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 IIT TIIIUTI'I, DE IREITECTI]RA N ION $I$gII 'I 3I'CIIESSTI

dr. arh. DOISA ORISIEA

ET.TXINNIE XE }MDIII IN SISIEMANIZ.ABE

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 II{S[I[U?UL g8 TBEIIECTTJBA .tIOIt UItrCUr
I clIEDBr- SEIrI{IE fEQEEEICE SI .gEL{rrcE
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I Dartna

I c EpITOttn I -colpltror{aRl ALE IIEDIULUI .NAEUnAL

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1

IN DEZVOLTAREA LOCIT,ITATTIOR i. '

5
I 1.'ELemente.
1. I.__ Problene -.gener ale
5
,
'T'
I iI.2. Terenul
1.2.1. Elemente de suprafsl5 ale tercnulul 6
. 1.2.2. Condition5rL ale subsoLrrJ.ui L5
I { I.5. Cllma
2. Resutse materLsle gl energetlce
24
,+
I 2.1K Fesurse m:terla1e
2.1.1. Resurse regenerabile
5V

2.I.?. Resurso ncregenorebi.Ie 'T

4o
I 2.2.Fnesurso energetlce
2.2.L. Consurcul ds :nerg*.e
41
41
2.2.2. Produetia de enelgie
I 2.2.5. Sr:rsele do energLo 42
45
5. Proteclla nediului natural 48
I ,.Llisnrse de poluere
5 . 2 a<R5sp lndire a age nlllor poluanli '5t
48

}.5.1qEfecte1e pofuUrfi ' :

t ).4+<Protec$la impotrlva poluEril nedlulut
natu.ral
"
?o

. 57
I cAPrroLnL
,
rr -Syglglra AsEzARIToR UtrlANs Ca FARrs
ccilrpoNENTa 4 MEDIUTUI ARTIFICIAT 51
I I. Problene gonorale
I.1. tfiedttul artlflctal : ,.. .
,, : :
-
51
61
'\r?. AEez$rlle urane urbane 91 ruralc
I ,1.5. Oblectlvglc gl utll,itatia cGoagtez.tf
evolutlel oragelor
62
6'
2. hlaotpale et ape dc fornarc a orsgelor 6'
I 211. Formarga o!agelor "

2.2. Oragcle tn pirloade antlchtt$lt*" 6'

72.
2.2.L. Oregelc dln. olll Orlcntalut, tnroolEt.*'
I Eglptulut I Attcl Ulet gt -fndHtioi dc.
nord- vc s t ;Hc dltp rrncl tstlect tlc
I ,?.?.2. .OreEelc etvlll?eltct rattsc grracttt:
2.2.r. O! ageh clvlllz"tf" f entloc io."aj
72
84
9!t
I
I
 ?.1. Oregclc th pcr,lordr Evulul Xclf.ri rib
Oragelc pcrtoade a"n"il";;i^:
2.J. oragele ttF_igoloadr e*oo'"iia-U*
?.!. ,
1'?
CleslelgmuLil - -
-
Oragelc tn oe:loadr dc tnecptrt e
2;-6-:, t41
Induetr1811;urii-:- -:'*
2.7. Oragelc fn Seo.E[. problcnc 16"
ectuelr
rtc dezvoltHrtl o""eliii-
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IZ:
'.
cAPrrolfi, rrl - . ;,

cpcilrct*
,22}i
, 1. Problcne goucrell i f
X ?. Popuhlir gt rotl,VLtEttlc 22L
:
unonc 222
atruc tru,a
_populstlet .- H- ;-;dit, llr c r.
eoo lo_eo onoris
Z.Z. prognoza .
,?22

ry
-O-
2'''
:i*ll;:ilb"
planlflcer(
:iiiirfresree y1go",rou',. '';25,F.

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|o*]'rlsJorer-€ooro''o
Aspectc caracte"l*rog
;l localrtutrioi.
-il":;";r
frf' de zvor,tarri:tl;:- ,-f

ffil$J:lfi"fiiFFt"_. i ilirii;,. ;"

r {' proceeul -il;;TlzT" .eopecte-"' oarae*"ori- 242

li";J[F;";iffi;; t;";ifiiruor rrbaaG

'?;-Ieftvrtat66:6e - st-s{Affiti : ' -,
^
'25;'
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214
. ?.1. Aspeete g"o"o"I
5.?. lctlv+tatee. dte,
gon0nla ---;'aig3er"tf;"o; ifo ,214
5.5. ' a56
-t-': gilf; $
Bongnie .-- *. {inilir'r
;;fi iil ff i Hl;i:, ti
,I

.ll.I-I_il" i.l:Iii::""_1to .'

5.4. , 258
rohil' at,dtenatt-.-
;ffii:i{:rr;trrir" nertd
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BTBLIOCRdtrIB ,* :
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Coperta, I r. dlcre3 dh, t"r, Sorbdsgarr,i
NotE
crrrsul TElernente ch red{'u
eilff splrtwttqa*c'.
;i'.d" I fost-
$: : l5t il;'u l, l;t::qo,e+f, iq;iffi s t I 1nr ;
Drta. .olr.ol#.. 9TF CATBDBI,
Conf .d!.alh.AIer.
 CwsanulI-zL
It enuL II - scra.t
t 3X$TIf UTUL DB AEHITECIURA -

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- CATEDRA STIINIE qEOSETIEE SI TEHNICE
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I
SI,EI{ENTE DE''MSDIU It{ SISIEII{A,TIZiSE
I
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" INTRODUCERB

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%
Slstonatlz*raa/ aetLvl-tats *aaplcx$ re atrs o€ :fsrH *a
auprll9ss.s qneli za rpjrsgnosinoluare a dccizltiar'
pr6L€e t,are*,
ap3.1cer€a 93,. eontralul tn d,ezvEltarca 1aca11-'.Et3.1or q: a t*w.i-*
tgr1u].u1,o-8'eonat1tuttle].a.nl.ircoanta*ustd'omeniu'eu'toaeg
I tn aarc paFtcn ilc ecrcetEre g3. prrloctf,re 5-np3-LcH eolaboraro*
lsrtgrdlse!.ptlaanE dttxtra, urhlteeJl
g! *. t e e tlo c oe Lo Lag I ga CIgr af J. ;_agione ui'?
-i. " .."---""---

scelegL' gL-XneJ.aer! 6e dtfEr!te apoe!el"ltgii-.

F.-.\

t Speatsl-izaroe pr€oaupHril-or prlvlnd alstenartaaroa, avt;r*

I ee oblsctlv enqggb!_qf_13e,_:gLg{1rl rFfutl -.d!* ri$_g, oragrii 4i1 .*-
ritodu1 sHu, terltorll eaL largt cuprl.nrlnd..ln f{nal la:r?uig.s
I tar5r Gr releaua el de Locali.tdtl urbanr gt n:lale5 c-a f$cut
tub lnperatlvul c*er!.ntelo:r gereE nal dlverac gl nal conpLolc
rlclleato dla gragteroa €1 qglga-r_t-ryeqcs popU]_qlicl, de deuvofta-
I Ita ccceonlco-soelnLE El Ac ravclull1 tehslc!-gtllnlifleE a B€-
coiuLul nostnE -
I Actfclgarhttectnl a*t noi! rpce{flcuL .profaelei- eelo,
ntssrgi ilo r tldcLr:agrtH trech.ll+r dat forn[ c]-ilClrilor ,8s-
I .Ennblnrll.or urbera El r=rgtlor fn t*tFcgul 1or, cste chaaat aE
sprlJlro lntr.'c n[suF[ spu'ltil cu gtltrrlcrtohnlca Et srta sa
I . orlcctl'yltE!13a Ersrl !r e*r.tg}. de rrgmlzcc 91. stEplaLra ,.
'ootrEtlartE e eeGrulu3 lor {Ir vlllIrettt In ftoonre lacel!'tata
I . {lrrent tf, rrel .rr!c, rrE eraplarlrrel tttflell do eunesect, GBo-
-.I'ltnt 91 tlrzrltrt ett- lL. -tr rnarrblurl' tEcztrllor, ou .lntc!!t-
I 1r!,111.r 1rr. g[r. tu andllllrnlll]r gorrrrtr do torttrr:tsl pe catt
ta altucesl.
il :l
 2-
fn narlrgl tlnprarhiteetul I fcct obllgrt
cI_Et trbogl_
toase* praprlul donanrru toorctr.o cu tot ooca@c crtlndcrcr
opa!1urtn csntltetc, rn cenplexltgte gt tn $r__
rGrpcllsebllltate
sselal* edreugr, rn rcecte nol condiltt
slntez* aI srhrtecturll gt sH tgl punu rrn prrcccu' ,pcclfle do
ta acorcl ltnbeJul E1
sctodol0gre dc lucru cu eelc elc erter erpeclar,ltsllrlntogrlad,
r' gl utll1ztnd coneepte sl nodel0 furnlzata
trr s1.renelor, entrop61oglo, da teorls- gencra3.r
i bloleglerfsrhoiodlolesi"r"nnlogl.,
- flll_ozofla cultur:llrsornlatlcH Et eltela.
rn aeest sensruns cintre eele nar. lnportante
eduse problenatieil speclflce a'hitecturu esntrlbullt
g1
conturat in ee1 d.e-al gapte-Iea decentu ";;;_;;;il;t."=.
91 _a preven!.t'dtn dlras_
!1a. ree cnsidorHrtt concepturul de medlu
i"";"j,_;;;;;^;;i;'*-
cenglderqt lsinontur' eu Eloctlul naturalrnrearul
blnnt esto deflntt agtEzl ea ' tb';al-lrtatba rncon;u;;;;;";;:*_
factonllor, natursll
El a celor creall prln aetivit5lt un
aeliuno, nslgurr nen!ine"-; ;;;;;r#ffi tHi;"3";tffiirlli:';,
vta!5 pontru en gl de dezwoLtare &
(Legea. nr.9/
"o.tetXlfi-;:-
privind protec lta nediulul ine on jurEtor ) .
,,_l97f
Drclr-avind prr* pqflnille o
i
- e onro"unto r..Gffilffib:;,
lgl?-1-l.'tate- canpus[*crrn trer.
*o-Jiot'. Jretffir*r.*" rrd*orar
if omul cu sredlr$ .cru -socta:* Et ec"r,orrer lnt";;";i;;, Er
,iij;:ij
\ ecni''bru, ee po6t""'-boil;*j""*;;ii.ri'*c onJurrtJr ca ua s rcten.
.

-:- i
Intreaga dezvottare ctvlilzallel
-gtrane a cemportasrintulul .d consrf tufe o U";ur,_ :

color trel narl subclete*o "I";;r;;-.r.r"ur*.; ffi;;il::"nl o

coErpo,nentc rrn*ai;' ;"ilo,"=,
gl goc io-ecsnsulc r"1Fr'co ere dln.t,re ertlflelar
oonpo:rbntclc, ."d;;i;;. ;;;;r"=,
rs*uor sc arlx in strrns' intcrc!co";il;;;;";;rli"rt"
actfu:ne trntervenltu' ra unul dcur,orrec
g1 ttap'
&latla rla;mpcleuttadn-cc tE cpalru
ssupra'cc.r-orlrrtc ga rcvenr..nd"
alr enpllrtcc ,sE redirr.ca n"tnl"a;;;rtg.:p:rovoeetg
saa,sf, ;;;;;
ffi;:=a ,,
"etrurce ral-
-tncrnJu:r't*
(t{rr :::::::,"*_-"" alrt'a,rdtrrt .o"r t..tc. srrar

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cffi-tr1='6rG_t' l-a" 9 t rt E a u . e c a zr r c rafi s la-
OMI pcntru apHrercf 1dafulut mbt ent. (Stccthch;
!1 fatllolc
:' i '' :th- \-.'eooetiiten'rll..
.'tjrcdrutnetramt
Ir ':' i,
tadl'ul !atu!.a}. . : !5f.*.\..yi"ii"iiilffo"t
-/i2i...\.Jllncluatrlaltaet
.': 21' t"aror ) i. ,, '
lr
h'(1J ,lfi:-.--r-.-;-- --._T
r\ i:\E7
. .eal,rr "n{rrror'"r
5 soe r,rr_eeonrnlo , .i i

(1) rn sadru],- nodlulul "natuiar'ffid6ffi

- : ' ..: 'i. aol

----;-
Bu e pltrunc .onul, acdll.ul aee!.dentaL rnenlzat ia earc prczenle
'onuluL eite aeaLdlcn'falil'ee ln !ezervalll3.e natr:ralc,
lcdlol tc.-
pcrar El peiattlv. uoranl.zat dle t:llburllo p::ln1tlve dla -**::
i"etr*i i;.-t;1fi :' : ;:- -'-:--':::-u-Ye s*4 anrnltc
'-"- J-- :

{2) H"ar,rr attfg$,lgi euprLnde agezurtla unane urbano Et ,*-'-r-f,,.

anepeJHrtlg gl, conetrtu!113.a dlln terLtcrlu clegti.nstg clraq1agfoi,
t.ranaporturi}q:r,.extrager11E1pro1uerurirlegurse].orrg.!rpT-ggt
subtorana o terenurtle agrlcolc rpiantall 119 de p:.'etee!fc., pepfnlelc.-1
lc, pIclnrllc-parc, glaJcle @snaJstc ete. - :

{5) uocEur soctg}-ebenor.la egta alcltuit cln popula!!.e cu gtrnc-

tr:ra el. dlcnosnafilrr'cu ect:.vli6!1re cl.rco *"iri ellac trsi. gi
cu lntreg ansenblut ac faeiorl, eondiSil, r:lalltrlnotltulj.l gL
. i'ao clrgll coei af,O. -'-- -=:=: .: - --+-
4 erianrzs;di nearulut tna.onJurutlLad1cI proprletateg €8-
'
recterlatlcH rrn:L uloteu rrc o fl corrstltur.r rt!.n prr!1 legate
prln
.lf.rnu:rt energetrec r rnfcrualtonalc gr substani;;i;=ttr-un r--
tot unlterrlntigralrcu r enunt-tu, struqturu El^tunclionarer
-facc pc nlvelurt -tercrhrzrtc :[i,rspert.eu scEr"
-Bo.
sr.g"ef,rc$ do ].*
.n1val planeto rernttncntal, ,.rr"I ptni l; rrnLtHli tlrttgrlala E!.
'cleucutc
lro elc r ccclc iar punc.tual.c .
? i h:nctlourrce j+luitrl laoon.1tIrItr:!.ln scnsul ilc cenprrtar
-rc.nt.apaalfto *iatt.nrlul ta tirprtnblnl rtdlelttatoe dlo figrEil* '
trqc .cadrgEo tchtlllr:-atl r lcdltulut netrnal cu mdlalltatca dla
functlrnrl prtr dlazrcrtgc r r'cdlllrr. ertlflolrl 91 aoclar. -
cornlrlortrcIuzlrl trtraatt llfirrttc ateCtl!. dc dtczvoltr?o rr.- .<

cblllbrttl !1 dg .crll!' (crcrgattcl ,aorhglol,dlo rettril Fi_

lor lc rllnnta rto.)gcrc=rtr dc outrdlsllllc rrcetc lc rr.-
-t
i.- -
*d+
'^f
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elflettatre ilfarltl t op1rr. dlul nodufL.ila .fuacltonarc.
: r': ' ' ' stirs.lwe' rbetatui dnconJu:ru.ioil tageroiicg
Ea s j.sioa 3e
sorat{ilaato raitatsita doocebtt ac c*rprJru . i"i;a;il;-r*
latlllor bh-gcoehlatec apec!.ftcc rcdlurul
""tr*.i;;iliri;
flctco-epa!141a 91 firnelLonala opeclflo-c gedli.ulut;
artlflctal
gt rclattiror goclala (aaterlalc. gt cprr,ltu"r"i"pr"rrro"
tllulul soc i.aL-eeenenlc. lrG _.
.

In acest eentext, onul ,supua.ea .filnl$ bial^"Ur"S

;- .,-
dlilonUlller nedLulul nair:rai, gl.q bree.ei.tfep.ia; cea_
ecoslgtea artiflcial cqrerr.e rtndul 1u_rr1-"'elrrertiaaat *f s5-s
proprf
ver.Lzat cxistenla gr evoJ.ulia ca ft:.n![ gl fs_
socra=H-
-unl; ;; eEnslde:rx_
=*rr-i"""u1"tsaul
est secar.sten, denunrr u"
.":::::_:n-
1}{$!*91-1igt:,:" cuprincle rn rntar aetl ung: -:**:.--

,ibt ., aedlul natr::sa}

't:.

- : rn' cadrul acegtur- eopststeu infrls!r1.11=?toSntre coapo_

eal,lrapartrafnf tutr:r,or ccLor t::el,eatcgartl
::::::: de nedtu
:,i]torv* ::ll"br::rl de. aubstangc. gr. rnfcrnetrt *ioin"ind prcccr-
sE anergetlco Ei costiul ocononlcc.
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CTPIIOLUL I
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CoNDITIONARI ALE MEDIULUI NAIURAL TN TEZVOLTARBA
LOC ALITATIIOR
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1. ELEMENSE CoM?oNENEE ALE lrrEpIgIUI N4TUBAL

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1,L. PRoB,I,IIvIE gENEIRALB
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StudltLc dc ctstsnatlzanc errc ttau 1e beze trLelrr! le-

tcrvcnlll ln lnterloruL Ei tn'. efara lleelltXtihr euprlaa lEi -
ltza al.a sltuatlel axlstcnlo El prepuncrl_dlc valor'lflcers !t
tcJerc e rasdlulul natrsal-il+1@1 dc'cLaatatr lr

l'= ---.-\ftr''A, -^/; slnt: hl

rEdlu aatural luate f,n eonsldcrarc
--\ k''v^" 2A
-,.-
A
A
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- - -
J.^-----rl
terengt\ rellc:fr.apc raolrrcgd-taSio reondtllonHrl alo
-.-rr--
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't-;:r' , . '- '
.il\F ' I '1: ' 'o1- '
YJ ellna
"-- df fqe nadlatle
. - _4rd1a!1e !91{I,rsolarI, tcnpcraturl
rnlgclrcl eclLl'el,
"*railaic- , fr+Sirprt"firn'-iFratoattatt
-:; ) "J
. \ *--::----. .j JL)j'.:, .,,)_
,

Rcprazentarrca clcnentclor neillulul natu:rel ln' studltla dr

rlatcaetlzarc sc faoa prln : -

i planurl . topcgr.eflcs Ie so gr a 1:--5to , 1: bor , 1:2om'o

1: 5etr; l:Io.?to r I: ZJ.oot
- hHrtl. oartrgraflec le 'score 1_l_5-r oe oc --.1 :Zto ?oot a

.? - h5rlt gcografloc le-aeara au! 1.: 2or.ooo -. ..

a clagr"r" ro".*.*o".Jr" rrarg;; ri aehare lc-
gloa, tletc ou,lcgcadlc c:rpltertlva "ot"ar*u*,
.:

*'t-'*t-'" '' -'f ' ''::' '

"r-'-'
'" Scuolc ccnvcnllonalla utlJ lzeta ta.phniirl .tl blr!1 pcl-
tru laltcrrar clercntclrr dc pranhltrtr glralralncnt cr!.atcnto
l+ ttran(planurl ,dta bezil) atnt.at;ndrrdlrrtr prntru rrp!.zcatrrl
tr G.b-'rrglu gt ta eulrr.!. 1.r lndlceitllc gprflcr cupllrratcr
Irrtbtre llvcrcr hfrrrrttl E. crprtettcrzr grlr ragailr.
 -5-
L.2, TEREHTIL

Li?.1" Elcnento da supraf atS a1c-*crrnu1ul

*a''oi7' ,--
Reltefu].
__;_

elgats . pr,lnt:r_a anunLtil energLe

Caract
da f'aguentare; forncle de :rellbf €t ua antralt gra&
se anqli ie
.1; tlnertl r:rn{tour"fn" fof*"r"tfr ab-
: t: , - '-"5-- ,
'-.
g-I' euresgteroa untt*lt3.or tribrfbl6grio ii,i p*itaularr._
tX$l1or: Lor
'- s.- ,

].:' ' -!:] stabfi.irss p?tonllaluiul de dogveltaro a loearitEI;_

T--:1 :. :"":lan- igorgglre ce dec11y.rt"*--;;;renurul penturu
gl
lenrtruetlt anenejdrt de dlvereE ear"u"o*i
, '*: '

oI svtdsn!5.o'ea val0r'tlszr eetettce

iaplfealk rr,r eenoozilta *,,h;;-
vvv'| cleate.60 reLlcf cu
..'
t"1u:raa!ii3.e
pr.rvind norf oLsgt a retr LafuLur
:l-t:.::l,
,p:t obtlne nunel pe baga uneL a6
' eesplete .:rep:rczentErl grafJ.ce cerecte gl
eare' trsbuie
cbuls sE eor'rtrns ta
.

elee.anta : :i nod
"blG;t*tui rrrrnxtoersla
ti - ecara planu1ui . .. ,
2: rel)sezentarea
nlvolonentnr- i{. prf.n cr:rbs
coraletg de ni.vg', : .,

: -eu u""ri pr*ooroi-(*;-: ; n. 1a

El prinetc topogFgflce,erl ladtcsreurpp"truscasa .:r.ooe)
ftresrc fs. ..
-potgo a getsl da tnuiltno **
.,.! .,-r,:,
' 3:' orLantarca aandlneLr .:'t' ..-
.-.-----
'rn cadruL psrtLen *nltHlt
sc linscr!.u r carre dc ar.te rorpae rr"*"gLio (e t'rplc,; r",-n*,
i, ,"ir;;-*;;;-;;.",ccr. na1
'f,raErcnt rntrlu{s6 stnt : vatrcrnavcnrr"oii*r;;il;.rgilven}nrvirs;
tarea{''euluc nelcacts, gcarrrp5.. .!r eoistoi ic' ra.nrrgil uncla lucrs- ;
:r* artlflclalo oa pr.etforna
rtaraea plana .!eu raarriatcriacr=drtr
prla tal{su!* Le tcr.cnuf -Baturs}-f;ttr
au!, (ta rarblcu):gru .ner dc oar+
-*l,.yo
rc, Dot cltue rs1- ,
.o" .,
Jbs{'n dcbro"l]i:
t.fi'

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- ' Rlea$c 'anitcto' norfolegla& egtc lle,lstlr nurel-!; sra-
'.;.:'
.taatrr3. rcllef'u"lul, psl- lang d1n Jrrr rproulnt[ r anuntt{ .sLtug'r
3n rsp*? qu punetola eardlealo,gt se sltusazil intr-un"rlt:Jer .

