Crime

To determine the retailer and community level factors associated with frequent and disproportionate sales of handguns that are later used in violent and firearm related crimes (VFC handguns). Design: Cross sectional. The authors used California records to identify all handguns sold by study subjects during 1996-2000 and federal gun tracing records to determine which of these guns had been recovered by a police agency in the US or elsewhere and traced by 30 September 2003. Subjects and setting: The 421 licensed gun retailers in California selling at least 100 handguns annually during 1996-2000. Main outcome measure: The number of VFC handguns per 1000 gun years of exposure. Differences are expressed as incidence rate ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Subjects accounted for 11.7% of California retailers with handgun sales, 81.5% of handgun sales, and 85.5% of VFC handguns. Among subjects, the 3426 VFC handguns accounted for 48.0% of all traced handguns and 65.0% of those linked to a specified crime. The median VFC handgun trace rate was 0.5/ 1000 gun years (range 0-8.8). In multivariate analysis, this rate increased substantially for each singlepoint increase in the percentage of proposed sales that were denied because the purchasers were prohibited from owning guns (RR 1.43; 95% CI 1.32 to 1.56), and was increased for pawnbrokers (RR 1.26; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.55). Community level crime rates and sociodemographics had little predictive value. Conclusions: Risk factors, largely determined at the retailer level, exist for frequent and disproportionate sales of handguns that are later used in violent and firearm related crimes. Screening to identify high risk retailers could be undertaken with data that are already available.

Township crime is an emerging area of research in South African history and this study attempts to extend its focus beyond the major metropolitan centres to the Mpumalanga town of Ermelo in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Drawing upon Truth and Reconciliation Commission interviews and Thabo Israel Pudi's recently published collection of narratives, this study examines the circumstances which led the Anti-Crime Committee to be converted into Inkatha vigilantes: the Black Cats. The ANC's attitude to organised crime, interpreted by activists on the ground, was torn between principled opposition and the pragmatic requirement to access its resources. An initial strategy of assassination and negotiation was discarded by the liberation movement as a result of its very success, as Black Cat defectors and external militants contributed to the escalation in violence.

The essay deals with the judicial activity of a criminal court of the Regno Lombardo-Veneto in the firs half of nineteenth century. It is particularly analysed the legal reasoning of the judges in front of crimes which were submitted to their jurisdiction. Their discussions were about the codex foresight, but also of clues and evidences.

about contact donate submit articles photos videos mixed media the medes is a volunteer collective of academic writers, artists, photographers and videographers advocating for social change workplace violence (part one) by ken johnson. image by michael lokner. Cubicles workplace violence (part one) « the medes

ABSTRACT: Mental Disorders, Substance Use Disorders and Recidivism: Exploring Offence Trajectories in a Canadian Provincial Correctional Population Stefanie N. Rezansoff, Akm Moniruzzaman, Julian M. Somers Introduction Scholars have examined the relationship between mental illness and criminality from diverse traditions. Abundant research confirms a high prevalence of substance use and mental disorders in correctional samples. However, relatively little is known about the relationship between diagnostic status and the risk of recidivism. Existing literature is largely comprised of studies using varying operational definitions of “mental illness”, heterogeneous proxies for diagnostic status, and samples drawn from specific correctional settings. Emerging evidence suggests the importance of four major diagnostic groupings, those with: no diagnosis; non-substance related mental disorders (NSMD); substance use disorders (SUD); and dual diagnosis with both a substance use and another men...

I discuss some observations in the forensic accounting-based fraud literature, and identify the recent advances and other important issues in the literature that are worth noting. The main message in this commentary article is that fraud is complicated, and fraud complexity can significantly influence the way we undertake research in the forensic accounting and fraud literature. The practical implication is that forensic accountants, fraud examiners, and forensic accounting researchers should incorporate into their practice the complexity of fraud regardless of whether they follow an empirical, experimental, exploratory, analytical or critical approach to detect or investigate fraud.

This article employs uses and gratifications theory to conduct an audience analysis on crime drama viewership. To the best of our knowledge, this theory has not yet specifically been applied to this genre, thus providing a basis for the research study. Three independent variables (age, sex, frequency of crime drama viewing) were tested against four dependent variables (curiosity/information, identification, social interaction, and entertainment), as well as all variables together (full gratification) in order to determine if they were statistically significant predictors of each specific type of gratification. Results indicated that frequency of viewing crime dramas was a statistically significant predictor for only full gratification and curiosity/information. The study‟s limitations and future research directions are discussed.

