This paper aims to explore the phenomenon of the opera minute which emerged from the avant-garde ... more This paper aims to explore the phenomenon of the opera minute which emerged from the avant-garde experimentalism after WWI; its beginner and one of the foremost masters, the French composer Darius Milhaud put three short, eight-minute operas on stage in 1927. Others soon followed, among them the Slovenian composer Slavko Osterc who composed the opera-minute "Medea" in 1932. This paper is the first to transcribe in length the manuscript of Osterc's "Medea", comparing it to Euripides' original. Furthermore, the article aims to establish the fine similarities and distinctions between the approach regular opera took towards myth and that of the avant-garde opera-minute.
The book deals primarily with the problem of the so-called point of view or the narrative focus i... more The book deals primarily with the problem of the so-called point of view or the narrative focus in Roman historiography, more accurately in the works of the Roman historian Sallust, namely The Catilinarian Conspiracy (Lat. Bellum Catilinae) and The Jugurthine Disorder (Lat. Bellum Iugurthinum). In the opening part of the thesis some questions concerning Sallust's literary methods are addressed, such as his style which is decidedly “Catonian” archaizing Latin and especially his choice of monograph as a form of delivering his chosen historical matter – obviously influenced by Thucydides. One of the main questions, however, which still puzzles many researchers and which are also addressed in the opening chapters of this thesis is what were the author’s main sources for his political and philosophical Weltanschauung, which was often mistaken for political disillusionment. Concluding with the view that Sallust dismissed the well established concept of the old aristocratic virtue (Lat. virtus) and forged a new, neutral concept of virtue attainable to all who deserve it, this thesis then procedes to address the well known points of theory in modern narratology.
After having established the primary functions and their interrelations in a text, such as the author, the reader, the implied author and implied reader, the narrator, the narratee etc., the thesis then focuses on the very much discussed problem of the point of view; distinguishing between different types of narrative focus and different focalizing situations, the chapter on narrative focus primarily deals with the question of the point of view and the narrative focus in historiography: it has been shown that in historiography one encounters an omniscient narrator with certain restrictions of his omniscience, however it is precisely through the internal point of view of a secondary focalizer that all the restrictions of knowledge are lifted.
Postulating that narratology and its hermeneutical tools are but a platform for further analysis in historiography, this paper then concentrates on narrative techniques in the most important section, the analysis of the text of both monographs. The narrative techniques discussed are mainly the narrator’s persona in the prologues of both monographs and the narrator’s “dialogue”, as we called it, with the narratee throughout the text. One of the main features of this process is shifting the point of view or rather, the narrative focus which proves to be extremely effective in characterizing different characters throughout the narrative. It was shown that while some characters are openly characterized by the narrator, the primary focalizer, as morally depraved, they are, on the contrary, characterized rather positively by secondary focalizers. This is most evident in the case of Catilina, the main character of Sallust’s first monograph, The Catilinarian Conspiracy. More so, some characters function as secondary focalizing agents while being the focalized object at the same time; these sequences of their own internal focalization can prove to be very damaging to the persona of the focalizing agent/focalized object. One such case is Marius in the Jugurthine Disorder.
The last chapter summarizes major findings of the analysis in the previous chapters; comparing these findings to some more traditional and well accepted views of Sallust’s works shows that some of these views need revising: through detailed analysis we’ve been able to show that some of the opinions expressed in the text which used to be connected directly to the author himself, actually apply only to the function of the narrator and not the author; such case, for instance, is the excursus on Africa in The Jugurthine Disorder and even more so the position of the narrating persona to Caesar in The Catilinarian Conspiracy. In this latter example which often provided the foundation of some severe accusations by some researchers against Sallust, narratological approach to textual analysis in historiography proved to be indispensable: while this study does nothing to combat the fact that Sallust was politically closely connected to Caesar, there is no doubt that the narrator in The Catilinarian Conspiracy, while depicting Caesar favourably through a long sequence of internal focalization, still openly hints against Caesar’s vices as primary focalizer. Another similar case is Sallust’s position to Cicero. It has been largely discussed and argued that there has been great animosity between the two men; under the influence of the famous invective against Cicero it would seem undisputable that Sallust expressed this animosity in his monographs as well. However, closer analysis proves this only partially correct: while Cicero is depicted as a morally base character through some instances of secondary focalization, the narrator as a primary focalizer checks this depiction with open admiration of Cicero, the homo novus.
