Acaricide

Кровожадный Клещ Варроа Под Микроскопом: Varroa destructor (in RUSSIAN LANGUAGE).
VIDEO LINK = http://youtu.be/rV8zWek3lTU 
Энтомолог кандидат биологических наук Фурсов Виктор рассказывает о жизненном цикле, особенностях биологии и строении клеща варроа - Varroa destructor - наружного паразита медоносных пчел - Apis cerana и Apis mellifera, питающегося гемолимфой пчел, на личинках, куколках и имаго медоносных пчел, - вызывающего опасное заболевание пчел - варроатоз. Клещи вызывают ослабление и гибель пчелиного расплода, ослабление выводящихся имаго пчел и их гибель, и переносят смертельно опасные 18 типов вирусов медоносных пчел.
Клещ варроа - Varroa destructor - имеет всесветное распространение, за исключением Австралии (в настоящее время).
Entomologist, PhD, Dr Victor Fursov is talking about mite varroa destructor - external parasite of Apis cerana and Apis mellifera, and being the source of deadly dangerous disease of honeybees - varroosis.(LECTURE in RUSSIAN LANGUAGE)

VIDEO LINK = https://youtu.be/F2G9fW0TMrg  Чудо Природы Под Микроскопом: РАССКАЗ-ИСТОРИЯ про Хоботок-Пилу у Собачьего Клеща  Ixodes ricinus. Клещ Под Микроскопом: История про Иксодовых Клещей и Собачьего Клеща  Ixodes ricinus.  19.03.2015 Kiev, the capital of Ukraine. Энтомолог, кандидат биологических наук  Виктор Фурсов рассказывает о иксодовых клещах, о их строении, их жизненном цикле развития и их вреде как переносчиков ряда заболеваний - боррелиоза (болезни Лайма), клещевого энцефалита, Ку-лихорадки, туляремии, геморрагической лихорадки и др.
Тип Членистоногие Arthropoda,    Класс Arachnida,  Подкласс Acari,  Отряд Parasitiformes, Подотряд  Ixodida,  Семейство  Ixodidae Murray Ticks are small arachnids in the order Parasitiformes. Along with mites, they constitute the subclass Acarina.

The Banks grass mite, Oligonychus pratensis (Banks) (Acari: Tetranychidae), is a major pest of dates. The
miticide hexythiazox (Savey® 50 DF) is the current industry standard for Banks grass mite management on
dates. However, sole reliance on hexythiazox as a single control strategy may lead to resistance in the mite
population. Incorporating biological control into the Banks grass mite management on dates is a step
towards a more integrated programme. The predatory mite, Galendromus flumenis (Chant), is the most
abundant predator and the only phytoseiid species on date bunches. Conservation of G. flumenis is
essential for a successful integrated mite management programme, and it is important to understand
the impact of hexythiazox on the biological control of Banks grass mite by G. flumenis. For this purpose, the
toxic effects of the recommended field rate of hexythiazox on the development of different immature
stages and the fecundity of adult females of G. flumenis were evaluated. Laboratory bioassays were
conducted in which predators were both treated topically by hexythiazox sprays and exposed to residues
on the arena surface and on the sprayed prey. Mortality due to hexythiazox was 0.09% in eggs, 2.63% in
larvae, 0.00% in protonymphs and 2.08% in adult females of G. flumenis. Hexythiazox did not have any
significant effect on the fecundity of the treated females, hatch rate of the laid eggs, progeny development
or sex ratio. Results suggest that hexythiazox would not disrupt the biological control of Banks grass mite
by G. flumenis in the field.

Tetranychus urticae is the main pest rapidly developing resistance to chemical acaricides used to treat tomato
(Lycopersicon esculentum) in the Far North Region of Cameroon. In an effort to develop an alternative tomato
production strategy, a survey was undertaken on 100 producers to collect information on this crop and field
experimentation to determine the effectiveness of the powder of neem seeds was performed. The results show that 63.2% of producers recognize tomato pests. Mites are the most important followed by whiteflies. Producers protect their culture with chemical pesticides (70%) or with available products: soap (26%); cow urine (30%). 82% use the neem seed to treat tomato crops. Treatment with neem seed powder shows that it improves the development of tomato (P > 0.05) and fruit yield (977 fruit) compared to the control (514 fruit), although it remains below the treatment with chemical acaricide Acarius (1464 fruits). Neem seed powder effectively protects tomato against T. urticae. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-2-august-2015-ijaar/