de earolat11 eu ec}.ela}"i:e elcnente sls eedlrrlul aatura3.rs€sa oo

oonforH fleeErul 19e partlculani.tHst pe oere arhitoetul .asta.,
':henst ol 19 .valoriflca.din punet de vetLere .tohn.lcrfunqltoael ._.
- ql
p3.aatle-arhlieeturaL"

aprcaleree Ga1tt5!Ll. ::eliefuiut .pentru oenstructi.a agezHrllor

provLn ln prine ipal dln dlreella deeLiV.1t5tll terenuLuLnraz1a+
.-tanlel lql etsbllii 5!il telenulul, apelor eubtsrane , t,opoellee!. El
eaLit$lll petcajuLui .' ;' | - l
u'1,F""*7 \'a+'
b/ iri-ndtt!Li-1a
_::lr
dle roli+f
ln coralarc €u e1lua gi. vcgate-
n
f

!ia, linriteazH peelbilitHlila d.e Cezvaltare a 1seal-ltE lor

a]-titudl e BtnI la cerc sc pot tntllFlt eeesHri" u:Bsn€ pernq-
sante varj.lnd in fr:nrl1a de'latLtui:.nes g€ografi-eI"

do dcefivltstea 1sT Si ' bunii lnoorlrc a ieren'tlut lnfluanleaz[

,ilesvoltsrca ageuHrl1er sltuate ln rellef :.cel,dentat.Aeoastq'a
'deternlnst otreaTeer k af ara unei- rngtEd,e do studiu s l:rsarirLi.
'rellafululrpi'erentatX 3.a puretuL l.1o2e wrol actede de anej.j.sil
a ceellv.ftu:!ii. tsrg1Sirl cere ,ge efoctueszil Filn tntermealu:.
sDeralicl graflcc dg isrtarc a BanteLor.fnterrsls.l.a da vslerl
ale pantelor,cannlficeii.vcSlentru sLstenatlr.are, stnt stabilite
prin prrctlc[-ln fnnclla dc poolbtllt$li]e ac rcalLE€rra r csa--
stlr:c tlllor. In aod otrent rpk dosoalE illa lntcrlonul Bartsrulul
,,:grel cinstrtrelll(nlve} coavsnliana}. j oroo) astE ltdleet$ felH
dc iaronui tnconJurHtrr eu sinlr or2r a. g1 oarla Lr5c !.-o ci-
far.aalH na1 Earcrd.tei un ccel,u lrl'tnaltrprogupuae ua oosaun pre
rldleat dc natarl.alc gl nanopcrHrfllnct acecoarE adrptarrs unrte
ao3-ut1l spaetal'g dc tnagrlcle ln tcrca p=la dlealvclllrl tn lnta*
rior:ul ol5dfurli.
'

, Rltaara dln eategorl"j.la aanrotcrlstlcr it6 pentc El lrErc

rub *, 2r-5%r'5..# gl pootc s rcelrrr rtrtutlpl dlferltr tr
dlapmcrc a aiIClrtlor pc tercl :
e
r .. -'
.rt-\
t '-\
I 1-
-
l,--4.. . ---l-*-r-
\ _._.",t,;., \,,.- -l.-
 +-- 1e- |

- t-:, -'pente sub 25

,,\

. {r .ltf*iu1_trtr tr
ug::g:._q:jcncn e cdnstrue ltnor aan prczrntg dlfleultutl tr _

93999{9 aLlzarsa conductclrr de er-

aalizara*Penta dc eyecuare a apcl0r lctcorlce eatc
dc o rg%
-- _
lno5 pe otrHzl' gr nlnrn %'pc tnlerbat.
_tcrsnul -t',
i a,,,
/ - panta tntre 2g
'/ :
g1 5! la".rnc eq rest::1e!ll f1e : ....
agezercr
censtruc$111er cu lattura 1u'g5 gelsr o,'L,&ug
€e nLvei fle , in c azul crlspunerlt_eeieendrt"1-;;
rafl-;-ac c*,5"r"
pantelrlinltarea lrrnglnil cl.ScllrllETrorrffi-rr""
u"" i J;;;;"
p€ vertleall{. \ ", eu decslarc,
. ; - panta tntre 5s El 8t lnapr:ne ea rect:rlclil
sgezarc* GI,,-
struefl110r numai cu latura lungH panaLe3. cu c,rbcle
-l de nlver..
-i*"s"""ree
r

'l - psntapesie 8# prertnt{ drflcurt+gr

construc-
--
ttller cu excoptta cur.er. de ntEJ-dlmenst_unl aau s-"""oorr;;;-
car€ 8e La r:zolvErf speclaJc : construc
"O::::"n
ell.na::c aptln[ a terenu]ul 7e-4so):sau !_iiler_sseteat -
pr""u"rr" a"lJ"tr rcr.tl_
eall.
naihe adnrglblLc pentru cxlie de clreulalic sfnt
gl ttrUzf , =;:;--
autostrF.z{.r l'-eu, pentru drun.urt
gl rtrrmurl tn se'pcnttnx , 6% pentru trarnial
I <L- i,
Dlfer1te forue d,e
'a*
reIlef
 .to.@
r-r

4 gfr + o,2O n ] Ozo*o32

n
lz^-{
(CI
,ru
,l
a
-T
z.oo + 420

a.-t/tt7'u.r% ol;tron t r*4

6 - ha,ta. ,tciatda' '4ops. a.
c - ecz,a"fis.&tt irrtdzn'd.a.& P* f ' #l%,
d - cnulqtotu 6.ta.trrt"
e - /l,a,c"--tz /t"/rt aanazltAngd%#,
s€484 I : /OOO' sc+E*
t

'\P
t_J a cltrdlrilor pe pante
de eU,vitF.tl

.ir:plasarc&' unor eonetl-uCttt

:e..u pletforrue orlzontale'pe '- -.a

': e ren tn panttr , tnpll-c4 t ;. . r, , -

* alegered. cotel' platforuret :
''.^:t ,

:if1 1
*,stfe1 tacft vofunnl "d,e'iE- ft
:Etur6 sl unplutr:rE str 319 "
.:elatlv echlva-lcnte :
t vl -\.:.
- nod.lflcarea rellefulrrl , fJ -a# -{
1; l1a racordarea platfornel
-:u ilJutorul utor taluar:rl'
,

{t ?
irtncl panta f,n functle d.e {_4-f
I :rf
r
aaturdterentriul' ( lre, 1:$,
-.au nal nlotl ilup6 efectul
I
u-- NIF
:=cerl't de arhlieot ) _}T
A * Caft;-,:.el; ni::t{:lof

twvr+ |I Oisr*uTa N pury oj,vn<g

TaeqEE aeiyit-in ;;zrrL
I EciliDi;r-^+rr,r,ei eL i ;:*
t*-tur,; s-'7

;r; -
!
2y, i 'lOtntn
5% | zo* 4n,n I
8r; 2,fom
"$e fragare::. o..,_.f-AG
eu panti nr:rir.ru, atl_
mj.erbiLa Cl:.t:i..
( Ita e:.ir:itni?:ri aia- -'--l
trrrat pania ,u.,.x=*A
sta de Zi r:'c cl
e
fr - Unele ir""frf",* oon-
Bozi.li-onale 1ogate.
rie tnsr:ricr.era inir-
-ur:. teren cleniveLat
'(@))

tryffi?rffi Wz;-*
I
-r_1-
I
Prstlr, tn cadcrcs saFtHrll pantolo+ oc stablloae.la sBa-
I ra planulul, ln funelle da eshldlgtanta cu:rbelor: dc nivel, dllaan-
stulitLe lE p3.arn erlstntel carq cetespnnd pentelsl aalacteristl"ec
I (%r 5%r 8fi),,, Se psreurgc lntervel-Ll dlatre cr:rbele ilo nLvol aa:t-,
c1nd cotnclilonla prcieellilor ltnlilsr dle cea aal rra:re pantH ctl
I prolacttlle pantelcr oaracterlctice urndrite o PertlunlS.e illatle
er::lbolo de nl'rel sltuets ln aeelagl lnterval dle pallt$ (sub &
I tntea 2-5%r 5-8% 91 peeto 8S) se hagureasil sau ee ceLsreaz$ ,ile
1a lnteneli[!t tnchtse (pante]e, nari] tra tntensitE!i- deoehlse
{pantelc sLci) oSs scst ln evtdentH prtn }lnii de eeatur zereele
I cu eondiill slnlLare de dispunere a ciH,itril-or .
.: . Pentru trasarga ax'.rlui. .r:nai drurs cu pantH saxiaH adeisl--
I b{L[ dqt$ tntr-nn re]-lef sceideatat, se etabilegte dietanla(Di
. tn p3.aa,.orlzontaL carecpunZ5toare^ acestdi pente tn fune!l-o de
t acara planulu1 €i. eehidlstanla curbelor de nivei. Pe traseui
derlt se tra.raa.sE a3.u1 dr':nulul astfel .tnctt aeesta sS nu lntel-
I sestoge douH curbe cgnsscutive da nivs3 sub distanla (D) stabiltr-
t[' anterior.
I \
e/. Inscrlerea i.h formele de rcl,lef a csnstltult dlntot-
deguna o lloportantE nstlvall* a no-{u3-gl de g1gdtulre.".fu::+tlonare
I gL avoLu!Lo a oragel-sr gi ansamblurilor ':rbane Str a inpi-icat con-
elelerante de ordin estetic gi sirnbol- j.c '
I | :.Astfet, reLlefu! lntervlne gi con3i-tilneazSi
': aLegeree alt:uLu1 ungl agoz{rl
I -
al.c6tUiqgq agozUrll Sl .a dnsanblur'llsr reprezentstive
ta rapent cu ear*terlstlctLe ilorainanto aLe reliefuiui
I (inscrlerea tn reLlsf)
- eantursrca uncr pr"ccedce eollpozttlonale sp'eo5.fLee i:nu:
I !t
anuslt terch ilenl-valat
stEplnlrearprin lnterqediul peteag!.stlc11 a ca1Lt5!il
ncllcfulrvegetalla 91 8p€ratlt tll
I spa!113-or es reunbsc
laterLorull 0t,t gt tn afar.a llnli,eior loca11t5!i3,or.'
I \.,'s
t
-ts rpcta de suprafall
t =._--
V'clatat'e a apricr ilc cuprafa![ LntcrcscazH slstsaatl-zarse
tcrltcrlu3-ui gf ioca.Llt[llIrr rlln urn[teerolc punctc ctc laclarc:
I :

I .BA4t-:1:-'Ff
 -- --/-,-\\)-'-{-, ' ',. -
,)
72 -
-'c ,'V
--/.. "' -'- '

e) +tnoagtcr;s ealeaibrtttlctr-an- gesrsBicr3 si.., flEr.ea-

iehlnleo'r':b. ,,r--':
\ ,'. j') , , ,, :
\*- :

b) dete'nlieraa rondltlonHill0r crrat.r de apeSo d{i

prafal$ ln degvsliareg Lacslli5llilrn :

c) evlden!13roa qaleriler estetlce +treEt,g lla apa gl"

. , uil1lzate - in conpozl!i.a ,:rbanE.
l-=*.' -*-: -:'
, a/.atn punct &q_ v_o_de3j_*:aorf"ar,fi:_
,, atnt grupa+r,e !n r;rn5toal.--1e 3$trc sr:pesfaix.
q
fi aperd'uzVr '!-r-' "_glgSggl
LA c.$$lg-arg avtnd ea slenenta €&r.eczarietj.ee:
-ar:cesultvltczardebitulrreglaul., voLumul de sedlnente iranspsr-
tatrf=ecvenla gi anploalea. lnusciaiiilar,cerscioi r et i.ciie
flzi-
co-el.r1.n1ee{tegperatr:rEg1.na1neraiizare),nj.veiuids.poiua]]€.
grach:l de aee3a;ara prin luc:.Eri hid::etshnlce
! ;eesele*,,snerc
'-i"v&sav adep-
':t(r"
i.tabl.lg.. ; ' t ' l '
'1"." ,sr
lJr^.1- -"4':'
^rl
Lq'fu'f t
lacr]trile St bSLttLa avlacl ca eienente carac*"er j.st1+e
' fe:rma 91' n5ri*ea.g oassetertstie ile flzlce-ehl,ntee
I
aie apct rnedu3
il* a-ltncntars gt iaronare rfluctualta ar.veluiui, ttnpuJ-. de prlxe_
, .nLrs a]- tnttsg'alul .apH .L5
voluq de iiaexin sile ) , *o=* Aj. fa*as
"acvatleHrni'velur- ds poiuye,po ien!iar.::l gi g:r*dr:]- *e amenaja:re
h.1*rstehrLcE._-'l .,ri L r-
tXrrtr,--t 417'',
ifi^) --g,Erilc EL oeeaheie avlnd ca o1,_,:::,::l1.-o
Ee.::sal' a fj.
' cunf,ssete : ceracterl'stleile lLtoraLuluj-
sl- pr:.:;tfrrn*i.
taiat' caractertsticllE flsles-eaialcc sle en.r.j-.c.ren!j.eontj.aep-
nl'rrr su.bneri-
rlorx si raun.f .
. ffit*4fir;ft'*o"el,
{ .h
lca tp"i"t o"ti*illropt rpao,renlte ,lin.otrlnge-
gl clepregluni f'r$ €vacuar€,svlrd
ernuta'srola clati cgrlacterlst1cs :nsd,ur. dr gener.rc,
t1nita suorafa-
'ta1' .ocupata reer* tarlstlcl flzLca-ehlaies,
tarflarl 91.fauail,pos!.b11itHlt itc cliaj.nanaI,rp*,tru ds no:e -aa€!'e-
plls .elascear* saB
aaaagrg,.
'Ectc ac'csar s6 sc !tn6 d" fsotrli cH apelo da:jr-
prafatr ip cercl,a* ou fcraeib ,ie"uou
rs11ef g!.
sot lryrltst ta erciic a crlnatur.ul gl aleres+e vegeta!3.a au *,
i.r.aaturui ,
,*€; t
i
i
i
I
:
-15-
I
I

b./- Apa1. ' clo otrpr af at[ ernatltulu - unul rllntrr- ecl erL i.g-
poftentt factrrl derc favrriscaz[ dcsvoltareq_lgea1ltH!! gl.
ilcrltrrluJ.uTl nc6o3er[ ccncunulul urben, lnrlustrlal gt egrL-
ealrf aclllttnil trensporturlle , avtnC func !1unl , eto odihnI gl tra-
tsncnt, aalgurtndl prtduccras energlei hldrrclectrtec ctc.
In rclaticnarcn uncl l-ecalltdt!. cu rrLcars d1n eatagorli-
1c dla apo dc sqprafalE Lntcrvln Ral nulta sspecta gt corlnlo c1-
sult anc d ar, uneor!. r c entr aellc toril . Actfc L, po ntnu pe pu}. n! io f cuF rlt-
rilc sau bazlnalc dlc apil dulcr rcprczlntl sursc viialc dc e:is-
tcn!il, aslgwind necessrul de apH potabil-H gl indusiriai$ fitndt
ln acelaEl-ttrap anisaruL apaler uiatr. Annbel-e sta{ii, ae captarc
Et da dcvcrsarc, sint sonc l,nehiserprotejate ganltsr. O parte c .

lndustrialrln general eea cu consurourl rldlcats de ap5 gl volur

roars'do transportrnl' lndustrtale, lgt revdndlcH din considerenta
'ite cflcionlH un amplasanent
tn proxlnnits*,Go aoei, inai ales <tscg
aecasta sste navigabllun TotoitatH transporturile pe ap6rcu ':

Suprafetelc lon aferento pentru clepozitere El transbor,iere atrag

-14 rl,ndul Lor ltngH spH traneporturlLo ds useatrdrunnuri rpareeJar
e51 foratertltaJe.. Ir^ plus fatl de acecte r:tlLiz5rl aIs nslulul
salr lltersluLuir3.ooaLltatea pretlncle un contact vizrral- clj.r'ect gt
. ett nai larg lntrs clsmentul neturalreentrul loealitUlllrearti^o-
reLe dlc lscuit 91 epalli*c dc'eellhn5 gl agrenent. Teete ecests
tcndinlc eo pet devenl confLletuals sdatA su rlezvoltarea :n tLnp
e localltdtll slnt'aedlatc gt prcven!.to prln studillo cle slsta-
lailzsre r

el va.Loaraa cctsttcH e apelrpartrcul.srlzatH dc la un Loc

Ls eltul dc cata€tcristiclla prcpril gl da i.nfluonla altar fac-
tort de nsdlurrezultH in prlnclpal illn urm5tcarelo proprlatit!i:
-ceatlnua nlgearc acltatea rla ogltrnctLrcrvarLaiia proprieL su-
lorl E-rataltc cu ocrul pc :eerc 11 lgliadegtc r
it p asupra'eulrrlLar anblantl q!. arupra"*gr,ro"*-il"r*tu
transXlarant*l
r|lulul(tiatrrltl avaprrlrll gl rcf}arlcl) g1, tn eazul cursurllor
ae1 latc ilc apE s.u t lacurllor. gl nlrl'lrpleneitatae
1uciu1ul dn
'P[ ea prh ple Gerc pcrultc prrccpcrar lerg ilecfHgr:retlodc le
ttstrnl5r t 1oealltEtli .

.l .
 ._14_
.,

' rrete acaotc carltull ru qrndus a

erdoo apcctflao do.alcHtulra j * ocntur$pea un.r po._|

1nagln11 lecarr_t5!11
arltrc epr prin eontrolul s1'!uetcl prazaatctri
aecantolrr volunetficc gl cclo:rr st !"n"raiersr.luetc'
ri rfalc ze7,
arc zeT ,
icc .

' 't
,l
--' r) at-r--!
>_l t 1 UOIUI
.'.

fnbr5ctnd par!1a1 tn preponllc

dc 4oS suprafala u.seatp
-lul' err un strat avrnd e gro"t"l ;;;;1ns{ rntre
"lctrl Et 2-5 netni, selur )r6prc"roii unur ersiva ecntr._,.
dl1 blotlce alEturl dc ac.It apr- dlntrc ecrc trcr. re_
91
in earo. nr-croerganls'iler.c *';";;;*;;r" Ei eete sinultaa raberetorul
cre trr15. -z rzaalrr.eanc./
de trccere dc la stadtul -;";;;;;",
gre'a dc soL acigul, verlga
stadlur-' anorgan'e a crenentcl'r
,r"o"*"r" violil gl supentul Iu_
suustant"r" de Ia stadlul anorgan*
;:r";-ilT:r::ilrr;T:rorrnu
In aLstenatlzarelsr
::,,:T.
orn
,ii;ili1,.#,t"ti;:::::il
stLe-
i-
- t
.,
)""i{ceolorls..
j'' ;il-;#-il"i:t:-t;ffi::,
s 4stsrr'tt rarll noastr
c,' -)
.t,-' ocuparea
ef!l.lna.a6

"9,,*oratx.
eorulut
--t--l--r

;;;' fertll
-
cu ori< . ,-

ro""irinrii""::";Iff:l;t"t:":::::ilJ:.:r:;;:;
prln
3'ege pebaza schiteLoJ de
rlind "i"ter"tizarerdepugirea acesto'a
admls' decrt rr o""ui ;;";;;r;;";;;
aeecto cltualll ltnr':rlle decrete specrale. ra
se pot efeetua tn prl*ul
nurl degradate,lnaptc pentru rtnd pe tere_
as:rleulturr
ctl' cEndlltla radurll nncl 'euprafalc o"ol-;;;r;al'*"".8ri,
ortl prtn decopertarca gr cohivarinte::iri ctrdurt agrr
ntitarcs'gtretulul de sol firti' -
aLtelc.suprafele1or ocupate. {r1a rt-
Totrdatl
!c nE anpru p'ogr.er dc oonbaterc,;;.;;; sc aflLI tn cnrs ilc eplier_
Fe]are. a tcranurlrcl itcTadctc g.ru ssrrrlul gt dc recrts
oerpatc ncralronar.

Vagctalt ,-
a j-=;
!
rnfrucnlatr ds r"}t:r..
lc efcctsc ic crtlc aetlv1t'tllcrcl'nr, natuna sol'Iul g1 dc grednt
urarc rvcgctalle ero ul .1
tler lr 91 rcntlncrle oentlilllrr o*l
.

trchl *r",rcarce favr".bllc v1c!11. Drd

*lscrur plerctbl r."oto"ril;:;-;;";rructrlc
---
lrria_
I
./.
 -15-
lrhlcrlc r.t, enLnalc El nlcrrorganlencr,Gerti\, firnlzat atlecfercl
dc grborl Et arbrrEtt. :l
\
pucr'rr1]g repr"zlntS parrea esen!'a15
_rntluett s
"cgrta!1rt
eonsr.derarg rn studrr:." de gls+,,caatl_
; ::::11':11" "rnt-ruffi
frrncll'nrre rcr princlpale
; "o".:Y:n"iLA rn terrtorru :
:- a) pddrrl dc protec!!,c eu ro1. deosoblt : pratec!!._a
epcler,
i: protec
v'- --.- !1a, aol-ul'rl
5*et .e.* uru-+ cGnrra cre t1un1i
s1un1l,r . protee tla de fnarh'{ { a1 4- i.
tle factorli_c.Llae-
"arrao"
, :::t_i:::::":bi1t, proteclla de r'i"'""
- ' """i".,rnu*r";;;..
--"- :-- ------:--"
; a1e natulil EI lezervalli naturalJ. :
b) plilurl eu roL de produc!!.c Et protte!!.e . v
..* . '

Of tn laed{ ate 1or veeLnEtetr

n"g91.grr . E;iru-si nedierp_l"t""tA
"i'wlave ne.L,rreie e€u cd._
tlvat[ dc om, eunu].eazH urrnHt oarele funo tiunil
.- "fune !_1-11g_e_ude..sdlh4{ gi
J
cr:r1, grEdtnL, scuarurirgrEilinl de 1€I!s911!-*9e _:9c u:r:E dr:rat S { per-
fatad5) eeu ee sflrgit de sXF-
t\fnf ,
(pXduli-psrc )
fr:nc!illnea
2 -f.- de aneliorare a nlcroellnatul-ul
3{- firneliunoa ds protec!te rloo!:i"1*?gl1$ii1 a rJ
I
,L" aeesta fi:nc lluni se adaugl valoaree u*=n*:*U q{ {.t-_n*-
tanta pslhologlc5 pentru ora a vegetaliei, 3*
enbele oblee t
al arhltecturtl pelsaglstice . Ce uofrt,fi.-
vu\-.: -l

Ilcflntnr cgpacltataa pertant

rdup{ rn-
:i*::::::":t zrctanl' redus'
i ;i Es;
* '=;,il ,i;:;i";":;:
i, ;:::'
!::::-i"_@
ral
"rnt utlllzetc pentru
ic pcata 1r5 lsg/61'2
E+ acprnac

""r"t",*'I;;-t"o"rnuri ;;".
;; i'=J--;.: ":;';:";;:
ca'ae+.€rr.st:E-

,"'"1;;.
 -t-b-

.i ' sa sarllse8zd dsgsamcill. torranirlle eare sfnt carecterlsatc

prlr proccsr gaelogicc actualc(alunce[rt dla tcrcnrtes6rt)h ir_..
.elcree alegerli ndsurtlor de etabllizatre r,
.' Exprr@iffi;.r.*t*r-?rr;i;u
.

