Canthium horridum

Familia: Rubiaceae
Subfamilia: Dialypetalanthoideae
Tribus: Vanguerieae
Genus: Canthium
Species: Canthium horridum

Canthium horridum Blume, Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg: 45 (1823)

• Typus: C.L. Blume s.n. (lectotypus: L 0000179^(JSTOR), designated by Wong & Lua 2018: 276).
• Type locality: [Indonesia. Java.]

• Homotypic
  • Dondisia horrida (Blume) Korth., Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 2(4): 236 (1851)
  • Plectronia horrida (Blume) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 46: 153 (1877); not accepted by Hooker (1880: 135) and Chen, Taylor & Lantz (2011) [cited as Canthium horridum]
• Heterotypic
  • Canthium hebecladum DC., Prodr. 4: 474 (1830); not accepted by Merrill (1923: 537) [cited as Plectronia horrida] and Chen, Taylor & Lantz (2011) [cited as Canthium horridum]
    • Typus: T.P.X. Haenke s.n. ([1792]; HAL0114225).
    • Type locality: Philippinarum[The Philippines]. Ins. Luçon[Luzon].
  • Canthium parviflorum Bartl. ex DC., Prodr. 4: 474 (1830), pro syn. sub Canthium hebecladum, nom. illeg., non Lam., Encycl. 1: 602 (1785) [= Canthium coromandelicum (Burm.f.) Alston]; not accepted by Merrill (1923: 537) [cited as Plectronia horrida]
    • Typus: Haenke s.n.
  • Canthium pauciflorum Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 165 (1837); not accepted by Merrill (1918: 365; 1923: 537) [cited as Plectronia horrida] and Chen, Taylor & Lantz (2011) [cited as Canthium horridum]
  • Hyptianthera rhamnoides Zoll. & Moritzi, Syst. Verz. Zoll.: 60 (1846); not accepted by Miquel (1857: 255), Hooker (1880: 135), Boerlage (1891: 133) [cited as Canthium horridum] and Koorders & Valeton (1902: 142) [cited as Plectronia horrida]
  • Canthium zizyphinum Wall., Numer. List: n. 8288 A, C (1847), nom. nud.; not accepted by Hooker (1880: 135) [cited as Canthium horridum] and King & Gamble (1904: 59) [cited as Canthium parvifolium]
    • Materials:
      • A: K {K001125154^(mirror), K001125155^(mirror)}, collected in 1822.
      • C: W. Gomez s.n. (K001125157^(mirror)).
    • Localities:
      • A: Singapore.
        • Note: Wong et al. (2019: 31) do not recognize occurrence of C. horridum in Singapore. See also the notes below.
      • C: [Burma.] Tavoy[​Dawei].
  • Canthium scandens var. xanthocaulon Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 256 (1857); not accepted by Boerlage (1891: 133) [cited as Canthium horridum]
    • Typus: F.W. Junghuhn s.n. (L 0000175^(mirror), U {0041616^(mirror), 0041617^(mirror)}).
    • Type locality: [Indonesia.] Sumatra.
  • Canthium horridum var. xanthocaulon (Miq.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4: 251 (1869); not accepted by Boerlage (1891: 133) [cited as Canthium horridum]

Canthium horridum sensu Hook.f. (1880) and Canthium parvifolium sensu King & Gamble (1904) have been treated as misapplied names of Canthium malayense K.M.Wong (Wong & Lua 2018: 276).

• Blume, C.L. 1823. Catalogus van eenige der Merkwaardigste Zoo in- als uit-heemsche gewassen, te vinden in 's Lands Plantentuin te Buitenzorg. Batavia. Google Books. HathiTrust. Reference page. 

