Adolescent pregnancy

I wanted to write this review because I want to share my joy with the world. Since following the Pregnancy Miracle program, I’ve truly gained a new life.
Two years ago, my husband John and I decided it was time to make a baby. I was 29 years old, so I thought I would get pregnant right away. Boy, was I wrong…
We diligently tried to conceive for about 6 months, but nothing happened. For the first time, I began to wonder if something was wrong: Why couldn’t I get pregnant?

This assessment tool identifies contributing factors to presenting problems, identifies goals in counseling, helps form a therapeutic alliance, and deepens client insight into the story behind current difficulties. Simply completing this questionnaire can be a healing experience in itself.

(Comment): This is a rare study describing the development and validation of a psychological test of perceived social support as conducted in a war-torn field setting. Although originally developed for use with Bosnian adolescents who, due to ethnic cleansing and other war-related horrors, lost (due to traumatic deaths, genocide, abductions and disappearances, natural deaths, and lengthy or permanent involuntary separations from loved ones)  much of their social networks, the Multi-Sectory Social Support Inventory (MSSI) described herein can be used with many different child and adolescent populations. Four primary strengths of the MSSI  include: (1) It is based on Weiss's social provisions theory and is thus amenable to evaluating the perceived availability of specific types of support (e.g., pursuant to evaluating the "matching" hypothesis). (2) The MSSI  captures perceived social support from four different sectors of youths' social networks including nuclear family, extended family, peers, and adult friends and mentors (and is thus amenable to evaluating the "compensatory" hypothesis in a research study). (3) The MSSI can be used to help clients problem-solve which individuals within specific sectors are appropriate sources of specific types of support as part of an intervention, and thereby serve as a useful supplemental tool with different interventions (specifically the social support seeking skills sections) of several interventions I have co-authored including Psychological First Aid (PFA), Skills for Psychological Recovery (SPR), and Trauma and Grief Component Therapy (TGCT). And (4) the MSSI has thus far been used in a variety of field studies, including in adapted form with war refugees (e.g., see the work of Heidi Ellis).

Adolescent pregnancy has been a common problem not only in the Philippines but also in most countries of the world, may it be developing or first world. In this study, the prevalence of adolescent pregnancy was determined throughout the 15 barangays in El Salvador City using a correlational-descriptive approach. A total of 497 respondents were taken into consideration. The majority of the respondents were 16-18 years old at the time of the study and came from barangay Molugan and Poblacion. Adolescent pregnancy was also determined to be at 32.39% or 161 out of the 497 respondents which is relatively high and comparable to the neighboring countries in Asia. Correlational statistics was also employed to determine the correlation between prevalence of adolescent pregnancy and family history of adolescent pregnancy. A range of strong negative, no relationship, strong positive, to negligible relationship was shown in all 15 barangays. Six out of the fifteen barangays showed positive relationship while five barangays showed negligible relationship. Overall, there was a negligible relationship between the variables studied. This supports the idea that adolescent pregnancy is a multifactorial problem which requires multifaceted intervention strategies and approaches to minimize adolescent childbearing risks. Furthermore, it is recommended that various steps should be taken to develop pregnancy prevention intervention programs targeting young women according to maternal and sibling adolescent pregnancy histories, increase awareness campaign in schools and public places on the risks of adolescent pregnancies, and lastly to improve childhood intervention and youth development programs for reducing unintended and unplanned adolescent pregnancy.

El embarazo no deseado en mujeres de 12 a 19 años de edad, es un fenómeno cuya presencia e incidencia se ha incrementado significativamente en el municipio de Tijuana Baja California, se considera como un problema de salud pública sexual y reproductiva, que afecta a las mujeres de este grupo de edad y de todos los estratos sociales y condiciones educativas y culturales.

Como consecuencia a lo anterior, aumentan las posibilidades en este grupo de edad de tener un mayor número de muertes maternas, enfermedades de trasmisión sexual, desintegración familiar, abandono escolar y en términos generales pocas o nulas oportunidades de desarrollo.

