Hackney was a two-seat constituency in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom created under the Representation of the People Act, 1867 from the division of the Tower Hamlets constituency and reformed under the Redistribution of Seats Act, 1885 as Hackney North, Hackney Central and Hackney South.
The constituency existed in this two seat form for three general elections and returned two Liberal Party Members at each until its abolition and division into one seat constituencies.
Boundaries
The vestry of the civil parish of Hackney became a local government authority in 1855. The parish had a population in 1871 of 115,110 and in 1881 of 163,681.
The parliamentary borough of Hackney was established in 1868 and its area formed part of the eastern half of the historic county of Middlesex. It was situated to the north of Shoreditch and Tower Hamlets (although Hackney itself was accounted the northernmost of the Hamlets in the nineteenth century). The area was to the east of Islington and Hornsey, south of Tottenham and west of Walthamstow in the historic county of Essex.
The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the UK Parliament or the British Parliament, is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom, British Crown dependencies and British overseas territories. It alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK and its territories. Its head is the Sovereign of the United Kingdom (currently Queen Elizabeth II) and its seat is the Palace of Westminster in Westminster, London.
The parliament is bicameral, consisting of an upper house (the House of Lords) and a lower house (the House of Commons). The Sovereign forms the third component of the legislature (the Queen-in-Parliament). The House of Lords includes two different types of members: the Lords Spiritual, consisting of the most senior bishops of the Church of England, and the Lords Temporal, consisting of members of the peerage and life peers who are appointed by the Sovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister. Prior to the opening of the Supreme Court in October 2009, the House of Lords also performed a judicial role through the Law Lords.
There are 650 constituencies in the United Kingdom, each electing a single Member of Parliament to the House of Commons at least every five years.Voting last took place in 650 of those constituencies at the United Kingdom general election on 7 May 2015. 330 are held by the Conservative Party, 232 are held by the Labour Party, 56 are held by the Scottish National Party, 8 are held by the Liberal Democrats, 3 are held by Plaid Cymru, 1 is held by UKIP, 1 is held by the Green Party of England and Wales, and there are 18 Northern Ireland seats held by different parties. In addition there is the constituency of the Speaker.
The number of seats rose from 646 at the 2005 general election after proposals made by the Boundary Commissions for England, Wales and Northern Ireland were adopted through statutory instruments. Constituencies in Scotland remained unchanged, with the Boundary Commission for Scotland having completed a review shortly prior to the 2005 general election.
In modern politics and history, a parliament is a legislative, elected body of government. Generally a modern parliament has three functions: representing the electorate, making laws, and overseeing the government (i.e., hearings, inquiries).
Although some restrict the use of the word parliament to parliamentary systems, it is also commonly used to describe the legislature in presidential systems (i.e. the French parliament), even where it is not in the official name.
Historically, parliaments included various kinds of deliberative, consultative, and judicial assemblies (i.e. the mediaeval parlements).
Etymology
The term is derived from Anglo-Norman parlement, from the verb parler 'talk'. The meaning evolved over time: originally any discussion, conversation, or negotiation (attested around 1100), through various kinds of deliberative or judicial groups, often summoned by the monarch. By 1400, it had come to mean in Britain specifically the British supreme legislature.
Origins
Various parliaments are claimed to be the oldest in the world, under varying definitions:
Parliament was a funk band most prominent during the 1970s. Both Parliament and its sister act, Funkadelic, were led by George Clinton.
History
Parliament was originally The Parliaments, a doo-wop vocal group based at a Plainfield, New Jersey barbershop. The group was formed in the late 1950s and included George Clinton, Ray Davis, Fuzzy Haskins, Calvin Simon, and Grady Thomas. Clinton was the group leader and manager. The group finally had a hit single in 1967 with "(I Wanna) Testify" on Revilot Records. To capitalize, Clinton formed a backing band for a tour, featuring teenage barbershop employee Billy Bass Nelson on bass and his friend Eddie Hazel on guitar, with the lineup eventually rounded out by Tawl Ross on guitar, Tiki Fulwood on drums, and Mickey Atkins on organ.
During a contractual dispute with Revilot, Clinton temporarily lost the rights to the name "The Parliaments", and signed the ensemble to Westbound Records as Funkadelic, which Clinton positioned as a funk-rock band featuring the five touring musicians with the five Parliaments singers as uncredited guests. With Funkadelic as a recording and touring entity in its own right, in 1970 Clinton relaunched the singing group, now known as Parliament, at first featuring the same ten members. Clinton was now the leader of two different acts, Parliament and Funkadelic, which featured the same members but were marketed as creating two different types of funk.
The parliament of Poland consists of an upper house – the Senate – and a lower house, the Sejm. Both houses are accommodated by the Sejm building complex in Warsaw. The parliament itself is without an official name; Poland's constitution refers only to the Sejm and the Senate.
Members of both houses are elected by popular elections, usually held every four years. The Sejm has 460 members, while the Senate has 100 senators. To become law, a bill must first be approved by both houses. The Sejm can override a Senate refusal to pass a bill.
On certain occasions, the Marshal of the Sejm summons the National Assembly that consists of the members of both houses of parliament. Its function is mostly ceremonial in nature and it convenes only occasionally, such as to witness the inauguration of the President. Under exceptional circumstances, the constitution endows the National Assembly with significant responsibilities, such as the power to bring the President before the State Tribunal (impeachment).The leading party is Law and Justice (PiS) with 234 out of 460 seats in Sejm and 61 out of 100 seats in Senate. Debating halls have designated seats for the deputies, senators and the Marshal. Seats are also equipped in voting devices, which deputies and senators use to vote.
An electoral district (also known as a constituency, riding, ward, division, electoral area or electorate) is a territorial subdivision for electing members to a legislative body. Generally, only voters (constituents) who reside within the district are permitted to vote in an election held there. From a single district, a single member or multiple members might be chosen. Members might be chosen by a first past the post system or a proportional representative system, or another method entirely. Members might be chosen through an election with universal suffrage or an indirect election, or some other method.