The residual nature of social housing leads some vulnerable people into the highly regulated world of tenancies and social housing powers that aims to ensure the good behaviour of all tenants. This books sets out to explore how social housing tenants with a Variable Mental Capacity (VMC) are governed through anti-social behaviour and housing legislation. Applying existing literature, governing this way can create and maintain what Foucault would term ‘docile bodies’ within a community. Whilst acknowledging the ‘individual society’ (Bauman 2000), this research seeks to compare theoretical concepts in a discussion on how tenants with VMC are governed as individuals by housing professionals, but are required to be a ‘docile body’ by the community. This book is written in an endeavour to improve the human condition. It aims to start the debate about how various professionals approach the management of tenants/clients whose mental condition can give rise to ASB.
What is problematized is the issue of support versus enforcement; as Parr (2010) discusses in relation to the housing professional being in the midst of the two agendas of ASB and community care. Whilst trying to appease the community, the individual tenant could be vulnerable to punitive measures that will not aid his recovery to good mental health. The literature acknowledges that the housing professional is not trained to identify mental illness (Parr 2010). They are reliant on those agencies that have the expertise to assess and diagnose. The problem arises when those agencies will not or cannot diagnose them and give them support to aid the individual in his or her recovery. This book scrutinises the relationships between housing and mental health professionals to tease out where tensions could arise when managing tenants who may need support over enforcement to resolve their ASB.

India is a country of youths. These youth are so involved with their virtual life that the boundary between real and reel has become quite thin. They share all their emotions of love and hate, aggression and violence over these social media platforms. These youngsters regularly find themselves in a violent virtual space that has negatively influenced their daily real life. This paper tries to understand young people’s attitudes and behaviour over social media platforms and attempts to explain the social media as an uncontrolled and violent platform for the youths. Structured questionnaire survey method has been used to understand the behaviour of the youths. It has been found that cyberbullying has become a very negative part of the social media life of these youngsters. The real life street violence has transformed into cyber-crime and cyber bullying. Youngsters, who have been victimise earlier, are also actively participating in the social media violence. Proper education and awareness need to be encouraged in the schools and colleges.

The massacre of almost 50 Maidan protesters on February 20, 2014 was a turning point in Ukrainian politics and a tipping point in the conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. This mass killing of the protesters and the mass shooting of the police that preceded it led to the overthrow of the pro-Russian government of Viktor Yanukovych and gave a start to a civil war in Donbas in Eastern Ukraine, Russian military intervention in Crimea and Donbas, and an international conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. A conclusion promoted by the post-Yanukovych governments and the media in Ukraine that the massacre was perpetrated by government snipers and special police units on a Yanukovych order has been nearly universally accepted by the Western governments, the media, and many scholars. The Ukrainian government investigation identified members of the special company of Berkut as responsible for killings of the absolute majority of the protesters, but did not release any evidence in support, with the exception of videos of the massacre.
              The question is which side organized the “snipers’ massacre.” This paper is the first academic study of this crucial case of the mass killing. It uses a theory of rational choice and a Weberian theory of instrumental rationality to examine actions of major actors both from the Yanukovych government, specifically various police and security forces, and the Maidan opposition, specifically its far right and oligarchic elements, during the massacre.
          The paper analyzes a large amount of evidence from different publicly available sources concerning this massacre and killings of specifics protesters. Qualitative content analysis includes the following data: about 1,500 videos and recordings of live internet and TV broadcasts from mass media and social media in different countries(some 150 gigabytes), news reports and social media posts by more than 100 journalists covering the massacre from Kyiv, some 5,000 photos, and nearly 30 gigabytes of publicly available radio intercepts of snipers and commanders from the special Alfa unit of the Security Service of Ukraine and Internal Troops, and Maidan massacre trial recordings. This study also employs field research on site of the massacre, eyewitness reports by both Maidan protesters and government special units commanders, statements by both former and current government officials, estimates of approximate ballistic trajectories, bullets and weapons used, and types of wounds among both protesters and the police. This study establishes a precise timeline for various events of the massacre, the locations of both the shooters and the government snipers, and the specific timeline and locations of nearly 50 protesters’ deaths. It also briefly analyzes other major cases of violence during and after the “Euromaidan.” This study includes two video appendixes.
            This academic investigation concludes that the massacre was a false flag operation, which was rationally planned and carried out with a goal of the overthrow of the government and seizure of power. It found various evidence of the involvement of an alliance of the far right organizations, specifically the Right Sector and Svoboda, and oligarchic parties, such as Fatherland. Concealed shooters and spotters were located in at least 20 Maidan-controlled buildings or areas. The various evidence that the protesters were killed from these locations include some 70 testimonies, primarily by Maidan protesters, several videos of “snipers” targeting protesters from these buildings, comparisons of positions of the specific protesters at the time of their killing and their entry wounds, and bullet impact signs. The study uncovered various videos and photos of armed Maidan “snipers” and spotters in many of these buildings. The paper presents implications of these findings for understanding the nature of the change of the government in Ukraine, the civil war in Donbas, Russian military intervention in Crimea and Donbas, and an international conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine.