'gt str rczr.etcnla

feee prln ${togfgmc auprapuse .FGs_
tc p1arrrl1e ""
topograflea prln cFJra sc delimltoazu.zoneLa favore-
.

btleJelrtru eonstruc!iir:zonele cars iurp'n

np\rn condf$ll.*_spaceal.s ds
f'undara,zonelo Reeonstr:uLbl1e .gL aonelc care neeesltg r*e^G-rf
, eLr:nccHrilor de teren etc.

Provenind dln apele de infiltralle 91. cuprinse ta clrcui-

tul naturalo pf.nzeLe de apH subteran5 se c'araccerizeazf prin :
\-
adinclme
- dlmensiunjl-e stratului scvife!rzona de alJraentere gl
dlreetla do drenare
p:oprietESl fizlco-chinice (temperatur5, minerallzare )
- nivel de InpurlfLcare
. Utillzate ea cur:5 do ap5 potabil5' gi.. industria15,rresursg.
,dt energle geoternalX 91. resunsH tei'apeuticH, apel'e subtbrane ri-
, dlc5 tn qist,ematizare r.r,ru5toarele categorii do problem,e ;
\P Si,- r@ ;;"-;";venlte
inflltra.llq "'o*;"';";,;;
- './----S_il
, ,,,U !a, special din ffi*teortce .ss'
1I -
-r-'-; -'-
*t'J
". '),Pr a
t nrq-rral'^.TlJ;-;. -;a*&-r a^ ^---r -, prln pl,astifidrea
ergilelo;
r.) 'Et I'oass-ului gl prln.fcnomenele il-terlratlve.dc tnghe!:dezghet
prr-
.ti
zcntc' ln condltlll-e ellruatlcc alc Ron6nlet ptnH Ia Lrlo a,-adlaetrc
.;"\i,*;,1'f r| rnr3-uenla apelor subtenane puternlc nlnerelr;"a" asuprr-
'i-i;aatcrlsrloLor ds constluclle g fundeltL19r gt
;ehlp[rli edllltaa
. :rF noritlff:iHrlle aduso ln reglnul apclorr subtcrqnerCc
dtruclll 'Et ancnaJ6rl carcrprtn greutaiea lorrprrn picr.elcrtrc
.
"rr_+ta.
' Ilehtclc.diri conduetelc subterarc pqln
s1
""niri*;";;;;l** ."
lnflltralll pot duec la rlcl1"";;{1;";;i-'"o"t"r
*:T r""E:-lF::: f
tffi .' ""
tto"tt"iltl-
" ''1 "*;;=;ffi ""
.
i^^n-) \s n t- i

t'\rll?
//',^,. v-
*.,,_ _-r_g -7Lrlrf .
 Stabllltatea La nlEe5rlLe selsalcc
.\\
Ge ner at e dle _ st gc ar e e. n?rl L oi pl,u.l
t:t-qS+S9r*1_Wj'1lL6JgI "-
rlc c au dllfErlte qc-!94e!leLie*sssffi9.335*Sl_1g_
c ar
:_
tensitale,!a funettc dle adinslaea car*terlstlelJ-e !t geologlec
Ef iidrnoleglee alc soncL ttr cane sc produc,
fn RosEn!.a ,IlngE gI"oI de cwbulg_11 rugntfl_el__Ce3pa!t*_s_c
sf,LU fscaruJ.'se:.sri9
\-- Vraneie creat de tnttl-nlrea pl5ell est-GUrc-.-
pcrlc eu ulcroplaca lntracarpaticH ,nLeropLace lloeelcH gl alc:replrr
alc:replr
ca lfurlf, I{egre' -,-i

Aecasta dlia, r:rnE prezlntX e tend 3i.b'spre arcul

oarpatlc g1. constltuie una rilia donlnanteLe tsecaRls:,ne1or cutrenurc-
. ..: ..'.
.1or *jl".;r"?,Fgcarral seisnf,c se afL$ Ja o.adtnc!-ne de loo -2oo h
ln pantca taferioarU a erustel belestrer lntr-o zoraH de aaesteo ; I
nateriel eeIldile eu eee vtscoasH a ineeputului nagnosferal.
.:
Forna de aanlfegtare a cutrernurelor in aceastd son5 eete
dlferltil ds 1o un cutrenaur Ia eltut, afectind tn nod. slnetr1c ssg
'u"iioma
asllletrLa MoldlErra gl Munteale !1 variat unele punbte netr
se;rslbl].e seisaic dln aceste tenltoril. r

ttlts earacter!stlcl ale focerulul seist'{ic clln Vrancea slat

lcprczentate de tzolares sa gi perslstenla ref].ectat5 ln freev€n-
!a ele 2-t cutnenure nani pe seco1. \
. i*.
'" .. '- 1t
l$_1g"1 t yalg" nurulrrt apr.eclazEienergla h"*a.-i atE in fo-
c utrenun:Irir
e an pr ln *r!"area
"
.seiunitu r 8e uSsoar5 pe @raastil
t_I9.1-3-9:9Plgu
-t

tntre O-iL-9, fllnel tn Vrancba de 7 14 in enul 1944 , 7 12 fn anul

lnT EL 6,q -7o ,f,s anul 1985.
ftu prle-:!9cte asup*
dl{j,r:glgreL fllnlelol vl1 gi construcllilor, sc nusour[ pa 3GO-
ra J-ntensitHllloi, trac atE lntre f -)(II (I{erca111, standardt
rc .}So)
sau stabllegte prln alsurarsi acccleralle l.
'rrarlne pe orlzsntalg
-soruJ-ur(es,/sec)
a solulut(crn/secz) rvltezei rsrfu:o o".pcaitror
"
E1 anpS-ltuctlnll daplas{rll (os./sce.}.
Efectele nlgcIrllor setsntcc esupra. osaenllor El reillulul
tnconJur5tor stnt prczcntatc inforletlv in centlnuarc.
 -18-

-.tt-\^{i
\
Pte\c
inte ro'l p in€ est o peo nd

\
?
4
/ =----f
a-
t--

-----__'<a
,( op loco
*ihroc--\ !i_ Negre

ted,Cl:-',:'eetemogeAetie - aI euJreet
Vrancea
,i

\
?
t7

iL
*"* teo!.tsnLctr e Bone.{ cl. ifupE
4 r.rtl e LSTT 't
j

I
 _L9-
\ _-\-

OrrluJ C. Ifecttl.r . rotlunll cc lurtGf(lrtb ft'iiati,a

tntlailtr . l.9Sc)
tr ril.erii
''r I /"/ \4 "{=.-.r"+-
- egir?ngi l=medroiodUfi ;catc detccdrt aunrl h-
.li. / t

.-.^
ctruicntrl'
ttrulcntr}
r l. ,\.'-//
. o--\t'!
_ ;;-A----c ':7
II ; /.!
1'
rt Gutrc'ilr:r aUfe slitft-,-
'.:
eeta..ttntltrCoar dc pullnt
orncni-egrc otau. llnlE{rtr rn lnterlorul loeuln-
, talcr i ., . -:
''-
., '-.t-/
,r_/ 2--O
t2/-O
..ti_/
.
)2J^
+rl4 . '-"^ t r\I.,. 1.-'1,
.. .v-.i ii i '
I,II i' .l..Cutr.cmur '' 'I
sleb . - . cgtc- rcslullt dlc pullnl o ancni
.- ,,.efIatl tn ;lntert,orul rl,oculnlclsa r !r8u aferHros-
:
,c1IatL11c ftrlnet .tscnllndtoeri cu. zguduifllc pro-

-.
osclJ.at+
bd (j.q-*- ...
ugoalc alc .oblcetelor etirnatc
/ ;
1

IT" Cuticiur outernle- -csta etalit :de nulll eencal

-., n efl*tl ln lnter{onu1' cl$iiltrl1oi (log} gl,. pullnl
'',.r lflal$'efdr{(5$}';'oeollrtfili fttna asenEnltoarc
"' cu zgudulrllc produec d"c trcocici rxrul eutoce-
-,'c:

elo,n q{cu lncHrertifcrostrclc rugtlg g1 vaeele...

, g[ngEne ,perd,osc1tla gl" peiblil bctritrc rnrobt lr
tnccpc, sE .ulula'roblcctclc, lttrnatc El Llchldalr
{ln !agc'osclltrz[ uEott'-' : :'' o' ".''
rt. slnlit t9!i
:,*-tggggiffig-""'.--gatc
dg oe-
nenll bfllell.,in lntellorul loeulnlclor gl dc.
' Bultl oaneni. ,aflr!t".afarli:-nullt dllntre ccl ador-
, l1!1 sc. trczrsc- tnbE trulinl.:bsnenl p5rCccsc 1o-
rculnta.. ClUdllrl1a slnt'rgudlui.teroblecteLc ettr-
nrtcr oscllcazH ebi${clclsbtl, tabiourlic se dcpie-
ceezuioblcetelo,ncfixltc, i: : ruelo;o;t
.geez$r.gEfli!gl fcrqetrclc"'ac tnchld gl"""
J"iii-
sc aci-
-ohlde;;;ll0htdlclc cC. rerclroscllallllc sc. ascul-
tE ou aclc pqodtuic',dg.,g[dgrc'r Enor.eblccta grclc
, to' roi91 iopiri, cf F{ lrr { -.ltt*A;- g rnt r.rarlnl l-
'iltc;l'].' I
.'"
,? - rvrlll. ulolm(ftaultlgl.;acsprlndcroe irnor bu-
a$!f . !?,.tgnogld!'lt pullnr. construo!11 t1r
.pf rtT! ncf?qqrrtl;c HpUqtdE :Bcl!rE, rHIUtr:cl,
I
- .'Phbt rpltqt, (tf.p1l)
lltawloltrrlp{r tulbgl[ft' tff : dabttul'lzvo1g.alor
.
 rr.20 -

(o*. i*::tstcrtoat.iitlt -
oencnrl af1atl rn lntcr!.Erur. o!.Ecrlrlror a;- *[ii::
tetae cclor eflalr. efarE; mullr o""""i afrelt gr";; ;iii;*,=
rlorul alEdt'rtlur= ele-eri(d, tn latE_.
I p,ttiif- o-an-inil -igl
plc1d- eofrlllbrul;, anlnaiJl",!f:"U
aonisiidi. pgrgoeae
posturtta rse eparg sb{ce{e};-*Giiiiinsutra
Agr, ad5_
zE r8e eudc sunctur oLofotetor re depracce_
niEi-ii" eropotnr!E
- ,(drupHturt ,roi tn
f""agr,
' 4-,
euderea *?1 lpra g".p" i*op"irsjcruputooi Ei-;;"-
prlnderl are unor p5rti drn E"giliil ao fun)re
;iil:iiil:rii*ii!" :,il # eon_

natHrblocurr -de' beton:-cu, schei"t-iJ*rer" gr.

Ite: ,fHnH gq p1ot9ci1".anriser"*i";-";;
T,i$l{":::-
cu ztil5_
rate pentruTE:y1
sradete tr gi,iii(fi;-;i lJr"o_
.:
- ln prrtlna cazurl tn teren,rrtle 'urnede stnt posiblle
crHp5turi .: 1Iltmea plnu 1r. 1 o^;-fr, ;;;"i;:;;;;""_
se pot s& aparS -c a"u"i rzolate ae 'surp..{rr ap'r
; nod.l_
lqvoarelor qr a;,,rveiurui-aper
li:Ti^ftiro.bitu1ui
vIT - Cutremr:r care provoaell avarj.erea cl,Hdir"ilor
: ,i'.

- 'majbr'ltatea oamenilor 'stnt t"3ffi oHrHsesc 1o-

culntelermuLtl oerneni ,o g""0.
"p"" tgl nai nentln echlll-
brul
-i arrnrlltmbo'gantg(erxpxtr,.'r n.erl 'gi adtncr tn pere!1,
desprinde'ea unor bue5li nnarr'ae ienculal5
,c5denl dc
cogtrrl de' furnrcu'dlstrugerra ro"uiu''a. scoperlguril0r)
''91 dfurtrrieerl(crupSturl foarte
legdturilor dtntrc diferitel,.e- *uoi Ln. pure!ir'uperea
.
eremcnte at: construc!11_
lorrdlsloo&rca unor pdrtl' ar". ;iu;il":rpruLuglrea
zldurl lnterioare ylor-por"tt-de urnpluturd aunor
'turllor, de cadrc):.a,tf-ic.rnstrueifi-t" i struc_
1;;irii-.
construe til::r:t"ir"Iii'i"" trp E sl ;re*lrn,lffi
din, zt dUrie port"r,tg cTEGEGiGi
cte beton ol?.1;aslsr*ar"_ oi*u""
:ltf;i";i;
B-8) gl ra n'1tc'oSnstr,rc!r1'cu echalst.dln pcn.iru u""u"fr?ii
batsn arnlt
nonollt eau rir.n crencntc prafebllo"t" eefuuletc antteclr_.
- .:nrei:l,a gridcb-
vrrvrr' ( tri:,ctil:j*,i1,,, .
- _fuprarata:ep'r :" . {iT"i:ig; i,gtiri, iii. tscurllor so
'ilu1
tulbbu Gl urnlic i fldlfd-$iii"iiit"iiac uodrflou
rpcr.or ila rtv._
_ruttri-litdfuiliil;"oercrer
frerrtc' go :Dnoluc ttrurco:trrt rlq-.onoD rp-!r!r rh;Irrrrrrt*
crzurt
rlalpctsr l!. lc platrlg
I
2t

VIII - Cutranur qe.rc grovoaeE evarlt',?utEriilqc':rlq' :ciJ,Edk'1lor' -

t outrclurul provoaeE,spolnE El penlcU;iaentfcctil nc11n10te
chlrr pcrsosnslc. earc: eonduc eutoturlsne;eopacll sc oGll-
.turd. puternlc gt'uncorl pe. pot'tupc ramurl, gl trr:nchlurl;
I sc:rleplasFazH gl uneorl, bc 16gtoarnH moblle groa;prrtc
rtln 1[np11e,-eugpendate pc gverlazH. :.' :

I - prXbuqtrl (dlstrugerea totel[ a eonstrucl1c1 saue unul

tronson dln aeeasta)1a putine'construcltl t1p Ar4!9-
. _tgggl! la nuLte eonstruclll tlp A gl Ia putlnc ooa-
I struc ttt tlp B , avgrll lFpsrtgntc La nnulte cldellrl tll
. B gi C, gyarll mgderato l-4, rnulte clHdtrl tJ-p_B.8 91 Cr
avalll ugo__are.. lslu1le cl.5tliri' ttp 8.9(constfucttl cu,
zldSrle portantd cu sinburi gl plangee de betsn arnat
aslgurate antiselsmlc La gradul 9) gi 1-a multe cl5ellrL
tip'C.B ':
'-'tn cazrf izolate' se' produce ruperea portiunllor ie fu-
', binaro e cc:lductelor
- monunentele g1 statullo se d;plaseazH gi se rHsucele
- fuoprejmuirlle dln piatrd se pr{bugesc
;,se observ5 rnicl aluneedri de teren tn zonele depresto-
nale gr. pe pante}e abrupte ale drumurilor -lapa:rtaluzate;tn
teren apel crHpdturl de citlva centliiretrl nol
bazine de ap5rpulu:ri secate se unplu cu apH J.ar tn altc-i
le eoa seaed seu apan schlmbSri al.e.nLvelului gt debl-
tului apel tn ftntini
t 'rx -tCutlenur: care DrovoecH avarli importante aLe clHdirtl-or
panlc5 generalE ravarii nari ale .mobllelorranl-rnalele
t ee agitH 3i tipu
pr5buqlri la multe clSdiri ttp B gl putlne La tlp 8.8
I

t g1 Cr aaarii lmportante la xnul-te"constructlt tlp B.ElC

gl 1a pullne de tlp C.8, _@ Ia nu1td. con-
:Jtiuctir.trp'B.l gi c,8':i;@a nultb
atruc!11 tlp C.9(schelet dln beton Ernat"nonollt""r- eau
dln el-ernente'prefabr!.c'atc' a.:lgr:rete bntlselsnlc Ia grr-
ad-$. ..::-,::
:...-. -.:. ''-'..- '; r:..;:'..:.'!'i:
I - Eonnaentele' gf
a'
'cofoanele"gc
r[it'oarlU ' 'l
evarll lmporiantg e1s'rszervearelor.: artlflclela ric tpllr
condrrctels subterane slnt perllel rillotnrsc
t"' i - ,
i'rq-.r-f..r i '.:., ..'::.1
- tn oazur!, .lzolate, ap-arc flaf.grgapa E1g91or. dc eals fo-
ratE gl dvanlere a pH1tllbr barossbllc-ale dlrunrsllor
apar lnnnilattl tn rrll rcvUrcHtllsr epcler iltr elbll,
crIpUtulllc tn tcrca etlng 1o sf,.91 chler ral rtrlt pa
I peatc E1 pc ral.nrllc
91
rlrrllor;cUdcrl dc roalrrhncclrl
ougcrl ic tcrenurt;lr ruprafrtr gcl ips rrl'rr{'
nrlrputurtlr seoato tgl rcolpEt[ Ccbitrrl-r-eltcl'c ssl.
I
I
 lz-

-9utree@..'-''
- pr[buElrL la ueJorltatcr constrrrc!ir1or t1p,A, ].a nur-
ta tlp B 91 la pullne.tlp B'E Er erarrt"tryri'la nu.lto
cohstruc!i1-tlp B.g, g, p,iqinc'-g.9 g1
tante Ia nultc- consirud !il,tip 6.i, -c.6-iiry
C.g,avaril lnoor-
construelll tlp c'9 r-@ la srurte construcllr
: tip C.!
:l avarierea criticr s barajelor dlgurllorravarterea
portentil a clrumurllorrdeform.rri.91a1e. ginelor de ."i" f;:la-
.

ratH
-'ruperi sau defornHrl ale conductelor subterane
- pavajile drurnr:ri1or gl asfa1tu1. prezintH suprafe!o oD-
. dulate
ln teren apar crdp5tu=l ptnr }a 1 n.rfl$uri larglrparl-
Ie1e cu albiile cursurilor de apEralunecdrl. ln terenul
neconsolidat cu pante abrupte si pe nalurile abrupte
aic
rlurilor El t5rrn':riror tnnrlne.aepias5rL .ale rnaselos nlsi_
poase gi niloase ln zonele lito""i.-
, lacr{lrrluri niveiului
e:hinbaree a'rl0r din fltllt"l;_ap.
se retarsd,se f;"-;*;;l noi'1;;i-' dln canale ,
,,/
..\
NI qr-t 'Cutremnl catastrofal
avarti selloase la rnajoritatea clEdirilor bine construl-
te
podurlrbaraJe rcHi ferate, gosele devin inpractlcabiLe
- distrqerea eonduetelor. subtelane
r'deformEri iriportente ale'terenurtlo'r )

pHtui t argl; f)nactr:ri sub fornnd de crd-

gt depl;;t;i po- direclla o:rlzon_
talH gf verticelH;nunerosse .ii" le"6rr-Er cEdc_
rl d,e rocl "1,rr,""eor
\,;.r_.,)* ?"o ,
/ .
-,TII . cutnernur care provoac'x .rnod;i{src
r

'-'pr.actic toate'"o
s_ rerreiurg
ef,nt avarlcte puternlc. sau dlstruse totel.r subtarans
- *;:
;iq;
lla {fit iilitl3} :1, ii'i yl itii::di'1ili;j t ;jr" "t,it::
orlzontlr!.''l iaiirc"ili"Ea;r ic.rocr gr pr,Hbuslrl
4.9, ygturt pc nupr"r;i"-p;ii.:, ":
- ;:'.- .. 7 .. ..
d'"n c'd*l ,ag epH sr ivar.1i, ;i;,;*:;iini S" aFHr sc
forncezp nor- r*irr--rqgrIuir."lili_oi.i. : .:
 23

In slstematt zarc e lde a1lt Ulllor . ac:fg!ggl,-lg.qg9l-_*

"_1rj:f1:
-s9ltltrlcE.-sc bazeaz[ pc tnformatlllc da{c da 'zolrarce sclsnlc[.r
t5rll gl dc rnlcrozonarca setsmlcd a terttortulul locaiftEltlor.
fn prlnclpl-u se conslder5 arlecvatU condl!111or speelficc l6ril'
noastre o slnpllflcare a formeJ.oi gt volumetrlel clgdlrllor pc
mUsura cregteril gradulul da lntensltstei. sclsnlcH fal5 de csrc
acestea trebule proteJ ate*. ..* "
\...

\
(ffi,
x-,. ::_.-:---r
exnloatEri . -*="
t I

_-?---.+

'a ..
slstenatlzErit il revine studlerea gl rezotrvarea coagectn-
teLor exploat5r.ilor subter.bne aelupra nedluLui natural 91. agczErl-
._,.-__

lmane prin
.ea
IOr umane prln : __'_---
r

\-
tl- protejerea Iocallt5!11or de perlbolul dc nr} glre a tc-
rentrLu! tn r:rna expLoatHr'llor sdbterane prin instltulnea unor zo-
ned9.pootectteaacestora(pi]-1eruIdesigurant5)
' ;- rezervarea zonelor de depozitare a sterilulul gt altor
rczld'ts1 cu_respecttrel razelor de proteclle a loealitXlilor fa!!.
dlc perlcolelc 91 poluarea posibil[( alunecErl rprafrgazerrnLrosurl,
lnflLtr atlt )
\
\)- anenajares terenulJLor- rEmase .ln urma expLoatgitlor ilc
auprafatE sau a depozltlrll de sterilrredarea 1or r:nul clrcuit
!:

:T
utl'l' sau restitulrea lor "caclrul-ui nat'ra}.. , ..------
a
il
'-:-
.:*

Wstlgr:tlor 'plbtenane ,,
:d
r{ Irnplicatti a1g ,

*
1X

t f,
o;il:ncte sfnt ldcntlflca'la tn subte:ran n6r.turli paleontoLogl-
?
:

i cc sau arheologlce re.le trcbule sennal.a'.e' forurilor conpetcntcrcc!r-

*5
eetate gl cona€rvatq nertlal'pcntru- a putea ft gtudlatc in vlltor
ln conditrl tchnice gl gtlrnllflce s'perioB!€.
' ^'In slstenatl'garc protejarea vectlglllor eubterane sc cfcc-
tuaazu' rln lnstltulrca' unor tczcrvaltt, tn lnt6r.lorul' c6:ls'a
crc .

lnterzlc orlcc'lucrErl carc a putca afecte ctratigrafli tcrcngLulr

eacn!1a18 I'n ccrcetHrlLc palcontdl,oglcc gt'arhcologlcc.Totodetl
vcst1g1llc educc Ia lrrnlnU .cerc prczlntH un tntcrca ral 1eg pot
11 lnclucc tn clrcultclc tr:rlatlcc dcvcntnd,rstfal o llcsulcu cco:
rorl.el 91 prhlndi. un rol oultural-cducetlv. .

