GSM and MIcrowave technology

Mobile operators currently prefer optimizing their radio networks via re-homing or cutting over the cell sites in 2G
or 3G networks. The core network, as the parental part of radio network, is inevitably impacted by the re-homing in radio domain. This paper introduces the cell site re-homing in radio network and analyzes its impact on the performance of GSM/UMTS core network. The possible re-homing models are created and analyzed for core networks. The paper concludes that appropriate re-homing in radio domain, using correct algorithms, not only optimizes the radio network but also helps improve the QoS of the core network and saves the carriers’ OPEX and CAPEX on their core networks

Remote sensing technology's increasing accessibility helps us observe research and learn about our globe in ways we could only imagine a generation ago. Guides to profound knowledge of historical, conceptual and practical uses of remote sensing which is increasing GIS technology. This paper will go briefly through remote sensing benefits, history, technology and the GIS and remote sensing integration and their applications. Remote sensing (RS) is used in mapping the predicted and actual species and dominates the ecosystem canopy.

We aim to design a microwave synthesizer using a PLL and taking into account the EMC/EMI problems. These problems are more important when using two synthesizers in a communication system, one for the transmitter with direct frequency modulation of the oscillator (VCO), and another as a local oscillator for the receiver. EMC/EMI issues have been treated in this work from a practical point of view: layout, type of used components, and distribution of power supply.

This Impact Report identifies and summarises the diverse impacts, resulting from the £500m of UK funding of Science and Technology in 2013, using numerous quantitative metrics and short case study extracts.  It shows how the varied impacts of a national science and technology organization and its many funded programmes can be annually identified, captured, tracked, and summarised in a public document.

The report was produced for, and by, the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) -  the UK Research Council responsible for funding: (1) all UK astronomy, particle and nuclear physics research, (2) related UK science and technology facilities (e.g. as Harwell and Daresbury), (3) the UK contribution to international science (e.g. CERN, international telescopes and space missions), (4) innovation and business spin-off programmes, and (5) UK public engagement activities.

The Report was co-researched and co-authored by the STFC Impact Team, including myself while Impact Evaluation Manager in 2013, with Dr. Claire Dougan-McCallie (lead author/Head of Impact) and Jenny Beard, with additional input from senior managers, and many data and case study contributions from other key managers across STFC.

Varied key impacts are identified and reported including:

• Research amongst the best (by citation impact) in astronomy, nuclear and particle physics.
• Supported research of 226 Principal Investigators in 70 universities, led to 1,100 peer-reviewed papers in 2012.
• Facilities (the Diamond Light Source, ISIS and CLF) were used in 2012/13 by over 4,200 unique users , in over 2,400 experiments, producing over 1,000 papers in peer-reviewed journals.

• Technology from CERN benefited the UK economy by over £100 billion every year.
• Funding the development of the UK’s space, internet and computer animation industries, returned over £500 billion to the UK economy per annum.
• Funded Innovation Campuses hosted over 230 enterprises and supported over 5,000 jobs.
• UK industry won £43 million in contracts from the international subscriptions funded, and had accumulated a total of £150 million since 2005.

• Funded research inspired future generations to study STEM subjects, attracting 90% of UK undergraduates to study physics, funded 782 PhD students  and 16,800 student training days.
• Between 2009 to 2012 public engagement programmes engaged people on 58 million occasions, with 2 million people engaged in face-to-face activities in 2013 alone.

