Facial Soft-Tissues

XIII CONGRESO ASOCIACIÓN LATINOAMERICANA DE ANTROPOLOGÍA BIOLÓGICA 15-18 DE OCTUBRE 2014

La presente investigación está inmersa dentro del campo de estudio de la antropometría del rostro humano, específicamente en la medición de tejidos faciales blandos. Se plantea como proyecto piloto que se encamine hacia la realización de tablas estandarizadas de espesores faciales de población chilena, que ayuden a la aproximación cráneo-facial escultórica con fines forenses, arqueológicos y museográficos. El objetivo general es verificar la existencia o no, de relación entre Índice de masa corporal (IMC) y los tejidos faciales blandos. Para ello se evaluó una muestra de sujetos femeninos y masculinos, con un rango etario entre los 18 y 28 años. La medición de los tejidos faciales blandos se realizó a través de la técnica ultrasonográfica con un ecógrafo de ultrasonido. Específicamente se evaluaron 23 puntos cefalométricos: 10 de la línea media y 11 puntos cefalométricos de la línea lateral del rostro. Para determinar el IMC se midió talla y peso de cada uno de los individuos de la muestra, los cuales fueron relacionados con la edad de cada sujeto.
Posteriormente se vio la relación, a través de las estadísticas, entre IMC y cada uno de los puntos cefalométricos evaluados por sujeto.

Un excursus storico dalla nascita della prima confezione tascabile di fazzoletti di carta negli anni ’30, fino alle ultime novità, passando da introvabili pocket d’epoca a quelli fatti con carta decorata, con i personaggi dei cartoon o personalizzati, con apertura a portafoglio o a bustina, di ogni marca, dalla più prestigiosa a quelle meno conosciute.
Catalogo della mostra organizzata dalla Fondazione Giuseppe Lazzareschi a Porcari (Lucca) nel maggio 2014.

Background: The objective of this study is to define an acquisition protocol that is clear, precise, repeatable,
simple, fast and that is useful for analysis of the anthropometric characteristics of the soft tissue of the face.
Methods: The analysis was carried out according to a new clinical-instrumental protocol that comprises four distinct
phases: (1) setup of portable equipment in the space in which field analysis will be performed, (2) preparation of the
subject and spatial positioning, (3) scanning of the subject with different facial expressions, and (4) treatment and
processing of data. The protocol was tested on a sample comprising 66 female subjects (64 Caucasian, 1 Ethiopian,
and 1 Brazilian) who were the finalists of an Italian national beauty contest in 2010. To illustrate the potential of the
method, we report here the measurements and full analysis that were carried out on the facial model of one of the
subjects who was scanned.
Results: This new protocol for the acquisition of faces is shown to be fast (phase 1, about 1 h; phase 2, about 1.5 min;
phase 3, about 1.5 min; phase 4, about 15 min), simple (phases 1 to 3 requiring a short operator training period; only
phase 4 requires expert operators), repeatable (with direct palpation of anatomical landmarks and marking of their
positions on the face, the problem of identification of these same landmarks on the digital model is solved), reliable and
precise (average precision of measurements, 0.5 to 0.6 mm over the entire surface of the face).
Conclusions: This standardization allows the mapping of the subjects to be carried out following the same conditions
in a reliable and fast process for all of the subjects scanned.
Keywords: Photogrammetric face scanner; Anthropometry; Facial soft tissue; 3D measurements; Aesthetic analysis

ABSTRACT: Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is a craniofacial malformation affecting more than seven million people worldwide that results in
defects of the hard palate, teeth, maxilla, nasal spine and floor, and maxillodental asymmetry. CLP facial soft-tissue depth (FSTD) values
have never been published. The purpose of this research is to report CLP FSTD values and compare them to previously published FSTD
values for normal children. Thirty-eight FSTDs were measured on cone beam computed tomography images of CLP children (n = 86;
7–17 years). MANOVA and ANOVA tests determined whether cleft type, age, sex, and bone graft surgical status affect tissue depths. Both
cleft type (unilateral/bilateral) and age influence FSTDs. CLP FSTDs exhibit patterns of variation that differ from normal children, particularly
around the oronasal regions of the face. These differences should be taken into account when facial reconstructions of children with CLP are created.

Background: Facial soft tissue trauma is a common emergency condition encountered in our Accident and Emergency Department. Aim: several protocols have been adopted in the management of facial injuries; this paper reveals our adopted protocol that works for us as well as the associated epidemiology of facial soft tissue injuries. Methodology: All patients recruited into the casualty department except patients with burn cases were used for this study. Patients were demographically evaluated and their wounds categorized according to their complexity, sites and associated injuries. Management of injuries was in accordance to the American Trauma Life Support (ATLS). The wounds were debrided and treated according to the structures involved. They were managed and discharged with an average of 9months follow-up period. Some minor complications such as wound infection and scarring were noted. Results: 2016 soft tissue injuries in 1653 were seen in patients from between January and December, 2014, 104(9%) were associated with facial injuries. The sites of the face involved were the frontal area 41(39%), the cheek 24(22.9%), the nose 18(17.1%), the chin 11(10.5%), the eyelids 6(5.7%) and the lips 5(4.7%). The injuries were contusions, lacerations, abrasions and avulsions. About 28 cases, representing 26.9%, had fractures of the mandible, maxilla and the frontal bones as well as fracture-dislocation of the temporo-mandibular joints. 22% had various forms of head injuries. Aetiologically, road traffic accidents constituted 44(45%), falls 42(43.7%), sports 6(6.2%), human bites 6(6.2%) and gunshot injuries 2(2.2%). Fifteen deaths were recorded which were due to massive haemorrhage, airway obstruction and severe head injury. Conclusion: The adoption and application of our management protocol in the management of facial soft tissue injuries has greatly improved the outcome of treatment of facial soft tissue injuries in our facility.