*rilt
 \,-
,'-
1.7. Cl',filt'. -.1 .t'
-:1
^4, :

'o c1lna
''i.

.'. ice ansetsblu ac fcnoaeac noteorologlcc(laaLa3li sc-

larHr tcnperatulHrulgc sraa.. eerulul rwnLdl,tatc rne6uioeLtatc Et prs-
otprtalt-flre zurt6 dtn l?tcraollrrnea rsnHtorLlor rdifrrr i
- rpetlltjg _solarH -prtnctpal i*_l"f ertr.io*"" '
faetorll flzLco-geograflci. -riarrfc clenoenta rorr"lo- ^
glecjgpj_ ef -+ggg-!+)
.- tnprer:nE cu r-egeful gl Lnvcll_
g"1
"Ug _veggt"l . . i,*.,/' r-E;
- factorll dllnanlcl aclrculalla
' atnosferei gl e,grenlll
oceantel i

faetonil antropLcl -prin nodlflearea tnveliquld v€gc-

talra suprafetelor de apH gt prin lntroducerea surseler
artlftciale de e5lqlur5 gi poluare
In stuclilLE dle sj.stenatizare proble,nele condiliongrilor i

clLnatlce se trateazH :
.'. ]a scarH terltorj.ald, prin
arral-iza fenonenelor de nezo-
clLnHr cu. detalLerea zoneldr avlnd anunite partlcularitH!1, tn
scopul cletuttj'olll}-rglgrtlilo@lte gt protectla a
- -]9:+lt'5t-11or ;nHeuriLor de anellorare a cliryatrrlui gi potenlia-
1ulut ae uTirrlare pentru turtsmrodituiH gl trotcment
'
- la scara loce1it5!tlor'rprin anal-iza fenomenelor de ni-. .
croclfunH generate de : a) naterLaLele de conetruclil
cu o c5ldr:ru
speeificu nal toic5, o conduc.tlbil,itate ternleH rof ,"rr"
'perneabllltate sporlt5 Ut o-i"..-
fald de roedlul natrrall b) voluneirla vB-
rlatl ; e) lnesl,zirEa artlflclalH; dI) reducerea spallllor acopc_.
rlte cu vegetalle; e) existenla calote e"""rrpo;-;;;*;;i;"-
'rlabllu ca tnHlltne lntre ettevs'nel zecl clc aetrl g1 15co-2ioo E.'tr
fr:nc lie de pres!.-.rnea atnosfericu gi' vltcza
vtnt*"lar;;";;;-n;;"
cuentll' ascenslonart, proprll supraincHlztril oo"gJ.or tn raport
eu ned'i'ur, itln pertlcole solrde scdrnentabtlc gl
iri,"oup"o"rcrg&nr'
: 91 produgl'organlcl( aporl '
rpolan rgerncn!. nlerobrcni) ,eatotu
afccteazHtotl f*torli'el_lnattci . . ";;
'
'1 Ia eprocleres de cEtre om a eondlSrifor cliraticc sc utl-
-},Lzeaza terienut dc "confort' earc crprrri i,l gtt; .;;"."
-ot* ,rol
tlt! dc o! ln report cri tcnperetura gl orraii"i"" starca p*rr
acc ciganlauul'nu estc collcltat auplirantar pontru r r. prntrJr
tarlo frtE lr tcaperatrstlc cxtcrlotlce
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tV,'t rr l'-ts.*
I cE-
_ ___v r.li
_.___rr
-i' Redletle
Eloil al{ a solere
aa1 --x i : .

' conpusH dln radla!tJ_ gpai.ltn'tnd cpse.trulu{, dc:iinae:-ucu:rta,

i t*.ui"tl-"-:gg', dlnlnustu,; *.tiatrv gl radueu epoct;;;-#;;:
$,
uo"otla gl dlfuila rn atnosferHrajunge ra supraieSa :puntr.tor'i'
eub fornu dc radletle dlrectE gl,/sau :raalaile atruzu tn fpnclie
'a
,d" nebulozttate. 0 parte _gge_etq!'_raqlgur-_.erobsle
ie-l i$le i:.Lerg!?l1- este rerlse_
"s
tatE- ds sugre,aeeit ftux exprlnat;;in ,lb;d"{S rfu=
reflefrEt'din radialfa prlnottl) fltnct cuprins pentru mqiori.tatee
naterialel_or intre ].o-5a?6 gi .rnaxira 9oS -in eazul ,!p"=fl pleasgsrsi
-Restur. radia!lei este absonbitH_ de s_upigg_?!a tgree.irE pias
is o :!3ry.1ry-''"i+@t *l;;;.,;*;;;;-;d; cru,.
*11t9. rudlql!-1--Ae
- -Ut$q_ l:irrgH o lnfrar.og_11realor j.cs,Radlalt i.l_a eala_
rics st$t tn cea mal- *"ou*leri" uu"orurt;-e" ,a*rr,6sre"gi*o" qe
inc5izeste) gi retransrciee parlial pe pHntnirpentlu a fl dla
soE,
iot partialrefleetato atit ziua cit gi noaptee,cretndu-se sadla!1e
reflectat5 de und5 lungH- o attd parte di.n radlaliile caLorlce
esi+-cedatH prin turbulen!a aerululrJ-ntr''E in schinburiLe
ce eEl.6u-
rH prile juite de transfornrrrile apeLrde transnrlterea
!n in:erlsrnj,
strstului actlv si de procegele biologice de Ia sLlprafala gi dia
interiolul st::atulul activ.
DependentS ie reqirnul anual crea! de nlqesrea
de revol,.rlie
a P5mlntr,1ul, da regirnutr_ dlurn creat de niEc"ouu
J ;;a;;;-;"r*_
uintuLui, de 'transparenla atmosferel gi de valoaraa eLbedou-Lu!,
!.,
l:qtl* *qirurL seu ss exprln{ g& '.!:'
nun5rul dq ore dc strdlucl-ro
a soarg1ld,".--..,
rnsortrea terenrrlqt g1 s lnter'lorulu! eLsdlrilorrlnportant,E
__,'
prln componenta lunl"noasdrcalor!.cu gl ultravloLets,
linle nornatr-ve El da iglon* fur raport ctr o"oi*"! o"l"-
'i ca o tndeplln*o innclr.uqiu_ *-og*s-s66gnl
r t*glirEttrs*-qq=sgtet--r,*;r-q"*sl
lllylr, p,l+$?n! S t **=; L,:
najete t"pui- orlenrEii ranr:aita tsr+ar*r ar-
Effirtc:no
(trtbunc,terenurt cte sport)91 cri p'nerri"1*;;;;
""poot
anuarti candl!!.{ do *"S-i#r*
pentru Joc r:rtr'e de cqpt t
nlnlnc pontrb p*"
, f .roliie;;;l;
rune tle tlo dcstlne!tra
ler, nir aeeiptu r;;;;;';;;r1erulut
"1"
retoscrenurrtc spelit drc predwlicrrtelrirc trru*-.
a aeecptu ra'uraqtto ccndrtil( ." ri;iJilil;*nr,
obllgatontu( Eoirr,otos"rioudtJ;; )sau,'o gritrie
ln losulalc ocr -Duih o c aeslu €tn apr!,i dcaiur rj toEI

'i I 14--+i;" j:' i

 ;li" -

oentra El c61 putln ilou[ canarc dtn epartarnantu] crr 5-4 serlerc
tlebuLc sl fla lnsbrltc rlnln I ll 2'ere ln solittllul dc larn[,
fl1nil ecccptat fntr-un ansamblu rezl-denllaI un maxl.n de j% epar-
tarnentc necorcepr:nzEtor' lnsorltc) .AeeestI iltn urmx cerlntE pra-
vlne. dln nulttple notlve: a) organlsnul unarl sU. beneflcltizc l$
lntirlsrul loculnlel dc condt!11 nornals blologtce Ql psthologfcg
fLlncl genetlc csndllllonat de ra,itelta so1ar5, b) sH sa beneflcte-
zd de efectul bacterlcld al- rarlletlel Lurninosso.€i ultravloLetc,
a) sE se beneflcieze dc aportul de energie natr.rXaLd celorlcH gl
lunrinoesH.
In !5ri1e dezvoltate economle norm€lede Lnsorlrc El cle
orlentare a cl-Sdlrllsr au fost diferenltate pe grede de latltu -
dlne pentru a se benefj.cia la naxirn de efectele favorablle ale
radtalle1 solare.
Influenla oraEu.lui asupra radia!1ei solare se nanifestX
ln raport cu terito".irrl inconjurHtor prii-r ;
- slSbirea intenslt5lit radialiei sotare in nedle cu
I a-Zo,% datsrlti calotei de lraruritEU rrarliall a\ ultrs-
violetE flind rellnut5 tn proporlle nai -idicatH (ia%)
dectt restul conponentelor
red.ucerea ituretei de str.Slucire a soarelul datorltl
fenomenel,or mai frecvente de cealH gi nebul,ozitate d:n
onag, datorlti tot cslotel de impurit5ti
I

t(FE
-- -,\^ --. -

. .r,l'---
r'!
:- -,' Metode d.e studlu
L.
s tnsorlril
rn ststematizare studiuL insortril utili zear| trel tipu-
...,".' :
r1 de coqrdonate \
(
'. ".*
coordonate
ri I
solare:
soarel"l (d'), etprtaat$ prfn internredtul va-
ii__49911na!14
'.'#
riab1lltutll dc pozllle aIe soareLul 'pentni flecare or[ El zl a
anululreste r:nghlul de in5llirne a soarelul fa!5 de ecuatorul ce-
res.c,nHsuratH pe llerl,ilian 91 variazH thtre J Zro.26r.41,. Ia sol-
ctlttul ilc var6 91 respectlv de larnH(pentru eslsfars nordlcE) Et
go 1a echJ'aoctll; tleplnde rle nigeerca dc rerolullc a PHnintFlui
El . tntervlne Ln studlul lnsorlrll'tndi.ract prin ve1orl1a dlfc-
rltr la report cu data gi ore 211e1 ela cclor douS coordonatc ptrc-
zratatc h rontlnusrc.
I
I
I ' d-'i eonllnut ln planul verttcel ec unagto soorela gl obesrVs-
:rnlS,forget 9.strc ilnla d9 lnterocctlo a accstul- plan cu planul
I :r1zonra1 gt L1n1a Ce uneEto sosnala sl observatorul; unghlul dlo
il61t,1nc s sa€ralul ec aHsoar[ ascen,flent dc ]a planul orizontal
r 1 4cplnde de dccl ln all a so_erelqlr"t elllg4le-q_et_ora*ob-sqrv_e!1e !.
I
' 1:llului sosralul (ls)nEsr:ret prin unghLul ortsontai pe
I .srs t1 fac dsu6 plantrl vertlcalc cc sa lntersocteazX prla y€F-
;ica1a punctului ele sbscrvarc gf csrc lontfnnunul cilreolta norril-
I sudrcalELalt soarelc ; unghtul azl-nut ee n5soerE tntotileauaa pele-
;rlad dc le dtlrcctla ::;r i-sud spra cst sau sppe vcet ta rapori e! 1
poziSla eoaroLul gt ilcplnde de ticellnalia soafglui., de latttudl-ec a
I gL de ors obeervallei,
'* '

I Pentru ora$ul Bueuregtlrsi'tuat la lstttudinea nordlcH Cla

l'is 25'. +S" coordonaieLe neeesare studlulul lnsorire, Lntre cers
I unghlul dlc 1n51tke a soarelul sste cxprlnat p:rin valoerea cotsn-
t
g-enter, etnt praucntatc tn tabelul urra5tsr :
I
])et s Yaloarra Ora
I 9gtt5 1o 91 14 11 Ei L7 12
22 deeEmbrla Ao 41o 1s 28o 4o.'
t 14o 2a'
o
0o
" ' !-i*-'
1
etg. o< 5 ,42 5 ,45 2,75 u.9.tJ

nertlo gl
I 21
2t scptcrabrlc
Ao 540 44' 59o 14, 2oo 36' 0o
C tg. o< 1.75 1t'29 I, oB
I 21 1rrnlc ?5e 19 ' i* z1-, t5a L2t 6o

t - ctg.oC or9* a ,62 o r45 o r58

:.

I oozille tn plan I sblcctuluLrgrupulut ds oblasta cau, fer-

ao dc tclicf ln raport cu :
I ro l_atltudlnce
. g"Lcnteree frt[ da punctela.eardlnels
I - tndlttasr eonatruc!i.ilor 91 e- foruclor dg relief exprs!.na-
tc prln cotc ta tn5}ltna'rcurbc de nlvcl gi-occllunl ceraeter!.si1-
e' prla tcma pc clrcctla szlautulul pcntru cerc sc-faec anlj'lgr.
I
I
 28-
Cse qrl almpl6 sstodH dc etudLu
e tnsorLrtl ears a gen6rTt, preo-
tl.e=astrrietodg1orut111zeazHr:rrgh1uJ.{ein51!|ueasgarg].'a1
91 szlnutu\

planurun:il-
dlreetle T'::;-il;llrff:
spue6 azirnutuluirdi:ractle
tnart' a terenulul gt pr!.n p,-"ier"l: urabreror prin
cota. eca nql
coasia cre nlver lnferloerci es tr'gui3;;; riccsre dla
aeeenca"u pria i""",
-ta lung*l accstsr d*:ce!tl ac rlnur; ""ogi-*rr"
-€1'n sec!l'n!' h:nglaea r:nbrel pJ ;; ffi;;.i. pc *oearc
o* ,i"o r; ;;;;.i"tu eles re
ta cea neal' de jos-g-+rg+*S-.etudr;t ea_
-rJ.=d . dE*4 prtn forsuia :
.' 'r- ' !' - r- . *-=ancffita" tn'l!1nnc diritre csta punetulul
rrnbrr si
ff{"'ras, "'ot"-piro"i"r aio"i*to-
se deaeneaz' pe eeeliune 1lnla
cer.: LasH^uobr$ cu extFemitates obller cere unegtc punetui
umlref .aju Or_";L de referin!H;
- punet'l de lntersecare 'al *.""."i.ir"r,.
reilefulul nareheezu tungimea re"ru "; i;;;l u" seellune s
1-1+"f ; sccst punc.i ee "-o*;;;-;;ir*""ts de !:c
- treee dln
"".it""J'"t,.=Jrul"u, $e conflnu'
oreratla p'entru tsate puneter-e curstelrstlce.
--'rtntu s unbrel datu rn f lna.l linie de
de reLlef se ob!!.ne *rni
*:osl' rpunetele de"tangent* ;;"tele de umbr*
1a cu'belc ere
nlver gl r-inia de ces_
'Ec a 'fo=ne1 de rellef " suprapun*;-;;o;"r"'a.,a"
'iarecterlstlce ss'obline zons afiatx dlferltc or{,
!n unb:,* per.mahent sau un
. anunlt nurn5r de orc.
peatru
dtur urnbrqr'or proprtl cr,dtrl, eceeasi netoc' pernlte strr-
-orLcntarca
"o""t" p"in";";; loi,rnelo" uq1
eararlaLu prcc; ;t-;"irio"roo
-vol'nelc c15d1r11or tnvcctnate.rs arunes:e pe teren
st pe
tu 31 o16 sc traseaz' tn plan seop u;;;oo anunit' d+-
"""**
,";;;ir:rrrc "
t:rJior oPusc dlrae3t"t .rinuturul el'dlr!.l dlrccll!.lc E_
-lor. fr funelrc dc tnullhee 91'se stablr.agtc runglnca ubre-
- cruar.rii ( h ) prln foraurr :
1=}t.ctgac ]
sc coastttrlacc rrnb3qls
El cc eontlnuH
orc-El dgta carstsrlstlcc -cu rjutorur.p"r"3re pcntru ecicleltc
1c *rrclta pc elr{lrtla tnvcelnrtc- caclluE11or cc cbltr ubrc-
suprrp'nind
tarra 91'felado s! ob!1a euprrfalalc cpurcrc ulbralor
::T;:;.* altuatc pcrrG.,rt
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, ccl al c_rtcrtorulul {e}gll$ groalnll zld6rtft -9l...ilrt.nctunL-
aq.
,1or Ygrcstrclor. Sc consideril tstotlrtE oI sfrctul Lnctdorlol- r*-
,..---.--.
"Gii" ooi"oc aub un unghl nal nLo do i2' rtlt ln pLea orlrontal
c3,t E1 in plan vcrtical ccta negS-ljeblL dln Elus'a efeetelor {e
refiaxla..
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luraatrlccr pc prolcctll conlaa r FG progfstc dc calculator s+::
pe eludiuL pc nechctg (cu cursil flxU dc lunln[ gt r*hatI aob:i5
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n axinclirlllETffnslor "bt:]g!sr efle|p*11.t-trd{nf1="torntc c' 211n1:o,
i;"fti; " "ffo
de vanU(t;nar. ) 25o'c';,at
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u art .tn iegEturH cu trmEtoarcLo espccte t i
-'.Eonarcs clLnatliH a to::ltorLulul tn vader'ca preclzS:ri:- t
condlllllor de cons-truclte El ic.,fundara ;
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alegerea auplasaft€RtcLor pcnt:u-anunlta furcllunl ccrlr.ii*

llonate de condi!il -de ternperaturH(etaltunt pcntru sporturl de -,1
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lnrnE ctc.)
'-':-= strblltrea nUsr:rllor cic atanuare ln terttorlu gt '1.n lnt.l-\

rlorul oragclor a condi!111or orccslvc ds temperaturH prLn ac!:rrnl

eruprs factorllor csrc 1c pot lnflucntr(vcgetattcr.bazlnc clc aFX,
rcducqrea suprafelclor, radlnntc ln p3-an orl.zontel otc. ).-
Tenpcraturr nadle enuelE rya!1lndt d,tr ]rtltucllnar(16C 1c,
2oo kl) Et eLtlturllnca (lo0 la 15o-2oe r.irprrzhtH dlforcntc 'at-
tabllc lntre oleg gl terltorluL clla JuruL orrEuJ.ul'rilc pind Ie
1-1r5o C . Aoceatr rs rcflaqlU talr-un nun6:r rel acXzut ilc zl1; {e
lerlE(cu 2-8 z11c), u nunHr naj- cc[zgt lc zllc at.hghct( ea ]-;-
5s ztlc) El un nunUr ril rlcifunt do ztlc ilc verE( eu 2-5 z1lc) -
Dlfcrcatc).c qerlnc'tcrrloc tltrc olog El f,rprcJnrhl pa:
rtlngt lOoC,l1-lrl rerlrc ltc.rl tr Jrrrul orcl 2lrooi otrd rfrcl]--
ctrcl putcrnleI I ootctrucll11or lln crrrcrrl 211c1 rstr rclrt[ Fltr
cltcll treluclgrte tc rtdlttti lafrrrogll; Fcnouenalrlrtulrt ge.c-
tctrltl roh:r1c:. oatc tgrrrrt lr hrcrcalbllltrtce rtatulla -Clr-
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ltdrhce dtferanlaror tirnlce acnli.cna*e
da'roras si pozrgra eete r.nfiuenlet6
r j-}a p€rlranchta.
o'aEurur u ""ooo;';;';;;r;il; -, ou .,!;1!r3_

::' fn 'inierlorul_ oiagulul sb lnregl:t*soz1

btle ire temperatur* tntrc oentr.u eartlare.r_eAi6ronSe gensi-.
91
putln densc sau parcurl{ cia, rr-irE perlfarlee pa{
*t o* ir--rii"" pdr}r,e-!rE_
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tdcdeasupra
s.Labx', pre?.cnt11 permAner'!t. ---------*_*-':
oraQrrluirpe.csre vlntul trobulo
s{ o escaladsze.
strdzile lunr3l gl drepta,rnrrgin!.tc de fronturl conpaetc de
clSriirir dlspuse pe rllree t1a vintulul dominant suport[ lntegral oc-
liunea ecestuiercirlar cu n5rirea vltezel tn zonele de tngoot"rc a
profllului transversel(efect de ejutaJ).fn cazul devlerlt strdzlj.
cu n1nln I5o fa!5 de dlreclla vintuLul se obllne o reduccrr a v1-.
tezei cu pl,n5 1a Ja96. Orice obstacol rla vtnturile slabe Et acdtl, .

aeigurH o proteclle pe o distanlX nerglncl ptnl La ds j orl in6l!1.

uea obstacolului.
b)Fortnales de brlze 91 curenlt Locallra'dloua lnfluanlu ln-
portentH creatl de oraE asupra nigcUrit eerulul/pereeptiblld ln
perioadele de calu !1 vlnt. slab(sub zri- n,/sec) rsc aatoraezg nel I
. : - .- '
nnultoreauze:. '

- 6 cazul brlzelor urbane ,l,n eezonul cald iurenSif '."-

cansLonar'l creall <le tnc{1zlrea puternleH a !erului- deasupra bo.-
ce pernlt.c pHtrunrtersa,aCrirlui' nalt rieetala
gululfo/or': azU un go1
terltorlul inconjr:rHtsr rp€ tot perlactrul, epHrlnil astf"1..:ii"i: tf"-
tet de brlza cEtre gentrul oragulu1". F"oo"ebi].c o"rrtirutiriri&u-
3-ul, ln special Ln cazul axlstenlai ulor naslve plantatc
.f1, z-&cte
peri"netralc rbrlzcle urbane gdue sprc..c.ent1u
91, locrvituSlii*'$au*
triilor dlspuse ds a1tfel cdrect fatU ac ymiu::tts dtsatdfinti ri*pt
i-nportant In cezurtls tn eare p.crloaclelc dte daln repr.ezlntg 5e-lol
tttn an; .-t,, , ..,r '':,.,'',.,;:. .,':: ;l , .', 1i.-:'i; 1.i
. j::!:i. t,.L:.,,.. .
-,i. .. ,;i. :

telor sc datoreazE ziuc clrcul.altal tcr,"icc afntrii'toot-

'ac€gtta
tulilq unbrLtc sPrc eola tnsorltg 'ler noaptoa cobortrll,rcru1uil.
nai iccc cr artroelri^3, hbruruit".oif;: ain:ianelc.gl tncrnii ii;i{i"

'' : : Practlc, avlaenSrerca crietcrer vtntuiur'r;t;;';;e;=*;;