In recent years a number of studies have attempted to rank drugs by a single measure of harmfulness as the basis for decisions about scheduling and classification. These efforts are fundamentally flawed, both conceptually and methodologically. The effort to provide a single measure masks the variety of non-comparable dimensions that are relevant, the fact that benefits are ignored for most, but not all, drugs and that the harms of a drug are not invariant to the policy regime chosen. Methodologically, the most prominent recent effort ignores drug interactions and mixes aggregate and individual harms inappropriately. Instead we suggest that multiple dimensions of harm need to be displayed to inform human judgments of what drugs should be scheduled. Harm is not usefully reducible to a single dimension, and even perfect rankings would not constitute a 'sufficient statistic' for determining scheduling decisions.a dd_3461 1886..1890

The geographical concentration of criminal violence is closely associated with the social, demographic, and economic structural characteristics of neighborhoods. However, few studies have investigated homicide patterns and their relationships with neighborhoods in South Asian cities. In this study, the spatial and temporal patterns of homicide incidences in Karachi from 2009 to 2018 were analyzed using the local indicators of spatial association (LISA) method. Generalized linear modeling (GLM) and geographically weighted Poisson regression (GWPR) methods were implemented to examine the relationship between influential factors and the number of homicides during the 2009–2018 period. The results demonstrate that the homicide hotspot or clustered areas with high homicide counts expanded from 2009 to 2013 and decreased from 2013 to 2018. The number of homicides in the 2017–2018 period had a positive relationship with the percentage of the population speaking Balochi. The unplanned areas with low-density residential land use were associated with low homicide counts, and the areas patrolled by police forces had a significant negative relationship with the occurrence of homicide. The GWPR models effectively characterized the varying relationships between homicide and explanatory variables across the study area. The spatio-temporal analysis methods can be adapted to explore violent crime in other cities with a similar social context.

Firearms were associated with 30, 136 deaths in the United States in 2003. Most guns are initially sold to the public through a network of retail dealers. Licensed firearm dealers are an important source of guns for criminals and gun traffickers. Just one percent of licensed dealers were responsible for more than half of all guns traced to crime. Federal law makes it difficult for ATF to inspect and revoke the licenses of problem gun dealers. State licensing systems, however, are a greatly under-explored opportunity for firearm dealer oversight. We identify and categorize these state systems to identify opportunities for interventions to prevent problem dealers from supplying guns to criminals, juveniles, or gun traffickers. Just seventeen states license gun dealers. Twenty-three states permit routine inspections of dealers but only two mandate that those inspections occur on a regular basis. Twenty-six states impose record-keeping requirements for gun sales. Only thirteen states require some form of store security measures to minimize firearm theft. We conclude with recommendations for a comprehensive system of state licensing and oversight of gun dealers. Our findings can be useful for the coalition of more than fifty U.S. mayors that recently announced it would work together to combat illegal gun trafficking.

Should the nation provide expensive care and scarce organs to convicted felons? We distinguish between two fields of justice: Medical Justice and Societal Justice. Although there is general acceptance within the medical profession that physicians may distribute limited treatments based solely on potential medical benefits without regard to nonmedical factors, that does not mean that society cannot impose limits based on societal factors. If a society considers the convicted felon to be a full member, then that person would be entitled to at least a "decent minimum" level of care -which might include access to scarce lifesaving organs. However, if criminals forfeit their entitlement to the same level of medical care afforded to all members of society, they still would be entitled to a kind of "rudimentary decent minimum" granted to all persons on simple humanitarian grounds. Almost certainly this entitlement would not include access to organ transplants.