Markomanske vojne so bile največji in najobsežnejši oboroženi spopad rimske vojske in barbarskih... more Markomanske vojne so bile največji in najobsežnejši oboroženi spopad rimske vojske in barbarskih plemen ob osrednjem Podonavju – Markomanov, Kvadov in Sarmatov skupaj s še drugimi plemeni. Vojne z germanskimi plemeni so svoje prve kali kazale že v obdobju Antonina Pija, miroljubnega predhodnika Marka Avrelija, ki je težnje uzurpatorjev skrbno umirjal s konsistentnim pacifizmom. V Panonijo so prihajala poslanstva germanskih kraljevin izza Donave, ki so vznemirjala z vestmi o premikih barbarskih ljudstev s severa. Trgovanje barbarskih ljudstev z rimskimi državljani na mejah rimske države in migracije v germanskem bazenu plemen so v pasu ob limesu predstavljali težnje le-teh po dodatnem habitatu znotraj imperija. Apijan piše, da so poslanstva teh plemen prišla celo v Rim k cesarju Antoninu Piju in ga prosila za sprejem v imperij. Kontinuirani pritiski so eskalirali najverjetneje v l. 166, ko je bil velik del rimske garnizije stacioniran na vzhodni meji v boju s Parti. Limes je bil v t...
The Epigraphic corpus of Mediaeval and Early Modern inscriptions in Slovenia collects carefully m... more The Epigraphic corpus of Mediaeval and Early Modern inscriptions in Slovenia collects carefully made transcriptions of Latin inscriptions that are found or have been discovered on the territory of Slovenian coastal towns, focused on Koper and Piran. The 51 collected inscriptions date from 1222 to the middle of the 17th century. The purpose of the corpus is to provide a methodological basis for the processing of inscriptions found or discovered in the Slovenian ethnic territory. The corpus brings together inscriptions that are either still located in their primary context or have been moved or even destroyed and are therefore accessible only in transcriptions. The material was collected through field research, i.e. the recording and documentation of inscriptions in situ. The corpus transcriptions have been carefully annotated, with the ligatures and abbreviations marked-up and expanded, and the texts translated into Slovenian. Various metadata (in Slovenian) have also been collected and included in the descriptions. The corpus is encoded in TEI XML, using the elements for manuscript descriptions for inscription metadata
The book deals primarily with the problem of the so-called point of view or the narrative focus i... more The book deals primarily with the problem of the so-called point of view or the narrative focus in Roman historiography, more accurately in the works of the Roman historian Sallust, namely The Catilinarian Conspiracy (Lat. Bellum Catilinae) and The Jugurthine Disorder (Lat. Bellum Iugurthinum). In the opening part of the thesis some questions concerning Sallust's literary methods are addressed, such as his style which is decidedly “Catonian” archaizing Latin and especially his choice of monograph as a form of delivering his chosen historical matter – obviously influenced by Thucydides. One of the main questions, however, which still puzzles many researchers and which are also addressed in the opening chapters of this thesis is what were the author’s main sources for his political and philosophical Weltanschauung, which was often mistaken for political disillusionment. Concluding with the view that Sallust dismissed the well established concept of the old aristocratic virtue (Lat. virtus) and forged a new, neutral concept of virtue attainable to all who deserve it, this thesis then procedes to address the well known points of theory in modern narratology. After having established the primary functions and their interrelations in a text, such as the author, the reader, the implied author and implied reader, the narrator, the narratee etc., the thesis then focuses on the very much discussed problem of the point of view; distinguishing between different types of narrative focus and different focalizing situations, the chapter on narrative focus primarily deals with the question of the point of view and the narrative focus in historiography: it has been shown that in historiography one encounters an omniscient narrator with certain restrictions of his omniscience, however it is precisely through the internal point of view of a secondary focalizer that all the restrictions of knowledge are lifted. Postulating that narratology and its hermeneutical tools are but a platform for further analysis in historiography, this paper then concentrates on narrative techniques in the most important section, the analysis of the text of both monographs. The narrative techniques discussed are mainly the narrator’s persona in the prologues of both monographs and the narrator’s “dialogue”, as we called it, with the narratee throughout the text. One of the main features of this process is shifting the point of view or rather, the narrative focus which proves to be extremely effective in characterizing different characters throughout the narrative. It was shown that while some characters are openly characterized by the narrator, the primary focalizer, as morally depraved, they are, on the contrary, characterized rather positively by secondary focalizers. This is most evident in the case of Catilina, the main character of Sallust’s first monograph, The Catilinarian Conspiracy. More so, some characters function as secondary focalizing agents while being the focalized object at the same time; these sequences of their own internal focalization can prove to be very damaging to the persona of the focalizing agent/focalized object. One such case is Marius in the Jugurthine Disorder. The last chapter summarizes major findings of the analysis in the previous chapters; comparing these findings to some more traditional and well accepted views of Sallust’s works shows that some of these views need revising: through detailed analysis we’ve been able to show that some of the opinions expressed in the text which used to be connected directly to the author himself, actually apply only to the function of the narrator and not the author; such case, for instance, is the excursus on Africa in The Jugurthine Disorder and even more so the position of the narrating persona to Caesar in The Catilinarian Conspiracy. In this latter example which often provided the foundation of some severe accusations by some researchers against Sallust, narratological approach to textual analysis in historiography proved to be indispensable: while this study does nothing to combat the fact that Sallust was politically closely connected to Caesar, there is no doubt that the narrator in The Catilinarian Conspiracy, while depicting Caesar favourably through a long sequence of internal focalization, still openly hints against Caesar’s vices as primary focalizer. Another similar case is Sallust’s position to Cicero. It has been largely discussed and argued that there has been great animosity between the two men; under the influence of the famous invective against Cicero it would seem undisputable that Sallust expressed this animosity in his monographs as well. However, closer analysis proves this only partially correct: while Cicero is depicted as a morally base character through some instances of secondary focalization, the narrator as a primary focalizer checks this depiction with open admiration of Cicero, the homo novus.