• Wallich, N. 1828–1849. A Numerical List of Dried Specimens of plants in the Museum of the Honl. East India Company, which have been supplied by Dr. Wallich, superintendent of the botanic garden at Calcutta. London. BHL Reference page. 
• De Candolle, A.P. 1830. Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum, specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta. Pars 4: Sistens Calyciflorarum ordines X. 683 pp. Treuttel et Würtz, Parisiis [Paris]. BHL Reference page. 
• Blanco, M. 1837. Flora de Filipinas. Segun el Sistema sexual de Linneo. 887 pp., Impr. de St. Thomas, Manila. Biblioteca Digital MDZ Reference page. 
• Korthals, P.W. 1850–1851. Overzigt der Rubiaceën van de Nederlandch-Oostindische Kolonien. Nederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief 2: (3): 99–136 (BHL), (4): 145–269 (BHL; PDF). Reference page. 
• Miquel, F.A.W. 1856–1859. Flora van Nederlandsch Indie. vol. 2 No. IX + 1103 pp. C. G. van der Post, Amsterdam BHL. Reference page. 
• Miquel, F.A.G. 1869. Ecloge Rubiacearum Archipelagi indici. Pars altera. Annales Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi 4: 221–262. BHL Reference page. 
• Kurz, S. 1877. Contributions towards a knowledge of the Burmese Flora. (Continued from Vol. XLV, p. 310.) Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Physical Science 46(2): 49–258. BHL Reference page. 
• Hooker, J.D., assisted by various botanists, 1880–1882. The Flora of British India Vol. 3. Caprifoliaceae to Apocynaceae. 712 pp. London: L. Reeve. BHL Reference page. 
• Boerlage, J.G. 1891. Handleiding tot de kennis der flora van Nederlandsch Indië: Beschrijving van de families en geslachten der Nederl. Indische phanerogamen. Tweede deel[Vol. 2]. Dicotyledones Gamopetalae. Eerste Stuk[Part 1]. Inferae. – Heteromerae. Fam. LXVII. Caprifoliceae.–Fam. LXXXII. Styracaceae. pp. 1–322. Leiden: E. J. Brill. BHL Google Books. Reference page. 
• Koorders, S.H. & Valeton, T. 1902. Bijdrage N°. 8 tot de Kennis der Boomsoorten op Java. Mededeelingen uit 's Lands Plantentuin 59. Batavia: G. Kolff & Co. BHL Reference page. 
• King, G. & Gamble, J.S. 1905[1904]. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. No. 15. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural History 73(3): 47–135. BHL Reference page. 
• Merrill, E.D. 1918. Species Blancoanae. A critical revision of the Philippine species of plants described by Blanco and Llanos. 432 pp., Bureau of Printing, Manila. Biblioteca Digital Reference page. 
• Merrill, E.D. 1923. An Enumeration of Philippine Flowering Plants. Volume 3. 628 pp., Manila: Bureau of Printing. BHL Reference page. 
• Corner, E.J.H. & Watanabe, K. 1969. Illustrated Guide to Tropical Plants. Tokyo: Hirokawa Publishing Co. Reference page. 
• Chen Tao, Taylor, C.M. & Lantz, H. 2011. Canthium horridum. Pp. 84, 85 in Wu, Zh.Y. , Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.-Y. (eds.), Flora of China. Volume 19: Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9. efloras PDFReference page. 
• Wong, K.M. & Lua, H.K. 2018. Flora of Singapore precursors, 3. A new species of Canthium (Rubiaceae: Vanguerieae) previously confused with C. horridum. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 70(2): 275–282. DOI: 10.26492/gbs70(2).2018-03 Reference page. 
• Wong, K.M., Turner, I.M., Wang, R.J., Harwood, R., Seah, W.W., Ng, X.Y., Lim, R.C.J., Lua, H.K. & Mahyuni, R. 2019. Rubiaceae. Flora of Singapore 13: 1–358. DOI: 10.26492/fos13.2019-01 Reference page. 

• Govaerts, R. et al. 2022. Canthium horridum in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2022 January 22. Reference page. 
• Govaerts, R. et al. 2022. Canthium horridum in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2022 January 22. Reference page. 
• International Plant Names Index. 2022. Canthium horridum. Published online. Accessed: 22 January 2022.
• Tropicos.org 2022. Canthium horridum. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 22 January 2022.

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