CERIN, E., B. E. SAELENS, J. F. SALLIS, and L. D. FRANK. Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale: Validity and Development of a Short Form. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 38, No. 9, pp. 1682-1691, 2006. Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the factorial and criterion validity of the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS) and to develop an abbreviated

Este livro traz ao debate actual alguns fenómenos de vitimação de visibilidade algo reduzida. Os temas aqui tratados, resultantes, em muito, da investigação desenvolvida e da implementação de práticas dirigidas ao acompanhamento e melhoria da condição da vítima, seja nos contextos mais tradicionais da família, seja na abrangência de um acolhimento institucional ou simplesmente societal, mereceram particular destaque pelos investimentos científico e técnico realizados nos últimos dez anos. Entre os temas abordados, destacam-se a exposição de crianças à violência, o stalking, o mobbing, o tráfico de seres humanos, a vitimação na prisão, a toxicodependência como forma de vitimação, a violência sexual nas relações íntimas dos jovens, o assédio sexual, a violência doméstica entre casais LGB (lésbicas, gays e bissexuais) ou a violência sobre os trabalhadores do sexo. No livro analisam-se ainda os discursos sociais e outras violências, e destacam-se alguns modelos (Justiça restaurativa) e respostas sociais (casa de abrigo; intervenções em grupo com crianças) que contemplam o interesse da vítima.

With the progression to more adult-like policies and procedures for youth in the justice system, the right to a jury trial has been extended to young offenders. These youth would not be tried by a jury of their peers, however, but by a jury of adults. The concern is that adult jurors may hold negative attitudes about youth that might influence their decision making in a case involving a young defendant. Two studies examined whether and under what conditions defendant's age affects jurors' decisions about the guilt and sentencing of an accused. In study 1, data were gathered from two samples of jury eligible adults: one university sample and one public sample. Mock jurors read written transcripts of a trial involving a defendant who was presented as either 13, 17, or 25 years of age. Results indicated that the defendant's age had no effect on mock jurors' verdict or their ratings of defendant guilt. However, younger defendants were granted shorter sentences than the adult defendants. In study 2, mock jurors read the same trial presented in study 1 but were asked to deliberate about the case and render group verdicts. These group verdicts did not differ significantly by defendant's age.

Over the past 15-20 years, domestic cultivation of cannabis has been established in a number of European countries. New techniques have made such cultivation easier; however, the bulk of growers remain small-scale. In this study, we explore the factors that prevent small-scale growers from increasing their production. The study is based on 1 year of ethnographic fieldwork and qualitative interviews conducted with 45 Norwegian cannabis growers, 10 of whom were growing on a large-scale and 35 on a small-scale. The study identifies five mechanisms that prevent small-scale indoor growers from going large-scale. First, large-scale operations involve a number of people, large sums of money, a high work-load and a high risk of detection, and thus demand a higher level of organizational skills than for small growing operations. Second, financial assets are needed to start a large 'grow-site'. Housing rent, electricity, equipment and nutrients are expensive. Third, to be able to sell...

Протидія корупції є одним із пріоритетних напрямів сучасної політики нашої держави у сфері боротьби зі злочинністю. Від результатів роботи правоохоронної системи на шляху мінімізації корупції залежить успішне розв’язання інших важливих проблем сьогодення. При цьому тривала історія викриття корупціонерів дозволила виробити певні стандарти виявлення і розкриття відповідних злочинів, коли істотного значення набуває не лише результат, а і спосіб, у який його досягають. Проблематика спровокованого вчинення корупційних злочинів, як і кримінально-правової заборони, присвяченої провокації підкупу, вже багато років турбує українських правників. Ще в юридичній літературі 20-х років минулого століття зазначалось: чим слабкішим є кримінально-розшуковий апарат, тим частіше його агенти використовують провокаційні методи. Правоохоронці і інших країн світу здійснюють різноманітні оперативні заходи, що межують з провокацією, для протидії латентним злочинам, включаючи корупційні.

We examined differences in health indicators and associated factors across countries according to the proportion of the population who are Muslim. Of 190 UN countries, 48 were classified as Muslim-majority countries (MMC) and 142 as non-MMC. Data on 41 potential determinants of health were obtained from 10 different data sources, and 4 primary outcome measures (male and female life expectancy, maternal mortality ratio and infant mortality rate) were analysed. Annual per capita expenditure on health in MMC was one-fifth that of non-MMC. Maternal mortality and infant mortality rates were twice as high in MMC as non-MMC. Adult literacy rate was significantly higher for non-MMC. Four significant predictors explained 52%-72% of the differences in health outcomes between the 2 groups: gross national income, literacy rate, access to clean water and level of corruption.

Сметаніна Н. В. Міжнародний досвід захисту прав жертв злочинів / Н. В. Сметаніна, О. В. Дойонко // Право і суспільство. – 2018. – № 6/2. – С. 178 – 182.



Ключові слова:
жертва злочину
правовий захист

Ключевые слова:
жертва преступления
правовая защита

Keyword:
victim of crime
legal protection

Анотація. У статті проаналізовано міжнародний досвід захисту прав жертв злочинів. Наводяться пропозиції щодо удосконалення законодавства України в даній сфері.