This paper aims to explore the phenomenon of the opera minute which emerged from the avant-garde ... more This paper aims to explore the phenomenon of the opera minute which emerged from the avant-garde experimentalism after WWI; its beginner and one of the foremost masters, the French composer Darius Milhaud put three short, eight-minute operas on stage in 1927. Others soon followed, among them the Slovenian composer Slavko Osterc who composed the opera-minute "Medea" in 1932. This paper is the first to transcribe in length the manuscript of Osterc's "Medea", comparing it to Euripides' original. Furthermore, the article aims to establish the fine similarities and distinctions between the approach regular opera took towards myth and that of the avant-garde opera-minute.
The book deals primarily with the problem of the so-called point of view or the narrative focus i... more The book deals primarily with the problem of the so-called point of view or the narrative focus in Roman historiography, more accurately in the works of the Roman historian Sallust, namely The Catilinarian Conspiracy (Lat. Bellum Catilinae) and The Jugurthine Disorder (Lat. Bellum Iugurthinum). In the opening part of the thesis some questions concerning Sallust's literary methods are addressed, such as his style which is decidedly “Catonian” archaizing Latin and especially his choice of monograph as a form of delivering his chosen historical matter – obviously influenced by Thucydides. One of the main questions, however, which still puzzles many researchers and which are also addressed in the opening chapters of this thesis is what were the author’s main sources for his political and philosophical Weltanschauung, which was often mistaken for political disillusionment. Concluding with the view that Sallust dismissed the well established concept of the old aristocratic virtue (Lat. virtus) and forged a new, neutral concept of virtue attainable to all who deserve it, this thesis then procedes to address the well known points of theory in modern narratology.
After having established the primary functions and their interrelations in a text, such as the author, the reader, the implied author and implied reader, the narrator, the narratee etc., the thesis then focuses on the very much discussed problem of the point of view; distinguishing between different types of narrative focus and different focalizing situations, the chapter on narrative focus primarily deals with the question of the point of view and the narrative focus in historiography: it has been shown that in historiography one encounters an omniscient narrator with certain restrictions of his omniscience, however it is precisely through the internal point of view of a secondary focalizer that all the restrictions of knowledge are lifted.
Postulating that narratology and its hermeneutical tools are but a platform for further analysis in historiography, this paper then concentrates on narrative techniques in the most important section, the analysis of the text of both monographs. The narrative techniques discussed are mainly the narrator’s persona in the prologues of both monographs and the narrator’s “dialogue”, as we called it, with the narratee throughout the text. One of the main features of this process is shifting the point of view or rather, the narrative focus which proves to be extremely effective in characterizing different characters throughout the narrative. It was shown that while some characters are openly characterized by the narrator, the primary focalizer, as morally depraved, they are, on the contrary, characterized rather positively by secondary focalizers. This is most evident in the case of Catilina, the main character of Sallust’s first monograph, The Catilinarian Conspiracy. More so, some characters function as secondary focalizing agents while being the focalized object at the same time; these sequences of their own internal focalization can prove to be very damaging to the persona of the focalizing agent/focalized object. One such case is Marius in the Jugurthine Disorder.