Social Cognitive Theory explains how different personal, environmental and cognitive factors influence human behavior and it has been an important source of knowledge in the social and health sciences. It has been employed in research and practice in nursing, the science of caring. However, no critical analysis has been conducted to show the impact of Social Cognitive Theory in nursing. This article aims to conduct an analysis and evaluation of Social Cognitive Theory using the Fawcett and DeSanto-Madeya methodological framework and a systematic search of the literature. Social Cognitive Theory showed that even though is a non-disciplinary theory of health sciences, the clarity and simplicity of its content facilitates its use in understanding and addressing different phenomena of caring, the creation of middle-range theories and in professional education. The contribution of Social Cognitive Theory in nursing science has focused mainly on two aspects: firstly, on improving disciplinary knowledge with the practical context of health caring by understanding human behavior and its integration in interventions for the promotion, prevention and treatment of health, and secondly, on nursing professionals' education, highlighting the relevance of the interdisciplinary nature of knowledge.

Background: Prior to 1990 voluntary abortion and sale of modern contraceptives was prohibited in Romania. Family planning in Romania has enjoyed a positive evolution, but some problems persist.

Objectives: This study proposes to determine the knowledge and practices regarding family planning (FP) methods, the situation of pregnancies planning, communication within couples about FP and the impact of socio-demographic variables on these issues in Romania.

Method: Between 2011 and 2012, 863 subjects, 18-49 years old, from urban and rural environment, responded to a questionnaire with 96 items on family-related topics. To achieve the objectives of this study we focused on five items. The Pearson chi-square tests were employed using the statistical programs SPSS.

Results: Subjects became parents for the first time at an average age of 24.81. 34.76% had a second or third child. 84.81% of the couples were married when the children were born. 12% became parents between the ages of 15-19, with a larger share in rural areas and a low educational level (p<0.0001). 70.5% used methods of contraception, the most popular being male condoms, withdrawal, the oral contraceptive pill, and calendar rhythm. More than ½ planned their pregnancy, with the average dropping at second and third birth, and over ¾ of the partners discussed FP;  this was lower in rural areas, for those with a low educational level (p<0.001).

Conclusion: There will never be sufficient funds to cover the needs of the educational and health care systems. Consequently, the efforts must target the population at risk for unwanted pregnancies, such as those in the rural area, those with lower educational levels, and those with poor income.  Schools, families, City Halls, medical centers, the church, etc. can have a positive effect, with concurrent activities, on both children and parents in terms of participation in education.

Adolescent pregnancy has been a common problem not only in the Philippines but also in most countries of the world, may it be developing or first world. In this study, the prevalence of adolescent pregnancy was determined throughout the 15 barangays in El Salvador City using a correlational-descriptive approach. A total of 497 respondents were taken into consideration. The majority of the respondents were 16-18 years old at the time of the study and came from barangay Molugan and Poblacion. Adolescent pregnancy was also determined to be at 32.39% or 161 out of the 497 respondents which is relatively high and comparable to the neighboring countries in Asia. Correlational statistics was also employed to determine the correlation between prevalence of adolescent pregnancy and family history of adolescent pregnancy. A range of strong negative, no relationship, strong positive, to negligible relationship was shown in all 15 barangays. Six out of the fifteen barangays showed positive rela...

The main objective of this study was to assess awareness of danger
signs of pregnancy and its associated factors in Mekelle public
hospitals, 2014.
Institutional based cross sectional study was conducted among 422
pregnant mothers. Data was collected using interviewer administered
questionnaire; it was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16.
The data were presented using texts, graphs and tables.
Out of the total participants of this study 79.6% mothers had
information about danger signs of pregnancy from which 61.9%
mothers had information about vaginal bleeding followed by sudden
gush of fluid before labor which was mentioned by 41.9% of
respondents. Severe unusual abdominal pain was the least known
danger signs as mentioned by 19 % of mothers. The main source of
information for the danger signs was health personnel and
Negligence was the main reason for not having good awareness about
danger signs of pregnancy.
Therefore, health extension workers should strengthen their
awareness creation activities; community mobilization and health
education should be considered with policy makers and other
interested organizations.

