Conversion of Agro Industrial Waste and Crop Residues to Livestock Feeds

One of the greatest environmental issues we face today is the accumulation of non-degradable plastics. Plastic debris are discarded every year, everywhere polluting the nature. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is produced by joining of poly ß-hydroxybutyrate monomers by ester bonds. Bioplastics have numerous applications in different fields of life they are used in clothing industrial products, fluid containers, surgical materials. PHB is completely biodegradable and highly hydrophobic thermoplastic polyester. The aim of this study is to yield high and efficient PHB accumulation bacteria has been selected by quantification and extraction method. The culture medium and growth parameters for all the isolates were optimized for maximum production. The highest PHB production was observed with groundnut oil cake with 27% respectively and orange peel 23% respectively. The optimum PHB production condition were observed in 48h and 72h at 30°C. Authentication of PHB extract by Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) by identifying its functional units as C-H, CH2, C=O, and CO. The yield of PHB can further optimized by production parameters as substrates. Keywords: Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), agro-industrial waste, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

Tannins bind nutrients like proteins and reduces their bioabsorption. In this article role of several beneficial microbes and enzymes that can be employed to degrade the tannins in the feeding stuff is discussed in detail to make them more useful in animal feeds.

GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF POST-WEANED PIGS (Sus domesticus) FED WITH COMMERCIAL RATION SUBSTITUTED WITH VARYING LEVELS OF TARO (Colocasia esculenta) LEAF MEAL by PHOEBE JANE SANTILLAN EDQUILA, Bachelor of Science in Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon, March 2014.
Thesis Adviser: Julnar E. Pepito, Ph.D.
A 25-days feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of substituting commercial ration with varying levels of taro  (Colocasia esculenta) leaf meal in the growth performance of post-weaned pigs at Central Mindanao University Swine Project.
A total of nine (9) post-weaned pigs were used as experimental animals. These animals were all uncastrated males and Landrace x Duroc breed line. This study was composed of three (3) treatments and three (3) blocks. Blocking factors were based on live weights. Below were the varying levels of treatments that were used in the study:
Treatment 1 = 100% Commercial Ration + 0% Taro Leaf Meal
Treatment 2 = 85% Commercial Ration + 15% Taro Leaf Meal
Treatment 3 = 70% Commercial Ration + 30% Taro Leaf Meal

Data gathered were as follows: initial weight, final weight, body weight gain, total feed consumption, taro leaf meal consumption, feed efficiency and return above feed cost of the post-weaned pigs. The data excluding total feed consumption, taro leaf meal consumption and return above feed cost were analyzed statistically using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and significant differences among treatment and block means were tested using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Results revealed non-significant difference among treatment and block means on the final weight, body weight gain and feed efficiency of pigs used in the study. However, initial weight revealed highly significant differences (P<0.01) among block means, and non-significant difference among treatment means.
Taro leaf meal can be substituted to commercial starter ration up to 30% showing no adverse effects on the health and growth performance of post-weaned pigs. Moreover, it is economical since pigs in Treatment 3 showed to have high return above feed cost of Php 1,210.21 compared to pigs in Treatment 1 with Php 1,200.00 and Treatment 2 with Php 1,153.44. In areas where taro is abundant or available, it can be an alternative feed source to reduce cost of commercial feeds. On the other hand, it was observed that after sun drying and grinding 1.00 kilogram of taro leaves, the recovery rate was only 12%. Nevertheless, further study is recommended to use higher levels of taro leaf meal, and other methods of processing taro leaves to obtain additional results.