The last chapter summarizes major findings of the analysis in the previous chapters; comparing these findings to some more traditional and well accepted views of Sallust’s works shows that some of these views need revising: through detailed analysis we’ve been able to show that some of the opinions expressed in the text which used to be connected directly to the author himself, actually apply only to the function of the narrator and not the author; such case, for instance, is the excursus on Africa in The Jugurthine Disorder and even more so the position of the narrating persona to Caesar in The Catilinarian Conspiracy. In this latter example which often provided the foundation of some severe accusations by some researchers against Sallust, narratological approach to textual analysis in historiography proved to be indispensable: while this study does nothing to combat the fact that Sallust was politically closely connected to Caesar, there is no doubt that the narrator in The Catilinarian Conspiracy, while depicting Caesar favourably through a long sequence of internal focalization, still openly hints against Caesar’s vices as primary focalizer. Another similar case is Sallust’s position to Cicero. It has been largely discussed and argued that there has been great animosity between the two men; under the influence of the famous invective against Cicero it would seem undisputable that Sallust expressed this animosity in his monographs as well. However, closer analysis proves this only partially correct: while Cicero is depicted as a morally base character through some instances of secondary focalization, the narrator as a primary focalizer checks this depiction with open admiration of Cicero, the homo novus.
Markomanske vojne so bile največji in najobsežnejši oboroženi spopad rimske vojske in barbarskih... more Markomanske vojne so bile največji in najobsežnejši oboroženi spopad rimske vojske in barbarskih plemen ob osrednjem Podonavju – Markomanov, Kvadov in Sarmatov skupaj s še drugimi plemeni. Vojne z germanskimi plemeni so svoje prve kali kazale že v obdobju Antonina Pija, miroljubnega predhodnika Marka Avrelija, ki je težnje uzurpatorjev skrbno umirjal s konsistentnim pacifizmom. V Panonijo so prihajala poslanstva germanskih kraljevin izza Donave, ki so vznemirjala z vestmi o premikih barbarskih ljudstev s severa. Trgovanje barbarskih ljudstev z rimskimi državljani na mejah rimske države in migracije v germanskem bazenu plemen so v pasu ob limesu predstavljali težnje le-teh po dodatnem habitatu znotraj imperija. Apijan piše, da so poslanstva teh plemen prišla celo v Rim k cesarju Antoninu Piju in ga prosila za sprejem v imperij. Kontinuirani pritiski so eskalirali najverjetneje v l. 166, ko je bil velik del rimske garnizije stacioniran na vzhodni meji v boju s Parti. Limes je bil v t...
The Epigraphic corpus of Mediaeval and Early Modern inscriptions in Slovenia collects carefully m... more The Epigraphic corpus of Mediaeval and Early Modern inscriptions in Slovenia collects carefully made transcriptions of Latin inscriptions that are found or have been discovered on the territory of Slovenian coastal towns, focused on Koper and Piran. The 51 collected inscriptions date from 1222 to the middle of the 17th century. The purpose of the corpus is to provide a methodological basis for the processing of inscriptions found or discovered in the Slovenian ethnic territory. The corpus brings together inscriptions that are either still located in their primary context or have been moved or even destroyed and are therefore accessible only in transcriptions. The material was collected through field research, i.e. the recording and documentation of inscriptions in situ. The corpus transcriptions have been carefully annotated, with the ligatures and abbreviations marked-up and expanded, and the texts translated into Slovenian. Various metadata (in Slovenian) have also been collected and included in the descriptions. The corpus is encoded in TEI XML, using the elements for manuscript descriptions for inscription metadata
The book deals primarily with the problem of the so-called point of view or the narrative focus i... more The book deals primarily with the problem of the so-called point of view or the narrative focus in Roman historiography, more accurately in the works of the Roman historian Sallust, namely The Catilinarian Conspiracy (Lat. Bellum Catilinae) and The Jugurthine Disorder (Lat. Bellum Iugurthinum). In the opening part of the thesis some questions concerning Sallust's literary methods are addressed, such as his style which is decidedly “Catonian” archaizing Latin and especially his choice of monograph as a form of delivering his chosen historical matter – obviously influenced by Thucydides. One of the main questions, however, which still puzzles many researchers and which are also addressed in the opening chapters of this thesis is what were the author’s main sources for his political and philosophical Weltanschauung, which was often mistaken for political disillusionment. Concluding with the view that Sallust dismissed