Adolescence is regarded a key period when individual differences in perfectionism develop. Yet, so far only a few longitudinal studies have investigated the development of perfectionism in adolescents. Using a longitudinal correlational design with 381 adolescents aged 15-19 years, the present study investigated whether perceived parental expectations and criticism predicted longitudinal increases in self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism over 7-9 months. Results showed that perceived parental expectations predicted longitudinal increases in socially prescribed perfectionism: Adolescents who perceived that their parents had high expectations of them at Time 1, showed increased socially prescribed perfectionism from Time 1 to Time 2 compared to adolescents who did not perceive their parents’ having such high expectations. No such effect was found for self-oriented perfectionism. The findings provide supportive evidence for the social expectations model of the development of perfectionism regarding socially prescribed perfectionism, but not self-oriented perfectionism. Implications of this finding for the understanding of the development of perfectionism and future studies are discussed.

Adolescent pregnancy is a serious public health and social problem. Over 95% of adolescent pregnancy cases occur in developing countries. Understanding and addressing the determinants of adolescent pregnancy is crucial to ending the vice. This study aimed to explore factors associated with adolescent pregnancy in Luuka District, in Uganda. An embedded mixed methods study design was used. Primary data was collected from 336 adolescent girls, aged 10-19 years, selected through simple random sampling, using a case-control survey, with a structured questionnaire. In addition, qualitative data was collected through 20 in-depth interviews and 16 focus group discussions. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were done using SPSS for descriptive, bivariate (i.e., Chisquare tests), multivariable analyses (i.e., logistics regression) used for determining independent associations and content analysis respectively. Findings revealed multiple factors influencing adolescent pregnancy including behavioral factors: such as having multiple sexual partners, frequent sex, lack of self-control over sex and irregular contraceptive use; familial factors: peer pressure, being an orphan living with mother, sexual abuse, and socioeconomic factors such as poverty. In conclusion: behavioral, demographic, familial and socioeconomic factors are major determinants of adolescent pregnancy in Luuka District. We recommend interventions focusing on providing information on sexual and reproductive health, including improving access to contraceptives for adolescent girls. Improving socioeconomic status of families, legal punishment of sexual offenders, as well as keeping girls in school to mitigate effects of adolescent pregnancy in the low-income settings.

Adolescent mothers and girls in the juvenile justice system, as populations, exhibit similar developmental and social risks. Yet despite these significant numbers of identified risks, both adolescent mothers as well as girls who have been involved in the juvenile justice system, are also capable of demonstrating high degrees of resilience. One of the major overarching threads connecting both of these populations is the centrality of supportive, reliable relationships to developmental success. This study examines a small sample (n=4) of juvenile justice involved participants in the Healthy Families Massachusetts home visiting program for young mothers. It utilizes qualitative data from a Home Visitor/Client Relationship Substudy conducted as part of the Massachusetts Healthy Families Evaluation (MHFE-2) to explore and better understand how
successful client-home visitor relationships development and are maintained in this group.

Based on narrative and time-order analyses that produced a series of rich, descriptive case studies, this study uncovered a number of important relationship themes. Significant emergent themes included: the importance of attunement or “shared frames” within the client-home visitor relationship, reflected in the alignment of participant needs with assistance received; experiencing this relationship as both aspirational and reparative; and the variations of relationship structure and function that are viewed as “successful.” This study concludes with implications for further consideration by home visiting programs, such as including the successful development of the client-home visitor relationship as a program goal in itself, and generating participant-specific priorities – a hierarchy of sorts -- for goal attainment.

This paper offers a review of current data about adolescent sexual and reproductive health in Mexico: sexual initiation, contraception use and fertility, maternal health, abortion, young men’s sexual health and sexually transmitted infections.
Progress made, gaps in service and needs of this population group are described for each of these topics. Next, based on recommendations made by national and international organizations and a multidisciplinary examination of existing
evidence, statements are made in favor of the design, strengthening and implementation of public policies for this age group. Finally, interrelated general and specific recommendations are made for the area of adolescent sexual and reproductive health, particularly priority actions for those youth most at risk.

