Generational Studies

Née entre 1981 et 1995, la Génération Y constitue aujourd’hui les “jeunes adultes” de nos assemblées. Mais quelles sont les spécificités de cette génération ? Qu’est-ce qui la distingue de la Génération X qui l’a précédée ? Sans jamais tomber dans des généralisations trop caricaturales, Nathalie Perrot nous invite à la découverte d’une génération complexe, mais pleine de vie. Une génération qui impacte en profondeur et durablement la société. Elle mérite que nous apprenions à comprendre ses ressorts, au lieu de présumer qu’elle fonctionne, pense et agit comme les générations précédentes. Pour la rejoindre avec la Parole de vie qu’est l’Évangile, l’Église ne peut se permettre d’ignorer ces évolutions. Mais, plus encore, dans la société d’aujourd’hui comme dans celle de demain, l’Église ne peut se priver des nombreux apports de la Génération Y.

Der Aufsatz untersucht, wie die Zeitgenossen die Angebote der mit neuen Medien und Verbreitungsformen verbundenen großstädtischen Massenkultur um 1900 wahrnahmen, wie sie sie einordneten und bewerteten. Die zentrale These lautet, dass eine Veränderung in Deutschland großes Unbehagen erzeugte: Die mit dem Übergang in die Mediengesellschaft außerordentlich erhöhte Zugänglichkeit von  Wissen, und zwar insbesondere die neuartige Sichtbarkeit von Wissen im öffentlichen Raum. Sie forderte die tradierte Ordnung der Generationen heraus, in der eine kontrollierte und regulierte Weitergabe ausgewählten Wissens an die nachwachsende Generation vorgesehen war.  Nun sahen sich viele Erwachsene einer "Disziplinlosigkeit" der Wissenstransfers gegenüber, für die sie oft die mediale Populärkultur verantwortlich machten.

This article discusses from an inter-cultural and inter-generational perspective the relationship between ‘objective’ media landscapes and how they are subjectively perceived  among four different media generations. Based on a focus group study with media users in Sweden and Estonia of two tentative generations, the relationship between the ‘objective’ and ‘subjective’ media landscapes is analysed, as is how the landscapes produce nostalgia at the intersection of age, generation, life course and life situation. Based on the differences found in the cross-cultural and the cross-generational comparison, it is concluded that in relation to the formative years of the respondents, there are two different kinds of nostalgia produced: one individually based, focussing on childhood memories; and one social or collective, focussing on the formative years of the respondents.

El presente texto presenta los resultados de investigación de Jóvenes Investigadores galardonados por Colciencias y vinculados al Semillero Temático de Investigación en Juventudes. En el texto se abordan temáticas relacionadas a culturas juveniles, participación política y mecanismos de comunicación, entre otras.

This proceeding analyses strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities offered by three technology-using classes, namely Offline Learning Class, Virtual Learning Class, and Blended Learning Class. It concludes with  a proper strategy—namely, integration strategy— deduced out of the SWO analysis that can be best implemented in schools.

Drawing on ethnographic research involving participant observation and in-depth interviews conducted between 2011 and 2013, this study investigates the way by which middle-class, middle-aged men from São Paulo experience and perceive transformations of homosexual visibility throughout their lives and most especially over the last three decades. Analyzing their discourses, I try to build with interlocutors a dialectic that
takes into account both the subjective experience of belonging to a traditionally marginalized group and the socio-historical position they occupy. Various landmarks come into play, such as the end of the military dictatorship and the political openness in Brazil, the moral panics brought on by the emergence of HIV/AIDS epidemic in the mid-1980s and the participation of some in social movements. Subjects of heated
debates in the national political scene, I also explore their positions on more recent events such as the emergence of LGBT Pride Parades and the clashes involving the recognition of same-sex unions and the criminalization of homophobic discrimination in the country. At the same time, I question the label “generation” and try to understand the differences they point between themselves and the “younger”.

Within the socialist society project, the image of youth was associated with the ideal of creative power. The youth represented the new socialist people, not burdened with the past and the remnants of bourgeois ideology. From the early 1950's, it was a group attracting an enormous interest of the communist ideologues on which hopes were pinned and on which ideas of completing the future socialist society were projected. This idea was applied even more intensively in the 1960's, when the new generation grew up that had been brought up in the post-war period, largely in the people's democratic and socialist enviroment.
The intellectual world of the young generation did not always fully match the expectations of the communist establishment, which stimulated both intraParty and social discussions. I am focusing on defining the Czechoslovak young generation in terms of the generational structure of Czech society in the post-war period, trying to determine the possibilities and limits of thinking about the period 1963-1967 as a generational break. I attempt to outline the expectations and horizons of thought in relation to the socialist project in a group of young people who did not have experience of the economic crisis and the Second World War. These findings will then be confronted with historically dominant discourses about youth, both in the enviroment in the Communist Party and in the epxert enviroment of studies of the youth as a specific group within the socialist society.

