analysis employing the difference-indifference approach to quantify the economic impact (EI) of the MPs to the household beneficiaries (HBs) revealed an increase in business profitability before and after availing of MP, from 2010-2013. Utilizing MP has 9.80% positive impact to the economic condition of HBs. With the review of outcomes to impact (ROtI) based on IP analysis, it was found out that due to some factors hampering or contributing to the productivity of microfinance operations, the extent of sustainability of the MFIs regarding financial, socio-political and economic aspects are highly likely, while likely for institutional aspects.

E-procurement gains its popularity through people’s trends of using the internet. Transparancy factor of e-procurements is expected to reduce corruption in government projects, as an effort to achieve good corporate governance (GCG). The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of e-procurement in PT. PLN (Persero).  Impacts were assessed by conducting structured interview to the people who were involved in procurement process, such as procurement committees, senior manager of e-procurement applications, business process owner, and developers at PT. PLN.  This study focused on the gap analysis of conditions in PT. PLN before and after the implementation of e-procurement. This study concluded that the implementation of e-procurement in PT. PLN gave significant impacts on the total cost of acquisitions, organizational characteristics, governance structure, pre-sourcing business processes, and procurement quotation.

Recent years have seen a widening gap between growing global demand and a shrinking supply with donor blood worldwide, including Germany. One reason is that the generation of the so-called “baby boomers”, who have long been the backbone of donor blood supply, have passed the age limit for donations. Younger generations appear to be less willing to donate. It is, therefore, imperative to identify ways that enable blood donation agencies to re-engage with prospective donors to motivate them to donate blood. One feasible strategy might be to tap into methods proposed by “behavioural economics”. This approach uses insights from economics, psychology, and rigid experimentation to design interventions. This article seeks to understand if approaches from this school of thought might be useful to increase the number of blood donors, using the example of corporate blood drives in Germany. To this end, eight qualitative interviews with experts from blood donation agencies were conducted to map the current donor recruitment processes in corporate drives. An additional five experts in behav- ioural science were interviewed to understand what their approach could contribute to improving donor recruitment. The key result of the study is that applying behavioural science’s principles to designing a successful blood drive, namely ensuring participation, foster experimentation, and rigorous evaluation, might contribute to higher recruitment rates of blood donors.

This case study illustrates the potential benefits and risks associated with the migration of an IT system in the oil & gas industry from an in-house data center to Amazon EC2 from a broad variety of stakeholder perspectives across the enterprise, thus transcending the typical, yet narrow, financial and technical analysis offered by providers. Our results show that the system infrastructure in the case study would have cost 37% less over 5 years on EC2, and using cloud computing could have potentially eliminated 21% of ...

This research aims to explore free Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and social media plug-ins and compare their performance in increasing incoming web traffics. We create three publisher websites: the normal website without any SEO installed on it, the customized website with basic SEO configuration and social media plug-in, and the customized website with advanced SEO configuration and social media plug-in. We run and trace the website log for 4 and 7 months. Our findings show that SEO plug-ins are capable to increase traffic to publisher website. Social media plug-in provides additional benefit to bring traffic, however, the traffic is less significant compared to the one from search engine. These findings have implications to the following: (1) the organizations need to pay attention on the way they organize information in their website, (2) the introduction of search ability aspect for measuring service quality for web application.

The retail sector in India is 5th largest global destination and most dynamic fastgrowing sectors the retail sector brings together the consumer, distributors and manufacturers along with other segments like transportation, logistics and other chains. It being one of the pillars in Indian economy the retail sector contributed nearly 40% to India’s consumption and close to 10% of India’s GDP early 2020. There was a severe impact on retail sector due to covid-19 as the government announced quarantine and restricted physical service in the stores. At this situation government took a decision to sell the essential goods and services though least services started but this influenced retail sector because of high decline in demand for non-essential goods and services. After the pandemic the fear of crowded places consumers have preferred to online shopping this was an overall impact on retail business. Due to change in consumer buying behaviour after the pandemic the retail sector need to face the challenges. This paper deals with the impact and challenges faced by the retail sector during the pandemic. The study will focus on the government initiatives to improve the retail industry in India.

This case study illustrates the potential benefits and risks associated with the migration of an IT system in the oil & gas industry from an in-house data center to Amazon EC2 from a broad variety of stakeholder perspectives across the enterprise, thus transcending the typical, yet narrow, financial and technical analysis offered by providers. Our results show that the system infrastructure in the case study would have cost 37% less over 5 years on EC2, and using cloud computing could have potentially eliminated 21% of ...

This study examines about the organizational culture and its effects on employees at chalthan sugar factory in kadodara taluka of Surat in Gujarat. This paper focus to the effects of organizational culture in organization. In this research we have used descriptive method. The participants in the survey are 100 employees. The objective of this study to understand organizational culture and employee's satisfaction with present organization culture. The organization is recognizing the important of satisfying the employees and retaining them by maintaining the positive and good organizational culture in organization. In this paper primary data were collected through personal interview using structured questionnaire as well as secondary data were through the previously journals and yearbook.