Este artículo recapitula datos publicados recientemente sobre la salud sexual y reproductiva de los adolescentes en México: inicio de vida sexual, uso de métodos anticonceptivos y fecundidad, salud materna, aborto, salud sexual de varones adolescentes e infecciones de transmisión sexual. En cada uno de estos temas, se describen algunos progresos, demoras y necesidades nacionales para este grupo poblacional. Posteriormente, a partir de recomendaciones de organismos nacionales e internacionales, así como de una reflexión multidisciplinaria sobre la evidencia existente, se elabora un pronunciamiento a favor del diseño, fortalecimiento e implementación de políticas públicas para este grupo etario. Finalmente, se formulan, de manera interrelacionada, recomendaciones generales y específicas en el ámbito de la salud sexual y reproductiva de los adolescentes, señalando particularmente acciones prioritarias para aquellos que se encuentran en situaciones más precarias.

Autor w swoim artykule wychodzi od mesjańskich nadziei związanych z rodzeniem dzieci. Przeciwstawia entuzjastycznemu spodziewaniu się zbawienia związanego z urodzeniem dziecka koncepcję mesjanizmu pustynnego Derridy, czyli oczekiwania pozbawionego horyzontu oczekiwania. Następnie ukazuje dziecko, jako niosące wraz ze swoim pojawieniem się obietnicę śmierci, wykorzystuję grecki mit o Kronosie oraza filozoficzne rozważania Georgesa Bataille'a. W kolejnej części Autor koncentruje się na zjawisku utraconych wizji przyszłości, które nazywa obsoletami nowoczesności i stara się wyjaśnić współczesną niechęć do tworzenia idealnego świata jutra. Ostatnią część artykułu stanowi interpretacja "Huby" (2014) w reżyserii Anki i Wilhelma Sasnalów, która staje się w tym kontekście próbą powstrzymywania się od przymusu (re)produkcji.

When expectant mothers prepare for motherhood, this has a positive impact on their own lives and in terms of their children. The preparations in the process of pregnancy, birth, postpartum and baby care made by a mother-to-be who is becoming a parent for the first time also have an impact on preventing the prevalence of non-functional beliefs and practices. The purpose of this study is to determine the views of first-time expectant mothers regarding the available resources of knowledge and skills related to motherhood. The study was conducted with 16 volunteer mothers-to-be registered at the Mother and Child Health Center in the Altı Eyl(l District of the province of Balıkesir, Turkey. Semi-structured interviews were held with the prospective mothers. The data were analyzed with content analysis. The prospective mothers stated that their sources of knowledge and skills related to motherhood were their own mothers and that they were not following up on any website, blog, book or magazine for this kind of information. While all of the mothers-to-be said that they would participate in an educational program on pregnancy if one were available, none of them had ever attended a pregnancy education program. In this context, when it is considered that the mothers-to-be participating in the study were in the first years of their marriages, it might be recommended that prospective mothers be provided with parent education together with their husbands, regardless of their educational background.

Background: In India, due to the high prevalence of child marriage, most adolescent pregnancies occur within marriage. Pregnancy and childbirth complications are among the leading causes of death in girls aged 15 to 19 years. Hence, adolescent pregnancy is a serious health threat to young women in India. Methods: The study focuses on the level and trends of adolescent pregnancy rate (per thousand currently married adolescent women) in India in the last two decades, based on cross-sectional data from three different periods, DLHS-1 (1998–99), DLHS-2 (2002–04) and DLHS-3 (2007–08). Further, the determinants of adolescent pregnancy and its effects are analyzed using the DLHS-3 data, which used a multi-stage stratified systematic sampling design. The sample size of this study was 18,709 pregnancies that occurred to 14,006 currently married adolescent (15–19 years) women. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used to examine the association between pregnancy outcomes (live birth vs. abortion/stillbirth) and health complications with socioeconomic variables and maternal-child health (MCH) service utilization. Results: During the periods of 1998–99, 2002–04 and 2007–08, the rate of adolescent pregnancy was 427, 467 and 438 respectively. In 2007–08, the proportion of live births (vs. stillbirth or abortion) was significantly higher among older adolescents aged 18–19 years (OR = 1.25, 95 % CI (1.08–1.44), p < 0.001) than among younger adolescent women of 15–17 years. The proportion of live births was also higher among women having 10 years or more education (OR = 1.26, 95 % CI (1.01–1.56), p < 0.01). The prevalence of live birth was significantly higher among women who had received some delivery advices (OR = 1.38, 95 % CI (0.96–1.95), p < 0.01), had consumed iron/folic acid tablets, (OR = 1.37, 95 % CI (0.89–2.11), p < 0.05), had received Tetanus Toxoid injection (OR = 2.29, 95 % CI (1.25–4.19), p < 0.001), while those with assisted vaginal delivery were significantly less likely to have a live birth (OR = 0.38,95 % CI (0.21–0.68), p < 0.001). Adolescent women had 66.6 % delivery complications (i.e. any one problem) vs. 62.5 % among adult women (20–24 years), (p < 0.001).