Propinsi Kalimantan Barat mencanangkan 25.000 ha areal penanaman jagung. Sumberdaya Kabupaten Pontianak diarahkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sendiri dan kebutuhan penduduk Kota Pontianak. Termasuk dalam penyediaan ternak sapi sehingga perlu diketahui bagaimana potensi kendala dan peluang pengembangan ternak sapi di Kabupaten Pontianak dalam rangka menunjang pengembangan tanaman jagung. Terdapat 287.954 ha areal potensi sumberdaya lahan jagung di Kabupaten Pontianak. Biomasa jagung dari areal tanam jagung di Kabupaten Pontianak sejumlah 14.268,30 ton dapat mendukung 7.818,25 unit ternak per tahun per musim tanam. Jika 25 % potensi areal pengembangan jagung seluas 71.988,50 ha akan menghasilkan 18,50 kali biomasa/musim tanam dari pertanaman jagung saat ini, maka mampu menyediakan pakan untuk 144.637,60 unit ternak. Sejumlah 58,68 % penduduk Kabupaten Pontianak bekerja di bidang pertanian merupakan potensi untuk pengembangan ternak sapi. Iklim Kabupaten Pontianak sangat sesuai untuk pengembangan bangsa sapi Bos indicus  dan Bos sondaicus. Keperluan sapi bakalan untuk Kabupaten Pontianak sejumlah  22,19 % dari jumlah populasi per tahun, merupakan peluang dalam usaha pembibitan sapi bakalan. Satu hektar jagung menghasilkan 7-10 ton pupuk organik per tahun dari 4 – 6 ekor sapi yang menunjang kebutuhan pupuk organik dua kali tanam setahun untuk 1 – 2 hektar. Konsumsi protein hewani penduduk Kalimantan Barat khususnya daging, masih kurang sebesar 6,26 kg/kapita/tahun atau sebesar 60,78 % merupakan pangsa pasar bagi pengembangan ternak sapi. Pola penggemukan sapi selama 3 bulan memberikan keuntungan yang paling maksimal dibandingkan penggemukan setahun dan pembibitan, pemilihan pola pemeliharaan sangat ditentukan oleh kapasitas sumberdaya modal dan sumber pakan tersedia. Pemerintah perlu menggerakkan para petani, pemodal, pengusaha dan lembaga penunjang lainnya untuk bersama-sama merumuskan struktur dan mekanisme sistem agribisnis ternak sapi yang operasional dan terarah.

Quantitative information on nutrient mineralization in soil under different nutrient management strategies is essential for better assessment of nutrient availability and their loss from soil. Predicting nutrient mineralization has been one of the greatest challenges to improve nutrient management in agriculture. Laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to study the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S)
mineralization in soils amended with rock phosphate (RP) enriched composts and fertilizers over 120 days.
Results revealed that RP enriched compost amended soil mineralized higher N and S over unfertilized control. The first-order model was found to be the best suitable for N and S mineralization because it provided the best fit to the experimental data and for its simplicity. Potentially mineralized N (N0) values ranged from a minimum of 4.0 mg kg-1 to a maximum of 52.1 mg kg-1 soil and the mineralization rate k varied from 0.023 to 0.052 day-1. It was observed that model fitting for P mineralization did not yield satisfactory results for soil amended with RP enriched compost. The P mineralization study revealed that
the soil treated with RP enriched compost showed decline in Olsen-P during the initial stages of 30 days, but improved significantly with the progress of time, indicating that RP enriched compost released P for a
longer period which in turn could steadily supply nutrients for longer period for crop growth. The RP enriched compost substantially increased the amount of potentially mineralizable S (S0) and higher rates of S mineralization (k) over unfertilized control.

Effect of replacing maize with β-carotene biofortified cassava grits on physico-chemical attributes of carcass and meat of broilers was investigated in an experiment which lasted 42 days. In a completely randomized design, 210 one-day old Arbor Acre broiler chicks were allotted to seven dietary treatments in triplicates of ten birds per replicate. At both the starter and finisher phases, yellow maize based diet was the control (1). Other six diets were made by replacing 25, 50 and 75% of yellow maize with grits from two different cassava varieties; TMS 01/1371, a β-carotene bio-fortified yellow cassava (2, 3, 4) and TME 419, a conventional white cassava (5, 6, 7), respectively. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in weight of primal cuts excepting back where birds fed T5 had higher (P<0.05) yield (15.19%) compared with those fed other diets (14.66, 13.65, 14.72, 14.13, 14.38 and 15.01% for birds fed 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7, respectively). Meat pH, water holding capacity and cooking loss were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the treatment. Meat of birds on 7 had significantly lower (P<0.05) shear force (3.65 kg/cm 3) compared to those on other treatments. Dietary β-carotene cassava grits significantly increased (P<0.05) meat retinol and reduced meat lipid oxidation. However, there was no significant effect (P>0.05) of the replacement on meat proximate composition. Meat colour, tenderness and juiciness differed significantly (P<0.05) among treatments while aroma, flavour and overall acceptability were similar (P>0.05). In conclusion, maize could be replaced with cassava grits from TME 419 and TMS 01/1371 up to 75% without adversely affecting broiler chicken meat yield and quality. Dietary β-carotene bio-fortified cassava up to 75%, improved shelf life and oxidative stability of broilers meat.

