Arthur Schopenhauer

Arthur Schopenhauer
	Arthur Schopenhauer
Emri	Arthur Schopenhauer
Lindja	22 shkurt 1788
Vendlindja	Danzig
Vdekja	21 shtator 1860
Vendvdekja	Frankfurt
Era	Filozofia e shekullit XIX
Rajoni	Filozofia Perëndimore
Shkolla/tradita	Kantianizmi, idealizmi
Ide të famshme	Vullneti, Rrënja e arsyes, pesimizmi
	Ndikuar nga
	Ndikoi te

Arthur Schopenhauer (22 shkurt, 1788 – 21 shtator, 1860) ishte një filozof gjerman i njohur për pesimizmin e tij atheist dhe qartësinë filozofike. Në moshën 25 vjeçare, ai botoi disertacionin e doktoratës, On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, e cila ekzaminoi pyetjen themelore: A mundet arsyeja, e vetme, të japë përgjigje mbi botën. Punimi më me ndikim nga Schopenhauer, Bota si Vullnet dhe Përfaqësim (Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung), theksoi rolin e motivimit themelor të njeriut, që Schopenhaueri e quan vullnet. Analiza e Schopenhauerit mbi vullnetin e çoi atë në përfundimin se dëshirat emocionale, fizike, dhe seksuale nuk mund të përmbushem kurrë. Si pasojë, Schopenhauer favorizoi një jetesë duke mohuar dëshirat njerzore, ngjashëm me mësimet e Budizmit dhe Vedantas.

Duke vijuar nga idealizmi i Immanuel Kant, Shopenhauer refuzoi filozofitë bashkëkohore post-Kantiane të idealizmit gjerman.^[1] Kunder ideat e filozofeve perpara atij, ai zhvilloj nje sistem etik dhe metafizik ateist, qe ai e zhvilloj si nje manifestim i pesimizmin filozofik..^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Shopenhauer ishte ndër mendimtarët e parë të filozofisë perëndimore që ndau dhe afirmoi parimet e rëndësishme të filozofisë lindore (p.sh asketizmi, bota si aparencë), pasi kishte arritur në konkluzione të ngjashme si rezultat i punës së tij filozofike.^[6]^[7] Edhe pse puna e tij nuk pati vëmendjen e merituar gjatë jetës së tij, impakti pas vdekjes së Shopenhauer preku disiplina të ndryshme, duke përfshirë filozofinë, letërsinë dhe shkencën.

Analiza metafizike e Schopenhauerit mbi vullnetin, pikëpamjet e tij mbi motivimin dhe dëshirat njerëzore, dhe stili i shkrimit aforistik ndikoi te shumë mendimtarë të njohur, përfshirë Friedrich Nietzsche^[8], Richard Wagner, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Erwin Schrödinger, Albert Einstein^[9], Sigmund Freud, dhe Karl Kraus.

Bibliografi e zgjedhur

Of Women (Über die Weiber)
The Art Of Controversy (Die Kunst, Recht zu behalten) Arkivuar 15 dhjetor 2002 tek Wayback Machine. (bilingual)
Studies in Pessimism - audiobook from LibriVox.
The World as Will and Idea at Internet Archive:
- Volume I;
- Volume II;
- Volume III.
On the fourfold root of the principle of sufficient reason and On the will in nature. Two essays:
- Internet Archive. Translated by Mrs. Karl Hillebrand (1903).
- Cornell University Library Historical Monographs Collection. Reprinted by Cornell University Library Digital Collections
Facsimile edition of Schopenhauer's manuscripts in SchopenhauerSource