the well established concept of the old aristocratic virtue (Lat. virtus) and forged a new, neutral concept of virtue attainable to all who deserve it, this thesis then procedes to address the well known points of theory in modern narratology. After having established the primary functions and their interrelations in a text, such as the author, the reader, the implied author and implied reader, the narrator, the narratee etc., the thesis then focuses on the very much discussed problem of the point of view; distinguishing between different types of narrative focus and different focalizing situations, the chapter on narrative focus primarily deals with the question of the point of view and the narrative focus in historiography: it has been shown that in historiography one encounters an omniscient narrator with certain restrictions of his omniscience, however it is precisely through the internal point of view of a secondary focalizer that all the restrictions of knowledge are lifted. Postulating that narratology and its hermeneutical tools are but a platform for further analysis in historiography, this paper then concentrates on narrative techniques in the most important section, the analysis of the text of both monographs. The narrative techniques discussed are mainly the narrator’s persona in the prologues of both monographs and the narrator’s “dialogue”, as we called it, with the narratee throughout the text. One of the main features of this process is shifting the point of view or rather, the narrative focus which proves to be extremely effective in characterizing different characters throughout the narrative. It was shown that while some characters are openly characterized by the narrator, the primary focalizer, as morally depraved, they are, on the contrary, characterized rather positively by secondary focalizers. This is most evident in the case of Catilina, the main character of Sallust’s first monograph, The Catilinarian Conspiracy. More so, some characters function as secondary focalizing agents while being the focalized object at the same time; these sequences of their own internal focalization can prove to be very damaging to the persona of the focalizing agent/focalized object. One such case is Marius in the Jugurthine Disorder. The last chapter summarizes major findings of the analysis in the previous chapters; comparing these findings to some more traditional and well accepted views of Sallust’s works shows that some of these views need revising: through detailed analysis we’ve been able to show that some of the opinions expressed in the text which used to be connected directly to the author himself, actually apply only to the function of the narrator and not the author; such case, for instance, is the excursus on Africa in The Jugurthine Disorder and even more so the position of the narrating persona to Caesar in The Catilinarian Conspiracy. In this latter example which often provided the foundation of some severe accusations by some researchers against Sallust, narratological approach to textual analysis in historiography proved to be indispensable: while this study does nothing to combat the fact that Sallust was politically closely connected to Caesar, there is no doubt that the narrator in The Catilinarian Conspiracy, while depicting Caesar favourably through a long sequence of internal focalization, still openly hints against Caesar’s vices as primary focalizer. Another similar case is Sallust’s position to Cicero. It has been largely discussed and argued that there has been great animosity between the two men; under the influence of the famous invective against Cicero it would seem undisputable that Sallust expressed this animosity in his monographs as well. However, closer analysis proves this only partially correct: while Cicero is depicted as a morally base character through some instances of secondary focalization, the narrator as a primary focalizer checks this depiction with open admiration of Cicero, the homo novus.
Markomanske vojne so bile največji in najobsežnejši oboroženi spopad rimske vojske in barbarskih... more Markomanske vojne so bile največji in najobsežnejši oboroženi spopad rimske vojske in barbarskih plemen ob osrednjem Podonavju – Markomanov, Kvadov in Sarmatov skupaj s še drugimi plemeni. Vojne z germanskimi plemeni so svoje prve kali kazale že v obdobju Antonina Pija, miroljubnega predhodnika Marka Avrelija, ki je težnje uzurpatorjev skrbno umirjal s konsistentnim pacifizmom. V Panonijo so prihajala poslanstva germanskih kraljevin izza Donave, ki so vznemirjala z vestmi o premikih barbarskih ljudstev s severa. Trgovanje barbarskih ljudstev z rimskimi državljani na mejah rimske države in migracije v germanskem bazenu plemen so v pasu ob limesu predstavljali težnje le-teh po dodatnem habitatu znotraj imperija. Apijan piše, da so poslanstva teh plemen prišla celo v Rim k cesarju Antoninu Piju in ga prosila za sprejem v imperij. Kontinuirani pritiski so eskalirali najverjetneje v l. 166, ko je bil velik del rimske garnizije stacioniran na vzhodni meji v boju s Parti. Limes je bil v t...