One of the most contributory factor for urban flooding is the quick generation of high volume surface runoff. The reason for this is the general imperviousness associated with urban ecosystems. Such high volume runoff results in flooding, if water do not drain away on time. A city with inherently poor drainage, low lying and situated in the tropics, Mumbai faces the issue on an annual basis. The physical, demographic and socio-economic consequences of such floods are huge because of the extremely high population density. The situation, though is a threat now even, there are chances it may get worse with time as there is a projected increase in rainfall due to climate change and a projected increase in population. In this context, the current study deals with conducting a physical and demographic assessment of damages caused by urban flooding. The study uses the approach of mathematical modelling in the geo-informatics environment primarily using ArcGIS and ERDAS Imagine software. The study aims at assessing the number of people potentially affected in various scenarios of flooding, its correlation and to project future scenario of flooding with a forecasted change in land use pattern. A land reclamation analysis is also conducted to figure out the relationship between land reclamation and flooding in Mumbai.

Cette étude vise à faire ressortir l’impact économique et social de la Covid-19 sur le secteur culturel malien et les solutions apportées par l’État. Se référant aux données disponibles à la date du 1er juillet 2021, cette analyse quantitative et qualitative permet de mieux cerner les forces et les faiblesses de l’univers culturel du Mali. Il s’agit également de mettre en évidence les énergies créatives et résilientes qui se sont manifestées dans le milieu culturel pour s’adapter ou se réinventer à l’aune des nouvelles réalités. Un autre accent est mis sur les réponses artistiques et littéraires signalées çà et là dans le but d’appuyer les actions politiques engagées contre la pandémie.

PKK terrorist organisation has been the major threat to the existence of the Republic of Turkey for over thirty years. The security forces in Turkey have been successful in countering terrorism compared with the other security forces dealing with low intensity conflicts in the world.
Although the success has not been turned into a victory in the political arena, Turkish Armed Forces have been successful in this low intensity conflict. Ensanguining Turkey with its terrorist attacks, PKK terrorist organization did not either found the support it has persued or achieved its goals.
On the other hand, there has not been ample scientific work on Turkey’s struggle against PKK terrorist organization. This dissertation aims to study the struggle conducted against PKK terrorist organization from technology management point of view.
The main research problem is “In conjuction with the technological advancements, what are the effects of the arms, tools and materiels that have been taken into the inventory of Turkish Armed Forces in counter terrorist operations?”
In this study, the relationships among the number of PKK attacks, the number of casualties of the security forces and the number of incapacitated terrorists were analysed using different data sets. Simultaneously but independently, the perceptions of the personnel experienced in counter terrorism operations regarding the effects of the technologies used have been identified. In light of the results obtained from data analysis and perceptions of the counterterrorism experts, the effects of technological advances in the struggle of Turkish Armed Forces against PKK terrorist organization. 
The first section overviews low intensity conflict and technology management conceptual fields, while the second analyses the stages of PKK’s development and its terrorist actions.
In the third section, Turkey’s counterterror strategies are summarized. Subsequently, in the fourth chapter, the effects of the arms, tools and materiels used by Turkish Armed Forces in counterterrorist operations are investigated and classified to better understand their roles. Fifth part in this study aims to clarify the weapons and the tactics used by PKK terrorists to counter Turkish counterterrorist actions.
Sixth section summarizes the method followed while the seventh includes the results obtained.
Finally, in the last part, the results are discussed to evaluate Turkish counterterrorism struggle against PKK from a technology management point of view, making recommendations on the technologies that should be focused on in counterterrorism operations.

The subject of the thesis is data flow in data warehouses. Data warehousing is a complex process of collecting data, cleansing and transforming it into information and knowledge to support strategic and tactical business decisions in organizations Our goal is to develop a new way to automatically solve a significant class of existing management and analysis problems in a corporate data warehouse environment. We will present and validate a method and an underlying set of languages, data structures and algorithms to calculate, categorize and visualize component dependencies, data lineage and business semantics from the database structure and a large set of associated procedures and queries, independently of actual data in the data warehouse. Our approach taken is based on scanning, mapping, modelling and analysing metadata of existing systems without accessing the contents of the database or impacting the behaviour of the data processing system. This requires collecting metadata from structures, queries, programs and reports from the existing environments. We have designed a domain-specific language XDTL for specifying data transformations between different data formats, locations and storage mechanisms. XDTL scripts guide the work of database schema and query scanners. We will present a flexible and dynamic database structure to store various metadata sources and implement a web-based analytical application stack for the delivery and visualization of analysis tools for various user groups with different needs. The core of the designed method relies on semantic techniques, probabilistic weight calculation and estimation of the impact of data in queries. We develop a method to estimate the impact factor of input variables in SQL statements. We will present a rule system supporting the efficient calculation of the query dependencies using these estimates. We will show how to use the results of the conducted analysis to categorize, aggregate and visualize the dependencies to address various planning and decision support problems. The methods and algorithms presented in the thesis have been implemented and tested in different data warehouse analysis and visualization tasks for tens of large international organizations. Some of these systems contain over a hundred thousand database objects and over a million ETL objects, producing data lineage graphs with more than a hundred thousand nodes. The analysis of the system performance over real-life datasets of various sizes and structures presented in the last chapter demonstrates linear performance scaling and the practical capacity to handle very large datasets.