Passion fruit green spot disease was first identified in 1997 after a severe outbreak at Vera Cruz County, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Mature yellow fruits of Passiflora edulis Simms f. flavicarpa Degener showed characteristic green spots, 2–5 mm in diameter and patches of green tissues were present on senescent leaves. The devastating effect to passion flower is caused by necrotic lesions that encircle the stems and kill the plant. In severe cases, entire orchards of a few hectares in size have been completely destroyed. The disease was always preceded by heavy infestations of Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae). Transmission electron microscopy of affected tissues (fruits, leaves, and stems) consistently revealed the presence of short, bacilliform particles (50–70 nm × 100–120 nm) in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, as well as the presence of a dense viroplasm in the cytoplasm. This cytopathic effect has been found in several other Brevipalpus-transmitted or associated viruses and is classified as a cytoplasmic type of disease. Experimental reproduction of the leaf and stem symptoms was achieved by transferring B. phoenicis collected from affected field passion flower plants onto healthy plants. The evidence supports a viral etiology for the disease and the agent was named passion fruit green spot virus. Its relationship with other B. phoenicis related viruses continues to be studied. The disease was also found in the Brazilian states of Bahia, Sergipe, Rondonia, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and in the Federal District. Use of one or more of the following acaricides (hexythiazox, fenbutatin-oxide, propargite, quinomethionate, or dicofol) has significantly reduced the incidence of the disease.

The African blue tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus, is a common tick species found in South Africa and affects cattle production as well as vectoring pathogens in regions of Africa and Asia. In an attempt to develop a non-toxic, lower cost and environmentally friendly tick control method, twenty-six plant extracts were prepared from thirteen plant species using 99.5% acetone and 99% ethanol. The adapted Shaw Larval Immersion Test (SLIT) was used to test the efficacy of the extracts. A 1% solution of each of the plant extracts was prepared for efficacy testing and the ethanol extracts were found to have better acaricidal activity than the acetone extracts. The ethanol extract from the leaves and flowers of Calpurnia aurea had the best activity [corrected mortality (CM) = 82.9%] which was followed by the stem extract of Cissus quadrangularis (CM = 80.4%). The plant species were screened against Vero cells and were found to have low toxicity. From this study it is apparent that there is potential for the development of botanicals as natural acaricides against R. (B.) decoloratus.

A long-term field study (60 consecutive weeks) was conducted to determine whether a Boophilus annulatus (Say) population could be eradicated through repeated applications of a 1% pour-on formulation of fipronil on cattle held in an infested pasture. Animals treated repeatedly over time (seven applications) were infested with significantly fewer (p < 0.05) female ticks (5 mm in size) than untreated

A simple, rapid, sensitive, and specific liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed and validated for the quantification of amitraz and its metabolite in human serum. Both the compounds were extracted using monolithic silica spin columns with acetonitrile. The chromatographic separation was performed on a reverse-phase C(18) column with a mobile phase of 10 mM ammonium formate-acetonitrile. The protonated analyte was quantitated in positive ionization by mass spectrometry. The method was validated over the concentration range of 25-1000 ng/ml for amitraz and its metabolite in human serum. For both compounds, the limit of detection was 5 ng/ml. The method was applied to serum samples taken from an attempted suicide patient, and only small volumes of serum were required for the simultaneous determination of these compounds.

Egg yolk was spiked with p,p'-dicofol (p,p'-DCF) (0.1-2.0 micrograms/gm), p,p'-dichlorobenzophenone (p,p'-DCBP) (0.1-2.0 micrograms/gm), and 1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) (0.05-1.0 micrograms/gm). The fortified egg yolk (2-5 g) was mixed with acetonitrile to extract non-fat organic materials. After removal of acetonitrile, the spiked chemicals were separated with a column chromatograph packed with acid alumina. Recovery efficiencies for p,p'-DCBP and p,p'-DDE were determined by gas chromatography, and for p,p'-dicofol by high performance liquid chromatography. The recovery efficiencies for p,p'-dicofol, p,p'-DCBP and p,p'-DDE were 77.2-93.8%, 84.1-101.1%, and 88.5-96.0%, respectively.

Ticks have great medical and veterinary importance because they transmit several pathogens to their hosts, including humans; moreover, they cause skin lesions and favour secondary infections and blood loss. Selamectin, a macrocyclic lactone, has been used as a potent antiparasitic and is commercialized in Brazil as a product called Revolution® manufactured by Pfizer Animal Health (Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil). There is little information on the method of action of this chemical compound on tick physiology so this study presents an analysis of the toxic potential of selamectin on engorged females of the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. For the toxicity study of selamectin, the adult immersion test was performed, in which individual ticks were exposed to different concentrations of the chemical compound. The percentage of dead females was submitted to probit analysis to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) of selamectin. Bioassays showed that R. sanguineus females are sensitive to the chemical compound and the LC50 was 451.221 ppm. This study proposes a protocol for determining the LC50, which will contribute to future research related to the toxicity of other chemical products that are used for tick control, as well the chemical compounds' effect on these parasites, showing that lower concentrations than those originally traded is sufficient to kill these ectoparasites, providing a better conservation to the environment and to non-target organisms.