The Marcomannic Wars were the largest and most extensive armed conflict between the Roman army an... more The Marcomannic Wars were the largest and most extensive armed conflict between the Roman army and the barbarian tribes of the central Danube region – the Marcomanni, the Quadi and the Sarmatians, along with other tribes. The wars with the Germanic tribes had their first signs in the time of Antoninus Pius, the peace-loving predecessor of Marcus Aurelius, who carefully tempered the aspirations of the usurpers with a consistent pacifism. In Pannonia, missions from the Germanic kingdoms across the Danube came to disturb Pannonia with news of the movements of barbarian peoples from the north. The trade of barbarian peoples with Roman citizens on the borders of the Roman state and the migration of the Germanic tribes in the Germanic basin of the tribes in the limes belt represented their aspirations for an additional habitat within the empire. Apian writes that missions of these tribes even came to Rome to the Emperor Antoninus Pius and asked to be admitted into the empire. The relentless and continuous pressure escalated probably in AD 166, when a large part of the Roman garrison was stationed on the eastern border to fight the Parthians. Limes was poorly defended during this period as legions stationed from the Rhine to the Danube were sent to the front with the Parthians. Despite the efforts of the imperial viceroys in both Pannoniae to prevent the outbreak of war on the fortified Danube border, the barbarians succeeded in breaking through the limes and consequently spilling across the country as far as Aquileia and Opitergium. The painful awareness of Italy’s vulnerability, lulled for generations by the Peace of Augustus (Pax Romana), meant a sudden turn in defence. The present text examines the two main primary sources for the events of the German-Sarmatian War and raises questions about the absence of references to an important defence system, the so-called Praetentura Italiae et Alpium.
The book deals primarily with the problem of the so-called point of view or the narrative focus i... more The book deals primarily with the problem of the so-called point of view or the narrative focus in Roman historiography, more accurately in the works of the Roman historian Sallust, namely The Catilinarian Conspiracy (Lat. Bellum Catilinae) and The Jugurthine Disorder (Lat. Bellum Iugurthinum). In the opening part of the thesis some questions concerning Sallust's literary methods are addressed, such as his style which is decidedly “Catonian” archaizing Latin and especially his choice of monograph as a form of delivering his chosen historical matter – obviously influenced by Thucydides. One of the main questions, however, which still puzzles many researchers and which are also addressed in the opening chapters of this thesis is what were the author’s main sources for his political and philosophical Weltanschauung, which was often mistaken for political disillusionment. Concluding with the view that Sallust dismissed the well established concept of the old aristocratic virtue (Lat. virtus) and forged a new, neutral concept of virtue attainable to all who deserve it, this thesis then procedes to address the well known points of theory in modern narratology. After having established the primary functions and their interrelations in a text, such as the author, the reader, the implied author and implied reader, the narrator, the narratee etc., the thesis then focuses on the very much discussed problem of the point of view; distinguishing between different types of narrative focus and different focalizing situations, the chapter on narrative focus primarily deals with the question of the point of view and the narrative focus in historiography: it has been shown that in historiography one encounters an omniscient narrator with certain restrictions of his omniscience, however it is precisely through the internal point of view of a secondary focalizer that all the restrictions of knowledge are lifted. Postulating that narratology and its hermeneutical tools are but a platform for further analysis in historiography, this paper then concentrates on narrative techniques in the most important section, the analysis of the text of both monographs. The narrative techniques discussed are mainly the narrator’s persona in the prologues of both monographs and the narrator’s “dialogue”, as we called it, with the narratee throughout the text. One of the main features of this process is shifting the point of view or rather, the narrative focus which proves to be extremely effective in characterizing different characters throughout the narrative. It was shown that while some characters are openly characterized by the narrator, the primary focalizer, as morally depraved, they are, on the contrary, characterized rather positively by secondary focalizers. This is most evident in the case of Catilina, the main character of Sallust’s first monograph, The Catilinarian Conspiracy. More so, some characters function as secondary focalizing agents while being the focalized object at the same time; these sequences of their own internal focalization can prove to be very damaging to the persona of the focalizing agent/focalized object. One such case is Marius in the Jugurthine Disorder. The last chapter summarizes major findings of the analysis in the previous chapters; comparing these findings to some more traditional and well accepted views of Sallust’s works shows that some of these views need revising: through detailed analysis we’ve been able to show that some of the opinions expressed in the text which used to be connected directly to the author himself, actually apply only to the function of the narrator and not the author; such case, for instance, is the excursus on Africa in The Jugurthine Disorder and even more so the position of the narrating persona to Caesar in The Catilinarian Conspiracy. In this latter example which often provided the foundation of some severe accusations by some researchers against Sallust, narratological approach to textual analysis in historiography proved to be indispensable: while this study does nothing to combat the fact that Sallust was politically closely connected to Caesar, there is no doubt that the narrator in The Catilinarian Conspiracy, while depicting Caesar favourably through a long sequence of internal focalization, still openly hints against Caesar’s vices as primary focalizer. Another similar case is Sallust’s position to Cicero. It has been largely discussed and argued that there has been great animosity between the two men; under the influence of the famous invective against Cicero it would seem undisputable that Sallust expressed this animosity in his monographs as well. However, closer analysis proves this only partially correct: while Cicero is depicted as a morally base character through some instances of secondary focalization, the narrator as a primary focalizer checks this depiction with open admiration of Cicero, the homo novus.
