MODULES 17 - 19 States of Consciousness. Waking Consciousness  Consciousness  our awareness of ourselves and our environments  Biological Rhythms 

Presentation on theme: "MODULES 17 - 19 States of Consciousness. Waking Consciousness  Consciousness  our awareness of ourselves and our environments  Biological Rhythms "— Presentation transcript:

1 MODULES 17 - 19 States of Consciousness

2 Waking Consciousness  Consciousness  our awareness of ourselves and our environments  Biological Rhythms  Circadian Rhythm  the biological clock

3 Sleep and Dreams  REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep  recurring sleep stage  vivid dreams  “paradoxical sleep”  Sleep  periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness

4 Brain Waves and Sleep Stages  Alpha Waves  slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain  Delta Waves  large, slow waves of deep sleep  Hallucinations  false sensory experiences

5 Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep 01234567 4 3 2 1 Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM

6 Sleep Deprivation  Effects of Sleep Loss  fatigue  impaired concentration  depressed immune system  greater vulnerability to accidents

7 Sleep Deprivation 2,400 2,700 2,600 2,500 2,800 Spring time change (hour sleep loss) 3,600 4,200 4000 3,800 Fall time change (hour sleep gained) Less sleep, more accidents More sleep, fewer accidents Monday before time changeMonday after time change Accident frequency

8 Sleep Disorders  Insomnia  persistent problems in falling or staying asleep  Narcolepsy  uncontrollable sleep attacks  Sleep Apnea  temporary cessation of breathing during sleep  momentary reawakenings

9 Night Terrors and Nightmares  Night Terrors  occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4  high arousal-- appearance of being terrified  seldom remembered 01234567 4 3 2 1 Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM

10 Dreams: Sigmund Freud  Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)  wish fulfillment  discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings  Manifest Content  remembered story line  Latent Content  underlying meaning

11 Dreams: Freud  Dreams  sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind  hallucinatory imagery  discontinuities  incongruities  delusional acceptance of the content  difficulties remembering

12 Dreams  As Information Processing  helps facilitate memories  As a Physiological Function  periodic brain stimulation  REM Rebound  REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation

13 Sleep Across the Lifespan

14 Hypnosis  Hypnosis  a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

15 Hypnosis  Posthypnotic Amnesia  supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis  induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion

16 Hypnosis - Research  Orne & Evans (1965)  hypnotized group told to dip hand in fake acid, then throw the “acid” in assistant’s face  control group instructed to “pretend”  unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones

17 Hypnosis  Posthypnotic Suggestion  suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized  used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

18 Hypnosis  Dissociation  a split in consciousness  allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others  Hidden Observer  Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis

19 Drugs and Consciousness  Psychoactive Drug  a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood  Physical Dependence  physiological need for a drug  marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms  Psychological Dependence  a psychological need to use a drug  for example, to relieve negative emotions

20 Dependence and Addiction  Tolerance  diminishing effect with regular use  Withdrawal  discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use Small Large Drug dose Little effect Big effect Drug effect Response to first exposure After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect

21 Psychoactive Drugs  Depressants – reduce neural activity  Alcohol  Barbituates  Opiates  Stimulants – excite neural activity  Caffeine  Nicotine  Amphetamines  Cocaine

22 Cocaine Euphoria and Crash

23 Psychoactive Drugs  Hallucinogens – psychedelic drugs  LSD  Ecstasy  THC

24 Psychoactive Drugs

25 Near-Death Experiences  Near-Death Experience  an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death  often similar to drug- induced hallucinations

26 Near-Death Experiences  Dualism  the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact  Monism  the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing