Effluent

Vast volumes of freshwater can be conserved if the practice of re-using wastewater is encouraged. In this study, the quality of wastewater from the Covenant University campus was assessed to determine its suitability for landscape irrigation purposes. The university uses a constructed wetland (CW) method in treating both its black-water and grey-water (wastewater). An estimated 874,081 litres/day of wastewater was generated and treated as of 2013, with nearly all of this volume discharged without being re-used. To assess the suitability of the wastewater for reuse, duplicate grab samples of treated effluent from the CW and from the grey water outlet were assessed for physical parameters such as pH, Temperature, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Salinity, Conductivity were analysed using handheld Hanna multi-meter instrument (model HI2040). Also, chemical parameters such as Nitrate, Nitrite, Lead, Nickel, Cadmium, Zinc and Copper were tested using Palintest photometer (model 8000). Moreover, total coliform was checked, using standard laboratory methods. Results indicated that none of the tested parameters exceeded the specified limits by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of United Nations and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards for wastewater reuse. Thus, the treated wastewater in Covenant University was found to be a valuable resource for multiple purposes that can add value other than outright discharge. Thus, it was recommended that appropriate infrastructure be put in place to harness and reuse treated wastewater coming from Covenant University.

To investigate the composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) as a function of apparent molecular weight (MW) by rapid analytical methods, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was conducted with sequential on-line detectors ...

The area of study selected in the present investigation was Kasardi River which receives heavy discharge of waste effluent from the nearby Taloja industrial belt which is one of the fastest developing industrial belt of Mumbai. The study was performed to investigate the concentration of toxic heavy metals like chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and iron (Fe) in river. It was observed that concentration of most of these heavy metals were much higher than the maximum permissible limits. These heavy metals have created threat to the aquatic life and through biomagnifications may enter the food chain thereby affecting the human beings as well. The research work was extended further to study the physico-chemical properties like temperature, pH, solid content, chloride, oil / grease content, BOD and COD values of the river water. The authors point out that as India moves towards stricter regulation of industrial effluents to control water pollution, there is a need to implement common objectives, compatible policies and programmes for improvement in the industrial waste water treatment methods.

Water quality impairment, due to anthropogenic activities and limited enforcement capacity, is a rapidly growing threat to water security as well as public health in developing countries. Cumulative effects of deteriorating water quality undoubtedly put pressure on public health and socio-economic developments. For example, most industries in Ethiopia discharge their effluent directly into freshwater systems without any treatment process. The problem is severe for rivers such as the Awash that pass through major cities. Although there were a few studies that looked into the issue, there is a lack of comprehensive water quality impact assessment on agriculture, health, and socio-economics. This article systematically summarizes current research on water quality issues in the Awash River Basin to generate comprehensive information that captures the water quality status of the river and impacts of water contamination, and identify information and management gaps. Results showed that wa...

Rapid industrializations and urbanizations were produces very huge amounts of waste water and effluents during various unit operations and the processes. It seems to huge burden to manage to supply the sufficient quantity of water and also very difficult to manage the waste water and its effluents, and it may lead to increasing of cost and maintenance of the ETP's. In this contest this present study attempt was done for reduction of total water consumption and to recovery of Nickel and Copper metals from the waste water effluents coming from electroplating industry were analyzed by Nickel Recovery Units and Copper Recovery Units, The metals, which are casted from aluminum wheel. The recovery units, which has a rinse bath-1, rinse bath-2, drag out bath, copper plating bath and cartridge filter, carbon filter , copper recovery. It was found that, after following of Nickel & Copper recovery systems, total water consumption is drastically reduced, sludge generation also reduced and also effluent generation in both the cases of nickel and copper were also reduced Cite this Article: M.V. Raju, L.

This paper highlights the techniques for silver recovery from X-ray films. Silver could be an element with the symbol Ag. The metal is found within the Earth's crust within the pure, free element. Silver metal is employed in many bullion coins. Silver is especially soft. Silver could be a rather unreactive metal. Silver was one in every of the seven metals of antiquity that were known to prehistoric humans and whose discovery is thus lost to history. Methods for recovery of silver from x-ray waste-Chemical Precipitation, Electrolysis, Metal replacement cartridges, Biological method by enzyme production, extraction of silver by glucose, Electrolysis Process. The waste photographic films, X-ray contains 1-2% (w/w) black metallic silver which is recovered and reused. Silver may be a valuable, further silver has wide used like in jewellery, dentistry, photography, mirrors, optics, industries, etc. Silver may be a valuable widely employed in the photographic, electrical, electronics, chemical and jewellery industries. Silver recovery is the technique by which pure metallic silver may be recovered from old x-ray films. The fashionable process is extremely efficient with a recovery of higher than 99.8% silver. The photographic film was initially incinerated, and then the ash melted to recover the silver. The resulting silver then had to have several stages of purification. The method was inefficient, costly, and environmentally unfriendly.

