Fish Disease and Treatment

This review will discuss the latest knowledge of how the endocannabinoid system might be involved in treating addiction to the most common illicit drugs. Experimental models are providing increasing evidence for the pharmacological management of endocannabinoid signaling not only to block the direct reinforcing effects of cannabis, opioids, nicotine and ethanol, but also for preventing relapse to the various drugs of abuse, including opioids, cocaine, nicotine, alcohol and metamphetamine. Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that the endocannabinoid system can be manipulated by the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A, that might constitute a new generation of compounds for treating addiction across different classes of abused drugs.

BackgroundVascular risk factors predispose to vertebrobasilar ischemia. Cervical osteophytes can impinge on the vertebral artery causing mechanical occlusion during head turning. Presentation with vertigo in such instances is a common finding.Case presentationA patient with obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cervical spondylosis, and vertigo triggered by head rotation is presented. She responded to antihypertensive and lipid-lowering drugs, vestibular sedative and application of cervical collar. The second patient also exhibited similar features and responded to conservative treatment.Discussion and conclusionsRotational vertebral artery occlusion resulting from cervical spondylosis in the presence of atherosclerosed collateral vessels is a cause of posterior circulation insufficiency manifesting as vertigo. The tetrad of vertigo resulting from vascular risk factors, cervical spondylosis, and head rotation is proposed for further research.

We report the first isolation, identification and
characterization of a group of Chilean strains of
atypical Aeromonas salmonicida isolated from
freshwater farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar.
Affected fish showed superficial ulcers and pale liver
with or without petechial haemorrhages. Outbreaks
of the disease occurred in two farms in the south of
Chile about 2200 km apart. Five strains were isolated
in pure culture and identified by serological
assays and immunofluorescence tests as belonging
to Aeromonas salmonicida. Although the bacterial
isolates were phenotypically homogeneous, minor
differences with the reference strain A. salmonicida
subsp. salmonicida ATCC 33658 were noted. Three
specific primer sets and partial 16S rRNA gene
sequencing allowed the identification of the Chilean
isolates as atypical A. salmonicida, with A. salmonicida
subsp. achromogenes and A. salmonicida subsp.
masoucida as their closest relatives (100% sequence
similarity). Molecular typing indicated that the
atypical isolates belong to two genetic groups that
were associated with the geographical origin.

Steroidal neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs), such as rocuronium, are widely used in clinical anesthesia and emergency medicine to facilitate endotracheal intubation and artificial ventilation and to allow surgical access to body cavities. Reversal of neuromuscular blockade is important for the acceleration of patient recovery and prevention of postoperative residual neuromuscular blockade and reduces the incidence of severe morbidity and mortality associated with anesthesia management. Sugammadex is the first selective relaxant binding agent (SRBA) and has been designed to reverse the steroidal neuromuscular blocking drug rocuronium. Encapsulation of the rocuronium molecule by sugammadex results in a rapid decrease in free rocuronium in the plasma and subsequently at the nicotinic receptor at the motor endplate. After encapsulation, rocuronium is not available to bind to the nicotinic receptor in the neuromuscular junction. This promotes the liberation of acetylcholine receptors...

A survey was conducted to collect fishes from Trimmu Head works pond area, Malkana Lake in district Jhang. Altogether, 100 fishes of 32 different species were sampled to investigate the skin and fin infections. The sample included healthy, diseased and dead fishes. Twenty one fish species showed no clinical signs on the body and three fish species; Salmopasia bacaila, Barilus modestus, and Aspidoparia morar were found dead. Eight fish species; Wallago attu, Cirrhinus mrigala, Labeo rohita, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Channa marulius, Rita rita, Sperrata sarwari and Eutropiichthys vacha had superficial and deep ulcers on head, abdomen, body, skin and base of fins. The fins and scales were eroded and eye of one fish was completely damaged. These fishes were having multiple infections, such as ulcer disease, tail rot and fin rot, which may be due to microbial and parasitic attack and aquatic pollution in the water. The mortality, skin and fin infections in these fishes point our attention to an alarming situation of fish health status. This condition needs urgent attention of the authorities to protect the diversified fish fauna of this area from any future disaster.

The biochemical, serological and molecular characteristics of 8-pigmented isolates phenotypically related to Flavobacterium psychrophilum were determined. The bacteria were isolated in 2006 from diseased Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cultured in the South of Chile. The F. psychrophilum type strain ATCC 49418 T and isolate B97026, obtained from rainbow trout in UK, were included in the study as a comparison. Their potential to cause pathology in Atlantic salmon was also investigated. The 8 isolates were biochemically identical, however were completely different to F. psychrophilum. Slide agglutination and Dot blot allowed us to confirm that the isolates constituted a homogeneous, but distinctive serological group to the F. psychrophilum isolates. Similar homogeneity was observed using RAPD-PCR with identical DNA patterns obtained, regardless of the source of isolation or geographic origin. Therefore, any of the above tests can be used to discri...