Аннотация. В статье проанализирован международный опыт защиты прав жертв преступлений. Приводятся предложения по усовершенствованию законодательства Украины в даной сфере.

Summary. The article is devoted to analyzing the international experience of protecting the rights of crime victims. Proposals are presented regarding the improvement of Ukrainian legislation in this area.

Law, as a set of sources including legislation, administrative regulations, custom, and judicial decisions, is one of the causes of systemic corruption, intended as the generalised practice of various forms of abuse of entrusted power for private gain as part of the culture and the institutional system of a country. This paper assesses the validity of the outcomes of the most significant research conducted in Europe on the unintended criminogenic effects of legislation and the viability of the mechanism of legislative crime proofing developed for EU law in the particular legal context of Commonwealth countries. The first objective is to offer some original theoretical perspectives and practical solutions, and, particularly, to develop a comprehensive, principled strategy capable of suiting the most disparate legal systems. A secondary objective of this paper is to stimulate further discussion and research on the crime and corruption risks of the law, as a necessary step towards the elimination of systemic corruption.

Much negative public and media attention in Germany focuses on Muslim immigrants, particularly those with guest
worker backgrounds. A study based on 5 years of ethnographic fieldwork with 55 second-generation male Muslim
immigrants in Germany who engaged in drug dealing provides major new insights into how they try to make sense
of the negative stereotypes of Muslim immigrants prevalent in German society, into distinctive forms of exclusion
they face in the public education system, and into the effects on them of a restrictive and unwelcoming
naturalization system. The exclusion the young men face significantly limits their opportunities for social and
economic success, shapes their opinions about Germany, and provides them with rationales for explaining and
legitimizing their drug dealing activities.

Based on church and state records from the burgh of Aberdeen, this study explores the deeper social meaning behind petty crime during the Reformation. Falconer argues that an analysis of both criminal behaviour and law enforcement provides a unique view into the workings of an early modern urban Scottish community. Examining the motivation behind these acts of violence reveals power struggles, social and familial hierarchies and the concept of belonging.

Headlines relating to crime figures are inescapable in contemporary society, the reason for the great time and attention given to issue of crime is because of the importance of crime to the general public1. For this reason political parties have attempted to drive down the crime rate. 2 Crime statistics have become a central tool in assessing the crime rate; this is because crime figures are useful instruments in demonstrating criminal patterns. If particular patterns in crime emerge this can mean resources being targeted to exposed areas. 3 The official crime statistics are entirely based on records of 43 police forces within England and Wales. The Office for National Statistics now collects the official statistics. 4 The official statistics suggest that crime is decreasing, however whether this is reflective of society is doubted. This is because of the " dark figure " of crime. The term relates to the unaccounted crimes within the official statistics. The reason for crimes not being registered can vary depending on the offence and the victims. The impact of the dark figure is that firstly that the official figures are not reflective of the real criminality rate. A second issue that the dark figure of crime creates is that areas that need addressing are ignored, as they do not appear on the figures. 5 If particular crimes are not being accounted for and ignored the state is failing in its positive obligation in protecting individuals. 6 Therefore accounting for these crimes is vital in gaining a genuine picture of crime within England and Wales. The Crime Survey for England and Wales has produced figures that have attempted to address the dark figure of crime. The studies are conducted upon a survey-based methodology meaning victims' experience is accounted for rather than just crimes that are reported to the police. This means crimes that may not appear within the official police records will be accounted for within the crime survives. Both figures show that crime is on a decline from the peak of the 1990's however the police records fail to account to near 5 million offences a year. This essay will progress to critically evaluate whether the official figures are truly valid in reflecting the level of criminality in England and Wales. Firstly the essay will examine the limitations of the official police recorded statistics, addressing issues within the figures of reporting, recording and counting rules. The essay will advance to identify police culture that specifically creates dark figure of crime with a link to gendered victimisation. The essay will conclude with an in depth look at gendered crime against women such as rape and other sexual offences and why these offences are underrepresented within official police crime statistics.

Recidivism among recovering ex-offenders is usually conceptualized as an outcome of the interplay between personal traits and treatment interventions. This focus on the individual, to the exclusion of the sociolegal context in which recovery and reintegration take place, has limited extant policy initiatives. Recidivism data from 440 drug-abusing felons who had successfully completed long-term residential treatment were examined. All else being equal, recovering offenders who began their reentry during times of high unemployment, low risk of incarceration for new offenses, or both, were found to be more likely to recidivate during their first year in the community. These findings highlight the promise of blending effective drug abuse treatment with credible sanctions against drug offenses as well as the need for job training, placement, and advocacy services. D