Obraz mládí byl v rámci projektu socialistické společnosti spojován s ideálem tvořivé síly. Mládež představovala nového socialistického člověka, nezatíženého minulostí a pozůstatky buržoazní ideologie. Již od počátku padesátých let byla skupinou přitahující eminentní zájem komunistických ideologů, do které byly vkládány naděje a projektovány představy dovršení budoucí socialistické společnosti. Ještě intenzivněji tato představa působila v letech šedesátých, kdy dorůstala nová generace vychovaná v poválečném období a to z velké části dokonce jen v prostředí lidovědemokratickém a socialistickém.
Myšlenkový svět mladé generace ne vždy plně odpovídal očekáváním komunistického establishmentu, což stimulovalo jak vnitrostranickou, tak celospolečenskou diskusi. Ve svém příspěvku bych se rád zaměřil na zasazení československé mladé generace z hlediska generační struktury české společnosti v poválečném období, přičemž se pokusím stanovit možnosti a limity uvažování o období přibližně 1963-1967 jako o generačním zlomu. Pokusím se nejdříve načrtnout očekávání a myšlenkové horizonty ve vztahu k socialistickému projektu ve skupině mladých, kteří nedisponovali bezprostřední zkušeností hospodářské krize a druhé světové války. Tato zjištění budu následně konfrontovat s dobově dominantními diskursy o mládeži a to jak v prostředí komunistické strany, tak v expertním prostředí výzkumů mládeže jako specifické skupiny v rámci socialistické společnosti.

El libro que hoy entregamos ¿qué sabemos y no sabemos sobre jóvenes y juventudes? recoge el sentido de la RedConocimiento Juvenil (conformada en 2009): generar conocimiento en juventud mediante el trabajo colaborativo, multisituado e integrado, y aporta artículos específicos sobre la generación de conocimiento en juventudes. Una buena parte de los aportes aquí contenidos corresponden a las conferencias de invitados internacionales que acompañaron el esfuerzo de conformación de la Red en 2009, en el I Encuentro de conocimiento en Juventud, aportes que van en dos sentidos, uno el de ubicación de contexto y otro el de evaluación de lo que ha ocurrido en América Latina y el Caribe.
Estos artículos abordan en forma amplia y muy versada avances y retrocesos acerca de los conceptos de lo joven y juvenil, de las políticas públicas de juventud en América Latina y el Caribe, y su implementación en los diferentes sectores, y de los centros de investigación en juventud, tales como los son los observatorios de juventud o los institutos gubernamentales de juventud. Otro conjunto de artículos se orienta a experiencias de generación de conocimiento y trabajo en red en Colombia y México. El libro concluye con un tercer aparte que integra los aportes y reflexiones de miembros de la Red respecto a sus estudios en juventud, sus intereses y acciones de trabajo en el campo de la generación de conocimiento y sus apuestas en temáticas que convocan los nodos de la red.

Preformed in-depth research and analysis leveraging over 30 sources of information focusing on marketing to different generations efficiently to write a dissertation, “Marketing to Different Generations”, discussing identified key subordinate group findings.