بسياري از استانداردهاي شبكههاي بيسيم شامل ويژگيهاي كيفيت سرويس (QoS)  در لايه MAC هستند. اين ويژگيها، به گره‌هايي كه ترافيك real-time مانند صدا و ويدئو را انتقال ميدهند، امكان ميدهد كه مقدم بر گرههايي كه ترافيك  best-effort حمل ميكنند، به كانال دسترسي داشته باشند. موفقيت اين مكانيسمهاي QoS نيازمند اين است كه گرهها درستكار باشند و صادقانه گروه QoS برنامه كاربردي خود را گزارش دهند. اگرچه كه گرههاي منطقي اين كار را انجام ميدهند، اما اگر بتوانند، براي حداكثر كردن بهرهوري خود، از يك مشخصات استاندارد تعدي ميكنند. واسطهاي شبكه روز به روز بيشتر قابلبرنامهريزي ميشوند و اين به گرهها امكان ميدهد كه براي افزايش گذردهي خود، بهطور غلط ترافيك best-effort خود را بهجاي ترافيك real-time جا بزنند. در اين مقاله، يك ساختار MAC شبيه slotted Aloha كه در بسياري از موارد، از لايه MAC IEEE 802.11e استفاده ميكند، با استفاده از تئوري بازي تحليل ميشود. مدل MAC ما به ترافيك اجازه ميدهد كه به دو صورت با اولويت بالا  (HP) يا با اولويت پايين  (LP) دستهبندي شود و به دو صورت دسترسي تصادفي  (رقابتي ) و دسترسي بهروش سركشي  (غيررقابتي) ميتواند كانال را در اختيار بگيرد. دليل استفاده از روش بدون درگيري به عنوان يك مكانيسم كارا اين است كه كاربران كم اولويت را تشويق ميكند كه درستكارانه عمل كنند. در اين مقاله در باره تابع‌هاي مطلوبيت براي ترافيكهاي LP و HP بحث ميكند و بازدهي سيستم را با استفاده از مفهوم راهحل دادي و ستد نش  (NBS ) در تئوري بازيهاي مشاركتي  تحليل ميكنيم. از مفهوم NBS براي يافتن يك نقطه عملياتي منصفانه و بهينه پارتو  براي سيستم استفاده خواهيم كرد. از آنجا كه كاربران بهطور استراتژيك عمل ميكنند، از چهارچوب تئوري بازيهاي غيرمشاركتي براي يافتن مجموعهاي از تعادل نش  استفاده ميشود. در ادامه، از اين مساله كه نقطه عملياتي NBS يك تعادل نش است، درخواهيم يافت كه استراتژي ما در اين مساله كارا و strategy-proof است.

This paper describes the procedure necessary to make a link on the GSM-850 band by Okumura-Hata propagation model, joining two parts of the city of Cordoba, Argentina. We describe the parameters needed for the link calculation and the restrictions that have the model used to estimate a radio coverage.

Antenna systems are critical components of any radio system operating at any frequency. The antenna and associated system comprising coaxial transmission line (commonly known as feeder cable) and any power amplifiers, RF combiners, duplex filters and so on significantly impacts on radio performance if not correctly specified, installed and operated. This paper explores the evolution of cellular antenna systems from GSM through UMTS and LTE to 5G.

Present scenario of nations security has become an important constrain. During war, tactics is main factor in any country’s security. There are many concerns regarding the safety of the soldiers M-Health enables GPS (Global positioning system) tracking of these soldiers using Smart sensor. GPS used to log the longitude and latitude so that direction can be known easily. A personal server will provide the connection to the server at the base station using a wireless communication. Every soldier’s belt is integrated with GSM (Global system for Mobile communication) module which enables the communication with the base station in case of injuries & calamities. In the proposed schema idea is to introduce a location tracking device for soldiers as well as to update status of the soldiers during the war.

This presentation explores the evolution of GSM, UMTS and LTE radio access network architectures before a detailed review of the RAN architecture options for 5G. The functional decomposition of the 5G radio access network presents the network designer with many challenges with regards placement of RU, DU and CU nodes, all of which are discussed. The presentation concludes with a review of BT UK plans for 5G launch with a fully distributed RAN in support of an EN-DC architecture.

Declaration We clarify that our work is based on project writing Guide line given by the Institute. The work contained in this project is original and has been done by us under the guidance of our advisor. Whenever we use materials from other sources we have given due credit to them by citing them in the references.

This paper reviews the design and deployment of the EE 5G network. EE owned by BT, launched the UKs first 5G network on the 30th May 2019, initially focused on enhanced mobile broadband use cases. This paper provides an overview of the radio access network and backhaul connectivity that has been deployed along with exploring the initial performance of 5G in EN-DC mode of operation. Particular focus is given to the optical and wireless backhaul solutions which connect the 5G RAN to the mobile core network. The paper goes on to consider what's next as 5G evolves to support massive machine type connectivity and ultra reliable and low latency networks.

This paper presents a project design for which the pet owner can feed his own pet even without his presence by just sending a text message to the system through his cellular phone. The system uses the concept of GSM technology to receive signal from the owner. If the system received the message, the servo motor and solenoid valve will be activated. The servo motor will rotate that will serve as the food transportation and the solenoid valve will be opened for the water to freely flow. Once the feeding is already done, the owner will receive a text message from the system which notifies him of a successful feeding. The concept was intended for people who always have a busy schedule to feed his/her pet.

This project is designed to develop as a robotic vehicle that can be controlled by a cell phones. DTMF commands from a phone send to another cell phone which is mounted on the robotic vehicle. These commands are fed to a PIC microcontroller of 8-bit architecture to operate the vehicle movement through motor interface.


Conventionally Wireless-controlled Robots Use Rf Circuits, Which Have Limited Working Range, Limited Frequency Range and Limited Control. Use of a Mobile Phone for Robotic Control Can Overcome These Limitations. It Provides the Advantage of Robust Control, Working Range as Large as the Area of the Service Provider, No Interference with Other Controllers. Although the Appearance and Capabilities of Robot Vary Vastly, All Robots Share Feature of a Mechanical, Movable Structure Under Some Form of Control. The Control of Robot Involves Three Distinct Phases: Perception, Processing and Action. Generally, the Preceptors Are Sensors Mounted on the Robot, Processing is Done by the On-board Microcontroller or Processor, and the Task is Performed Using Motors or with Some Other Actuators. In This Project the Robot is Connected to Gsm mobile (using DTMF technology) Which is Controlled by User Mobile Phone. With the Help of Commands We Can Move Our Robot in Desired Direction as Per Our Requirement.

COMPONENT USED:

* DTMF DECODER
* 8-BIT PIC MICROCONTROLLER
* CELL PHONES
* DIODES
* BATTERY(6-VOLT)
* DC MOTOR
* WHEELS ETC.

Project By Abhi Sharma.

International Journal of Microwave Engineering (JMICRO) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal which invites high quality manuscripts that focuses on Engineering and theory associated with microwave / millimeter-wave technology, guided wave structures, electromagnetic theory and implementation. Authors are invited to submit original research works that stimulate the development of latest technology in industry and academia. Good quality review papers and short communications are also acceptable. Research areas suitable for publication include, but are not limited to the following fields:

This paper proposes a design of 0.15μm Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) power amplifier using GaAs pHEMT technology at 2.4 GHz which employs feed forward linearization technique to improve linearity. The amplifier is designed to operate in personal communication systems (PCS) frequency range using WIN semiconductor GaAs pHEMT technology. Single stage power amplifier is designed in lumped and distributed components with its layout. Linearity of PA is improved by Feed forward Linearization technique. To evaluate the performance of proposed linearized amplifier, Advanced Design system (ADS) tool is used. The designed circuit results with 13.65dBm output power at 1dB compression point (P1dB), 6dB power gain and maximum Power added efficiency of 16.4%. Linearity achieved by feed forward linearizer circuit with third order intermodulation suppression of 30dBc for the output power level of 8.217dBm and 1dB compression point at an input power of 15 dBm whereas 6 dBm for the Power amplifier without feed forward linearizer circuit. The designed Power amplifier system with feed forward linearizer had IMD3 suppression of 30dBc which is in appreciable range with improvement in 1dB compression point.

International Journal of Microwave Engineering (JMICRO) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal which invites high quality manuscripts that focuses on Engineering and theory associated with microwave / millimeter-wave technology, guided wave structures, electromagnetic theory and implementation. Authors are invited to submit original research works that stimulate the development of latest technology in industry and academia. Good quality review papers and short communications are also acceptable. Research areas suitable for publication include, but are not limited to the following fields:

The term telecommunication access network refers to the technical infrastructure which provides connectivity between an end user or device and the services provided via a core network or service platforms. Access networks are typically split into two categories; fixed and mobile. This paper explores the range of access networks available in the UK, inclduing xDSL, FTTP, DOCSIS, TETRA, GSM, UMTS, LTE and 5G. This paper appeared in Volume 15 Part 1 of the ITP Journal.