Biochemical conversion of wheat straw was investigated using hydrothermal pretreat-ment, enzymatic saccharification, and microbial fermentation. Pretreatment conditions that were compared included autocatalyzed hydrothermal pretreatment at 160, 175, 190, and 205 °C and sul-furic-acid-catalyzed hydrothermal pretreatment at 160 and 190 °C. The effects of using different pretreatment conditions were investigated with regard to (i) chemical composition and enzymatic digestibility of pretreated solids, (ii) carbohydrate composition of pretreatment liquids, (iii) inhibi-tory byproducts in pretreatment liquids, (iv) furfural in condensates, and (v) fermentability using yeast. The methods used included two-step analytical acid hydrolysis combined with high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC), HPLC, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography -electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS), and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Lignin recoveries in the range of 108-119% for autocatalyzed hydrothermal pretreatment at 205 °C and sulfuric-acid-catalyzed hy-drothermal pretreatment were attributed to pseudolignin formation. Xylose concentration in the pretreatment liquid increased with temperature up to 190 °C and then decreased. Enzymatic digest-ibility was correlated with the removal of hemicelluloses, which was almost quantitative for the autocatalyzed hydrothermal pretreatment at 205 °C. Except for the pretreatment liquid from the autocatalyzed hydrothermal pretreatment at 205 °C, the inhibitory effects on Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast were low. The highest combined yield of glucose and xylose was achieved for autocatalyzed hydrothermal pretreatment at 190 °C and the subsequent enzymatic saccharification that resulted in approximately 480 kg/ton (dry weight) raw wheat straw.

Abstract A field experiment was conducted in 2016 and 2017 cropping seasons to determine the effects of tillage practice alone and tillage practices amended with woodash on soil physicochemical properties and soil concentration, shoot and seed uptake of heavy metals (Fe,Zn,Cu,B,Pb). The experiment was laid out as split plot in Randomized Complete Block Design with six treatments and three replications. The treatments were: Flat tillage alone (FO) Mound tillage alone (MO), Ridge tillage alone (RO) Flat tillage +4 t ha- 1 woodash, Mound tillage +4 t ha- 1 and Ridge tillage +4 t ha- 1 . Results of the study showed significant (p = 0.05) increase in soil hydraulic conductivity and total porosity (%) in tillage practices relative to woodash amended tillage practices. Results of the study also showed significant (p = 0.05) increase in soil base saturation, organic carbon, available P, soil total N, effective cation exchange capacity, pH and decrease in exchangeable acidity in wood ash amended tillage practices relative to tillage practices alone. Significant (p = 0.05) increases in heavy metals concentration in soil, shoot and seed of castor but to non-toxic level except Fe concentration in soil were observed in tillage practices amended with woodash and tillage practices alone. On the average RW was observed to have the highest improvement in the studied parameters. Use of woodash as soil amendment at applied rate improved soil properties and did not have any negative effect on soil and crops.

The utilization of fermentation media derived from waste and by-product streams from biodiesel and confectionery industries could lead to highly efficient production of bacterial cellulose. Batch fermentations with the bacterial strain Komagataeibacter sucrofermentans DSM (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen) 15973 were initially carried out in synthetic media using commercial sugars and crude glycerol. The highest bacterial cellulose concentration was achieved when crude glycerol (3.2 g/L) and commercial sucrose (4.9 g/L) were used. The combination of crude glycerol and sunflower meal hydrolysates as the sole fermentation media resulted in bacterial cellulose production of 13.3 g/L. Similar results (13 g/L) were obtained when flour-rich hydrolysates produced from confectionery industry waste streams were used. The properties of bacterial celluloses developed when different fermentation media were used showed water holding capacities of 102–138 g·water/g·dry bacterial cellulose, v...

A field experiment was conducted in 2016 and 2017 cropping seasons to determine the effects of tillage practice alone and tillage practices amended with woodash on soil physicochemical properties and soil concentration, shoot and seed uptake of heavy metals (Fe,Zn,Cu,B,Pb). The experiment was laid out as split plot in Randomized Complete Block Design with six treatments and three replications. The treatments were: Flat tillage alone (FO) Mound tillage alone (MO), Ridge tillage alone (RO) Flat tillage +4 t ha-1 woodash, Mound tillage +4 t ha-1 and Ridge tillage +4 t ha-1. Results of the study showed significant (p = 0.05) increase in soil hydraulic conductivity and total porosity (%) in tillage practices relative to woodash amended tillage practices. Results of the study also showed significant (p = 0.05) increase in soil base saturation, organic carbon, available P, soil total N, effective cation exchange capacity, pH and decrease in exchangeable acidity in wood ash amended tillage practices relative to tillage practices alone. Significant (p = 0.05) increases in heavy metals concentration in soil, shoot and seed of castor but to non-toxic level except Fe concentration in soil were observed in tillage practices amended with woodash and tillage practices alone. On the average RW was observed to have the highest improvement in the studied parameters. Use of woodash as soil amendment at applied rate improved soil properties and did not have any negative effect on soil and crops.