'

dlftcll da eprectat ln aedl Lntultlv'dln causr dtlfcrltclor cfectc ,

ctcvlcrc ' 91 ill:fiJarc , sc f acs pr ln rrpuncrcr .ia ,tunclila.gto-a-.'rii

8-ld*llforctrlcc slu tr urcrcel[ rclatlvH($] .D5 e.ul bprnr

 - 5?'--
Eptc dc rcnllonrt frptul cH unul {lntrc clcncntalc dc per-
tteularlzarc e vclulctrlcl uncl egoz[rl rczu].t[ dln nodtlltatcr
dc prcicotlc r oIU,tlrllor rlc prcelpttalll.
n\ ....',' t l
c-- ".-/_' t.' )
-\
, :
2. I-RESTJRSE MAISRIA],E SI ENEBGETICE
I

j'--:---n
- Vr,: .- tl :
jj4

2.)-. RESUBSE IIATERTALE '.-j

l'istcrlalele neccssrc satlsfacerll ncvollor fundanentelc elo

soc lctd Ull -hrenH, imbrdc,lmlnte, lo c ulnlH, tr ansport url,
tnf orma llc -
Parcurg un treseu caractcrlstlc de la extrageree dln'natur5rir-"or-
vcrtlrca ln proarusc f rnrtc (rucrrrl ,uncr-tc ru,-o"t ) g1, t";;t;-u;;-
.!

urn6rla dcEcuri'rtrsscu {_ntergeetat tle q serlc dc reltrlcUl dLntrc

carc cele nal lnrportante slnt : ltniterca resursefo"
""tJ"r"l; ;":
regcnerablle repui zaTea prev:zlullH'e unbr rrsurse energetlce;polur-
rce rcdLtrtut'natural.Acesto restrlctil ranpllftcetc f a if vef"i-;;i
erl?c.ccononLcd nondlale, exprln{' lnpasul creet dc insdecvar;;
f;:-
delului soctetEltl ln.r,rstriale la condl!11Lc recllulul naturst. .f"tc
deJa tn curs o transfornare in profunzlnb'a'bsze1
tehntctl-,aatCrrarr
a scc1etdill evlnd drept corisoclnle trcccrca dc Le dezvoLtarcs
clc
tlp oantltattv ra cea dc ttp cerrtatlv.r,n carc
"or* ;";;;;;;-*
vcr cletlnc ccrcetarce gtirnlrflcd,rtehnlcile rnrooralr;;"i;:;;;;;r:
---
noleglllc El tehnologille de rccupcrsreo... .,o '
' studlllc tlc slstenatrzarc igl tntcnelezr in narr partc propu-
ncrLrc dc dczvoltare s rocarltH!{lor
}c erxroegterie
turalc'crlstcnte gl pe aprecleree poslbilltutiror "r";;;;r;-;;
eocstcra llntnd rears dc conar!illc, ipccrfic,rl
a".o"roi;;;;; .
rccarc ;-;;-;;*.H_
lc.ran1f,cstetcpep1anlondtlr1.'-..,..-..:.:

Dln fo rfE r pl.rictcl dcastririurrl

. trsr- *z i
cltcouprrnc8 tn crroultul hrdrrrr.olrc gi i""r-.-il.!r-
Il,i.::_:r, cr'rut -ev-
gr pantru :rtltt.zerc rd rsrlcurtii
rEtrur
liil_:i:n:,o:.::rrut sl
:;Glt-
I5::: *: t n
;t
utt r, lncs rn .' * *
turl1e .ti purtftrc.oc r epclratwtql
: 1| " "ir.ii;5iuJtr;
rfnoat--rr;;;#;.;;:-:
;rib;
 58:
dceellalz.ar.ce epcl nulll ca qi poclbil_ltatsr :rrt.l,Llzlrli ptnu
-anut In
zeoo I tnt::aglr 'o"rrirtulr dc. apu dtcponlblrr fac
dlln,roc3!-
tI rssunsu 'vtte]-6 un factor crltlc pentru rajor!.,tatce.ectlvltg-.
tllsr. utusnc.
apreci.at ln ne,etlc dc goo-l_oco l/ca /zL ac
Corigunu]. ale ap5
reparttzeaz[ int;:rc Lndugtrlc (cc a,47%1, agrlcultur[ (71%)
rconerl
publtc rrban(14%) sl eorEruun'easnLi( gsf.ohtic consuhaEertrlndub-
trLe nodernH utlllzeezH ccarrooroos l.apvb tonE de zah4rr
15o-ooo -Sooeooo l./b tsnu oler sau 2b.iio".*r i."p8 pentru pls-
,llt""arca unul .qt"t de rnaterle ftslsnabllX,ceee ce lnpune. ast5zl
'3re!'uttndenl cu etrlngqnlu riclrcularea epel lndustrlale.
:.

^5/ro |ocuJ-tor)saurtn gazul io "are sc r"o;";;;;;";;"'1,

j?oou
,apele DurHlltrcu rasurso
:
neait de apU(lntrs 5ooo -Io."ru .5'/"o,.',.
"locult-or). ' , 'l

&ii ... : ;

Buna qospodErlre. a resurselor'Glc epu este urn5rltd

l-t: ? : -' attt le.
..1tveiul utillzatorf ror(econonlelre rrecircul-aTE )c tt gl,1a ororror,.. l
eurselor prln luerHrl de menaJHrl ale .bezinelor rrrJrogfafl.ce;";
-;;
.gular_lzarea crrsurllor dc
ul"a"l"r;- : "puretrri.narea-uui"**l
i.lws.e1oT,-9uprag1subteraIlo1.''':'.
.'-:.,^\*r^;rii
-\.t.
r rVtL; .. ": .'
--.Y,,.: Rietueercgetale :
. ;-' . ',.'.-,
--a--.-=-.-
:,'.]'.'^.'.'..'.''..]-\.--.....i..l..:.'.l:],.'.''.::'..'':,'.-

")
n""*"" o.s"t"l., io'dg"toi"11."" ,,,i.,,'.
 ,-)90"
rr.aarcr .l.eoa.ZlS rfin luprcfala etitorll. :r -Tctrdlrtrclus3al ccrll-
ff.oet{.v lctursclc': :vcg6te1c. ":''":': " -':' :' "'1': ' ' .

\ - ,--.: -ei'
frporteale' ooncldcrcntcler dlc aii' srri'tfadc crpleatarcl
accstcl rceutge, cu'rltnurl ectualc dc dcfrfdarc .ac .21.Joo br.pc
t! (oc vor crcgtc dlc Zri orl tn anrrJ- 2ce
tHrc6 srtvcaicu ruror produsc cu tnalt 6rad dlc lndustrlellzerc(btl-
;;,;"i"1ezu,;;;;"si"ri3""ta.,cs9nri oir'i'i ) 'r ' ,:
.- Sc ocrecteszH latqns pcslbtlitataa for'lErif rttnului dc ela!-
tero aI csenlclor prodlucttva gl posibllltatea valerlflcHrll rI,rci.
gurll e vagetrllsl nelnsluao, nntetrlot, 3 rlndul rosulgeJ.or.
Rolgnla, cu 27E il.ln euprsfate _terltorlgf-.gf.-gcupa-tl. dte gdelurt*
de nsrc.prodricllvltetc(auUtr:t pro{uctlvitHill agndlale 91 die 7-1
sri nel rarc ea uodla crilope anH)rcxpl.oatelz[ agtHgl srl volr:p-da 1r--,
sH'lcnnoeefi sub aedlLr cclui ds cre gtcre eiiua).[rpo care 6 pra]uelcl-'
:

!
z[.Indlustrla] ln p:opgrtle dlc 80:85$ S1 erc u1l eadru leea{ dlc FDol ,1,

- itrlet[.a pildurllol. :' .. . :.-... .' , '. :,'

tcclli
, ' a l';{ ,.- ,,., : -r:.'..
,
' ^i:i ',,,,.ii
'''b)iReeu!se dc hrattil
-j.-
, ' : ,. : ; I ,
,r
..': .'r. .:i':,.... :..",, ...,--. .:tr.,'.':',- . i.:' .'.:.
. ' . Jr . -'.: .' ' . ' : l
. ..:,. -, ,,.. .:_ - : :.:r::.3,
Dla suprafala totald a uecitulul o'parta dli nungl, cca.il* '.
*-t.:
-*- . nF ,*F'......:'' '
esto _g$1-yallllexlsttndl rezerve dc cxtlndlere I, sc6steT euprafc- ,

..!c p.tnH .].a asxiilE#. Degl teoretlo lceast[.supra.{atE ar nute.i a:t:

gura nEccsarul. dc trreailronenlrea eets. confrrihtatH qu exlCteala unul
nunlr estlnat'3ntrc 5sc Fa nl].loanc 'tl :
1r9 ptllsrdle dlo:IndlvlzlrtD,. .!'!
_aaJorltatc copllecerc euferd,dle,_sub_qftrltle-gl dlecl nu vor putea ':.."
.tingc nrcroaat{ nlvEtr[ .rr#ftdfffPr,fotfHtr"ruroi ror' flzlc ir' .""tii.
I -., .. Aslgurarea hrangi 'deplndlc de'un c'o"pfli aetfactort
'neturgl"li,,,'
agrotchnlct gL eeclo-ccoilonlci ca;ntvefuf "Ac dazvoltargrpi;odlucc.rytilt,
I ttt .dllgtrLbulrca hranc'irs{rrHtaica i{ lglcnarrarkqttngul . gt'c9,np*t#
rcntrrl conernlatonrlutrltrrrctur.lLc.goetal" neraela'*.*1*ale' .-":r;
-g{
Afaq.tln{l astHzl ?erea iaJor!,teto e i6rifor-'tn duse ac::de6ttln"r. -.".
lnsuflclcnte allicntclor. vr etlngc rionfor.t prcvlLtuarlor ilto"fc;*."
rplq :gftr.Eltul crcolulut gl' t[rll,c ilrirvblteta rrd'islt ci$Crtetterc
{r.'el'licntr der ele cUrcr prodluelll'stnt basrtb'F' f'nflunni lr rlcr-
gtc, gl,.ratarlrlc' provcnhA] rfn rca'urac: ci ec-gct: cpuf,za tR' ldul 1

tua'idlcccnllr' i,t'.,. '::"r-^'',t,:;i".::":';:1''' {5'i'''':"-;:'':' - .

Elntlc. rlir:rlIc.'6crs'ldcrrtc'at flhl lt Ffi$ batialtrtr lr

t

_ i ;1 i .
.
a1ll8*o.l .rcllrailor ar:hrraf, eq hacrls ':'r-

I
 :4o-

: ;:: : : ;::" : i,:" ::il1*:?'J;:;: 1,

"
:::il:: : il:,
tsrenrr ll.or dcgredeta .
i
- -labr:n't'lirca rn{arrrllor agrotehnlcc
- dezvoltarcE .ec vacul-turll
a progreracl0r forurr.r.or lnte'helronclc
.ap1lcar.c
(:y'FAO.)esro vlzeazH etlnul'are a producllct
dc ,.,
allnente pc pLan 10ca1. .gl aohtlrbrercq repartlllc*
ellnental-or Ia nivsl g1obal .

''t -'-
' = ;, -:1 - ,'' , ,---:'
2.1. 2.

-acrataLlbe dln lltosferilraelrriU,

-'reizbrv!" sste exploatatx ato-e ar' o anualtg .parte ctcnualtl
"dU";;;i;"-"iiiu";";;.irrrr,
:

gt aeononloc aetuale.Dlneolo tchntec

d.J;
:leeu'se1gr1mp11cUefortur1u"";;;;;;j"'lX#;:::'-i',lil]s;"
tehlo1og'1c5cetnpuncoetrrr1sup1luentaredesegr'1foartertitlc","]"
nltnur'le sceererate de cxproetarcribper,tr"-ereJ
15 a rezervelor gl epulzarea p""orztbllu i";;ri"-r;;;_,
eosLtcr r$erc'r rplatin5, argint "
orr"o naterlalc ea tungs+,eny
rhelturp1unb,cupru, zrne , petrol
xatural-erse reflectH rn suceestun."'Luo ,e:rr.z€. ,gaza
sub.s'bret tehnlc ce aatsrli prlno ou
91 conjuetural.
.: , I Estlnlrl moderate aratH c{ tn ilaJorltatea cazurilor re,zerveii.
rlu itor' satLsfacc'eelenile p'ella!.aata
'ecnLlof,n rare cazuri rael r,rrt oe
dscrt suaai. trirp de crteva dc-
ua c"b'"r.Rttnul actual ,ie crcgtcrc.
GrPongettaLu s cererll cle
'? nate'rl prteo poate-; il1es prln uln'-
torul.caLcuL : decE la cererca
inualU.adtualil pHitratl conetentl
anrlnltu rlzervu ar e
{""u"-'n ntlfon-de-earno.craEtcrc aauer'
eal' 3-s s berelir. e' cpulze r.,surs" do nu-
*l^"qar 5gf do an:f .-. ..

,...D1rect1l.1etag8rcsgo;r'l'cntctzu'*,i;';;fr"*ulcstEsolc
:!C1ttcnarab1]eau1n.vetiere:..:'..'....i'-'-.
- 'acononrsirea a,aterlaleler r-sc g:. -
1 La lnlocultcrl , "eirruuc: gt niaurgci;i
extragerca coaplcr'lul dc subste'tb
btrl-c. cln r{cq. rtacrou,
neeupetatos natcrlclclorrpoalbilE Intlr ,e.gf
dczvoltsrc.' cconoalc rcnteblrr f;| i: :. :
r inir r.rnirilr;,
tcbnalogll dc crtragcrc r ratcrrrrercr ;l :ir._
-iro,ix6Eiiati
ctu lln rpr accrrrclor a'ttrror

t
t \ !_-.41 .-
.{'.rplbctsua nbauttt'ob plllneta]1'q'l
I '.i.'ca oontla ';de': cxcaplul'crL dc rangaa
do, !c firndul' rccercl0rr
t.Z5%.a.rn!aa ,' !%.'cupru,
' '\g' h16 hbl 91 a ,25# o obalt; tn- cbntltilll'
cti t" l e o. ;;h
dc , pi
q.arplbat'dcs aubeol-irlul , - '. ..
neili "' ' 'r '
'(
,

' ;antlclpir.ca gl-91,cviter€a Bcllcrcifirtator haotlcc iJ.6 lenrrlcl

t ito aitcrtalc bri tnpabturtil' nedai'lt' aeupra r-eatuIul- ie-
-ttuqal prra'etirdi.l; itc aveiuaie e rbeursiler -gt'nezcrvelorn
I ac irotactLe a na:dlululrdlc drezvolteri echiubretH: a loea-
IltUtllor ln raport cu rcsursclc. i,
a-:.
l
..1
!

2.2. RESURSS ENERGETICE : : ,

I ".Energia ne1eaent lndlepeasabll pcntru lrarsa naJorttate'a $t-.

: ':.. ...r.:

tl?1tUlllor tuanercone!.deretH ptn$ eolu aouE eleccnll ca o bezu, icf-

I 'tin5 9L nal-lrite{e a tuturr" u***risi;- ir ecrvlcilicirrsc #ru h
fata unor lntrebHri erLtlce g,rlvtndt ririteri tt"i*"t"
I """*";t;;,
ttc utlllzar€ a energiet 91- llniteic.aablentelc fLnaLe creete dlc po-

I
]i

I In ttecrtleuL
-pr!.e1 saie energll rezuLtate
lstsriit sale onul g trocut de la utllizares -'pro-
dln csnvdrsla blologlc$ in+"brnU h r:nuf
I p--o!cn!l-a! ghtrtc
-aetn{tgtrlF- stxpi8tgc.g- g$el. enepgll- itc pastg.l?o-
I.ic orl ls! lsle ileott prcpria ea e4ergle. Aqeeetl creEterc aicqnde
I tn ,upateLe-vaLcrllon niatl lltnrrl iextrer do ,rfdll.eetd _Cc elcgt6re .
songlEuLui.,tn c dcue JunUtatq a'eecbl.ulul nogtru El Ciecrepanlr,'rcrp
-fs:- ce pcctc- 215 illn oirenlre .su
I bondire-16:b-drn-cnaiiilc ti'tlip or
o clngurl.larU dagvo].t6t[ eu 5S dltn populrlLa rondlrlt,:gf, Gsnsulo
:5o5-dtg lat:reege craergle produ3u($iu.i.a.)o,., rr ^i -,.: ::r ..,: :,i,: -;'..
' 'l? Ecduccrce'decelaJeler prh crejtcrar'corgurulul cacrietlb fr
.tErli-c'te cr:re dg dte zvoltarc fa'cfrar
57tfi Elritesljusrdle"ricit"re.
I calorhlte '!&lrvbr' evee -ca 'cftct tn rriul -2ca5:i .CrcEtrira r,ccrs-q.
iulul la'dncrgia dc :.c..blt f'd!Etlcr".1'g5oj:, :' c i,.',:': r'-:-''.-:'. ':.'!,:'
I +"ru tf
Struitdlr caittuaillui "da ddct'glb ac: tierpulr 8ff to'nsuruf Fci-
?) oilwrtlror .Esrgtcl lr €cniretr rtcetrl.et , b) eclgurrrre
I letrrlllol prhc ;natlu iaduatrlc, E) lacuatlll, l) truapwtrri, gl
tclcocualerttl, r) s.n!r:l publlo rcranlo el rltc frlcctalc. tnllrtr
lr rrrlutll r rccrtrr-erncur'Gl r lrtf,,cu drzroltant rsuettcl
I
 -42-
fi'lEt crFlrltatf prla ccfidarce ponderll aari(postr 4i;fi a o{ns'!u-
'Iul lnduptrlal-edtro o pondere achlrrelenri{ eu esai a.cons.r:lulul
transBcptur\ gt' publlo-ceanlc. olntre, consunatorll {ndustrlell.
t!
c
gueurlle ce10 nal uiel revin lridustrtel-allnentsre
gi-ugoesaiia
vr_d
:.cc€agl- vaI0arc.r produclleJ. se oonsutrH da Zrj *r1 nal,au.ltr
an
-t1s'tn lndustrla construclli1or de nagLnir.de )_4 or1 nal nuli5
energle ln lnduetrj.a celulszel gl htrtlel; de 5_6.ari- ,Ln lndustll.
chJ.a1cH, e aaterlalelor.de construe!1c El a stlclei-
91 de rz-i_j
ln lnrlustrls aetalulgleH. : :,_ ).

Dln consu*ul de ener"gie pentru populaiie, tn zonera cu el1'r

tenperatH ln care se l,necrie lala noastr,HrgJ_9# se constrir5 ca
energle ternlcH gl 8-13% ca ener.gLe-eLe-ctr-ic{. -Raadanaent,al .je fo
. sLre a'.'c$ldurLl aferente volunuluL unir clxdirl .este. de 1o-45%,
.Plercerlre ftind, datorqte neetangeitHltt gt infllirallllor e1'-Tg1;t
csgurllor 'cle venttlalte (15-]7?ir,plerderll-or p:rin
,re zldurlloi sollite (j-S%) . "n""our"" apei El

i \a .4ir.tr ' i t-, ,, 1

---Prodrrclla :

2.2.2. db energls , : .'-.:

A doua jumHtate *."oLului nostrurnarcatu de crlza petrolq-
"
lu\ a cunoscut gl va cunoagte ln eonttnuarrc o i.npo*tariti iue:g."=
re a ponderlr sursel0l 4.e ane'gie dupH.cLE ..'r'U"ru ,
'Anul 'Cdlbun6
Fetrol Gezg:' FILdro Nuc].ear Not
. :. I
.su.rsc Isiat
195o.'59r9,26;2'.'..,.9n}:;,;4j4.'.:n.'.,..TrG
,

^I9?4',.:56r* .'.42rg' -,.2o11,. .:.r;A :.- .- i.,.-.,.; ., :1oo*

..2n;9 ". org,
vrT IOO;b
foso :55$.i f.grl .-. ,:{;.{ , ferg 1,9-., .1so%

: ', rn'vqloevc absdLutE cregtdrrlb.Hareate'gle proddclter

de
glc lcr conctucarilc fapt.tn anul 2+ioa,,la dlublare o consum,,lro{,u" en

";
'-.'-i' ' Accestd elcEtc,nc r produetlct ectc eonf,runtetd..ou
llelter€r
-1t65€rva1r5 tl rcs-rrreeLor- dc. ancrglc .conjrcn$onql6 :osrc;ia !.potaar_
unrlr rttlurl enuelc dc e4egtere a.coacurrrlqft iltn,_I9g-o .dp.,gfi,1{:5F,
- tort crt{ofecc. un tdrp. rctrrtrv.r^c-duardupd qr,' ullcra$.

il
 -*5-

Bcaursc Nuni{n anl tn cerc vcr aJungo losurtclc *)

'Et rczervcle **)tn c'ezu1 unor
rttlr:rt Ac
craltere a consunulul dtn Lgge .cu 2$ Et
5% anual

ti sur30' teztrve roSursa. rczervg

Pctrsl -
-58 2t 58 18
Gaze naturalc 72 t5 45 ?.8
CHrbunl 218 86 Lo? 52
*) totslttatin zCslrnlnteLor euno.ccute sau presupusc
**) iotalltatea zucuminteler exploatatc sau cxplostabllc
ln condttill"c tehnlce gt economlca ectuale
Accast! sltua!1e a lnpus lntrsrce' ln carcatsrs , oxperhantr-
rc g1 exploatare dup'H anirl 19?4 a surscl-or neeonvenllcnarc dc orcr-
gto gl gatLnderea surselor de energtc'nucIcaril eare vor itcvcnl dle
ee ln ce lat cornpetltive Fe nlsura seurnpirll sursefor convenllelala

z'Jl:l Sursale de energla

%

Enargla elsctrlcX gl,z'sau energla ternrtcl sc pot producc prlt

convgrgla direciX a energiel unol sursc rprln acurnu3.area enorglcl
sursol gl ut1li"3""t acestol scumul{rt seu prln prelucrarae cnorgia
conllnutE tq dlferltc sursc brologtce re hlnj.cc rnucreErc r
- Surse dlrecte de energlc :
' , ' energLa solar5 utlllzatH la tenpefaturl_Josse_ (eub hoo)
cu aJutorul eap'tetorllor soLarl pentru.proparsroa apel eal-{c pcorr-
.dlllonarol aerulul gl inc{lzlrcq loculnlclor.(cu eau f[rd .tansgrzl-
nsr€ da c5lcur5), slsten da larq5 ut11lzarc ln zonsla ih cerc strl-
luclrca soeralul dep!!sEtc 2ooo ore anual
'9 (15o-
6rco .c) plJ.n focellzarcr razclor aJutorul'unor ogllnzl
hcllcctata lntr-un eolcetor ecntral "or"i"1u
gttuat Ie tn{1!1ne clc 1lo-15o r
!1 prcvlzut cu uE botlcr' dc unitr vnporll ruprtlncHlzlll ectloncrrl
oltuPtr unel turbtnc cuplatc cp u! gcncretcr clcc.trto.pcntru I
Erntrrl[ rlc bc ![F atnt rcoostlr cltcvr Lll dlo hclbstrtr tlcrrtrl
 44

o luprafelu reflcctant[ dc or9 kraz r itlspuse p6 un tercn cla jrgh2

slstanul estc apllcst r.n nal nultc lrrt Ia capaeltxtl sub 1o
Mw.
- energla solru utll-lzeitH prln conversle dlrec*r
ce1u1e1or
gla solard"o.
atlt itlaectE clt El dlfuzSreste utlll zata ln ";;J:"::::
pre zent
zborurlle spa!1a1e gt in eazul unor consulnatorl 1zolatl.,lln cauzsin
costurllor g1 eonsunurllor energetlce rldlcate de fabrlcalle dar con-
stltul-e una rlln rnerlle speranle ale rlecenlllor viitosre.
" energta eol1an5, utl1lzatE in trecut peniru producerea ener-
gi'ei mecenicereste falosit5 in prezent pentru producerea prin turblnc
gl motoare eollene a energlel electrice. Instalalii1e aetuale
au capr-
cltXtt ae ] [iw-nsxim lo ul'if gi geor"netrlt irnpresl-orente.avrntl ln5l!1t
de 12o-17o m' gi dienetre a1e rotorului d; Ioo-Ido n. condilia
galor1e pentru reallzarea acector lnstala!11.este un regin
obll-
ccjnstent
s} vtnturlror cu vitezH de peste o m/see.de eer pu!l" 1;;; ;;;;;:

specJ'flce de pesteS2 K'v pe metru Lineal de front airltis(illsrea

Neagre
are nurnal 6-7 K't/nl), nrln ridicarea unuL flotor ee pune
turbinE sau prln cSdere llber5, tntr-o tnsulu srtlflcigld
ln nigcsrc o*-.
ptrnl5. prev6zut5 cu o turbin5 {o forna uncl