One of the most recognizable thinkers of the 16th century France, Jean Bodin, wrote what is perha... more One of the most recognizable thinkers of the 16th century France, Jean Bodin, wrote what is perhaps the first methodological treatise of instructions and guidelines on how to not only read and write but also understand history. With his universal interest in all things human, Bodin predated Marc Bloch’s postulate that historians should ideally be interested in all forms of life if they were to perform their task as dutifully as possible. In 1566 Bodin published one of the most frequently reprinted works, the Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem – “The Method for the Easy Understanding of History”. Although he expressed keen interest and good knowledge of a score of ancient historians, listing them in the fourth chapter of his work (De historicorum delectu – “On the Choice of Historians”), one of them was particularly close to his heart. The Roman historian Gaius Sallustius Crispus who is, according to Bodin, “a most honest author [who] possessed experience of important affair...
The Epigraphic corpus of Mediaeval and Early Modern inscriptions in Slovenia collects carefully m... more The Epigraphic corpus of Mediaeval and Early Modern inscriptions in Slovenia collects carefully made transcriptions of Latin inscriptions that are found or have been discovered on the territory of Slovenian coastal towns, focused on Koper and Piran. The 51 collected inscriptions date from 1222 to the middle of the 17th century. The purpose of the corpus is to provide a methodological basis for the processing of inscriptions found or discovered in the Slovenian ethnic territory. The corpus brings together inscriptions that are either still located in their primary context or have been moved or even destroyed and are therefore accessible only in transcriptions. The material was collected through field research, i.e. the recording and documentation of inscriptions in situ. The corpus transcriptions have been carefully annotated, with the ligatures and abbreviations marked-up and expanded, and the texts translated into Slovenian. Various metadata (in Slovenian) have also been collected and included in the descriptions. The corpus is encoded in TEI XML, using the elements for manuscript descriptions for inscription metadata
Prolog Salustijeve prve temeljne monografije Katilinova zarota se začne ne kot pričakovani zgodov... more Prolog Salustijeve prve temeljne monografije Katilinova zarota se začne ne kot pričakovani zgodovinopisni prolog temveč kot problematičen akademski diskurz, utemeljen na številnih antitetično postavljenih parih, med katerimi je prvi in najbolj izpostavljeni par človek in žival. Vse, kar sledi, je utemeljeno na tej dihotomiji, ki počiva na konceptu opozicije med dvema diametralno nasprotnima poloma: živalsko sužnostjo in tlako najbolj naravnim vzgibom, ter človeško (z)možnostjo, da svojo življenjsko silo investira v višje in trajnejše pridobitve. Iz Salustijevih besed v tem prologu, ki je obenem tudi tako rekoč avtorjev testament, veje odnos do aktivnega življenja v javnosti, poleg očitnih rimskih analogij pa nas zanimajo tudi morebitne grške vzporednice.
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Books by Gregor Pobežin
After having established the primary functions and their interrelations in a text, such as the author, the reader, the implied author and implied reader, the narrator, the narratee etc., the thesis then focuses on the very much discussed problem of the point of view; distinguishing between different types of narrative focus and different focalizing situations, the chapter on narrative focus primarily deals with the question of the point of view and the narrative focus in historiography: it has been shown that in historiography one encounters an omniscient narrator with certain restrictions of his omniscience, however it is precisely through the internal point of view of a secondary focalizer that all the restrictions of knowledge are lifted.
Postulating that narratology and its hermeneutical tools are but a platform for further analysis in historiography, this paper then concentrates on narrative techniques in the most important section, the analysis of the text of both monographs. The narrative techniques discussed are mainly the narrator’s persona in the prologues of both monographs and the narrator’s “dialogue”, as we called it, with the narratee throughout the text. One of the main features of this process is shifting the point of view or rather, the narrative focus which proves to be extremely effective in characterizing different characters throughout the narrative. It was shown that while some characters are openly characterized by the narrator, the primary focalizer, as morally depraved, they are, on the contrary, characterized rather positively by secondary focalizers. This is most evident in the case of Catilina, the main character of Sallust’s first monograph, The Catilinarian Conspiracy. More so, some characters function as secondary focalizing agents while being the focalized object at the same time; these sequences of their own internal focalization can prove to be very damaging to the persona of the focalizing agent/focalized object. One such case is Marius in the Jugurthine Disorder.
