Waking and Sleeping Rhythms

Presentation on theme: "Waking and Sleeping Rhythms"— Presentation transcript:

1 Waking and Sleeping Rhythms

2 Waking Consciousness Consciousness
our awareness of ourselves and our environments

3 Sleep and Dreams Biological Rhythms Circadian Rhythm
periodic physiological fluctuations Circadian Rhythm the biological clock regular bodily rhythms, such as of wakefulness and body temperature, that occur on a 24-hour cycle

4 Sleep and Dreams REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep Sleep
recurring sleep stage vivid dreams “paradoxical sleep” muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active Sleep periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness

5 Sleep and Dreams Measuring sleep activity

6 Brain Waves and Sleep Stages
Alpha Waves slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain Delta Waves large, slow waves of deep sleep Hallucinations false sensory experiences

7 Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM

8 Sleep Stages - Stage One
Breathing becomes slow and even The heartbeat becomes regular Blood pressure falls Brain temperature decreases Blood flow to the brain is reduced Little or no body movement.

9 Sleep Stages- Stage Two
Larger brain waves and occasional quick bursts of activity. The sleeper will not see anything even if the eyes are opened. A sleeper can easily be awakened by sounds. Bodily functions slow down. Blood pressure, metabolism, secretions, and cardiac activity decrease.

10 Sleep Stages - Stage Three
Brain waves are slow (at the rate of 0.5 to 4 per second) and quite large (five times the size of waves in Stage 2). (Delta Waves) The sleeper is far more difficult to awaken as compared to stage 1 or 2 sleep. It takes a louder noise or an active attempt to wake him or her.

11 Sleep Stages-Stage Four
The brain waves (called delta brain waves) are quite large, making a slow, jagged pattern on the EEG. The sleeper experiences virtual oblivion. If the sleeper is a sleepwalker or a bed wetter, those activities will begin in this phase. Bodily functions continue to decline to the deepest possible state of physical rest. This first period of deep sleep is the deepest. The sleeper awakened from deep sleep will probably be groggy, confused, or disoriented. "Sleep inertia" or "sleep drunkenness," seeming unable to function normally for quite some time. After the first phase of deep sleep ends, the sleeper returns to Stage 2 and then enters the REM state.

12 Sleep Across the Lifespan

13 Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep
Hours of sleep Minutes of Stage 4 and REM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 15 20 25 Decreasing Stage 4 Increasing

14 Sleep Deprivation Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired concentration
depressed immune system greater vulnerability to accidents

15 Sleep Deprivation Spring time change (hour sleep loss)
2,400 2,700 2,600 2,500 2,800 Spring time change (hour sleep loss) 3,600 4,200 4000 3,800 Fall time change (hour sleep gained) Less sleep, more accidents More sleep, fewer accidents Monday before time change Monday after time change Accident frequency

16 Sleep Disorders Insomnia Narcolepsy Sleep Apnea
persistent problems in falling or staying asleep Narcolepsy uncontrollable sleep attacks Sleep Apnea temporary cessation of breathing during sleep momentary re-awakenings

17 Night Terrors and Nightmares
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM Night Terrors occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4 high arousal-- appearance of being terrified seldom remembered

18 Night Terrors occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4 Person is frightened but cannot be awakened or comforted Person’s eyes are wide open but they don’t know anyone is there Person may think objects or persons in the room are scary Episode lasts from 10 to 30 minutes Can include thrashing, other violent movements Person often does not remember the episode in the morning

19 Theories on Dreams

20 I: Dreams: Psychoanalytic Theory Freud
Sigmund Freud-- The Interpretation of Dreams (1900 wish fulfillment discharge otherwise unacceptable feeling Manifest Content remembered story line Latent Content underlying meaning

21 I: Dreams: Freud Characteristics of Dreams
sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind hallucinatory imagery discontinuities incongruities delusional acceptance of the content difficulties remembering

22 Wish Fulfillment Freud first to identify dreams as these kinds of fantasies life fulfillment compensatory reconciliation

23 II. Activation-Synthesis Theory
J. Allan Hobson & Robery McCarley 1977 Physiological processes cause dreaming Limbic System: Hippocampus & Amygdala Dreams not meaningless, perhaps creative, new connections in brain

24 III: Information-Processing Theory
A kind of problem-solving: “sleeping on it” Rehearsing stressful events

25 IV: Neural Housekeeping/Physiological Theory
Keeping some “Files” Dumping others Synaptic connections weakened