The Real-Time College Bus Tracking Application which runs on Android smart phones is proposed. With recent technological advancement of modern science, people are now expecting the information about the location of any object for tracking purposes. Presently, more location based services are in demand for being advanced and also to save time and money. Global Positioning System (GPS) is a system which is already implemented and everyone can access it without any restriction. Having the facility of GPS to develop a system, a GPS device is needed to calculate the location from the information taken from GPS. The project helps in real time tracking of college Bus to parents as well as to college management. An Android device is chosen for the calculation of exact location because an Android mobile phone is cost effective and offers multidimensional purposes having some special features like GPS service. The proposed system also sends information to parents about their ward entry and exit from the Bus. The main purpose of the application is to provide exact location of the student's respective buses in the mobile application of the parent. It is a real time system, as the current location of the bus is updated every moment in the form of latitude and longitude which is received by the student's parent through the mobile application.

Some new trifluoromethyl coumarin thiosemicarbazones 3a-3m were synthesized by condensation
reaction of thiosemicarbazides and 3-trifluoroacetyl coumarins which was from recyclization
of ethyl 2-hydroxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-chromene-3-carboxylates under microwave assisted
and solvent-free conditions. The structure of the synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1
H
NMR, 13C NMR, HRMS and X-ray, and their antifungal activity was evaluated. Most of them exhibited
potent antifungal activity by comparison with the standard drugs.

Bu doküman, Turkcell tarafından hazırlanmıştır. Dokümanda, Turkcell mobil şebekesi için satın alınan çeşitli ürünlere ilişkin ürünlerin kullanım amacı, ürün temel özellikleri ve ürün resimleri mevcuttur. Doküman, yerli üretim yapabilecek firmalara Turkcell'in ihtiyacı olan ekipmanlar hakkında bilgi vermeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Pathloss estimation is largely frequency- dependent and its results indicate the coverage of any mobile network. The accuracy of these estimations is crucial for viable network designs and deployment. The rapid evolution of wireless communication technologies in recent decades has led to diversity in frequency bands. The need for spectrum harmonization for mobile broadband international roaming brought about the need for the refarming of the 1800MHz band from GSM to LTE. This paper investigates the impact of refarming of the 1800MHz frequency band from GSM to LTE in terms of network planning and deployment of LTE, using Okumura-Hata, COST 231 Hata and COST Walfisch-Ikegami pathloss estimation algorithms.

The radio refractive index structure of the lower section of the atmospheric boundary layer is critical in the planning and construction of microwave communication connections. This study analyses the refractivity profile carried out in Mowe (6.8085° N, 3.4367° E) SouthWestern Nigeria. Ground measurements of air pressure, temperature, and relative humidity used in this investigation were collected from the rain gauge of the Tropospheric Observatory Data Acquisition Network (TRODAN). The radio refractivity, associated refractivity gradient and climatic factor were computed using data from January 2012 to December 2013. The vertical distributions of radio refractivity were then calculated using these parameters. Seasonal fluctuations in refractivity are visible over the location, with high values in the wet season and low values in the dry season. The findings also suggest that propagation circumstances fluctuate in frequency, with sub-refractive situations being most common between April and September. This is an indication that microwave link in Mowe will suffer higher signal loss during wet season, while the loss may be mild during the dry season. The refractivity values in this study are expected to aid in determining the necessary mitigation to be put in place to reduce loss of signal in Mowe.