Adolescent fertility rates in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) remain unacceptably high, especially compared to the region&#39;s declining total fertility rates. The Region has experienced the slowest progress of all regions in the world, and shows major differences between countries and between subgroups in countries. In 2013, LAC was also noted as the only region with a rising trend in pregnancies in adolescents younger than 15 years. In response to the lack of progress in the LAC region, PAHO/WHO, UNFPA and UNICEF held a technical consultation with global, regional and country-level stakeholders to take stock of the situation and agree on strategic approaches and priority actions to accelerate progress. The meeting concluded that there is no single portrait of an adolescent mother in LAC and that context and determinants of adolescent pregnancy vary across and within countries. However, lack of knowledge about their sexual and reproductive health and rights, poor access to a...

Este artículo analiza las percepciones de adultos clave sobre su papel en la orientación de los jóvenes para la prevención de embarazos. Se basa en un estudio cualitativo en el que se realizaron 36 entrevistas a madres de adolescentes con embarazo, personal académico y provee-dores de salud en México. Se encontró una tensión permanente entre permisividad y restricción en los estilos de orientación de los adultos entrevistados, consecuencia de la fuerte influencia de temores y desconocimiento de los beneficios de hablar de sexualidad con los adolescentes. Ninguno de los tres grupos de entrevistados se percibió como responsable primordial de la provisión de información sobre sexualidad a los adolescentes.

Palabras clave: embarazo temprano, educación sexual, adultos, prevención.

Abstract: This article analyzes adult perceptions which are key to their role in the orientation of youth in the prevention of pregnancy. It is based on a qualitative study in which thirty-six interviews were conducted with the mothers of pregnant teenagers, academic personnel and health care providers in Mexico. It was found that a permanent tension exists between permissiveness and restriction in the styles of orientation given by the adults interviewed, a result of the strong influence of fears and lack of knowledge of the benefits of talking to adolescents about sexuality. None of the three groups interviewed perceived itself to be responsible for providing information on sexuality to adolescents.

In this exploratory study, a survey was carried out with 902 junior high-school students in localities with medium to high degree of marginalization in two states of central Mexico. This article describes the family, reproductive, and educational aspirations and expectations of this sample of students from disadvantaged areas, and explores mechanisms contributing to forming future plans. Two main plans are outlined in this sample: one oriented towards prioritizing family formation and an elevated risk of dropping out of school, and another oriented towards postponing unions and child-raising to look for educational/career development. Several factors appear to influence the development of educational/career ideals among men, however, the mechanisms driving the formation of future plans in women are less clear. The findings add to a limited body of knowledge measuring both educational and reproductive aspirations of students in low-resource settings in Latin America.