Referime

^ Arthur Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Representation, Vol. 1, trans. E. Payne, (New York: Dover Publishing Inc., 1969), Vol. 2, Ch. 50.
^ Arthur Schopenhauer (2004). Essays and Aphorisms. Penguin Classics. fq. 22–36. ISBN 978-0-14-044227-4. …but there has been none who tried with so great a show of learning to demonstrate that the pessimistic outlook is justified, that life itself is really bad. It is to this end that Schopenhauer's metaphysic of will and idea exists. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ Studies in Pessimism – audiobook from LibriVox.
^ David A. Leeming, Kathryn Madden, Stanton Marlan, red. (2009). Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion, Volume 2. Springer. fq. 824. ISBN 978-0-387-71801-9. A more accurate statement might be that for a German – rather than a French or British writer of that time – Schopenhauer was an honest and open atheist. {{cite book}}: |access-date= ka nevojë për |url= (Ndihmë!); Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)Mirëmbajtja CS1: Emra të shumëfishtë: lista e redaktorëve (lidhja)
^ Dale Jacquette, red. (2007). Schopenhauer, Philosophy and the Arts. Cambridge University Press. fq. 22. ISBN 978-0-521-04406-6. For Kant, the mathematical sublime, as seen for example in the starry heavens, suggests to imagination the infinite, which in turn leads by subtle turns of contemplation to the concept of God. Schopenhauer's atheism will have none of this, and he rightly observes that despite adopting Kant's distinction between the dynamical and mathematical sublime, his theory of the sublime, making reference to the struggles and sufferings of struggles and sufferings of Will, is unlike Kant's. {{cite book}}: |access-date= ka nevojë për |url= (Ndihmë!); Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ See the book-length study about oriental influences on the genesis of Schopenhauer's philosophy by Urs App: Schopenhauer's Compass. An Introduction to Schopenhauer's Philosophy and its Origins. Wil: UniversityMedia, 2014 (ISBN 978-3-906000-03-9)
^ B. R. Hergenhahn (2009). An Introduction to the History of Psychology (bot. 6th). Cengage Learning. fq. 216. ISBN 978-0-495-50621-8. Although Schopenhauer was an atheist, he realized that his philosophy of denial had been part of several great religions; for example, Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism. {{cite book}}: |access-date= ka nevojë për |url= (Ndihmë!); Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ Addressed in: Cate, Curtis. Friedrich Nietzsche. Chapter 7.
^ Albert Einstein in Mein Glaubensbekenntnis (August 1932): "I do not believe in freedom of will. Schopenhauer's words, 'Man can indeed do what he wants, but he cannot want what he wants', accompany me in all life situations and console me in my dealings with people, even those that are really painful to me. This recognition of the unfreedom of the will protects me from taking myself and my fellow men too seriously as acting and judging individuals and losing good humour."

Lidhje të jashtme

[1] Arthur Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Representation, Vol. 1, trans. E. Payne, (New York: Dover Publishing Inc., 1969), Vol. 2, Ch. 50.

[2] Arthur Schopenhauer (2004). Essays and Aphorisms. Penguin Classics. fq. 22–36. ISBN 978-0-14-044227-4. …but there has been none who tried with so great a show of learning to demonstrate that the pessimistic outlook is justified, that life itself is really bad. It is to this end that Schopenhauer's metaphysic of will and idea exists. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[3] Studies in Pessimism – audiobook from LibriVox.

[4] David A. Leeming, Kathryn Madden, Stanton Marlan, red. (2009). Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion, Volume 2. Springer. fq. 824. ISBN 978-0-387-71801-9. A more accurate statement might be that for a German – rather than a French or British writer of that time – Schopenhauer was an honest and open atheist. {{cite book}}: |access-date= ka nevojë për |url= (Ndihmë!); Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)Mirëmbajtja CS1: Emra të shumëfishtë: lista e redaktorëve (lidhja)

[5] Dale Jacquette, red. (2007). Schopenhauer, Philosophy and the Arts. Cambridge University Press. fq. 22. ISBN 978-0-521-04406-6. For Kant, the mathematical sublime, as seen for example in the starry heavens, suggests to imagination the infinite, which in turn leads by subtle turns of contemplation to the concept of God. Schopenhauer's atheism will have none of this, and he rightly observes that despite adopting Kant's distinction between the dynamical and mathematical sublime, his theory of the sublime, making reference to the struggles and sufferings of struggles and sufferings of Will, is unlike Kant's. {{cite book}}: |access-date= ka nevojë për |url= (Ndihmë!); Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[6] See the book-length study about oriental influences on the genesis of Schopenhauer's philosophy by Urs App: Schopenhauer's Compass. An Introduction to Schopenhauer's Philosophy and its Origins. Wil: UniversityMedia, 2014 (ISBN 978-3-906000-03-9)

[7] B. R. Hergenhahn (2009). An Introduction to the History of Psychology (bot. 6th). Cengage Learning. fq. 216. ISBN 978-0-495-50621-8. Although Schopenhauer was an atheist, he realized that his philosophy of denial had been part of several great religions; for example, Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism. {{cite book}}: |access-date= ka nevojë për |url= (Ndihmë!); Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[SchopBR-8] Addressed in: Cate, Curtis. Friedrich Nietzsche. Chapter 7.

[9] Albert Einstein in Mein Glaubensbekenntnis (August 1932): "I do not believe in freedom of will. Schopenhauer's words, 'Man can indeed do what he wants, but he cannot want what he wants', accompany me in all life situations and console me in my dealings with people, even those that are really painful to me. This recognition of the unfreedom of the will protects me from taking myself and my fellow men too seriously as acting and judging individuals and losing good humour."

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]