This chapter will explore geological strata of political locality in contemporary South Korean film and a wide spectrum of their globalized expressions by focusing on four major auteurs: Park Chan-wook, Kim Ki-duk, Lee Chang-dong, and Bong Joon-ho. Establishing their worldwide recognition throughout the millennial boom of Korean cinema, these directors have more or less exposed different positions and tendencies of what was called “386 generation” – Korea’s most politically engaged generation that led the leftist anti-dictatorship student movement in the 1980s. Their contemporaneity is that which, for example, such other auteurs as Hong Sang-soo and Im Kwon-taek do not share and, in particular, international audiences could not detect without deeply looking at its local contexts.
While tracing these auteurs’ historical 386 issues of democratization, human rights, American imperialism, and two Koreas’ division/reunification, this chapter will direct attention to their overlap or transition to more global phenomena. Especially notable are the ways in which the “abject” characters cast out of their community try to regain their suspended social subjectivity or reveal transformed subjectivities while opening alternative relationships through the motifs of bricolage, double occupancy, artistic creation, game or puzzle, and self-imposed or social mission. Here, the political in the Korean auteurs secretly resonates with that in global cinema which extends to biopolitical concerns contoured by neoliberal transnational capitalism and threats of terroristic catastrophe. For the abject implies “bare life” deprived of political identity, symptomatic of exclusion from any inclusive regime now globally locatable.
The chapter will map out various auteuristic themes in this regard: the loss and recovery of ordinary life social minorities undergo in Lee, ideological systems that class and legal conflicts debunk in Bong, vengeance and judgment driven by out-law desire in Park, and the sin and redemption of animalistic ghost figures in Kim. This mapping will help delve into the nature and boundaries of such notions as power, justice, community, and ethics in view of political philosophy and critical theory. At the same time the auteurs will be repositioned and reconnected from different angles including realism and idealism, genre and style, and their engagement in political parties and actual issues. But since the political in post-80s Korea does not directly manifest itself so much as it often resides displaced and replaced behind some universally appealing aesthetic appearance, the task is to read the artistic transformation of the political allegorically and symptomatically. For this, a broad corpus will be examined from the auteurs’ major narrative features to their shorts and documentaries, and even other directors’ films they wrote or produced.
Auteurism based on the myth of classical individuality may be deconstructed here, or say, reconstructed into a generational structure of contemporary auteurs’s multilayered political consciousness or unconscious. The Korean auteurs may then offer an interesting case of reflecting how the 21st century cinema has evolved the political on a localized plane of immanent globality.

The paper explores Mannheim’s insistence on the importance of generational analysis in sociology, then draws on empirical biographical data to argue that education, both initial and post-initial, plays a powerful role in sustaining generational differences. I conclude by asking whether, in modern societies, generation is not only a major factor in shaping life chances, but is widely viewed as a legitimate source of social and economic inequalities right across the life course.

Modern Türkçe edebiyatta 1950 kuşağı bir yandan bir kırılmaya işaret ederken öte yandan bünyesinde birtakım benzerlikler/örüntüler barındırması açısından kuşak adlandırmasına dahil edilir. 1950 kuşağının öykü hattındaki benzerliklerinden/örüntülerinden birini de insan-dışı hayvanların varoluşları oluşturur. Konuşan, düşünen, eyleyen hayvanlarla birlikte insanın bakışı neticesinde odaklanılan, anlamlandırılamayan, ele avuca sığmayan hayvanlar antropomorfizm bağlamında olay örgülerinde kendilerine yer bulurlar. İmkân ve sınırlarıyla birlikte antropomorfizm, insan-hayvan ikili zıtlığını sorunsallaştırarak sınır hâllerine işaret edebileceği gibi insan-merkezci ön kabullerle yarılmanın kesifleştirilmesine de yol açabilir. Sınırlar ve ikili zıtlıklar arasında salınan antropomorfizmin öykülerdeki kullanılış şekli ise etik ve estetik tartışmaları beraberinde getirecektir. Bu noktada, “türler arası anlatının yabancılaştırıcı etkisi nasıl gerçekleşir” ve “yüz yüze gelmek/bakışmak nasıl bir açılma sağlar” soruları merkezde olmak üzere bu yazıda eleştirel hayvan çalışmalarının sunduğu bakış açılarından yararlanarak, yakın okumalara da başvurmak suretiyle etik ve estetik bir tartışma yürütülecektir.

This article traces trends inside smallholder peasant household production and reproduction against the background of profound change in African agriculture's terms of trade between 1980 and 2015. The gender and generational dynamics of African peasant households that evolved under European colonial policies from the late 19 th century and largely persisted in the early post-independence era, were disrupted by the 1970s oil crises. By the 1980s, peasant labor displacement was gaining momentum, as evidenced by declining smallholder commercial agriculture, often but not always accompanied by rural out-migration. Ensuing differentiated involvement of peasant smallholder family members in unfolding processes of deagrarianization and depeasantization are explored on the basis of national statistical data and the author's and other social scientists' published work. The article's broad spatial focus and 35-year overview, are accommodated in a human geography methodology, which synthesizes research findings from multidisciplinary social scientists' micro, meso and macro level qualitative and quantitative data collection on spatial and temporal patterns of the gender/age division of labor, allocation of decision-making power and welfare provisioning patterns within smallholder households. Spatial and temporal analysis of sex/age ratios evidenced in published data on sectoral labour force participation, surveys of intra-household labour time allocation and national census population data are utilized to trace deagrarianization. Salient trends are: labor contraction in commercial peasant family farming, alteration in peasant land allocation and an emerging tendency for " older women left behind who could facilitate an agrarian fallback " , family members, who have migrated elsewhere or engaged in situ in non-agricultural occupations.