The last chapter summarizes major findings of the analysis in the previous chapters; comparing these findings to some more traditional and well accepted views of Sallust’s works shows that some of these views need revising: through detailed analysis we’ve been able to show that some of the opinions expressed in the text which used to be connected directly to the author himself, actually apply only to the function of the narrator and not the author; such case, for instance, is the excursus on Africa in The Jugurthine Disorder and even more so the position of the narrating persona to Caesar in The Catilinarian Conspiracy. In this latter example which often provided the foundation of some severe accusations by some researchers against Sallust, narratological approach to textual analysis in historiography proved to be indispensable: while this study does nothing to combat the fact that Sallust was politically closely connected to Caesar, there is no doubt that the narrator in The Catilinarian Conspiracy, while depicting Caesar favourably through a long sequence of internal focalization, still openly hints against Caesar’s vices as primary focalizer. Another similar case is Sallust’s position to Cicero. It has been largely discussed and argued that there has been great animosity between the two men; under the influence of the famous invective against Cicero it would seem undisputable that Sallust expressed this animosity in his monographs as well. However, closer analysis proves this only partially correct: while Cicero is depicted as a morally base character through some instances of secondary focalization, the narrator as a primary focalizer checks this depiction with open admiration of Cicero, the homo novus.
Papers by Gregor Pobežin
After having established the primary functions and their interrelations in a text, such as the author, the reader, the implied author and implied reader, the narrator, the narratee etc., the thesis then focuses on the very much discussed problem of the point of view; distinguishing between different types of narrative focus and different focalizing situations, the chapter on narrative focus primarily deals with the question of the point of view and the narrative focus in historiography: it has been shown that in historiography one encounters an omniscient narrator with certain restrictions of his omniscience, however it is precisely through the internal point of view of a secondary focalizer that all the restrictions of knowledge are lifted.
Postulating that narratology and its hermeneutical tools are but a platform for further analysis in historiography, this paper then concentrates on narrative techniques in the most important section, the analysis of the text of both monographs. The narrative techniques discussed are mainly the narrator’s persona in the prologues of both monographs and the narrator’s “dialogue”, as we called it, with the narratee throughout the text. One of the main features of this process is shifting the point of view or rather, the narrative focus which proves to be extremely effective in characterizing different characters throughout the narrative. It was shown that while some characters are openly characterized by the narrator, the primary focalizer, as morally depraved, they are, on the contrary, characterized rather positively by secondary focalizers. This is most evident in the case of Catilina, the main character of Sallust’s first monograph, The Catilinarian Conspiracy. More so, some characters function as secondary focalizing agents while being the focalized object at the same time; these sequences of their own internal focalization can prove to be very damaging to the persona of the focalizing agent/focalized object. One such case is Marius in the Jugurthine Disorder.
The last chapter summarizes major findings of the analysis in the previous chapters; comparing these findings to some more traditional and well accepted views of Sallust’s works shows that some of these views need revising: through detailed analysis we’ve been able to show that some of the opinions expressed in the text which used to be connected directly to the author himself, actually apply only to the function of the narrator and not the author; such case, for instance, is the excursus on Africa in The Jugurthine Disorder and even more so the position of the narrating persona to Caesar in The Catilinarian Conspiracy. In this latter example which often provided the foundation of some severe accusations by some researchers against Sallust, narratological approach to textual analysis in historiography proved to be indispensable: while this study does nothing to combat the fact that Sallust was politically closely connected to Caesar, there is no doubt that the narrator in The Catilinarian Conspiracy, while depicting Caesar favourably through a long sequence of internal focalization, still openly hints against Caesar’s vices as primary focalizer. Another similar case is Sallust’s position to Cicero. It has been largely discussed and argued that there has been great animosity between the two men; under the influence of the famous invective against Cicero it would seem undisputable that Sallust expressed this animosity in his monographs as well. However, closer analysis proves this only partially correct: while Cicero is depicted as a morally base character through some instances of secondary focalization, the narrator as a primary focalizer checks this depiction with open admiration of Cicero, the homo novus.
front with the Parthians. Despite the efforts of the imperial viceroys in both Pannoniae to prevent the outbreak of war on the fortified Danube border, the barbarians succeeded in breaking through the limes and consequently spilling across the country as far as Aquileia and Opitergium. The painful awareness of Italy’s vulnerability, lulled for generations by the Peace of Augustus (Pax Romana), meant a sudden turn in defence. The present text examines the two main primary sources for the events of the German-Sarmatian War and raises questions about the absence of references to an important defence system, the so-called Praetentura Italiae et Alpium.