- (b) For Switzerland, we were only able to collect data for the period between 2009 and 2016.
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- (c) From IMF World Economic Outlook (WEO database), we retrieved data for Mexico for the period between 1998 and 2000 and for New Zealand for the period 2004 and 2012. For Turkey, we retrieve data from European Commission, AMECO database. For Chile and Iceland, we were only able to collect data for the period between 2013 and 2016. For Mexico, we were only able to collect data for the period between 1995 and 2000. For Turkey, we were only able to get data for the period between 2009 and 2015. We were not able to collect data for Canada. For Japan, we were only able to collect data for the period between 2005 and 2016.
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Adam, A., Delis, M., Kammas, P. (2011). “Public sector efficiency: levelling the playing field between OECD countriesâ€Â, Public Choice, 146 (1-2), 163–183.
Afonso, A., Kazemi, M. (2017). “Assessing Public Spending Efficiency in 20 OECD Countriesâ€Â, in Inequality and Finance in Macrodynamics (Dynamic Modeling and Econometrics in Economics and Finance), Bökemeier, B., Greiner, A. (Eds). Springer.
- Afonso, A., Romero, A., Monsalve, E. (2013). “Public Sector Efficiency: Evidence for Latin Americaâ€Â. IADB Discussion Paper IDB-DP-279.
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- Afonso, A., Schuknecht, L. (2019). “How “Big†Should Government Be?†EconPol WP 23-2019.
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- Afonso, A., Schuknecht, L., Tanzi, V. (2005). “Public Sector Efficiency: An International Comparisonâ€Â, Public Choice, 123 (3-4), 321-347.
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- Afonso, A., Schuknecht, L., Tanzi, V. (2010). “Public Sector Efficiency: Evidence for New EU Member States and Emerging Marketsâ€Â, Applied Economics, 42 (17), 2147-2164.
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Afonso, A., St. Aubyn, M. (2006). “Cross-country Efficiency of Secondary Education Provision: a Semi-parametric Analysis with Non-discretionary Inputsâ€Â, Economic Modelling, 23 (3), 476491.
Antonelli, M., de Bonis, V. (2019). “The efficiency of social public expenditure in European countries: a two-stage analysisâ€Â, Applied Economics, forthcoming.
- APPENDIX Appendix A – Variable Definitions and Sources Table A.1: Output Components Sub Index Variable Source Series Opportunity Indicators Administration Corruption Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) (2003- 2017) Average (5y) corruption on a scale from 10 (Perceived to have low levels of corruption) to 0 (highly corrupt), for the period 2003-2011; Average (5y) corruption on a scale from 100 (Perceived to have low levels of corruption) to 0 (highly corrupt), for the period 2012-2017.
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Badunenko, O., Tauchmann, H. (2018). "Simar and Wilson two-stage efficiency analysis for Stata," FAU Discussion Papers in Economics 08/2018, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Institute for Economics Charnes, A.; Cooper, W., Rhodes, E. (1978). “Measuring the efficiency of decision making unitsâ€Â, European Journal of Operational Research, 2, 429–444.
Chan, S.-G., Ramly, Z., Karim, M. (2017). “Government Spending Efficiency on Economic Growth: Roles of Value-added Taxâ€Â, Global Economic Review, 46 (2), 162-188.
- Coefficient of variation=standard deviation/mean of GDP at constant prices (percent change). Reciprocal value 1/x Standard Deviation of Inflation IMF World Economic Outlook (WEO database) (2003-2017) Standard deviation (5y) of inflation, consumer prices (percent change). Reciprocal value 1/x Economic Performance GDP per Capita IMF World Economic Outlook (WEO database) (2003-2017) Average (5y) GDP per capita based on PPP, current international dollar GDP Growth IMF World Economic Outlook (WEO database) (2003-2017) Average (5y) GDP, constant prices (percent change) Unemployment IMF World Economic Outlook (WEO database) (2003-2017) Average (5y) unemployment rate as a percentage of total labor force. Reciprocal value 1/x (a) For Chile, Iceland, Israel, South Korea and Mexico, we use the data available in Medina and Schneider (2017).
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- Coelli T., Rao, D., Battese, G. (2002). An Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity Analysis, 6th edition, Massachusetts, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
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- CVD, cancer, diabetes or CRD Survival Rate World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository (2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2016) Average (5y) of CVD, cancer and diabetes survival rate. Survival Rate CVD, cancer and diabetes=100-M. M is the mortality rate between the ages 30 and 70.
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Dutu, R., Sicari, P. (2016). “Public Spending Efficiency in the OECD: Benchmarking Health Care, Education and General Administrationâ€Â, OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1278.
- Education Secondary School Enrolment World Bank, World Development Indicators (2006-2017) Average (5y) ratio of total enrolment in secondary education.
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- Farrell, M. (1957). “The Measurement of Productive Efficiencyâ€Â, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (General), 120, 253-281.
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- For New Zealand, we were only able to collect data for the period between 2004 and 2016.
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- Gupta, S., Verhoeven, M., 2001. “The efficiency of government expenditure—experiences from Africa.†Journal of Policy Modelling 23, 433-467.