Abstract: This paper links memory to generations of meaning and argues that generational belonging mediates access to memory. Generations of meaning create memories because they connect experiences, beyond the lifetime of indi- viduals, with the wider cultural existence of social communities. Such connec- tions can be understood as a hermeneutic and relational process. Meaning is not a factor of causation, but is cumulative, as meanings are recollected across generational thresholds of experience. This paper conceptualizes such thresholds of experience through three lines of enquiry. First, generativity produces new car- riers of culture and memory, which sustain perceptions of historical beginnings. Second, generational change is a condition of liminality and in-betweenness, which people work to transcend by mediating fractures and thus connecting past problem spaces to frameworks of anticipation. Third, narrative commitments emerge as memories are recollected across different temporalities, incommensu- rability, and forgetting. Memory is not the product of one determining generation, but relational, cumulative, and stretched out in time.
Key words: generations, meaning, memory, generativity, in-betweenness, expe- riential background, recollection

Súčasné výskumy fenoménu hraníc, tzv. border studies, posunuli vnímanie hraníc z fyzickej a geografickej roviny do kontextu, v ktorom sa pod hranicami rozumie dynamický proces ohraničovania (tzv. bordering). Ohraničovanie je v tomto zmysle definované ako každodenný proces konštrukcie hraníc, prostredníctvom napr. politického diskurzu a inštitúcií, mediálnou reprezentáciou, školskými učebnicami či stereotypmi, pričom ide o neukončený proces. Príspevok sa venuje analýze procesu mentálneho ohraničovania v (slovenskom) národnoemancipačnom hnutí na prelome 19. a 20. storočia. Výskum je realizovaný na príklade mediálnej reflexie myšlienok prezentovaných v časopise Hlas (1898-1904), konštruovanej zo strany tzv. konzervatívnych predstaviteľov slovenského národného hnutia. Príspevok sa zameriava na obrazy "cudzieho" a "nášho"-na imaginatívnu stránku a jej obsahy v kontexte procesu ohraničovania "slovenského" mentálneho sveta.

Sociologists have queried over the utility and effectiveness of generational analysis for some time. Here, the authors contend that intragenerational analyses are needed to critically and comprehensively make sense of the social world. Drawing on four presentations during the presidential session titled, "#NextGenBlackSoc: New Directions in the Sociology of Black Millennials," the authors use Black Millennials as a case to illustrate how racializing generational studies can strengthen sociological research in four particular subdisciplines: Collective Behavior and Social Movements, Religion, Gender and Sexuality, and Family. They ultimately argue new analytic approaches are necessary to produce significant research on individuals and groups with complex intersectional identities and the particularities of their social experiences.

"Der Autor untersucht die Frage, wie mündliche biographische Erzählungen in gesellschaftliche Generationendiskurse eingebettet sind. Um dies zu beantworten, werden im Beitrag anhand von Einzelinterviews die Strukturen von Biographien im Hinblick auf die narrative Verarbeitung von Erfahrungsbrüchen, aber auch als Prozess der Aneignung von gesellschaftlichen Diskursen und Erzählungen perspektiviert. Anhand der Analyse von lebensgeschichtlichen Erzählungen einer 68erin, ihrer Mutter und ihrer Tochter werden - nach Einbrüchen in deren Lebensgeschichte - unterschiedliche sprachliche Formen der Re-Konfiguration ihrer biographischen Figuren herausgearbeitet. Diese Formen sind, so der Autor, in Prozessen der sprachlichen Aneignung von öffentlichen und familiären Diskursen in der Jugendphase begründet, die sich verfestigende, sprachliche Muster der Welterschließung hervorbringen. Im Beitrag wird gezeigt, dass diese 'generationalen Gattungsmuster' in den drei Erzählungen die Grenzen zwischen weitgehend inkommensurablen Erfahrungs- und Erzählräumen innerhalb der Familie markieren. Die generationalen Gattungen präfigurieren dabei nicht nur gegenüber den Erzählungen der anderen Familienmitglieder widerständige Sprachbilder, sondern auch gebrochene Formen der Einbettung in die 'Großen gesellschaftlichen (Generationen-)Erzählungen'."