' energla c&rentllor oceanlci poatc ac liona paletele unor t'r-

blne ce pun i'n nigcare gerieratoare ile curent alternatlv plasatc
pe
cLrcruferinlele ellcel gl a fost evql-uatu ce rentebllu
rentului Gdl-fstrearn (vlteza = 5o -15 s Kn/z+ ln cazul cu-
"""i.]O
rl da 14 turbine dlspuse intr_un dreptr:nght cle i"t"" a. 71 grupu_
5o r 6o h m putea dcr_
'volia s onergle de lG.ooo frtif(ssh1yalentul a ls;;";"L"
qo"fearc)
' energ!'a nareoterdlcH seu oeeanotelnlclrbazatH pe gradlcnt'I
::::t:_: ; ta supraf.alr dln zona trrpt_
csl,E rivtail tenperat*rl ae ,Oo C gt oela
che, peraito cu ajutor'l rccl ;-i"-;;; ;;;
eireult "o*U.';"
r""ni"-";";"
'nul
*ttrg tenperatr:ri Jease dc.vaporlzercrobllneria "t-*.;i"l,rirr,
Kr'' o etr'tu varlratE constr rn utlri""n". *.o pot".ot dlc Frroo
agentului ;";;;-H;#i por"
::l::t "p:': _rn ractrrlc turerc dc rr-rb sdhrtai",o"t,o;;;."
olcrtc altlflcle1'.
': encrile rPotgruieE
pcetc fl fclrglt[ prtn oapt.tc.-rb113urtrt
gt -.pci grctcrrrlcrutlllzsr, esno rro'o'tnacllot.ti-to.rtib
g1 .
r.rc *tlndcrc n lErllc cu retfcl ia rcar'ss 91 cr
rr.tnorlrrr cllE-

g:.:_; .
=z 're: -
I 45-

I t€rla dG ccl pulln iecc o"f e encrgicl astfel prsduse ptnH Ln anul
nplnH incH unele r1lflcu1t6!1 dln e auzs nlnerallz{r1:.
2ooo.. SQ tntf
\ 'apel
91 rablaec.tlvlt[!1'1 !1 . a n€eesl til!11 ralnJeetXrll apcl tn sub-
I tsran. In afars a6c5ulntelsr hldrogeoternlcertn prezent-sc 1au ta
consld€rate lntruzlunlLe nagnatlce itln scoartH(ea cele dln Cf,nplt
I dg Vsit g1. drln nlcropS-aca-noeslc5 dln lara noastrE) care pet f!. er-
ploatate prln pcrec.hl..de eondle prtn carc se lnJecteazU sp€ g1 se
I Coleotaaz! vaporlL de ap5 Ln g1 dtn spatll de lnmagazinste create
prtn crpIoz11 dtrlJete Ln roce flerblnte illn eubteran.
I
edtfel ileoar.ece-se bazeazH'pe ecumulerea unor -ar!
I ". ,r
iqqnl-te
.,1 r
11 t.i
.l
i ! 1-.

aase de apH qare tn c.6diere gravltetlonalH pun in ni€care turbiaelc

unor'hldfocd,ntrsleiefudet-e'de acu;ul"are stnt der doul tleuyt
I
I
I --r'-'i -'*=.
)enerpl nsrsqlol' trtl1lzalH prrn' acunulares airet sdusc .€c
''*=fenergla
I aareee inaltH(nexl!il 2.1 a)h.fioJ.furi. gt estuare gs',s,r{ster
' . gtet nasel acusrulate
ru1. unor baraJe ee 'se- deschld pertlal j,st, }rttLlzexea ,€_ner-
in nod sfnflar centraleisr.hidraiLce"
I ': tilce.rn preient fun;llohearH
: .:' hanta La Rance:El:,'tE SRSS -fn
douH *"trii'a" centrdte"it'"
Gblful gs1i.+':, . t I.**)*is-?
I ':Srrrsqdegrc1ucraie,..u;....,,.."o'':-'."i..'..--';. " :.,* ."' I ':'-a:."ir"F::

suraerc dc enqglr l"ratd pti cltberaraa energtel eonlinnti-!D

'--,-t..'!.": .-.,,.i..

t plgtti, !I__htCI
J;+":t5? oo grbrrr. I' "Et ".,$r ;i zc
!,B1.r-_usq5ur..r-a. tr tn raer,ePrr..+'q,gr,9as vl:'slnt qe 3 cart.'
r.rv.L's].EI .

Yer].t1ga. cg-+*g+t'l-T-- t
= ' '- ':
. "= . -.. ----.'.-
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-.r'

, ,i iursi'td preruclgra bip+iEiq[ pltn c.ui{tr3rra,,i1 'prclu; "i"

elladr nla5rtclor io f.9r1cazH hldlrrcrrburt(Iatar trensforrelll lt,,
I banzlnE)rprln descoapuntrca lnr.lobH r dcEcrrllor orgsnlea(btrr -- -

grz), prln fcrlentatct cclulozcl' 11 oalloaulul(etsnol),prla crptG'

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:''r ' ologtcu
J
68ut1f1cf,rc6,l;':-::":]';:-::':il:
grzslflearsa cErbunllorrprln htrlrollz.e
epel(htdrogcn)
' surse elaglce dc uttllzare b contiustlbll1l0r foet'11(cl{r-
buntrpetrol ,g,aze) ln centralc tcrmoelcctrlce. ---:--

fn_
IocJ":::"1::":lT;:,:ff;lii,I il3,t1":".;::;:-i::il1"il::l I f
taLs naJore'exlstentc. erenplu o ccntrelE *u.""riretr1cr c" 2"..
De
l{{l prevuzutu cu sLstene de rellnero parttc"t"i""-;;-;;";;":"": I
*s
crnlte Ln stmosfarl 7 tone de cenug['pe or5
ln efara orLzllor a

El azot.gl depozlteazE un vol.un enorE de rezldu:rl("t";;t;-;;;;:i dc sult

tone pe an)reprezenttni! clrcd 5o% dln conbusttoti"i
"iut;.t-r-'":'" :

.-' sulsEiucleeroelectrlce (cllB) utttizrna trel tlptirl dc

;"::::',,:::::l ::-i::::':,"1
tn c are *"rrrl ;t";;;;;; ; ":':ran1u rnbogutl* i'';;iln;""*, i
":ollr, .i b)
:_t:i"-"
.--- .*wv'o*rrr. ,oanlo natira.1,.,gl,"pg
s.t ou uranlu n"ijo"at,,gr aps gre-g ;;""rril
:::,.1." '. tn.cerc
uqJ.-r; pIq.
stocat pentlu,,a fl rsroirt,;.Irii;.
sau
:::t.:..1":..:,,1_l::1c1at
cLcru nr[clear .cu thortu eau ca b
:::_T:1 ,gri"*;p"u";niln.;";;$:
::::::":",:::::::l !1. c) reecto":u :" ;L"t"onl laplzr o"sl-,
:T::' ) e'n dare,,rrr{i: rrcil*i.il;;[-;".ffj
aeratoarc ( eutolcpre.uc'toare
tn J.en! far ar-fir cbnvertesi 'etemll rrotrri:_u.ri;:,ui'th
2?2,tn at6rt
:::'::::11'j:.
fel atonll frslonarr
y
.rr7: atonu
:::, :' radrecrndu-sc *iu ii;,iffiiirr r"i""**J*-.j.
prerder"de;",,r1,' ri;r;ii;.,ff;:J$
cele peste trel sute de'ct',IE de trp ja gl
;;$ ;; ;, ;;" "; "":;" " :: h: ;: J" :,"il'ff;;#r,T
b.i*Jo"r-i'-;; -.on.*a^,ar,- r$
ll:lJn il "
--J
ccnbuetrbili nuclest cererla rttiur ac;;-;;.;'H;";-;il
r. treccnlr. urrrr"*;; ;";;;;;;n:;"'ilt,;;,;;';'r:lotr ;;
:"::tn func
11 I exec ulle 91 p'olectarc
1 !':ne, ,i"
"r{
) * u*J;r;i"r.lrr,
slIenl1 drirata rezervelor ectuale,:;;#*i" ;"";: j
"rrr, ault .;; i
:t_...n:"r
rr1 o:o,gr."oersate rn apa oeeeneloo 'gr.rr, ir6ria==E|L;;;;";*".:-- i
', Enorslq badatu pe n
"roo""
tacu tn fazts itc sarcetare,p"a"tntu ";ri;;ruU; ;;l;iioi"*.,
evan3,ailt;;o'Lno*t, oribo ;"il;i-i
j
tt nlcl dc s'hstanlu radioactiv-u (l *" ;;;;"-;;;;;
.lcoo utrE) dar predueerce r"rtooii ;;":;:. .
lJ""Et, tncE dc ;;d;;:;-;..-
trerErll gt renlherr.r plasrcl 1a"idt;;";;i;0""";rr'. *trli"-.ti;;r;;-
rvlnil ln vcdcrc -cnerste creettr prln oon""-n;;*;t;"i-ltii.l-i"'.irr.
to dc reutronl pe un e6ntt;"i'"';;;;;-;;-;"1;il1'..
cccundr le pr
:
;-.' .--.' _+
*' : -l'=- -*#i*=.#*:*l-' €d
I -47-
truzcat do rllloanc dc 6rede.
I In loncntul da felX cea nal rentabtl[ relr ia acerc eltrc
or gpR" de.resurse materlale El energetlcc congtH tn recupcrar!1,
I recLclane e ql economlslres e€Ior dlsponlbllcr.ler. tendlnlele dlc
orlontar€ s proceselor. productlve. ce. tll es1!011eazH galculetorul,
telegoauntcallllc gt nlcrirelectronlcs sc' l,ndreppiU splo- lntegre-
I rar lnteritls,clpllnarE rintegra"lLtehnologlcI a nqllor .proecilcc
coaservatlve ;i. ete lecuperare gl lnteglare.tcrltorleld a flccErul
I ansaiblu lndlustrlaLlgu prLnclpaLe rcfleetHrl tn slstenatlzarc gl

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X
r€, tno TT
\>-
\+-.\
N
\_>- --
0ru1 fui fllnlI.blopslhosoelal! f
r"flro :k'
'i +.'
po"u es
""i*rbqu1ul ":."ur",u.,"iuillltf*ll"l'il;";lt:
aner.*ffiii;";;;
:itu
-'l""":*|."n:9"3:-a"."ffiaen3"io"*"""".-ned1.u,oau1
.a perfecllonat crile de exploatare a resurselor naturale,
a artlfl-
'ciaLl-zat o qarte senniftcatlvS'a rnertlulJ;;;;;"r'l*'creat
no1 na - ;

ter'ale gl a pro.us narl cantltuli .e energle

,1gr, prln toete aces_:
teara produs o lrnportantH poluare a raediulul nstulal plnE
1a puElc -;
tu1 tle a-gi perlcllta propri.a eupravtelulre. alar-nantd a {
"oro""""
nedlului naturglrconeonlteniS cu 1n'lustri allzarea g1 eu explozla ile-i=
nograflcc s-a proaus prtn ,.'- ,' ' ' " .', i. -:
i
'xi-, r-ntrgJgcsxqe-in natrrr a unor@gLrps
1

-dabi1etncantitX!1atitde'maritnctt"mi;;;;;;"- brodegra-
-

:.--] /:, accelerarea .cicLurilor naturaLe gf fn,troduesrea -l

nanlpul.guff
lor genetlce
' rn eist,ematl.u:"1confr\rntafea cu proble.naere- rrdrcate ," '.$, j
luare ere lpe I'a niveLul terltorlal Et le nivel .rocei. rtatorltu -
!8r1 de luspindlrd a noclvttSlllor gi varletHlll surselor oe poruarc arrcr*
orlce emp)-asare ile nol -unit5!t producEtoar.e ae nocr"taiii-""*"-"ott-
gatoriu'anaLLzatu din pr:nctul' dte vedere aJ. protecarcl'tnioitrLut
ral g1 agezurilor rurane iar situbttile cryisiente u" -noio;;" ;;";".to-
studlate rn vederea r-lnrtHrll efecter-or o"$tryc.
ffit- ,-- Dr3, .

.,;-t'
_ _? *-rt-- W suRSE pE poLuARE
tr (*
-..'
/ - ..: \
i: Prtncllalers s.trrse dc poluare a aarrroi slstene p*,t6toanc dlr
vlalr -aerulrapo gi solul
vle!5 solul slnt _trlnttoarelc
-g3np_-to-qre1c :
,' ry l.r, r.@ , "oopifiii'o,rr. E1 .f umo role \et,
pr gul p1 nt r@ e
"orr"
po:gr,, spor
- 1, futg 1 pEa p -, r_
E1_-
"19_rpu1,
t !i'c t c J]-rear qr u J o o r;]l+ ;;d I . i J[i
z
" r r
a
;i
"" " "" " " " "r.rn,
...,v\,^,<.-'.
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=;; 9-
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z ! r ur o

a-trato(frronl) ;arllnlserrr
-v!q
;l
11
-solulul
;. gr prrn il ;;;"il?ffi
;#H
tagprndlrla:+hl
uno!
t
;ifr$
L^Luurol
cub-
prin irrcatr1 ncadcco.* i""it oi.
6ffi
'-{ ---r-

,,,

iln gubtglgn h apcloi aai{tc ,aellnc

El radloectlvc;potanteT-?l ^"1r. ii
I ltuatr=!i--dtsfiil&rr-lorur"r'pri"*iiploetarc cxosil;u-cii,rcoru !l**;t*,
prln dcrrtn]n* gf '-r1$,t"b$# *-#'*F4***,#
I g.Llt Sursc r".*#_s
poluare
dat e acttvltUttl
.de 1 pot fl gurat
punctuale 'caq
punctuele ara"1*J4gg$ sau grupate ravtnr!
.cat1 araul1t.l3glg!-e*
contlnuc.Ln-- 5,._
conttnue,tn_ V i .'.. enlslt
enlstt
"":llggs",avtnit
t tgrnltenten"u""offfiiirn'*qffi;";;;-;;'";;;;;;;.;;.-,no,'1.:
ra ltnerc. sr/sffi*$ffi8ffi;;" a subst *!"i.o" poluantc
aifa'L-. Jte-gl
I t
,#* lor"*t. {L*!or - nfficterlstrclls
r -{-rTeff ar.
'-
surscr
s ub s an tal o
JII*&IgI;"telf*fu
o nt se,,r."__q Ig
: l,
n" j
earulul's=!if!gJ9, ne bulo_zJ't.a!" ql pree tpl talf i gf pro urniafil*-
-

I pcnellrg.asg-.!1 g9rg19r1 produsi a"-,'-* --

^*tf
-
G;F
-. n sunse fTlc:'( ""@f(4
tnclLzt rce tl-
I curn!cror+rn{y$li*gg.:,$_G1;"d:"j;@;_r]n_JJlt:rl_::l:
bcrl rcenurr rfuntngfilr;oxrer'-IJ-aulir azot El carb:n . gr dlvergl
pro_
tluEl lneonple!1 ite ardere lar prln plcrrl€res.dte cll4urH
fr,
polueazu ternlc : o central[ electrlctl dtc puterc
re6lc(goo "t*o"fcrl
]1W) ],
utlltzlndl eurbtno lnferlorrdotatH cu c'lspozttlvc dc iellnere
t purltplllor eu un ranrtarnent 1le 9?S va ellnlna tn'atnosferE lrd " rl-
t/;
de praf (r2 r/h in pbscn!a itlspoztttveror de'"raglnerc)t":t"o]-"i'l- ,'
:

I aaaugr 4,6 Vh dc so2. rn eazul utlllzltrtl pu"u""irr"'rit"i"i

."rt
-oantltEtl elc funlnglne(nat tllunlltoare^dccrt prafurigt 7rG r,/h n. io2
-1e earc so adtaugE 'substanlc lnconplet arsrrhiAree'arbr:rlraclzt
I ntcl etc.. :--{-:^
dr*
sJ 'rul
ooo"-:
- __
Drocosc dl6 cotrbustic dln gurgc
I :: ::.H,",:i:e:l iitfp:i::3:*sl setlgg"'oT" p"r'r""Tul;1" ioa'r' =@:fq!__"g,::_rjlosoc-
)' st
n1,11_oaz dtr acctdcntcrprln. ratcge.],Ele tra,n-s.pgqfslg.
::,.:::l:"t-". J_ -
I ;Po1uinttt'c11;l.a..ghl-gtn!,*:cr1i.rcia:uo3,"fiif-ffi".i,ffi;""t{';
-
h1droeaou"illiil" cr" o*. r prrtc, f"iiftd;-J;;;; lctecnrnr*,
orcrz[ rlloti-rrl (tln rutll.rglorii&f rbprnr:undr
I rcbllblrr ptatr dcplgl l5cr nhlaolc h.z;.clrouLtai densttrtlr
u,r rtllon tr vchtocto . . - .-_.- atlrlter
rutr
pcetr
i .. F.tt-J- :--*-
t r.*.r
or
rll lr ffiT*:'1ffi'll'#*il.
t eulf , 62i vctr ull lr orrbnrll vora prrf gl rlto substu-

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prlgb, cosltor,al-
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v're4;t , nc rc-ur,II
tnE[L]U.f ry*- rro,-]t.ffi-,;.Ti;il;fr
1J.LIlU. alunlnIu, __ L *:o,
tIu, e:[Un1nlll-marrt6rrl
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prrn Er
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.-- !c prln prel'i:crei""*"6J1-ro"
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i p"l:'Slpsianbcst)poate sltanoe ln eazul rlotrr11 cu lnstn.r qr.{r :- aa--
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-

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;:;", ii-lr'" ;:;i:J" I i, i'J#-:"*i" .l#:
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z5 , mrt ase ort rf ic ielH vopserl
,rxgrnr' arttill"rr, vLseo_
, , s hpunurt , aetargen !1 , c aue ruc slntc tr.o
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:::::::: ll'lll-"
dls tante de kl10metrr; '":" larr;tare
rle
lndus!*1a sl*nentar'
c
"il.;;l;;-;;;l"il.r""
1e
dr6 polgea.zu ln
i.';-'ot.a1=pr1nmer1cant1tI!1.iE"E"riffi';.*:poI*eazE1Rgpc.-
:;r
it:l *,;q't
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i*
r: poruarea rsaroactrvr
iti,^ .' x+r!\^----r---- r ";;#frffi;5;h;##S
de nucleare g1 occldent" .'
"Tp9.*f"._",1t
'tt'-
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')- vv4us's -'r'rrsra $en€rata
senerat' dla trepraa!*, rnr;"i*
dc tlgpidattlrlnffesunctrsunetc
- '*t ul-trasunetc ali=asle o parte slnt'"""t""ttt;-;;-;;-ler. gll, :
" itr sfnt evlrrenliate nurnar porn o alt' partr
;.*"; orsrnr*ilj;ulili. i
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";il;l-on"roi
i"''r'!srr.'rLnLs' sunet'ror' ;";;;;;;;;",viloaree
rndeuratE prtn leloarea Icggrt-i.to!,1.,i
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ratj de un pras ,inrr
lcgarr.inro! i,,a iaoor-, €
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tn llmltu ";;i;;;r r'".i-."l"iii;"rtu ""g;n-
dccrbell;,.;i.
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'-'i'-'-tnserlc nolnelu pentru actrvltiit .conccntr.'r..,

t:-iiE-'"""*';ii'J;""11*rur.E!1
""-i]irorrn
::","0:l:":"::i:::.,
5o :*,
dB -rn conparanc,t,i.GGi.i.ffi: =i; prn' re
:il:J:*:;:lt::
!"-!g!ILIll9.:9!9*- cur6 ntc
' r /v '*irr&l pnrrru un rSplratolr 'godrB pcqrtru"to*
l i;loiri'
*'#.:;;il::
TI::il.?T"il:-:: *:* 1f$;i:;""
il. dB pentru rn' avron cu !c;"fi"-i;-;";i;rlii;t*,pcntru,,..
1o6 un autoc.'lo[1,,.:,.--.
."a6 .,
_elcletE in rtenaral gl LlZ dlB pentru e1r,-!gnc1c-dc,.,anplfflc,*r,,.,augl,-.
c1'.
v"':-''"1"
i
La tntensrt!3r.dc rZo-t?::lu 'j1 i-'='1" i
Gxpuner11
spa! c*"1t rcutc_rar
irerungltc"la lntinettHgr''iero;t" *fut'r., rp'eo
::: l: :,i',1 ";:::1.':::"::il
zgonot.rtq.rfar 1':-r_ ::: li;.
;li';ilJ;'il flzio-._.,,_,
r eq{, pr o-,
r--r-^il:'j5
il ;; ; ": J*::"on'eq{ti*#4Jt
:, :il . . rl' l ia YF' :1'; e3' *
i.r.a; !y1 r""
reul o; ii*';*1 {
,. ,{li}#f,,-:-,'=',:' i,." i.i:,;:,.;r.:j*i, 1
;;1\r J-t..\J,:
l.j-..!"ri-'r:Do}uarcac1cctrore.endf1cn^nrrairrr!.l;i)|t..l.r-.l...-..!
, l'-'- forrtc conocntrnt! e rclgrsg_c-qi.-aJorotr.."orr,
i.'oiF-1;-:-:---l-:T:'f^- *ri; t
"oort.!q :j "," jI
. \'f .
ffiffi:Tli;
.. ::::.:::_:"::^rr^a"fiu:.toii-u"ir utlriz"r"-o;*";;;;";o
ql' r's.c3t_r"oj ,fr"""i.;;;;:-;;;il:r* tchntsr returi' '' j
=
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onc€ntr.Erll pepu-
conc€ntrErLL nr Idtat orrt H
J-ett{l .ac sttueazE tntfc crtcva nrr sdu sutc nc g6rranl pc ccntl-
rctrul cub clc qsr pc quntc lc In{1!1n1 dc rooo-2oo6 rsr.,gl .go.eoo
gcracnv"r' p" uartlc bulevarda sau 4.ooooooo lorr"rrrlqjt rn ni.
I rllc ragazlnh 91 tn guril€ cu ilerc tranzrt,re pasageit, ,.
I trlall prln lnterractrtul unor colu:rl foarte inalte ce*_r.ofluc pe/ ol
f.ezu cgplU cu 5:1o orl .lnHltlnea gcestora concentr"Wuiii sulstra- . \'
I !c poluente Ja 13 fa!{ tlc punc'tul- ile-enlslc(pc tfunp cera)rrezolvu
nunal partlal problena. cele peste goo de mllloene tone de fr.u
I aruncate anuel i.n ainosfera terestr5 a avut drept conseclntd
aeFla cu. o15-o15 oc e tenperaturll
.neilll terestle
scE_
!n uItlsll 4o.€c
anl(ultlna glaclallrrnc a fost provocatlt rlc o scuaere
I "-i.*o"oatrr-
r11leit11cu4.'.oc).Totodat5,cr'egtereaconc"ntla!ie1de-C02eu
5o96tn ultinui secor .81 pe{gp"iaruJ acsentudrlt t"o".iotrfenonen
I creezE perlcolul lnstal5rll "efectulul ile serU" prth re!lne""" o"-
ilil
9'c n t.
ltll"I -F"l,-$ffi
o-t 1*rr

I
r a,
"
offiffi'-r**,;;;.
en 1 s iI
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I ol_p_" r d t s,5 drc - c ar

:. :t",,..