The aims of this research were analysis of methanolic extract of bioactive compounds of Tribolium castaneum and evaluation of anti-bacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumonia, Pseudomonas eurogenosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis and Klebsiella pneumonia. GC-MS analysis of Tribolium castaneum revealed the existence of the Oxirane, [(hexadecyloxy)methyl], 5-Methyl-6-phenyltetrahydro-1,3-oxazine-2-thione, Cis,cis,cis-7,10,13-hexadecatrienal, Methyl N-cyclohexyl-3-phenylpropanimidate, Ethyl(1-adamantylamino)carbothioylcarbamate, (-)-Norephedine, 1-Dimethyl(pentafluorophenyl)silyloxycyclopentane, 2-Cyclopropyl-2-nitro-1-phenyl-ethanol, 3-Chloropropionic acid ,nonyl ester, Decane, 1-chloro, 2,5-Dimethylhexane-2,5-dihydroperoxide, Ethanamine, 2-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-N-methyl, D-(+)-Ribonic acidγ-lactone, Methanone, 1,3-dithian-2-ylphenyl, Cyclopentaneacetaldehyde, 2-formyl-3-methyl-α-methylene, Phenylethyl alcohol, 2,5-dihydroxy-α-methyl, 1-Hexadecanol, 3,6-Diazahomoadamantan-9-one Hydrazone, 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-6-α, Spiro[5.5]undecane-1,7-dione, 4-Cyclopropylcarbonyloxytridecane, Eicosanoic acid, phenylmethyl ester, 3,6-Dinitro-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, 1-Propyl-3,6-diazahomoadamantan-9-ol, 2(1H)-Benzocyclooctenone , decahydro-4a-methyl-,trans, Heptanoic acid, 4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzyl ester, Phthalic acid, butyl undecyl ester, Pterin-6-carboxylic acid, 2(3H)-Naphthalenone ,4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-1-methoxy, Cis-9-hexadecenoic acid, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z), Octadec-9-enoic acid, Methyl 18-fluoro-octadec-9-enoate, Dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate(ester), 3',8,8'-Trimethoxy-3-piperidyl-2,2'-binaphthalene-1,1',4,4'tetra. The results of anti-bacterial activity produced by Tribolium castaneum showed that the volatile compounds were highly effective to suppress the growth of Escherichia coli.

Intelligent bus tracking system using android is an application that tracks a bus and collects the distance to each station. Tracking system involves the installation of an electronic device in a bus, with an installed Android App on any smart phone to enable a user to track the bus location. There are two applications one for server and other for the client. The user can get flexibility of planning travel using the app, to decide on which bus to take or when to catch the bus. The waiting time of the user can be reduced. By using this application user get the information about buses, bus numbers, bus route, bus arrival and bus delay timing information etc [1]. It provides information about which bus coming to the stop. By the presently existing system we are dealing with three terminals, a device on bus, a device at bus stop and a device on the master bus stand so as to keep the track on the all city busses. By employing this tracking system the arrival of the bus is detected near the bus stop and also can be seen on the PC at the master bus stop. GSM modem can also transmit the bus information to the registered mobile numbers. Hence, we can control the bus traffic and can detect the arrival of particular bus at the bus stop. Keywords— GSM, RFID reader, LCD, RS 485, RS 232, Android phone, PC I. INTRODUCTION The transportation system serves as the heart in the economic and social development of the country. In today's world transportation system has a very vital role to play in day to day life. Due to rapid increase in population, there is need for efficient public transportation system. Because of population it keeps increased burden on public transportation like bus etc [2]. Therefore the smart system is necessary which provides real time information of bus to remote user. So we proposed a new system which overcomes the drawback of public transportation system. So our system handle all the data about current location of bus and by using this data the real time tracking of bus can be done and this information is then given to remote user who wants to know the real time bus information. The main advantage of city bus commuting is that it reduces the overall pollution, reduces the traffic on road, also the problem of parking is solved to a certain extent.

The realization of a software-defined radio has been a particular objective of the military industry and academia in Turkey. Broadband frequency-tunable PAs and matching networks [28], [29] (see Figure 2) were designed at METU–Northern Cyprus Campus’s RF and Telecommunication Laboratory (established by Dr. Tayfun Nesimoglu [30]) using RFT [8]–[18].