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- Hauner, D., Kyobe, A. (2008). “Determinants of Government Efficiencyâ€Â, IMF WP/08/228.
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- Health Infant Survival Rate World Bank, World Development Indicators (2006-2017) Average (5y) infant survival rate Infant survival rate = (1000-IMR)/1000. IMR is the infant mortality rate measured per 1000 lives birth in a given year.
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Herrera, S., Ouedraogo, A. (2018). Efficiency of Public Spending in Education, Health, and Infrastructure: An International Benchmarking Exercise, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 8586.
ICTD/UNU-WIDER, ‘Government Revenue Dataset’, 2018, https://www.wider.unu.edu/project/government-revenue-dataset'. https://ourworldindata.org/taxation Prichard, W., Cobham, A., Goodall, A., (2014). 'The ICTD Government Revenue Dataset', ICTD Working Paper 19.
- Judicial Independence World Economic Forum: The Global competitiveness Report (2006-2017) Average (5y) judicial independence on a scale from 7 (entirely independent) to 1 (heavily influenced).
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Life Expectancy World Bank, World Development Indicators (2006-2017) Average (5y) life expectancy at birth, measured in years.
- Malmquist, S. (1953). “Index Numbers and Indifference Surfacesâ€Â, Trabajos de EstadÃÂstica, 4, 209-242.
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McNabb, K. (2017). “Toward closer cohesion of international tax statistics: The ICTD/UNU-wider GRD 2017â€Â. WIDER Working Paper 2017/184. Helsinki: UNU-WIDER. Figure 1 – Malmquist TFP The DMU (country) produces less than feasible under each period’s production frontier. The MPI indicates the potential rise in productivity as the frontier shifts from period t to t+1. The country at time t could produce output yp for input xt;. With the same input xt it could produce output yq at period t+1. EC, efficiency change; TC, technology change; TFP, total factor productivity change (TFP = EC*TC).
- Medina, L., Schneider, F. (2017). “Shadow Economies around the World: What did we Learn Over the Last 20 Years?†IMF Working Paper 18/17.
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Mohanty, R., Bhanumurthy, N. (2018). “Assessing Public Expenditure Efficiency at Indian Statesâ€Â, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, New Delhi, NIPFP Working Paper 225.
- Montes, G., Bastos, J., de Oliveira, A. (2018). “Fiscal transparency, government effectiveness and government spending efficiency: Some international evidence based on panel data approachâ€Â, Economic Modelling, forthcoming.
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- PISA scores PISA Report (2003, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2015) Simple average of mathematics, reading and science scores for the years 2015, 2012, 2009; Simple average of mathematics and reading for the year 2003.
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- Property Rights World Economic Forum: The Global competitiveness Report (2006-2017) Average (5y) property rights on a scale from 7 (very strong) to 1 (very weak).
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- Public Infrastructure Infrastructure Quality World Economic Forum: The Global competitiveness Report (2006-2017) Average (5y) infrastructure quality on a scale from 7 (extensive and efficient) to 1 (extremely underdeveloped) Standard Musgravian Indicators Distribution Gini Index Eurostat, OECD (20032016) (b) Average (5y) gini index on a scale from 1(perfect inequality) to 0 (perfect equality). Transformed to 1-Gini.
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Quality of Educational System World Economic Forum: The Global competitiveness Report (2006-2017) Average (5y) quality of educational system on a scale from 7 (very well) to 1 (not well at all).
- Red Tape World Economic Forum: The Global competitiveness Report (2006-2017) Average (5y) burden of government regulation on a scale from 7 (not burdensome at all) to 1 (extremely burdensome).
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Ruggiero, J. (2004). “Performance evaluation when non-discretionary factors correlate with technical efficiencyâ€Â. European Journal of Operational Research 159, 250– 257.
- Schneider, F. (2016). “Estimating the Size of the Shadow Economies of Highly-Developed Countries: Selected New Results†CESifo DICE Report 4/2016 (December).
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Shadow Economy Schneider (2016) (20032016) (a) Average (5y) shadow economy measured as percentage of official GDP. Reciprocal value 1/x.
Simar, L., Wilson, P. (2007). “Estimation and Inference in Two-Stage, Semi-Parametric Models of Production Processesâ€Â, Journal of Econometrics, 136 (1), 31-64.
- Stabilization Coefficient of Variation of Growth IMF World Economic Outlook (WEO database) (2003-2017) Average (5y) coefficient of variation.
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- Table 1 – Total Public Sector Performance (PSP) Indicator (2003-2017) Sub Index Variable Opportunity Indicators Administration Corruption Red Tape Judicial Independence Property Rights Shadow Economy Education Secondary School Enrolment Quality of Educational System PISA scores Health Infant Survival Rate Life Expectancy CVD, cancer, diabetes or CRD Survival Rate Public Infrastructure Infrastructure Quality Standard Musgravian Indicators Distribution Gini Index Stabilization Coefficient of Variation of Growth Standard Deviation of Inflation Economic Performance GDP per Capita GDP Growth Unemployment
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- Thanassoulis, E. (2001). Introduction to the Theory and Application of Data Envelopment Analysis. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
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