We report the first isolation, identification and characterization of a group of Chilean strains of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida isolated from freshwater farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Affected fish showed superficial ulcers and pale liver with or without petechial haemorrhages. Outbreaks of the disease occurred in two farms in the south of Chile about 2200 km apart. Five strains were isolated in pure culture and identified by serological assays and immunofluorescence tests as belonging to Aeromonas salmonicida. Although the bacterial isolates were phenotypically homogeneous, minor differences with the reference strain A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida ATCC 33658 were noted. Three specific primer sets and partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing allowed the identification of the Chilean isolates as atypical A. salmonicida, with A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes and A. salmonicida subsp. masoucida as their closest relatives (100% sequence similarity). Molecular typing indicated that the atypical isolates belong to two genetic groups that were associated with the geographical origin.

Compliance and relapse are major issues in the treatment of psychotic disorders. About 50% of subjects with schizophrenia do not comply with treatment and relapse rates of 65% are reported after one year and 80% after two years. Drug treatments are effective against psychotic symptoms, but cannot promote functional recovery or prevent relapses when prescribed alone. The factors influencing compliance include side effects and the patients' awareness of their illness. Psychosocial interventions, cognitive remediation and psychotherapy have been proposed as adjuvant treatments to increase compliance and to decrease the rate of relapse. Most of these interventions have been shown to increase compliance and to decrease the rate of relapse, but the most robust results have been achieved with cognitive behavioral therapy.

Vascular risk factors predispose to vertebrobasilar ischemia. Cervical osteophytes can impinge on the vertebral artery causing mechanical occlusion during head turning. Presentation with vertigo in such instances is a common finding. A patient with obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cervical spondylosis, and vertigo triggered by head rotation is presented. She responded to antihypertensive and lipid-lowering drugs, vestibular sedative and application of cervical collar. The second patient also exhibited similar features and responded to conservative treatment. Rotational vertebral artery occlusion resulting from cervical spondylosis in the presence of atherosclerosed collateral vessels is a cause of posterior circulation insufficiency manifesting as vertigo. The tetrad of vertigo resulting from vascular risk factors, cervical spondylosis, and head rotation is proposed for further research.

A problem often faced by grouper fish exporters is the high mortality rate (97%) of the fish due to stress during transport. The present study was conducted to analyzethe effect of clove oil on blood glucose levels and the number of erythrocyte during close transport system. This experimental design used complete randomized design (CRD). The data obtained in the study were analyzed using statistical test ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) to determine whether there were differences among the treatments, followed by Duncan's multiple range test. Results of the study showed blood glucose value of P< 0.05, indicating significant difference in the treatment of clove oil. Duncan's multiple range test showed that there were significant differences among the treatments P2 (MS-222 70 ppm) with P1 (negative control), P3 (clove oil 5 ppm), P4 (clove oil 10 pp) and P5 (clove oil 15 ppm). Total erythrocyte estimation shows the value of p>0.05, indicating no significant difference in clove oil treatment. In this study,Duncan's multiple range test showed no significant differences among treatments.

ObjectiveTo establish the effectiveness of EEG biofeedback using beta training as a relaxation technique and ultimately reducing anxiety levels of patients with confirmed unstable angina or myocardial infarction.MethodologyPatients with confirmed unstable angina or myocardial infarction referred by cardiologists were recruited 2–3 days after their cardiac event from the cardiology wards. Their initial anxiety scores were determined using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Those that returned for therapy underwent instrument feedback training using EEG every two weeks for a total of five sessions. EEG frequencies were measured for all sessions. Dropouts who did not participate in the program agreed to return 3 months later for the second psychological assessment. The study design was uncontrolled.ResultsSubjects had significantly lower anxiety scores at the second screening (p < 0.001), while the dropouts had significantly higher scores (p < 0.001). Beta training was effective in increasing sensory motor rhythm (SMR) waves but no significant effect was present for the alpha waves.ConclusionsThe uncontrolled nature of the study limits firm conclusions. However, the significantly lowered anxiety scores for subjects and enhancing of SMR waves indicate the effectiveness of beta training as a promising approach to EEG biofeedback for anxiety reduction.