Гипноз, холотропное дыхание, расстановки-через все эти инструменты взрослого и состоявшегося человека можно вернуть к самым истокам его текущей жизни, а именно-к жизни в материнской утробе. Сразу после зачатия, в первые же мгновения существования, зародыш уже обладает памятью, способностью чувствовать и воспринимать информацию. Информация, естественно, вся приходит извне, через маму-кроме той информации, что уже доступна вечной душе, принявшей приглашение воплотиться на Земле и уже выбравшей себе для этого родителей. Так вот, если беременность матери проходила не гладко, на нервах, с переживаниями, сомнениями, опасениями и суетой-человек введённый в изменённое состояние сознания сожмётся и тут же почувствует страхи, какие испытывал, пребывая в утробе и ощущая угрозу жизни. Если же, в общем, нахождение его в утробе было наполнено позитивными чувствами, ощущением спокойствия, дома, безопасности, ощущения себя нужным, присутствием тепла и любви, мощным потоком текущим извне, прямо через сердце матери и любовь отца-человек расплывётся в улыбке и почувствует те же благодать, уют, любовь, ощущение покоя, тепла и дома. Любые сложности, возникающие у женщины с вынашиваем ребёнка-это глубоко сидящее внутри неё не самое искреннее желание его иметь, по какой-либо причине, о которой она сама может сперва не догадываться. Такой женщине важно осознать, как чудо происходит с ней: зарождение в её чреве новой жизни! Просыпается огромная любовь к ещё неродившемуся малышу. Ведь любая проблема может быть только там, Изменить 11 15 февраля 2019 338 дочитываний 2 5 мин.

"About 34 million adolescents aged 10-19 constitute 21% of total population of Bangladesh. Early marriage is a social norm in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is second only to Niger in having the highest percentage of adolescent brides in the world.[1]. Early pregnancy is common in Bangladesh. An estimated 2 million births (17% of total births) were attributed to adolescents between the age 15 and 19 in a period of 2005-20101.The fertility rate among the 15-19 years old age group is one of the highest rates, in the world. One of the major challenges in achieving MDG 4 is the slow progress in preventing neonatal deaths, which now account for 57 percent of all under-five deaths and 70 percent of infant deaths. There is strong evidence linking early childbearing with higher perinatal and neonatal death rates." states WHO. Therefore, now it is the prime time to reduce these incidents of dangerous social behaviours to save future generations. - Dr Syeda Zerin Imam

Social Cognitive Theory explains how different personal, environmental and cognitive factors influence human behavior and it has been an important source of knowledge in the social and health sciences. It has been employed in research and practice in nursing, the science of caring. However, no critical analysis has been conducted to show the impact of Social Cognitive Theory in nursing. This article aims to conduct an analysis and evaluation of Social Cognitive Theory using the Fawcett and DeSanto-Madeya methodological framework and a systematic search of the literature. Social Cognitive Theory showed that even though is a non-disciplinary theory of health sciences, the clarity and simplicity of its content facilitates its use in understanding and addressing different phenomena of caring, the creation of middle-range theories and in professional education. The contribution of Social Cognitive Theory in nursing science has focused mainly on two aspects: firstly, on improving discipli...

Since colonial times indigenous populations of Costa Rica have been systematically oppressed and
discriminated. As a result indigenous people have been marginalized geographically and socially. Currently
social inequities are common and portrayed by an educational, health, economic, technological gap which
in spite of recent efforts, still persists.
An issue that has recently received attention is the high rate of adolescents that become pregnant
within indigenous communities. No studies have addressed this issue in this particular context, although
worldwide research is vast. In spite of this, literature available seems to focus in a dichotomist discourse
of good and bad, protective and risky, acceptable and stigmatized, many times not taking into full
consideration the construction of realities based on subjective experiences nor fundamental socioeconomic,
legal, and normative determinants that perpetuate adolescent pregnancy. This research
assesses these gaps.
A narrative approach was used to analyze the experiences of motherhood of a group of 20
indigenous young mothers from the Ngäbe ethnicity. From the analysis of the narratives surfaced that
gender inequality/oppression, a lack of agency, human rights violations, neglect from state institutions,
lack of educational/labor opportunities, social exclusion, a permissible social environment and poverty
perpetuated a disruptive life course for the participants. This disruptive life course was marked by events
of abuse, early-marriage, unplanned pregnancy, gender-based violence and abandonment of the
educational system. Nonetheless, a great desire to overcome adversity, provide a better life for their
children and modify the societal structure that marked their earlier lives signified a process of restoration
through motherhood that eventually translated to a positive outcome in most of the participants’
narratives.

Objective: To identify the relationship between information resources usage (print and audiovisuals) and pregnancy in adolescence. Hyphotesis:
Magazines and newspapers reading, as well as TV and radio preference, are associated with pregnancy in Peruvian adolescents.Methods: Starting from the database of the Demographic and Health Family Survey (Endes, in Spanish) 2004-2005, we selected a sample of 1,567 adolescents, who were 15-17 years old when the survey was done. For the association test we used the 2 test. Results: 2.3% of the adolescents were pregnant at the time of the survey. 6% were mothers of one or two children (n=96). Preferred media were radio and television, in that order. Conclusions: The three variables proposed in the model were associated with pregnancy in adolescence (p<0.01). Recommendations: To promote the sexual education programs in schools by: 1) Incorporating the Sexual Education course as an obligatory subject in the official curriculum. 2) Implementing a network of Sexual Counselling Centres (SCC), channelled as projects of the National Public Investment System (SNIP, in Spanish) through local and regional governments, so that the adolescents have a better knowledge of their sexuality and do not have to interrupt their life projects because of undesired pregnancies.

Objective was to assess ante natal care utilization and its associated
factors among 15 to 49 years of age women in Ayder Kebelle,
Mekelle city 2012/2013. Community based cross sectional study
design was conducted, interviewer administer questionnaire was used
to collect the data. Pre-test was done for assuring data quality, the
study population was all child bearing women in Ayder kebelle.
Systematic random sampling technique was employed to select the
intended study subjects. Sample size was 252 and bivariate logistic
regression analysis was computed to interpret and identify factors
associated with antenatal care utilization. OR using 95% confidence
interval and p- value were calculated. Data entry, cleaning and
analyzing were done by using SPSS version16 statistical software.
The study revealed that about 88.9% of the women had at least one
antenatal visit during their recent pregnancy. Almost half of the
antenatal care (44.2%) attendants made their first visit during their
second and third trimester of pregnancy. Among antenatal care users
around 84.8% had four and above antenatal care contacts. The main
reasons for non-attendance at antenatal care clinic were related to
being in good health and poor quality of service. It was also
observed that non-attendance was higher for those with unplanned
pregnancy, low knowledge of unhealthy pregnancy and those whose
husband or partner’s attitude to antenatal care attendance were
negative. In conclusion the study revealed that Socio demographic
factors were found to be barriers to utilization of antenatal care
services and the overall antenatal care utilization is higher 88.9%.

Purpose: Legislation that restricts abortion access decreases abortion. It is less well understood whether these statutes affect unintended birth. Given recent increases in teen pregnancy and birth, we examined the relationship between legislation that restricts abortion access and unintended births among adolescent women.
Methods: Using 2000–2005 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System data, we examined the relationship between adolescent pregnancy intention and policies affecting abortion access: mandatory waiting periods, parental involvement laws, and Medicaid funding restrictions. Logistic regression controlled for individual characteristics, state-level factors, geographic regions, and time trends. Subgroup analyses were done for racial, ethnic, and insurance groups.
Results: In our multivariate model, minors in states with mandatory waiting periods were more than two times as likely to report an unintended birth, with even higher risk among blacks, Hispanics, and teens receiving Medicaid. Medicaid funding restrictions were associated with higher rates of unwanted birth among black teens. Parental involvement laws were associated with a trend toward more unwanted births in white minors and fewer in Hispanic minors.
Conclusions: Mandatory waiting periods are associated with higher rates of unintended birth in teens, and funding restrictions may especially affect black adolescents. Policies limiting access to abortion appear to affect the outcomes of unintended teen pregnancy. Subsequent research should clarify the magnitude of such effects, and lead to policy changes that successfully reduce unintended teen births.

Un cuerpo teórico importante de investigación sugiere que el estilo autoritativo de los padres se asocia con unas mejoras en diversos aspectos de ajuste psicosocial de los adolescentes. Este artículo desarrolla y analiza la tipología de los estilos educativos parentales en el contexto de jóvenes filipinos. Apartir de una muestra de 3.601 estudiantes, se muestra que el estilo autoritativo se asocia con mayor autoestima, menor impulsividad, mayor intención de alcanzar metas positivas en el futuro, mejor rendimiento académico, menor prevalencia de experiencia sexual y mayor rechazo de diversas formas de sexismo.