La presente investigación se plantea como tesis en la finalización de estudios de pregrado de la carrera de Antropología en la Universidad de Concepción, para la obtención del título profesional de Antropólogo, con mención en Antropología Física.
La línea de investigación está inmersa dentro del campo de estudio de la antropometría del rostro humano, específicamente en la medición de tejidos faciales blandos, en una muestra de población chilena. Se plantea como proyecto piloto que se encamine hacia la realización de tablas estandarizadas de espesores faciales blandos de dicha población. Pues la aplicación de estas medidas se utilizan en la reconstrucción cráneo-facial (RCF) escultórica. Que puede ser con fines forenses, arqueológicos y museográficos. El objetivo general es verificar la existencia o no, de relación entre el Índice de masa corporal (IMC) y los tejidos faciales blandos. Para ello se evaluó una muestra de sujetos femeninos y masculinos, con un rango etario entre los 18 y 28 años. La medición de los tejidos faciales blandos se realizó a través de la técnica ultrasonográfica, con un ecógrafo de ultrasonido. Específicamente se evaluaron 22 puntos faciales: 10 de la línea media y 12 puntos faciales de la línea lateral del rostro. Para determinar el IMC se midió talla y peso de cada uno de los individuos de la muestra, los cuales fueron relacionados con la edad de cada sujeto.
Posteriormente se vio la relación, a través de las estadísticas, entre IMC y cada uno de los puntos faciales evaluados por sujeto.

Background The objective of this study is to define an acquisition protocol that is clear, precise, repeatable, simple, fast and that is useful for analysis of the anthropometric characteristics of the soft tissue of the face. Methods The analysis was carried out according to a new clinical-instrumental protocol that comprises four distinct phases: (1) setup of portable equipment in the space in which field analysis will be performed, (2) preparation of the subject and spatial positioning, (3) scanning of the subject with different facial expressions, and (4) treatment and processing of data. The protocol was tested on a sample comprising 66 female subjects (64 Caucasian, 1 Ethiopian, and 1 Brazilian) who were the finalists of an Italian national beauty contest in 2010. To illustrate the potential of the method, we report here the measurements and full analysis that were carried out on the facial model of one of the subjects who was scanned. Results This new protocol for the acquisi...

Antibacterial facial tissue papers were prepared by solution casting method with chitosan loaded bleached cellulosic pulp. Chitosan, in the film act as an antibacterial agent. Tissue paper films were fabricated by 50% cellulose and 50% chitosan (by weight, dry basis). Mechanical properties of the films were evaluated. It was found that tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EB) of the 50% chitosan contain films were 24 MPa and 10.8% respectively. To increase the plasticity of the tissue paper films glycerin was added 0.4 to 2% (by weight). It was found that with the incorporation of 1% glycerin in the tissue paper films the flexibility increased to 50%. Molecular interaction due to the chitosan addition was investigated by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy. Water uptake property of glycerin contains films were also evaluated. In the soil medium, the degradation properties of the tissue paper films were carried out. The antibacterial property of the tissue paper was evaluated by disk diffusion method.

Introduction: Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) refers to a type of pneumonia that occurs more than 48–72 hours after endotracheal intubation.Risk factors include prolonged mechanical ventilation, reintubation after extubation. Our aim was to find the incidence of VAP,total days of mechanical ventilation , days of ICU and hospital stay at our institution, proportion of various bacterial pathogens isolated from tracheal aspirate of patients with VAP and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Material and methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted on 100 patients who were admitted to medical intensive care unit of SCB Medical college and on ventilato-ry support for two or more days and were not suffering from pneumonia prior to putting them on ventilator. Endotracheal aspirates were obtained under strict aseptic precautions using a 22-inch Romson's 12F suction catheter with a mucus extrac-tor. Gram staining and biochemical tests for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test were performed.The patients were classified into four groups named VAP, non VAP, survivors and non survivors. All the data collected were compiled and tabulated Results: The incidence of VAP in this study was 30%.The association between genders (p value-0.372), age (p value -0.929) and VAP infection was not found to be significant. There was no significant correlation between the primary disease and development of VAP (p value =0.24).Most common organism isolated was P. aeruginosa, (9 isolates) followed by MRSA (7 isolates) and most of them were resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Conclusion: VAP patients have higher mortality rate, longer duration of mechanical ventilation and duration of hospital stay than non VAP patients. Early diagnosis of VAP and initiation of appropriate antibiotic treatment is vital to prevent the adverse outcomes