Vibrio alginolyticus was isolated from captive-bred adult dark-spotted stingrays (Himantura uarnak) and Tahitian stingrays (Himantura fai) housed at the Hurghada Grand Aquarium (Egypt). The pathogen was isolated from skin ulcers, as well as from the internal organs of diseased and freshly died rays. Most of rays showed dorsal disc surface skin lesions characterized by the presence of whitish necrotic tissue. The total mortality was 25% during the outbreak, the histopathological pictures were also recorded. Phenotypic and biochemical characters as well as species-specific PCR confirmed the pathogen as V. algi-nolyticus MK170250. The isolated bacteria were sensitive to ampicillin, amikacin, streptomycin, neomy-cin, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, but resistant to cephalothin. Antibiotic therapy was conducted with intramuscularly injection of amikacin at 3-5 mg/kg of fish on alternate days for five doses and resulted in preventing the clinical signs and mortality. This article represents the first report of V. alginolyticus infection in dark-spotted and Tahitian stin-grays, and highlights the potential pathogenic role of this microorganism in elasmobranchs kept in an aquarium.

A total number of 77 marine fishes of 3 species represented as 23 Abu Sabib (Cheilinus lunulatus‬‏), 24 kosher Abu Lolo (Epinephelus fasciatus) and 30 Sigan (Siganus luridus) were collected seasonally between May 2014 and the end of April 2015 from coral reef sites along the shore of the National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF) at Hurghada’s Red sea. They were investigated for detection of parasitic copepods. It was revealed that 31.16% of the examined marine fishes were infested. The detected species were belong to Genus Hatschekia Poche1902 from Cheilinus lunulatus‬‏ with a prevalence78.26%, and from Siganus luridus with prevalence 20% while not detected in  Epinephelus fasciatus. The total and seasonal prevalence of infestation in each fish species in relation to body weights and lengths were recorded. Besides, the histopathological alterations were studied and discussed.

To establish the effectiveness of EEG biofeedback using beta training as a relaxation technique and ultimately reducing anxiety levels of patients with confirmed unstable angina or myocardial infarction. Patients with confirmed unstable angina or myocardial infarction referred by cardiologists were recruited 2-3 days after their cardiac event from the cardiology wards. Their initial anxiety scores were determined using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Those that returned for therapy underwent instrument feedback training using EEG every two weeks for a total of five sessions. EEG frequencies were measured for all sessions. Dropouts who did not participate in the program agreed to return 3 months later for the second psychological assessment. The study design was uncontrolled. Subjects had significantly lower anxiety scores at the second screening (p &lt; 0.001), while the dropouts had significantly higher scores (p &lt; 0.001). Beta training was effective in increasing sen...

The biochemical, serological and molecular characteristics of 8-pigmented isolates phenotypically
related to Flavobacterium psychrophilum were determined. The bacteria were isolated in 2006 from
diseased Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cultured in the
South of Chile. The F. psychrophilum type strain ATCC 49418T and isolate B97026, obtained from
rainbow trout in UK, were included in the study as a comparison. Their potential to cause
pathology in Atlantic salmon was also investigated. The 8 isolates were biochemically identical,
however were completely different to F. psychrophilum. Slide agglutination and Dot blot allowed
us to confirm that the isolates constituted a homogeneous, but distinctive serological group to
the F. psychrophilum isolates. Similar homogeneity was observed using RAPD-PCR with identical
DNA patterns obtained, regardless of the source of isolation or geographic origin. Therefore,
any of the above tests can be used to discriminate these pigmented bacteria from F. psychrophilum.
Virulence studies suggest that these isolates could be considered as a potential pathogen for
salmonids, mainly in mixed cultures with F. psychrophilum. These fish showed typical signs of
flavobacteriosis. Recent studies on the sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, together with the
phenotypic and biochemical properties obtained in this study permitted us classify these 8 isolates
in the genus Chryseobacterium. Further molecular studies are in progress in order to know the
species of these pigmented bacteria and determine the real risk for the salmonid culture.

ObjectiveTo determine the effect of adjunctive quetiapine therapy on the sleep architecture of patients with bipolar or unipolar depression.MethodsThis is a prospective, single-blind, repeated measures polysomnographic study. Sleep architecture was analyzed by overnight polysomnography, and subjective sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale, Young Mania Rating Scale, and Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale were employed to quantify changes in illness severity with adjunctive quetiapine treatment. Polysomnographs and clinical measures were administered at baseline, after 2–4 days of treatment, and after 21–28 days of quetiapine treatment. The average dose of quetiapine was 155 mg, ranging from 100–200 mg.ResultsAdjunctive quetiapine therapy did not significantly alter sleep efficiency, sleep continuity, or Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores. Respiratory Disturbance Index and percentage of total time in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep significantly decreased and the percentage of total time in non-REM sleep, and duration of Stage 2 and non-REM sleep significantly increased after 2–4 days of quetiapine treatment. Illness severity significantly decreased over time.ConclusionsAdjunctive quetiapine treatment alters sleep architecture in patients with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder, which may partially explain its early antidepressant properties. Changes in sleep architecture are more robust and significant within two to four days of starting treatment.