; i, * "
I rei
orlce pol:rarc
-l-=---=-" "E-r-"{@fr-mh
ehl'nlce alc, anelol-rrr'c ceract-eq1sttcl1c florel gl far:ne1 sevatlcc.' '

" "o"roo
u9=""0r*"ti:0""*;-;;;;.;;
lo.orrr.oo'talil;;";";;Ji"r'
I iubterana' con4ru?Ind
ErrErerenr conllu:tndl 8stfel la
dllnty-o antlnl.Ee
tl.rrrl'r-O ""tf"l
zonE ..
bnurnltl ZORE
f" afcctucr,r.qEurselor
"f""tscr dte r-x potabll[
/ta' apu
-,
-^+ar.r.rr(
'
*F3""- r€,*"*#q - r , i
t , r="r-"*ffiff;;;""t,;";";
\ ;]".',9-9.!.!!J,ol.uj1e=Laoelor.pot:ft ;'r "
W"'tr;i I ^l.r 1,

_--. db snal*_; *l r"f's$,

c
z[ apilc rfrlduale .#;iffffi6!
I t". lltn
'na
u]
El 1e condrrrc ap:rc
Ji:Fri" -i *-**"*;
ere gl./sau
enrsai;
q",f
E"o" ,:. L
!
,\, '5 ,ut:::"u ,"0: 11utr3u111c
,

I , bogatJ fi atenofogr-
nlsrc. t4 uarc partc petogene ., te parazltl t" suisten3" **"*;; .
, ,

n:o:getbllc er $- ef$trqEl .*r1."Jq"!"rscai1p .. * -.**

::::_::f "o:01I. :1 ctc.)rh
I ocloreallrpcrtlcidlc ranq nert- ti
"*pro"rrusaccanteutt"-""
lJrrnt It un rorur lc 5r-k6 nltrel'uacet p"jL;ntru +t{.t
loeultcl*;:r
I brlcrttc ,orptletrl dr:ll, otr lr.ota arrbilnlr ri'g*rcc h iuspcrih
gl gcrronl prtrgcnt(tnituctrtr ellnntul)raubstentc rtncrelr tt
I Dcn"h(llrtl. prrlucrerlr rlrclrurllu t,gr ruurtrih *t* ,t.="--
I
I
t +#ffii'
 -52-
11"1 torlee intrc,oarc rctslc grelcrgdlzi netallcl g1 orgrnlci
subst enle' azqtete ro ororanli, fenolr ;c renurl, cte tergcnlr ,
c to . ( pr ov6-
.nln{ Uln, t4dust11e ne!al'rglcFrchtrnlcE 91 ugoarE).
',,,, .-":# '-t'-
;f;i;""iui,tiJ-r*H"tlve T*o;;; urn
,'*
'.o ipre)'ucraiee "*.raser6e sl
'hllelttatr6Fan nlnereurllor ,itln
nlnararrrl..l^- ,r
- prelpcrercr
--^t--,- eombugtlbl1llo" l""r""Jt,
,. \1;laUoretoarerspltale
*. r'. .lt gt ollnlcl ,iltn uzlno El centrsls nuclearc (coa.
i; ',1o,ooo -2o.ooo ne/an peglru o,gNE) ., I,,;ii$
,r.. r,..;l
,. *".' Jj"oo"nlte aln lrlgalil
r--
.
.
:gl salubrtzarea ieg.nelor tootehnlcerconllnind produEt r,le erozlunc.
.. i "
.'",ii.'.
solulul, lngr'rgrrnlnte naturale st slntetlceritlverse substantre nL-
Feralo gl substante ehtnlce folosr'te tnpotrtva auunut";i;;-;;; ;,
" biosth'ulatorlrQ8pnlt tnfec!1ogi'speclflcl anlnelel"i, bau eomuni gl
leaulul . i.{ ' , } l-,' .-1

'oarc entreneazr lnpurlt6!11e rrtln,aer gl..de

-toarc dle partleole pe sorrv.umtii: purrtr _
tn euspenslc ,aeroeoll il gar6rdrlvessc punate ac
vtdanJ.-eflelrrenfeTcral'e sau ae eurullrc o"uo*Lt"r*n rr;ro"be1er
"-
transportraecldente ,toate ecestes aaucrni fn curguoir" gl bazl_
.tlc
nelc .o: tol euspensli nlneralg Er organtti6;""0"i"ot":Jiir*o" toxloc,
gernoni patogenl gl parazill.
_- Attt sursele orqantzata cit 91 celc neorgantzata porueazg in-
ar11ct aerul, sol-ul s!. apele subteranc afceteszu rtoo"
r",-"-gl--
prollug o *nportantE poluare blologlcH pe lanlurl trofr.ce!i
ptn5 ia on. io -. i - - -- . -- cc aJ'ng
u'j r .,r'
'i + r"T;i.""t"';;l;;, -
.. z5toare
-l lezultatH drln dcpozitar"r n"so"o'pun-
a i'czlduudrol rezultatp, d.tn*actlvlt'etbej oreet8
-<lc :
r7""
.i L- :,n - -i ..,' "or1;;sie,
iL..#-*-{ {''i ,

- l_ -,
c'*ti'
"r"""
;* i;;i;i
"
r t
"il;", t ; r;
"; ";;;, "
iror!, tcrt 1lc,
hlrtle ruaterl,ale pleetlcc rncltt,i i*t.d.)'in cantltllt. cc afbrccc
rltr tle 1-5% snualraJung.tn'a rn'prczent la l r?.-z kg,/locu1tor,/zt ta
, 'l'-" ':''..y' rcztitrlrfilnirustrrale , irovcniit ;i; ;t;;;;;t;;;;;'arc "
pioceaclor trhnbloglcaltn vorrn 6c 'orroi
dllturatirtl brutr' ,lntcrredlri.r' b'iu'flnltc'cu .ic; ra/tiauliorTrr;i""";i; ,

L."pooitrr-vrrtetI ot .
eubata ntc c rgulcc I cub atanta a hhlor ( or geilc i, " riirgbnlor ), fgruE ro..u_
gcrrctrlcrrctrlolzlrpcatlctdc,drctcrgrnllrorlorrnlr . i -; ' :' :

"io.

a
t
I
-J6
:j

'-* ti,
1*.; -_ .1 ;-,'*
:

,/- reziduuii-rjidloactlve sub forrnH de elegeurl sollde c,olpresii-

I blle seu lnclnerablle(7o% -plastie rhlrtlertextlleroblecte rl"t r"-
tallcb ,obleete de lenn, anln al;f-iau' ni"o*U"st1bl1e. 91 neeouprht -
I bl1e (1a% -pJ.ese sret aI1ce ngri , re s tur1. ile z1d Hr le , be,ton , pXn 1nt ) e a-
rertoate,rni;rec tn volurn de 5,irl d6,6ieur1Lo proprlu
"o*[Gti;ii;
I zlee (clrca l-o *5
raolonuclelzlJ-gr
/uo pentru
puft probl"e:te
t
o CNE)ifnatortt5 marlL stebllltdlt s
dl1"ici1a de tratare E1 conservare.
/3 ,' t--r-*' , t .:

I 'iJJzriirutii?io:liotennrce,sub. fornr da furaJe

ragternut fi
dtJec!11 tle La fernele de enirnale(intre 5-j t/an,/ana,nel nlc g1
I 1o-15 t/an/anhrnal nare) r1a cars se atlaugl substanle chlnlcerbLo-
etlmulatoarerantibiotlcerinsectlciriererblciderfr.lngiclde gi infreagt
ganX rle rnicroorganisne patogene pentru anlrnale dsr; in partel !1 pce
T tru on.
Poiuarea rle naturH orgonicl a solulul este noclvd prln supor-
I t'ul asigurat gernenlfor patogeni ,parazlltlorrlnsectelor gl roz[ -
toarelor' ,pr'in gazele toxice gl r5u njrositoare rezultate dln pro-
I cesele de descompuneie idr poluarea chirnicC gi raaiioactlv5 generee-
zSrprln acLlrularea in planterpoluarea biolo,glcH ce ajunge ptn5 le
I onr Poluarea solului se extlnde pe aril largi- ,afectind aerul gl
apa datorltH urigclrii aer',r1u1 ( *,int rturLulen!S"necanicI gl terrnlcX)n
ape1ormeteorj.cegi1nfi1trabi1e.,..1..*..,:J-'
I ,* . j'J* r !' r-
,*- !{,./" } ;.-i
I Pctuarea biolo.qicHr c8 efect inriirect a3- polugrtl aetru-
I *,1';
":i*i::;:,
lll" *l:i, ::, ;ll l- :i: :: i; T, l: : ; ::',i:;I::
:: :
j
I csrcentrindu-se ln cantitl!1"
sporlte pe nEsura llralntlrit pe Lan3,uI
troflc ,sprs -nlvelele superioare gi spre onr. Intre aceste subsi,anle
toxloe se lnscriu nitra!ii, pbrllgrcarFl,arseni gi, pesticlcle, rn
I cszul onulul l1sta este anpllflcat,I de consur,ul exagerat seu lnsu-
flctent eontrolat de medicarnente rconservan!lrcoloran!1 Sl eromatl-
I zanllr{e inlocuitoril allnentari gi de consumul voluntar de substsre-
!o dtHunStosre (e]9o2f , tutun rrtrogurl) .
I ,ij'/
RASPINDIRE
---'\---t
A
\

,
.
J:4. AGENTILOB PCLU AI{TI

I agenlllor poluanll Ln nadiul natural lnclutlc prts

R5spfurctlree
cese necanlce rle transportrprocesa fizice dc schiubare s stEr11 de
I
I
I *f
 *.

-54-
q'n

I
I z t'V
I ,t'
POIUARE SOIIORA
reducerea cu
{,tr#' a nttelqr"l]ordletanta
fle zgdaot
elegt. de__t;Laflc_ pe
slrtrz| eu r 6 bZnzL d,e
erreula!1e_4
+--j4!!h.-1.
ft-tusbd bcliti
Id. -lataAi *lliti

/\

i \..
i-
----.,
-
?OIUABE I}IDUSTRI;trA

In cazrtJL umel surse punctr:a1e

oonttTue agentul po1lan{:;_
trer.at ile vlnt se dl.fuaeaza
peqpe?dlcular pe dLrestta
tnaLntare lucni tjraa-unJ:. de
egrgte. In condttl,l ae rett et
aoctd,entat gl de'vlnt oo fo_
t€rr01teate_ rigreta ee poate
rragnenta Ia illstangd- de
.lurse d,e poluare

uiilu o.f.E. Innn-g$ csilaru SiIJne$tIO sgor.nlR

flshlol't p.rfn .t&rro

rod or dcri-
gs rrAi6 o
-- Fsr&lLi
4n
 '55'
tgflgarc rprocrsc chhlcc rprcecsc frtoahlllce El prioeesc blologlcc
da_ trangfcr Ia ntvele troflce cllfcrLtc.. Tranopor,tul agentllor pe-
luantl,\ lntr-un anunlt.nedlu purt6ter de vlalE(.aerrapU sau sol)ce
Sl autopr:rlflcarca ecegtor nerlll sQ proriuc Ln narea naJorttatc r
dezurllor cu' af.ectarea celorlaltc ncd11.
Elemantu]. ModaLlt6!1 de' Aqen!1 de Alte elenentc
de nediu autopurlf.le erc transoort de nedllu afco-
al nob f irt- tate in urna
tpapsportulul
_:n"to'_ -91 autopurlfl-
cHrll
2
t

sedlmentarea partl- vint, ape ne- ap{ 1so1, o.rga -

colelor ln suspen- tecrice nign1e vtr
sle .'t

.
rllspensla .sugpensll- -. aplrsolr-orgs-
.i lor-gazelor El vapo-' -vl.n|rturbu-
Lenta aeruful nisme v{l
. : .r1lor
-_6p[':,' .'dllulle apa ape subterane,
aerrsol ,orgs-
nisrne vll
gedlnentar: ap5 , se<1lnente
?f}'organisnc
-
radialli solare bac-
teri:i4e
procese biologice 'gl aparflora g1 fLora gl faune
biochimlc e fauna acvall- acvatlcd
cE
blorlegr aCare a substan- bacterii sa- flora 91 fauns
. !eLor. organlce proflte,f).o- ac VatlcH
.
re gl fauna
acvatlc H

a lentE
ilesc ompunere Bpsrflors gl aerrsolrorganlert
a radlonuclelzllor fat'na acvatl- vli
cd (

t
'ccI radia!il solare bac-
tericltle
bluclegradare prln apa ,ml gc ard a aerriL, apa srF
-
'anagrobeaerobe al
Drocese aevulul pra 91 subtc-
ale nliro-
organlswrelor dtln sol
gl faunarflora
tc- rand ,organls-
lurtcH ne vll
cleseoapunerea JentH spBr rnlgcerca :8€!ul. eDa ttF
r radlonuclclzllor aerulul , flor a Dra c{ bubtcre-
'i gl feuna tc- irE reigenlsrc v1
.lurleI
 -_
:::,1 r
,._ z* . . ''*:;:--.
_:___ _-_::--_* ._

-56-
o:"u.cqlr aeslvq e ,Fo1u6ril,cipae ttdte e itc
;^_i,_.':,:::-ltlttr:-
eu{opurtflcare a nedlulo{ ."toor'i1 este jepuErtu
qlolil'e ecldc rnreglstrate rn aproplerea ;i
;;;;;;; ,dd
:*":01" entrxrllrr.
:: 1":":trlt a ce ernanr e*r"r ae
"ori- ;;;";;; ;"";l;:"il:_
"nn",
Ls v9 I4U
fornare- e fost
1"-"ot"1 -l""tlY -od1ul -nevole de, etr"" 4oo dta
centlnetru de stlat ite sol.

:.'
- Efectele polu'drlt deprnd etit dc elenentetc poluani"
'
tura ;coneentralrernurnHrul,tr*pot .a ;"tr;;;;; irr.-
1e poluate, fie 1 . oemeni (vtstHrsexr"t"J" ;1';; ;i""""i":
u".
"*ni.*" gtrfactorl.
constltutlona'r), rtg planteranlmale sau construclir
'. Efectele polrrhrlt pet fl dlrebte Er. :noio;;;"raente(rnobteete.
speclal caz. te' acelerente sau .e csnei!ti.
'n neteorol0glce partr,-.._
bulere)sau cronlcc gt se pot datora
dl J;;;;; rrecvent acliun*or corapl,;:t:..€$H{#:;rl':i
"oti Po -

a) Efecte (Hrecte
- ' ,-stadlir-e tn care onul poate,ft afeetat
de pcluare ln uodr

--'lnconfort (poruare sono:r[rvtpuaru

r'o]_f,ac tlvS rgustat lvH )cu
ernpllrtcet! ae deneltet".
::[I ao.rnd Ia
";"*ioo J;;;"';:':l
pfn{ ra dsces datoriti ;riil;";nreetanter.,:
::..::i1:1"t T:o*rnd
toxlce gl ratllotoxice e poluinltlolr.
..,..-. afecte'ea eomunl-tdlu unan" pfl"
- :+!. . -

_:,,
flcienteloi geneiice
.o"g"o"" gterea lncldenlet dtc-
rprln runtnerea, tn-urrlr
urnH e
a ie.ro^.,.
dezvoltHrlt flziac
pelheielvoase a coplilor prtn_geHilolea --El
91 rea gcneralE b
gaalsn:1u1 d1n cauzs unor sublnto-xlca3il= =
9 t'ezlstentcf,
r,6ltst o!-:

.b) Efecte lndlr;dctc

.Br tntle cfectel.r lndtrectc--riic .pofoUof f sr tnscrtc :
.r-,reC,ucercaradtalicl solarc . ..*._.
.

nqillflcanee'fac
;- iailflaoria torilor topocil'lratlcl
!-^r.^-ri .

- lnfluente rc lpr.a. florct 91 fauncl terestrs

- _co4tgElnerc e -bictei 91 rcvatlac
terlolcgleil-. rohh1ol_ 91 .rettoeetlvE
a].hentplc l_--
I
t , ,.i_.57_
- seUilerea Postblllt{!11 dte autopurlflcare s rcdtulul irlturel
I - efecto risupra construe!111or El dblectelor prln erigtcr;--
fenoneneJ"or chfualee cte' eoro.ziune esupra naterlatetor de'esn-
t! .l
t :'ii .structiera fenonenelor de oxtdere 91 corodare a obleete1or
lt.g1construc!111orneta}1ce,arlegrad5r.11vopse}e1or,1acur1-
I , - efecte econornlce gl 'noneconoalcd.

I cesel^c tehnolaglce gi agricultr.rrd ln condL!11Le' dlnlnu&li tesurcc-

'1or rte nateril prlne g1 conbustLblll foslll
I :' r" ':
"leostttriJ-e .g1 consunur'lle rldlcate de laatellale 91 eaeiglc
i pol_u5rii
n,ecesarH eJ.inlnSri
-- plerderile econoni.ce tratorate
I datorltEpolu. rli ,\
: ? n t re rup e rii actlvltH!11
-' --5--

I ttvlt5ill gi- creativitHlii din cauza scSderli ea1lt5llt vie!1,1 pro-

vecate ^de poS.irare
I '.' .' :., . Pierrierile de bunr:rl naater iale rccnstr.uc!il, allnente gl de.
',-bunrrrl culturale roperd de artH Ei de arhitectr:r5 .rdegraniarsa P!16a'
'
I ,juluL rteata eu efecte' negqtive aeuptrs, ., celttHlii,vle!ll.',,:,,,
. ,#
.e"
:l
l.
L',

I
.:

G;\
\__--,.'
PRSIECTIA IMPOTRIVA }DLUARII. MED]TJLUT
I{ATURAI, .. -.
I .; .. .--.

i , ._ ,rn
'-: :.. -' -.
protejHrlt 9a.uLu1.'gl a,cc"""iie!$or ecologlie. ila
vecterea
. tr- . _r:,.,.. ..,.-,..- ... r,1

*efectele noclve ele poludlil.nediulul natural se iau urnUtbarele''s,.-

I 1.''.'....'''..;'-'.
'a) 'contaulnHrll
*: - deteclle gl:irlsrrraree pedlluLur "naiurii"
t b) -'contrslul'' poluHrll naeatuiui prln stabltr;t; *;i it"ra*, .
de 91 constltufu'ea'trnor 'orgc';rigag de iupraveghere El.csntrol la ;ni-
' 'vel nalLona]. gl. :
I t -l t
tnternaltoiaf:'r:i '"' '''1 ",1." I -' r'l:'It: .',' '.' ' l;:+-!i:to*;-
c ) a lnstttuirca unsr lHsul ele eLtirtirare sau 6Llnira* '. o"*
. :
j

'clvltHllLor 91 dle llultale e e?ectclor polud3t{ orlentate fi ioug'

I dlreetll prlnclpalc : 1t ^ -' ' '',:
: '.'',-- ''"'':"-''';-''il''-,li;.- .1, l:-:;;'"'!-. .:':, i

I - "I - lntervenlllaeupra sursclor de pu:.o*" prta rodLflceloa

91 perfec tloaarea - pl oce selor tehnologlc c, rcc uper are. ratar lglclc
I 91 cnerglcl rtrsptncllts tn nedllul neturalrrci:lclsrcertrata:ce Et cpu-

I
I
 -5i3-
tsr:s degeurflorrgesi'lonarea corect{ a' substenle1or
agrlcultrrr 91' treeeres 1a o ag'icurturr o"*orri" chlntce ia
eL!.=inarea.rlscurilor de aee i,"ente ""u;;;;;;ir;;
jt .- . e? - nisr:ri ,re proteclie a aqezrrilgr
u,rranei falr
1e de noelvitate prln srudri {e slstene.1"""";'t;r;*""r"i"i de sure€-
loealit5tilor care prevl!tr : . ,;-
t. :

' .t!:
-2'i - protejarea inpotriva
polu{rtl le niveL teritoorar
s aerulutr, apel'rsoLu1u1 rprnuriIor rrl",r".""i;". ;";';u":"1inatLce,
peise;ul-ul qt l-oeal-1t:.i[or prin irentifledree :

r.""tooiloo poluan-
gi 'etabir"lrea rlsuri.r-or terrnree ae .et1-]"";-"-""estora
l1
llnitere a'efee.,e1or poiu,lirii .' sau de
: I :.-.':*'-*t,_,.
itr
i - {! '/':i . --
'- .-j .

i
2.2 ' prote jarea eQe zSrilor uiiene imnotrt \rq r^ar ,ryr{ { .r ^
' niveL.. terirorlal gr loea:..r.n cszur. ,*pr""t;;-;;;;.";; .;;;;I;-
' :po tenliar gener atoare de-'noc lvit r
ti (uni.; ;;-;;;;; ;; ; ;;r"
c.L.esice seu nLrclear.e, ;;;;; ";;"
;;; :;;;;;;.
lneleetiee
' ds 4epozitcng ";;;;;;;;i,
de
- zootehnlee' etc.')".fegeurllgrrsta!ti
prln respectares'umof'- .epur""", "rgi;;#;;;';;;;"
f istante i"-protecare ;il- i
tsrl
r'ra rll r-trnc}le' le
l,n funclie. 19 tipuL unit}ilii
unirlilii, , q1: -t"t
q1:"ne f"";;;ri'i".I,,,.^i;,::- i--e*.v4
ne factorii'he--
' -. -..*,,_^., I $
epeelfiel ].oeuLui. .
j€t*.,1 '. : "eiiu.rratursl +
*t
De exer,plu ,zonar€ r1e"-ptotec$ie -sanit.qrr
. pentru-lnlL"rli lnaust.rtale:.-fnpi,:o d variazr sstfel' ; .
Ur,:.e _ro-;- ..'
. pentru unit!!r aslo_zootehnicd tutre.5J;;;, .