The paper presents a mapping-based and metadata-driven modular data transformation framework designed to solve extract-transform-load (ETL) automation, impact analysis, data quality and integration problems in data warehouse environments. We introduce a declarative mapping formalization technique, an abstract expression pattern concept and a related template engine technology for flexible ETL code generation and execution. The feasibility and efficiency of the approach is tested on the pattern detection and data lineage analysis using large real life SQL corpuses.

Frontline demonstration (FLD) is an adaptive research on the improved varieties and technologies, which is demonstrated by the National Agricultural Research System (NARS) at selected farmers’ fields who will be the beneficiaries of the programme. Wheat is an important cereal crop of India fulfilling food as well as nutritional security of millions. The crop has been under cultivation in around 30 mha with annual production crossing 100 million tonnes in the recent past. Despite India being the second largest producer of wheat, there exists regional variation in production across states as well as agro-climatic zones. FLD on wheat has played a significant role in acreage expansion through variety percolation as well as yield enhancement. The FLD is a planned programme, executed and evaluated with the people, and they are taught and motivated to act. Under the programme, the extension workers act as a catalyst, a change agent who set up the learning situation (demonstration) for the farmers and use them for horizontal dissemination of technology through farmers’ day, print and electronic media. Farmers from the neighbouring villages are invited to interact with the FLD farmers. The programme not only aims at developing the individual but leadership qualities as well so that the users are also benefited. Finally, the findings/impact of the programme is given wide coverage through mass media. The present bulletin highlights operational guidelines of FLDs, analyse the decadal trends in FLDs allotted, conducted, varieties and technologies demonstrated at farmers’ field across India with the assistance of the cooperating centres, followed by yield gain state wise & zone wise through demonstrations against standard check varieties/technologies. In a span of ten years (2008-09 to 2017-18), it has been estimated that around 5668 FLDs have been conducted to popularise 10 most prominent wheat production technologies including improved varieties (bread, durum & dicoccum) covering an area of 5668 hectares and benefitting 13318 farmers. For conducting the programme successfully at different locations, 83 centres have cooperated from 5 wheat growing zones and the success rate has been estimated at 91.86 per cent. The immediate output of the programme is the realisation of incremental yield and it was found to be 26.68 per cent across all locations and technologies. Barring, Nagaland, Assam, Himachal Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, it was found that the realised yield levels through demonstrations was much higher than the decadal average national yield. Haryana registered the highest mean yield at farmer’s field (5180 kg/ha), followed by Punjab (5110 kg/ha) and Delhi (4880 kg/ha). The FLD programme has been instrumental in faster dissemination of recent varieties in remotest areas of the country. Among demonstrated varieties, the realised mean yield was highest for HD 3086 (49.43 q/ha) from around 421 demonstrations in north western plains zone. The highest number of demonstrations was for HD 2967 (1511) indicating the most popular and mega variety in the northern plain regions. Among technologies, 502 demonstrations have been conducted for bio-fertilizers, followed by zero tillage (341) and rotavator (81). Regression analysis indicated that the positive impact on yield gain exists due to the demonstration of resource conservation technologies as well as per cent of FLDs conducted. Clearly, the decadal (2008-09 to 2017-18) impact analysis on wheat FLDs at farmers’ field establish the fact that demonstrations carry the successful technologies from lab to land resulting in incremental yield and income security of farmers.

DPSIR (Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Respon) adalah suatu
kerangka umum untuk mengorganisir informasi tentang keadaan lingkungan.
Kerangka berpikir dalam proses DPSIR merupakan model memberikan konteks
yang general dan dapat diterapkan pada berbagai masalah wilayah.

İnsan içinde yaşadığı alanlarda ve içlerindeki her şey onun davranış duygusunu etkilemektedir. Ama o sadece onun alanlarını şekillendirmemektrdir, onun alanları da ona şekillendirerek ve kim olduğununun duygunu etkilemektedir. İnsan oluşturduğu alanlar ile olan ilişkileri içinde yaşamaktadır. Alanlar arasındaki tüm ilişkileri insan kendini bilmesi ve kendini yönlendirmesi için yardımcı olmaktadır.