Rapid industrialization affects the environment in different ways by discharging the large amount of effluents as waste water in the surrounding water bodies, causing the serious problems to environment. Water pollution caused by industrial effluent discharges has become a worrisome phenomenon due to its impact on environmental health and safety. The effluents of some industries were collected and samples were analyzed to assess major ionic constituents, trace metal pollution and suitability for irrigation usage. An investigation has been made to ascertain the metals concentration in the effluents samples collected from different industries located in Choto kashor, Bhaluka. This study involves determination of physicochemical parameters and trace metals of industrial effluents at different study points. The pH of the effluent water ranged from 7.5 to 9.8 with a mean value of 8.59 indicating alkalinity of water. EC of all collected effluent samples were within the range of 94.87 to 365.58 +S cm-1 with an average of 263.082 +S cm-1  indicating effluents of low salinity. The DO was within the range of 0.30 to 1.3 mg L-1 indicating that aquatic life is in under stress. Total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 53.68 to 267.05 mg/L. Considering TDS, all the samples were rated as fresh water (<1000 mg L-1). On the other hand, the cationic chemistry indicated that most of the samples showed dominance sequence as Na > K > Ca. Concentrations of Cu (0.0405 mg/L) and Pb (0.0003 mg/L) were found lower the allowable levels of industrial waste water. Among the studied trace metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Zn), the dominant metal was Zn and although the concentration varied from 0.2 to 1 mg/L, which are suitable for irrigation but unsafe for the purpose of aquaculture. Besides this, all of the effluent samples possess no Cd and Ni which comprises less the minimum acceptance level indicating there is no possibility of Cd and Ni contamination to harm aquatic organisms along with irrigation. However, the waste water of the study area can be used for irrigation hence it is acceptable considering quality for aquaculture except some sampling sites. High values of some properties of distinct samples reveals the suitability for irrigation but restricted the suitability of water in this area for aquaculture and domestic use. Moreover it demands suitable water management as well as proper treatment and possesses the necessity to pre-treat the wastes prior to release to the environment or fully treatment when the wastes will be discharged directly to surface or ground waters.

Because of its manifold advantages over pollution control and energy recovery, the anaerobic digestion process is increasingly being used for treatment practice for industrial wastes. It is also advantageous over aerobic treatment for low sludge production and low energy requirements. However, process instability, low biogas yield, and the presence of inhibitory substances are the problems that often encounter in anaerobic digestion, preventing it from being widely applied. Anaerobic degradation is sensitive to toxicants and a wide range of inhibitory substances are the primary cause of anaerobic digester upset or failure since they are present in substantial concentrations in wastes. Extensive efforts were made over the years to identify them, their mechanism of toxicity and the controlling factors of inhibition in anaerobic digestion. In this review, we present a detailed and critical summary of research conducted on the inhibition of anaerobic processes by inorganic toxicants and heavy metals. The inhibitors commonly present in anaerobic digesters include ammonia, sulfides, various light metal and heavy metal ions

Tannery waste waters decrease the quality of water bodies into which they are discharged is of large scale environmental concern. Disposition of tanning effluents e.g. Chromium (Cr) into the environment creates inauspicious outcomes by modifying the normal physiochemical properties of soil and water. It is determined that Chromium is the principal threat whenever tanning industry derives in to practice. Cr is extremely venomous and carcinogenic to humankind, animals, vegetations and as well overall environment. The paper was executed solely on secondary information by conferring literature informants including scientific journals, conference articles document and internet site that focused on the effects of tannery waste water and assessment of alternative treatment options used to reduce, removal, retrieve or reprocess Cr from the waste water. Effective management of tannery effluent is the need of the hour. Although a lot of treatment alternatives were assessed to preclude its effect on the environment, neither of them forced out Cr completely. In some cases researchers however successful enough practicing biotechnological methods to reduce the strength and fatal state of Chromium (e.g., Cr(Vl)). Hence, treatment alternatives are either; complex, energy consuming, expensive or applicable to a indisputable portions of the world due to engineering science or proficient work force requirement. Consequently, to tackle these important challenge demanding environmental ordinance with jurisprudence implementation has to be practiced to apply improve treatment scheme which is widely applicatory. Defilers must acknowledge the environmental cost of their manufacture and treated according to polluter pay or precaution precepts. Furthermore, the general public has to be aware of it and all concerned organizations and authorities have to work hard to accomplish zero discharge level or leastwise to gain the standard limit of Chromium discharge.

Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
ISSN 2220-8860
CODEN PIAEBW
http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/piaees/articles/2019-9(4)/2019-9(4).asp

Volume 9, Number 4, 1 December 2019

Cover Pages
[Front Pages (196K)] [Back Pages (79K)]

Articles

Evaluation of three algal strains isolated for bioremediation of environmental pollutants
Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2019, 9(4): 104-126
Mehrdad Asadian, Barat Ali Fakheri, Ahmad Farhad Talebi, et al.
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Pioneer community level syntaxonomy of forests of lesser Himalayan belt of upper Tanawal Mansehra, Pakistan
Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2019, 9(4): 127-136
Muhammad Farooq, Waleed Anjum, Khalid Rasheed Khan, et al.
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Reclamation of fly ash dykes using naturally growing plant species
Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2019, 9(4): 137-148
Neelima Meravi, Santosh Kumar Prajapati
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Cadmium and lead absorption in soil and plants of Cercis siliquastrum and Ailanthus altissima
Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2019, 9(4): 149-158
Azam Sadat Delbari, Bita Afsordeh, Elahe Aghaee
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Alternance of overpopulation of urban insect pests in areas of Cerrado in the north of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2019, 9(4): 159-163
Walter Santos de Araujo, Bruno Maia Oliveira, Erica Vanessa Duraes de Freitas, et al.
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Acidification of recalcitrant effluent: Optimization of time and reagent volume
Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2019, 9(4): 159-163
Maria Luisa P. R. Alves, Elisangela Maria R. Rocha, Samara Teixeira Pereira, et al.
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The present research work deals with the study of some of the important physico-chemical parameters of industrial waste water effluents collected from Taloja industrial belt of Mumbai. The study reveals that engineering, paper mill, fine chemical, dyes, paint, pharmaceutical, petrochemical and textile industries are some of the major industries responsible for polluting the surrounding aquatic environment. It was observed that pH values of effluent samples collected from paint, pharmaceutical and dyes industries were slightly above and below the limit of 6.5 to 8.5 by ISI and WHO. The effluent samples collected from textile industries shows extremely high Total Dissolved Soild (TDS) content of 12023.6 mg/L and correspondingly high Total Solid (TS) content of 13499.2 mg/L. The chloride content in the effluents from textile industries was 238.4 mg/L which was significantly high than acceptable limit of 200 mg/L set by WHO. The BOD values of effluent samples collected from pharmaceutical, dyes, engineering and paint industries were 1047.3, 776.2, 604.8 and 535.8 mg/L respectively which lie above the maximum permitted BOD content of < 100 to 300 mg/L. The COD values in the different industrial effluent samples were also very much higher than maximum permissible limit of 4.0 mg/L according to USPH Standard. The overall results highlight towards the discharge of highly polluted waste water effluent from industries of Taloja Industrial area of Mumbai. These industrial effluents have resulted in pollution of nearby Kasardi River thereby affecting the growth of vegetation and aquatic life. The results of the present investigation point out the need to implement common objectives, compatible policies and programmes for improvement in the industrial waste water treatment methods.

Mounding often occurs beneath engineering structures designed to infiltrate reuse water. AQTESOLV software and a spreadsheet solution for Hantush, together with soil moisture water balance (SWAGMAN farm model), were used for quantitatively predicting the height and extent of groundwater mounding underground to assess the groundwater-flow simulations of infiltration from a hypothetical irrigation site. Horizontal and vertical permeability, aquifer thickness, specific yield, and basin geometry are among the aquifer and recharge properties inputs. For 2.2 ha sites, the maximum heights of the simulated groundwater mound ranges up to 0.29 m. The maximum areal extent of groundwater mounding measured from the edge of the infiltration basins of 0.24 m ranges from 0 to 75 m. Additionally, the simulated height and extent of the groundwater mounding associated with a hypothetical irrigation infiltration basin for 2.2 ha development may be applicable to sites of different sizes, using the recharge rate estimated from the SWAGMAN farm model. For example, for a 2.2 ha site with a 0.0002 m/day recharge rate, the irrigation infiltration basin design capacity (and associated groundwater mound) would be the same as for a 1.1 ha site with a 0.0004 m/day recharge rate if the physical characteristics of the aquifer are unchanged. The study claimed that the present modelling approach overcomes the complications of solving the Hantush equation for transient flow. The approach utilised in this study can be applied for other purposes such as measuring the feasibility of infiltrating water, attenuation zone, risk mitigation essential for decision-makers and planning regulators in terms of environmental effects and water use efficiency.

This paper advocates water pollution study of Gove industrial area of Maharashtra, India with special reference to the physico-chemical characteristics of common industrial waste water effluent. The physico-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, solid content, total hardness, chloride content, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were studied by collecting samples bimonthly for 12 months. The authors point out that as India moves towards stricter regulation of industrial effluents to control water pollution, greater efforts are required to reduce the risk to public health as toxic pollutants which are mainly colourless and odourless are released into the ecosystems.

This paper describes development, optimization and validation of a method for the simultaneous determination of 29 multi-class pharmaceuticals using off line solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Target compounds include analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs), lipid regulators, psychiatric drugs, anti-histaminics, anti-ulcer agent, antibiotics and beta-blockers. Recoveries obtained were generally higher than 60% for both surface and wastewaters, with exception of several compounds that yielded lower, but still acceptable recoveries: ranitidine (50%), sotalol (50%), famotidine (50%) and mevastatin (34%). The overall variability of the method was below 15%, for all compounds and all tested matrices. Method detection limits (MDL) varied between 1 and 30ng/L and from 3 to 160ng/L for surface and wastewaters, respectively. The precision of the method, calculated as relative standard deviation (R.S...