We present polarization dependent charge control model for current voltage characteristics of Double Channel Dual Material Gate-AlGaN/GaN HEMT. This model demonstrates complete charge control in upper and lower channel of the device under various gate and drain bias conditions. The model device structure uses GaN material with higher breakdown voltage and polarization induced charge carrier density to achieve higher voltage and current drive capability. Model and simulation results reveal that DCDMG HEMT structure is capable of reducing short-channel effects (SCEs) more effectively as compared to the available conventional devices due to the presence of the step in the channel potential profile which effectively screen the drain potential variation in the device operation. The model accurately derives the top and bottom channels currents by using effective device threshold model for each channels based on analysis of two dimensional electron gas (2-DEG) in each channel. It is observed that work function difference of dual metal gate design is reason behind the screening effect of the drain potential variation near the drain region resulting in suppressed drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL). The model analyses current density in both the channels based on polarization induced 2-DEG density. Due to presence of bottom channel in the device, the effect of current collapse in top channel alone cannot degrade device functionality as it happens in conventional single channel AlGaN/GaN HEMT. This current collapse mainly occurs in the channel closer to the gate while bottom channel being at far distance suffers minimal current collapse hence improving overall device functionality. A good agreement between the results obtained from the model, ATLAS device simulator and published experimental data provides the validity and correctness of the proposed model.

This research was funded by, and implemented within, a UK national research organisation, while the author was the KE and Impact Evaluation Manager responsible for assessing impact on a £15m UK government-funded research programme.

This work was also submitted as the authors MBA dissertation which was accepted and awarded in 2009.

ABSTRACT: A methodology and methods ‘toolbox’ is proposed for conducting impact research and assessment from within research programmes. The emphasis is upon how to clarify and assess the wider impacts from the early stages onwards.

The approach explicitly acknowledges, and attempts to address, the known issues and challenges of impact assessment while drawing upon the resources and opportunities available to research managers and researchers within such programmes.

The study has two triangulating foundations. Firstly, it examines the academic literature to help identify and design the pilot methodology and methods. Secondly it trials these in a real programme to both test and improve them.

The study was conducted over one year within one leading UK research organisation, where two research programmes (and around 60 research projects of £15m total value) were being assessed for their impacts. The study draws upon actual impact management experience and reflection, prospective (ex ante) and retrospective (ex post) assessments, participatory contributions from leading researchers undergoing assessment, and consultation with external users. The findings of this study outline the pilot and its first iteration. Recommendations are made for improvement to the methodology and methods.

A subsequent follow-on bid to UK government incorporating the impacts identified from implementing this methodology, successfully led to a further £15m of government funding.

It is expected the pilot methodology and methods will be applicable to other organisations, conducting and funding such research programmes, required to research and assess the wider research impacts.

Although primary focus of implemetation trials was upon research in physical sciences, technology, high-tech engineering, computing/IT, and environment, the wider literature study, the methodology design and justification, the methods proposed and used, and the resulting general recommendations and lessons are expected to apply more broadly to many other research areas, where the impact is to be found more widely in the society, economy, government or public sector or within organizations, policies, professions or the public.

Interest in this work is expected from research programme managers, impact managers and assessors, management consultants advising in this area, and government funding managers, all seeking to embed a developing approach to understand, capture, and enhance wider impact.

Mobile backhaul connectivity is an essential enabler of a mobile network. As networks evolve from 4G LTE to 5G it is vital that the access network connectivity undergoes a transport network transformation to meet new requirements on throughput, PELR, latency, PDV and synchronisation. This talk from the IET 5G Unleashed event, explains the requirements of 5G backhaul and presents a use case from BT UK on the architecture and design of their EE 5G mobile network.

The number of users of the Global System of Mobile Telecommunications (GSM) worldwide is growing at an exponential rate; with more than 118 million users in Nigeria alone. There is a continuous need to install GSM supporting infrastructure in other to effectively care for the increasing users in term of service delivering. A major infrastructure is the GSM Base Station containing the Base Transceiver Station (BTS). By projection Nigeria need more than 30,000 BTS by 2018 amidst challenges such as high Capital Expenditure (CAPEX), multiple regulations and taxation, etc. This paper reviews different types and forms of infrastructure sharing. Infrastructure sharing comprises of the following types: Passive Infrastructure Sharing (PIS), Active Infrastructure Sharing, etc. Identified hindrances to infrastructure sharing include: Use of Different Supplier in value chains, use of Inferior Equipment, and monopolistic behaviour among well established operators. There should be a robust consultation among operators who intend to share infrastructure. The benefits of infrastructure sharing includes: increased revenue generation, achievement of competitive tariffs for customer, and more rapid network roll-out and market penetration. In addition, infrastructure sharing help mobile network operator to focus on their core business and customer services. When mobile operators share infrastructure the skyline is decongested.