Sociologists have queried over the utility and effectiveness of generational analysis for some time. Here, the authors contend that intragenerational analyses are needed to critically and comprehensively make sense of the social world. Drawing on four presentations during the presidential session titled, “#NextGenBlackSoc: New Directions in the Sociology of Black Millennials,” the authors use Black Millennials as a case to illustrate how racializing generational studies can strengthen sociological research in four particular subdisciplines: Collective Behavior and Social Movements, Religion, Gender and Sexuality, and Family. They ultimately argue new analytic approaches are necessary to produce significant research on individuals and groups with complex intersectional identities and the particularities of their social experiences.

РАСШИРЕННОЕ РЕЗЮМЕ. В настоящее время на территории Евразии существует пять “живых” локальный цивилизаций -- Китай, Индия, “пояс” исламских государств (включая Северную Африку), Западная Европа и Россия Территория России разделена между Европой и Азией, поэтому исследователи иногда называют Российскую цивилизацию Евразийской. В статье предложена общая концепция развития Евразийской цивилизации от ее рождения до современного состояния (IX-XX вв.).
Евразийская цивилизация является самой молодой из пяти цивилизаций. Поэтому ее развитие изначально приобрело “догоняющий” характер. С первых веков своего существования евразийский социум должен был выживать рядом с более зрелыми (или более сильными) соседями. Только активное заимствование технических и организационных новшеств из-за рубежа и их адаптация для нужно евразийского социума обеспечили Руси/России способность к соперничеству с соседями.
В результате российская история стала историей чередования двух типов доминирующих поколений, которые могут быть названы «поколениями перемен» и «поколениями стабилизации и стагнации». Например, в последние два века российской истории «поколению перемен» соответствуют правления Александра I (1801-1825), Александра II (1855-1881), ленинско-сталинский период (1917-1953) и период, начавшийся в 1985 с перестройки (и закончившийся в 2020 -- прим.2022-го года); «поколению стабилизации и стагнации» соответствуют правление Николая I (1825-1855), период правления Александра III и Николая II (1881-1917), а также хрущевско-брежневский период (1953-1985) (прим.2022 года: а также период, начавшийся в 2020) .
Средняя длительность доминирующих поколений 32 года (32.5±2.5 лет, от 16 до 43 лет). Любая пара «поколения перемен» и «поколения стабилизации и стагнации» образует 65-летний цикл (65±5 лет, от 49 до 81 лет), пары 65-летних циклов образуют 130-ление циклы (130±14, от 112 до 154 лет), etc.
Благодаря заимствованию новшеств из Западной Европы евразийский режим с XVI в. развернул мощную территориальную экспансию в Азию и частично в <Центральную> Европу. В начале XX в. евразийский режим доминировал на огромном пространстве от Финляндии, Польши и устья Дуная до Персии, Манчжурии и Камчатки.
Однако территориальная экспансия не может быть бесконечной. Со второй половины XVIII в. евразийскому режиму власти предстояло перейти от экстенсивного роста за счет территориальной экспансии к интенсивному росту в постоянных границах. Российская империя не смогла решить эту проблему и потерпела крах в 1917 г. Советский Союз не смог решить эту проблему и потерпел крах в 1991 г. Российская Федерация стоит перед той же проблемой.
Приложение к статье включает таблицы и графики, характеризующие закономерности ритма поколений трех цивилизационных регионов: России (765-2056 гг.), Китая (471-2007 гг.) и Индии (1173-1707 гг.). Спектры состоят из циклов длительностью ок.16(14÷20)—ок.32(30÷34)—ок.64(62÷68)—ок.128(115÷147)—ок.256(256÷267)—ок.512(519÷560)—ок.1024(1038÷1119) лет.
КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: локальные цивилизации, поколения, поколение перемен, поколение стабилизации, инновации, территориальная экспансия, крах империй, история России, история Китая, история Индии.
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ 2017. В оригинальной публикации статьи резюме и ключевые слова отсутствовали. Развитие этих идей см. в моей монографии «Пространственно-временная динамика человеческих сообществ разного масштаба», 2011, в которой также рассмотрены: 20-летний инновационный цикл, экономические циклы длительностью 3-5, 7-10 и 15-20 лет и др.