A study to compare the intensity and prevalence of parasites in the organs of pond cultured fish was carried out at the African Regional Aquaculture Centre, Aluu, Rivers State. A total of 85 Clarias gariepinus samples were examined from 3 earthen ponds. All Ponds had same water sources and were limed and screened. Fish were fed with processed feed at five percent biomass. For parasitological analysis, skin and gill scrapes were made and viewed while stomach and intestine from dissected fish samples were slit open and rinsed in search of helminthic worms. Fifty-one fish were infected giving a prevalence of 60% but only the external organs; gills and skin were parasitized. Gill infection had organ prevalence of 51% while skin yielded 80.4% prevalence. Mean intensity was higher in the gills (153), than in skin (29.1). The following parasites were identified; Chilodonella sp. (0.3%), Ichthyophthirius sp. (41.1%), and Trichodina sp. (55%), Icthyobodo sp., (1.0%) and Gyrodactylus sp. (2.4%). ANCOVA and Chi square analysis, nonetheless, showed no significant relationship between gill and skin infection. Skin infection is predicated upon the wider surface area available to fish parasites while they get attached to the gills as water flows through the operculum. The absence of internal parasites maybe due to pond preparation processes carried out before stocking, and the restriction of feeding to processed feeds. It is therefore recommended that fish farmers take into consideration adequate pond cultural activities and feed administration, with an aim to curtail the zoonotic threats posed by fish infections.

Disturbances of hippocampal plasticity, including impaired dendritic branching and reductions of neurogenesis, are provoked by stressful insults and may occur in depression. Although corticoids likely contribute to stressor-induced reductions of neurogenesis, other signaling messengers, including pro-inflammatory cytokines might also be involved. Accordingly, the present investigation assessed whether three proinflammatory cytokines, namely interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (associated with depression) influenced cellular proliferation within the hippocampus. In this regard, systemic administration of TNF-alpha reduced 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling within the hippocampus, whereas IL-1beta and IL-6 had no such effect. However, repeated but not a single intra-hippocampal infusion of IL-6 and IL-1beta actually increased cellular proliferation and IL-6 infusion also enhanced microglial staining within the hippocampus. Yet, no change...

Depression is found in about 30%-40% of all patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD), but only a small percentage (about 20%) receive treatment. As a consequence, many PD patients suffer with reduced health-related quality of life. To address quality of life in depressed PD patients, we reviewed the literature on the health correlates of depression in PD (eg, cognitive function), etiology of depression in PD, and treatment options (ie, antidepressants, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychotherapy). The current review is unique in its focus on psychosocial aspects, as well as neuropathological factors, of depression in PD. Overall, we conclude that neurochemical (eg, serotonin) and psychosocial factors (eg, coping style, self-esteem, and social support) contribute to the affective disturbances found in this neuropsychiatric population. Therefore, we recommend that a multidisciplinary (eg, pharmacotherapeutic, psychoeducational, and/or psychotherapeutic) approach to treatment be tak...

White spot Baculovirus (WSBV) infection of shrimp is characterized by high mortality of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. The gross signs of moribund shrimp are present of white spot, initially circular, inside cuticle, sometimes accompanied by overall red body coloration. The 5 major protein were isolated from WSBV are 15 kDa (VP15), 19 kDa (VP19), 24 kDa (VP24), 26 kDa (VP26) and 28 kDa (VP28). The isolated protein were then purified and characterized to be VP19, VP24, and VP28. Purified protein injected to shrimp to detect whether they have a protective immunity against WSBV infection. The result showed protection of infected shrimp against WSBV after administration of VP19, VP24 and VP28 are 20%, 0% and 60%, respectively. VP28 injected shrimp have a high production of phenoloxidase 24.1822 U/min/mg and after WSBV challenged 44.6067 U/min/mg. Based on the result suggest that VP28 of WSBV is potentially to increase immune response in penaeid shrimp.

Vascular risk factors predispose to vertebrobasilar ischemia. Cervical osteophytes can impinge on the vertebral artery causing mechanical occlusion during head turning. Presentation with vertigo in such instances is a common finding. A patient with obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cervical spondylosis, and vertigo triggered by head rotation is presented. She responded to antihypertensive and lipid-lowering drugs, vestibular sedative and application of cervical collar. The second patient also exhibited similar features and responded to conservative treatment. Rotational vertebral artery occlusion resulting from cervical spondylosis in the presence of atherosclerosed collateral vessels is a cause of posterior circulation insufficiency manifesting as vertigo. The tetrad of vertigo resulting from vascular risk factors, cervical spondylosis, and head rotation is proposed for further research.