Civic non-participation in public life is one of the most important problems in contemporary Poland. This phenomenon makes all generations equal and it requires breaking of the barriers in intergenerational integration. Presented study shows that the aspiration for coherence and stability of the system may be based on the taking advantage by using benefits of age difference in society. Article indicates dimensions and levels in seeking quality solutions for the integration in conditions of shaping social dispersion space order. It also contains types of different approaches to the integration barriers related with process of aging society and discrimination based on age phenomenon.
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Obywatelskie nieuczestnictwo w życiu publicznym należy do najważniejszych problemów współczesnej Polski. Zjawisko to czyni wszystkie pokolenia równymi a przeciwstawienie się mu wymaga przełamania barier integracji międzypokoleniowej. Niniejsze opracowanie wskazuje, iż dążenie do spójności i stabilności systemu może opierać się na wykorzystaniu korzyści z różnicy wieku członków społeczeństwa. Wskazane zostały wymiary i poziomy poszukiwania rozwiązań jakościowych na rzecz integracji w warunkach kształtowania się w przestrzeni społecznej ładu rozproszonego oraz typy barier integracji międzypokoleniowej związane z procesem starzenia się społeczeństw i zjawiskiem dyskryminacji ze względu na wiek.

The interaction and relationship between consecutive generations is seldom a neutral process. It always involves a process of domination and contestation between the generations where the manifestations of the power relations are both explicit and implicit in their nature. Taking this assumption as a premise this paper attempts to examine the relationship between youth and politics across the historical trajectories of Ethiopian politics since the 1974 revolution. The way youth is understood, socialized and integrated into the political scene and their interplay with the older generation until the present time is the main focus of the study. This paper explains how politics is perceived and practiced among the youth and the role of the intergenerational interaction towards this. It is strongly argued that the influence of the older generation particularly in the ruling party of Ethiopia creates a new meaning of politics for the youth. The findings show that politics become a system ...

EXPANDED RESUME. Currently, there are five "live" local civilizations on the territory of Eurasia -- China, India, a “string” of Muslim countries (including North Africa), Western Europe, and Russia. Russian (or Eurasian) civilization is the youngest of the five ones. Therefore, its development was “catching up” by nature from its very inception. From the first centuries of its existence, Eurasian society adopted the cultural forms of neighbors.
As a result, the Russian history is the history of the alternation of two types of ruling generations that can be called “generations of changes” and “generations of stabilization and stagnation”. For instance, in the last two centuries of Russia’s history, the “generations of changes” corresponded to the reign of Alexander I (1801-1825), Alexander II (1855-1881), Leninist-Stalinist period (1917-1953), and the period that began in 1985 with perestroika (2022's note: ended 2020); the “generations of stabilization and stagnation” corresponded to the reign of Nikolai I (1825-1855), Alexander III and Nikolai II (1881-1917), Khrushchov-Brezhnev period (1953-1985); (2022's note: and the period that began in 2020).
The average duration of ruling generations is 32 years (32.5±2.5 years, from 16 to 44 years). Any pair of “generation of changes” and “generation of stabilization and stagnation” formed a 65-years cycle (65±5 years, from 49 to 81 years), the pairs of 65-cycles formed 130-years cycles (130±14, from 112 to 154 years), etc.
Starting to borrow innovations from Western Europe in 15th-16th centuries, the Eurasian regime had the opportunity to deploy a powerful territorial expansion in Asia and partly in Europe. In the early 20th century, the Eurasian regime dominated on the vast area from Finland, Poland and the Danube mouth to Persia, Manchuria and Kamchatka.
Territorial expansion may not be infinite. From the second half of the 18th century the Eurasian power regime was destined to move from the extensive growth due to territorial expansion to the intensive growth within permanent borders. The Russian Empire could not solve this problem and collapsed in 1917. The Soviet Union was unable to solve this problem and collapsed in 1991. The Russian Federation faces the same problem.
ANNEX to the article includes tables and charts illustrating the patterns of rhythm of generations of three civilizations: Russia (765-2056), China (471-2007), and India (1173-1707). Generations are the basis for cycles with a duration of about 16 (14÷20)—32 (30÷34)—64 (62÷68)—128 (115÷147)—256 (256÷267)—512 (519÷560)—1024 (1038÷1119) years.
KEYWORDS: local civilizations, generations, generations of changes, generations of stabilization and stagnation, innovations, territorial expansion, collapse of empires, Russia’s history, China’s history, India’s history.
The summary and keywords were missing in the original publication.

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