;;o;'".
- pen.+-ru luerEnl 4e,gospociirie con.unsrr,. lntre';o;";;
(5oo j .-sta!li tre epurarc a. iooo r.
, :i:: n11 .-"l"Jr'r:de aperor uzete o."ysrni'itrrg4rputr
"p**ude " "0"r""-;";;"-i;ik;;;^"n.rnrrr' de {r{
Aa 1o1-
:::^":sT?l,..ut
pe :r: ::.*:,ranpe ro=pi*i";];-;; -- .;;_-
lunot_acop"eir-1*"
le vJ'd3ja:r"
{iL---1, ?gorerr.r.g,9o
,,pur,.l;i. "'* @
Suprafeleie r4e teren'lneluse' i; l"on.i" o" ";9:i,"
proteeJre sanlte-
,r{ nu pot fl util.izate pur*"o ;;;;;";;";-il;;;;:il;;;J:;-"-,,
furaJere gl niel pentru spelll r-ee oaitrnuriport
El agrernent.E[a'ts-
:i::"-:t::ttlsp'n
T::.:-:on"rf1n,speclr rezi"issta r" .,ocrir;;;;;^"ff_
it::r:" arternat ci itrxr3tre pe".tru a
se rrrr ;;;";;.;;r"j
lul gl 'deel
.rv_ cepecltatru
vopor,rLsLu. ut telrnere a nocivlt,itlfor.
de Eslr.ngre nocrvtaitu*: ..--:,':"--='' l5
-
"a
l2-5 - drninuarea por.ulrli rs ps""i"i:.e erl.stentE
ieallzi pr!.ntr-un e" pooie
corprer rre nusurl ,o*, ;;;; :--:'
/

t
 59_
' -' regruparqs qnltl!11or nocl,ve tn platforne inhustllalc sau
anplasamente sltuate 1a rllstanlel"
-:

\ ""rritare adnlslblle .. : :
-\ razolvarea corect5 a treflculul urban, ln speclal e clreula-
lllor naJore rtransportului ln comunra tranzltuLul gl transportrlLul
6 nErfurl cu preve<16rea spalltlor de protbellb a Locutnle1or
anpLlficaiea spalitlor'p3.antate ,

' - rezolvarea tuturor lucr5riloi tehnlco-edliLitare :'

psstrsres illstan!e1or sanltse fat,H de' p1'atfornele-goepoilE-
reQtl'91 p.arc a je r'
- re.ducerea poluSrll telrnlce prln exttnderes terrnsficdrll,
iiUzarea surselor neeonvenllona1e /le energle, sporlrea 1zollrli
ternicealobulnleI-or i . ...
.j
- prolecterea gi
.l
lntretineres coresprinz.Htoare a l-ucrlrilor.
Ae organlzatre de gantler
....
fn'prlnciplu efortul de proteclle impotrlva poLu5rlt lnp1lcH
urrnHrirea consecventH a lnclicelul ile caLitate a nedtlulut netural(E)
car€este fui functi.e de proCusul socisl eu rolrilegra-dant asupra irc-
diulul (Y) , dle nlgcarea ecostructurll prodr:c!1et adlc6 de transla-,-r
rea productlel spre structrrrl ctt E[al ailaptate nedlulul (S) ,ae pro-
6rasu1 tehnologlc (P) 91 de bugetul slscat pentru proteclla.gl re-" i
stab11ireaca11.tH!11rnediu1u1natura1tpl:' -:

E =3(YrSrPrB). :' . i ,.:i,

'..

cregterea lntensltEtli preslunlt umaqg prln tihnoLogil dure sau 'i ii

p:rin agrotghnli[ neraliona15 se poate rrefacetpolr, investl!11 ppntru*ii
lntrsdlucer'es pToglesul-ul tehnologid','gl adlriotarea strueturtrtor tndtus-
ttatea de suport a rer{lulul naturalrcE . .
condllla sH nu se fl dep5git un anunlt preg crltlc.al polugltl drrpE,
eareprocese1edec1catrlzarenuna1slntpos1bl.ie.. 't

profejarea nedluLut natural tntrmprnU arricuitHll datoratc "

urn[toare]tol contraitlclll : . '.' ' ,,..i' , '.:.. .::.i

- contradlclla dttntrd rltnurile .actusle de cragt"oi a"rugo;':'t

flqH- gl dezvoltare'. econornlcE 91 tllntre proiltrcltr rn"offcfentl fc '-''
ellnentc 91 rezervere aaterlale El encrgrar". J"""g"o""*O" it ra.- I
te gau in c.urs de epulzarc

-t;A
-.-: :-
-Jr+:r;ilgA.e
 6o-
--, contradletla dlntre n€vo1a de pUstrare
prh lnterned.Lul valorllor tLzic -;, a calltEtlL vlelll
estetice alc nerlluiu1 naturat
. 91 dlntre lnsqflelenta dezvolta:re a tehnicll
. tuaree polulrit uediulul
care conduce 1€ acce

' '- contrgdlctla dlntre necesttEltle stringente

econosnlce actuale 91 dlntre oblrga!1a,cre a10 eflclen tel
generattlle viiteare sorraaii;;;" diacrsnlcH cl
u1"

, .j t. '$
r;.t

. - + contradiclla drntre r]t"osele Ia nivel 10cal nalr_on al. ?

;!

El lnteresele generalo ale u*.riit5!li -- ^-: 91

:

ile poluare ne cesltlnd, luar;tfiA-_r_e; .

p entru ellmtnarea efe ct"G"-"i;";t;;
o. Z-curs'dd ana
*,+vussr.1 il,psIG{I z-curs'dg
..-.
. "'%t apa
cu grgg rrcltcat d,e inpurLflcire
::o::111*9. *+surr au i"otej;;:
91 reotr;iclii, prlnind-aJ#i"".
apelor rez{a'aigi t:i";ilil$i
"inl6ira"
, -11bTrg f,1,. caret e ite
.
.,:€9 exiLnclE ,releaoa ae ;cdfrflff,
1'llre el staillG d; ;ffi;"-
;. g
'3L- niotan+{o.
,frecvent rnu-;raaliit
aa'i ,,'r,..:- r'

E:;;;,
il"
i

I cu_intsnsesolEluti6-zone-c
procdge'd,E I"o_
O\
- 1111" I d,e r;niclltate.---
\. -exces
protectLa
\ .D - renrlyraal

pd t :l-.go!1e16"''e
I 51 -

I CAPITOLI'L
I

fI.
co$PcliEitlrA
I b'ro"urao ottto*t"an
'A hIEDIULUI ARIIF'ICIAL
ul,tANE cA PARTE '

I
I ' t ':'

I rn ingsura Ln cate prin n"ai"r,""t ss inlelege -lotellt.

JSS,I+gX ieal.lzate'de on
i '*."bi{r:ilol pentru bd5pos-
a l:-"'zia.E :- -:-_:-
T Lrea gl ilesfd;;;;;; vielii cornunitxlilor uraanf rff :"ot1i1:"1 :t:-
;;;; ; ;;i;tJ,,t" unorfs]sll1*sesP]s:e 5ntr9 n'e-aill' ' el!:I]-e]+ : :
91 t,1rT"1:1-..,:'
-natg1al: (in se I'nscrlerariaptir.rdu-se
I ,3g}3:=9".1Igr
eiaiuf
gi
rrndn-l) Jne4iul
earei-acesta
\'r"-^:
sqsip--S,g-o-4gsi9
. i
( de a. c srui de zvolta""_,isit3-?,4+
- '

Deci,ca subiristel
ii splrituafX Aepinae gi o favorizeazU). :1.i" :i+E
I i"tot, InCOtf
LUIUf., lnconjur5tor
J\$-1LUr- trs &u4 !s s in urna unei tndeluugate
rrezuLtat ' :r
ast'Ezl din urm5toalele
evoLu!1!.#*:ti
,i
coin;ronerrt"
:.)'
.-. ,-i'ta
luI -ertlficlal lJitL('
uI'SrTaf.].cIaI al-cdtutt
este .,'rui:l Lur' 5,1.,i
-
I r+
cc-sqa-lial.e pugl{!-qare de functiungn-eliflce
-l
.-<.
-, : .:'
.-::.
"il' ---.',*L::: .f;
' .'.' r,'f t

f,'-aeez4riLe! irnane urbene. giirura!.e\.:1 ;'"':;:

I .'.',,:
: .2;
-:.
;gg1!-9qi1e
-
agriccle gtr fores,tls-*-%-. JLr'''j,--_ ,.-,- . , '
':..:'4j.nterifor''irr1ext1rI*..'{'|i.
:';',.tr1:;ti,

I "' 'i',.;l-
::r. '_:/ .: '
eip)-o3terea resursel.e" *,g.tt11are',si.,engrge!19u.,"'P-''1j;;Sl,l.'
I sgbterpg.e i 1,';i'-i-

I
I ;TfTnnffi6tur*+e ) :q i', ".t't,fui ;g'i.
s-ant rer e IJt
" ";r;i,lri'oil"i "ui" plasttcE
I - \L -.- mgrlrJirr!'rlr,s rllEJryr:1*- ^_5-
monu:nerte'naelaqriale de _*
91 -:-. €rte
- ,:;.-=,-_
=
-,,, . ' 1'.-.,i: -"3.-**
, ,.,-i,rr.:j.;.':#i_ffi

:
: ' Orpanlzalea
UfAAnLZ€ff titl tuturol
LlILTA'tt)I .t\;so - r*e' neillulul brtl-flol.+:
vrrrr vvul/vl-- -- ie
acestor'componen ,.. .'-,-_ .-::.:i
: ; l.\i..,'
I se face eoq$I;b.-%
p. of*furl te.rltorla)- Ierarhllfta
canenl ,material-erenergle 91 informaltl- Strr:ctura gg*:J"L*tr1 "= i
.-qf

I ucffi -
iedsur cl-: {
tltultc(locutre-fn
I
--F
+*:""1";il::::,:l: :::I:";:;il
s3{*5-ll-4r--

I
 -62_
_i

,esa1 sau inai extlns fa!H

ili]ill;:.:y:,u1,:st*
patrflind tr
tangentd
---;- sgu sgPrgLyl*qq-g
sunr"Anrrnfn,r,.--
-s'!tq rrq spa!1ul ocu_
de uysg^q4
alte funclrunl cu care
v'
":g,
:: \--* " . cYvr'rrJvr
o rnp or 1".'",,
L,,tlrrt'tuJ- p""i ii;.t; tlnp
t,,i" speeiflc i;; ;r
a1
t
j
sulslslenulul
aedlului artlfr-cialrrezultr dln rrnblnare,l";"-;;"rn]rra
"::::t:::,T: "
'n "i crin dez
:::i:Yl::no
qh11lbiat
t e s ec le t H !i I *.,,.
e-rrPropri€
;;;";
;" :,"?il:;l:;:rl'L ecologl.o
ll;i3;r.
a
_=":.]|:::_Ls-, lProPri € rned.fu:1ui
ne d.fu:1ui ni
dezechlllbru tn raport cu acest"*tnedlu, i JU"if" A"
analizate ln
rlor ). -qgpi_toluJ. ante
Degl toate componentele rnediurul artificlal
faciJ ()lil.ugLuI
obrectul
teri.toriulul gl 1ocalit'lilor, in ca
::::*i":-::.:1":::":1,*:" :
auolaate nuraei problenele 344v^, s. gqLtt'l

:::::ir::r:::i^oo:.rl
agezSrllor umane.
mane,. s.! rn nnod precurnplnlton legate de evoiulla
S1r in
,
-
I a'celor
a. urbane.

l;2. ASEZARTI,E UMAI{E lji?BAI\IE ST RURAIE

., ' Agez*rlle umane se trnpart ast*zi. in.dou, rneii

func!le de ,osi..'rnulte. crlterii dlntre, c€_*$_g1li ra
c€re
- principale slni r:])_c,L'
*t*s!-994{@ "gi;;;r ;; azur s at e roi . ne a,.'. i,.,; r o
c ezur- qr-agerar ) ; r5_'ia;it;;Gju:, "
?'o -u;:o: l*,+g "s*i;; .;;; ililT;;, ::, _*i
rmii. I

"|j;ffileu 91 ni relr.,r.
;j:i.::T:'::l: :

r1le p""t* acebt nurrlr ce locultor, urrri-";;;;;;;r;- l;;:1,'l..

.llt'
i-lst-*"e*L-{r,lft'ss
teculre)- La acestea i ,""ui;;:I;;:.";:::ii:lfi"-
aaaugr "::
"e ""pffi*="-uua;-;;;-*;;";j.';;:J:
nlve1deechtpereed1]1tar5,r.spectu1caarutui.o.'=t*,,rtg1a1te1e
eare,dertv5 U:: Or,lhele trei crlterii
principale . . .
*tb-g"=l1*:yT_ar€ rge!..eJe
alrle, ;

Iii,"nll lg -:g: ei-q,e rforma cea n.ai veche gi .t-oto.atH cea

ual stabil' '!e agezare, au iJp"*"una"i-P;gn;.;
q-

$.I ?ni aediirl dontnant de locu're , ;roxr,a-ati v zoa de

i.f populatle' stabilitatea former "0fpgnlrqg*-a_irc.e grj& rr,,, tntG_Sa
,.3
.t I'e el 'tipologlcercu toat5
c"ffire. rural.{reh toate varj.ante-
permr',"rri"
a vetrelor 91 cu toata vlcl-el'tudlni.i.e "*fecererdeplesare ori ,rolle-
nularea 91 sedlmentarea w istori"ira-rerurtat crin acu-
ll"rgs,,r nrr""nu; ; :il
-su co'rrtltatea rural!, Aparenta
;"I;:
:i:::::'i:" T l" lI:: " :;i":o::*:*
.stmprii*", morfol0glc.! a agez5r11
rurale aecunde o opttnS e-chtrto"""":""orogr.H . gt bnergetlc'
prlaI prln ar:ta gi arhltectura pbpulal gr ei_
-flcctlvE'a sFh1tuallt6!1i flecL; vs de,sennL_:
ooou*,'s'
:=:-:
"-o"O*"=u-""j"ora : , .. r
./.
 _6r_
ldatl gu *ggll:if g-Bge.q-eeulu1*-de -urbenl o.ff e'conqec lnt$ ".:.5.1g-
P
terll clenograflce,{qduslalg*fgril gl ae.tuaLel L-e-:l"o-}S.!it' .!l*"|1J:-
..-...-,...-:-_ -#

?l-ce t g1 tehnlcsras€zHrlLe r.u:rqLe ee restlri4g.qa nundr gt-ea pon.-

dere \a popuS-allei (tinztnri in .p.:"p.99!l1i{ qpre_19*2f-dln nurnlrul
iocuitorilor) rfle prln descospunerea lq ferme sau grup5rl de ferae
lzolata' in teritorlurfle plin.transformalsa lor l,n oragerfLe prln
trensformarea !n "sat€ de vacan!5" sau pur gi sinp3-u prin dlsparL-
lla 1or.
I\rln contrastrorasqelerepuTute 'Ln urnu eu nral putln de zscs *
n1ienj.l eu cunoscut o g1g,Jgj}9.-,e-Ttl-e,E*;|-e-"-.9-l;1epi-gd'DupE o P*91 |-f tI
z5-de dezvoltare organLcd rezultatH din acumularea treptatH a unos i
t
#. w.I*=;**J 1'*a.*{1-"+e
i
?orectErlradaptpr.lrtnnolrl 91 extinderLrnai rnul-t sau na1 pu!1n ?

Il
spontane, ln qe$11r)-*.9:!1-t-9-*3l3: ,.8:8 ereeat treptat o t-9-91']a'o i+
tehnlcE $1rg artH care sH pglreit5 1e9"9-5r:]:uc,111 sau
'd.erX39,]-t5rl
constluct,iffnof.orage pe baza unor' planuri preg!9b11ite "-L{ar:ea i
5
t
diver.sitate de experienle 'ecunul.at{ Oe censtruclia orage}-or este t
i
pos.i.bi.:- gl flresc de analizat, nunrai tntr-o aboriare. dI-ac:roniedo
oragul fllnd tn scelssi tirirp url "Drodus af istorieil',i; gt "Locul
tn o "r* se f5ure gta is ! orlai' .
'
-
4
I
- t:
ralt
:\-Lc) o OBIEJTIVSLE SI UTI],ITAIEA EU}.IOASIERIT
EVOLUTIEI CBAS&T,CR
--E_ :

nodului in care s:su forirrat gi au evc-l.u-qt aQeulir',--

S""u,li-dreg
ir4:*{f14,-ii-
v tra:;f:7f,"r**

ie urbane €re,ca principale obiactivei pe d8.o Farte, cunoagtas+a

trEs5turi_1o3=general vaLsbile 91 .CefLnitoBti pentru or&_?r'g oras
*......---:_-
iar pe de alt5 parterlglg*lggg.rea-e.5llbr or'ln cBre s-au c.r'lstall -
zat, lr,fggq lie de condi lionHr ire s-pa!io-.1.;.0p";"r{f3iH1l$firs5r#or
anumit orBEr
Yffi-.G,6ri'+ir

In
acest scop sint a**l?8tq. _,e-lqnel!e-1p, pqrfg\o.g,ig"e eLs $ra-.
grrlut ca genez5 rfuncllonare r}.ocaLlaare rrel.etlonare revoLulle gi ex-l
prinrire spa!1o-vol-r:rnetric6rlinincl eeama dle urn[toarels consi.derentg:
- condi.ll.onXrl alg.Ee-d1i;]'nl -. -.aatura.t
'i- ' ,.
i..
contlltionErl lstorlee
-4 a:_;nh]r;.$t--.
cneoate de nivelul de degvoltso Ea- a t ' :

tbrlalE gi spiritual[ a soclet[tlt

.

- ebdalllbn5rl be de ra1Atl11e'su
create terltortul lnccnJurFlor
conailronlrt,:ruaor"tie" +i*"FFi'!r spa31a1 -vo1ur9t!1:
c{r -la nlvelul ee aneapblu aI. -o:ragul,ul 61 la nlvelui pEllllor 1ui
conponertte
./.
 _54_
- taorllg.lgrrq!-*s"
--3=e''sdoa coapozif:.onJa ,oqo""p!il de orgenizar_i€ ,?pa!1eli{ gl
. -,

,.,,"".uJ,i"j1F:ff;i'fr;:::ft"f "j;Hii;sl alie sa nodarltii#

c'neulce.de tnnolre
- sr t""q";il; a caarulul.co*etrulr
t--,"":
-"*ni "I-tn ";: gx:* H==.' n, ** ;' ;t ;" ;;' :
: -lffi:ffi";ririr""j;o,rr"rrr:;;;"
-jt-hr.-
-:l*ril:li3tleti I
"
""

' : --_^s_st

- confornereu ti .,tsa!0b1u
::r+,;'r;elor) a oiagul'"f (eche
l.telelg e co{_
-
f-) !]ctnporrgntele g?aa'.r r.,.,. -i.-i{-*

L*--
l1cr:::cuu,*ffif##-"*;:::ljHi"'.*:)*,iaifr;$*.,-]u1Iri.{e
^tfi*lg#igsei ro",rrl
J'
. H*ryf*lju:t':rpa1u
r+i!ilile*_de
!*;I?lll?-Se ' si'.eecundar'), R
_srq-qustt;.
+-rq-duB!Ie. .,
: ffi"tffi** er ieceiitiiir,**,,io"r"
s*;*""..
e_!etll urbane c arae terist j'ce (ggq,.a$
"ost"*rr,oi'u* c1s-
t;:;-'.":::".-".?iltl:i
"'.s*+ eete ,,.*1 ..,---. I .:1

:,t
a
,{:*
.i

d
I
I
-1.

nea -:-":- r' 1

-..- --": .' i

F a) - epoc e'f ornErll -oragttlsr (n11en111e ?-L&e'D-l-fi'

)

ntlenlul. T'"u!'t'e'n'
I
1 .rrrrrv!llf-{1a*irr1 (
-
b) - oregele in'Perloaila'Ar rtlchltHill .-:: r'

:; Orlen'tulul Apropl 3f ,&i**$-rj*9...1=Yl:5

er1 a -'
inti- i;u*"t"l qt ueart"r"tt"
t.;; ;
&r!e=3dq€*3d!!*:

1
I "'*;a#i&#>:"--8:1:9-gFS:.gS+
lv 1l-l z alie
e 1-9

tn aria c lvillzali-: ei,ftrfrtt*,Xmr.:..

._ __ 1o9a9-e-!::g :.IIl=I"Fg tq-t:Ji
ftq.*g*t . _-j t

x;uJ.;i- ar*t(
I c.)
.d)
.or agele !n perio nd a lJle

rlsa4a Reia$terili sec ')$ :TvI)' .

""9-iTl,:xtl).
' e) oragele in perloaila Baroculul gi : Clesictsrnulutt "iilHit-
de lnceput a -ln{iustrlal.tzHrll
i

.rl
:
- oragele'Ln peri'oada
( sec .XI):) \ '
l ,

: g) - olagel-e in seco].ul XX gi probl'erne.. actuaLe ale

I

I
:f

I
d\ -- dezvoltlril oragel-or
'i
)- .- .i
'"

-* _ii '

I 2.I. FORMAREA ORASELOR

------/ . ,.*
2.1.1. Fornarea orage)-or
g"iz.a S*f3{}*I*I$I#"-
[,a orl-siirea fornrlrll irlrnelor' olage''pe r i !l

l'e pre_€_L3
w-3.u'.sta}.1"o*""se1eagr1cu1tr:r11'-el1nepocbneo11tl-
culul cste au pel.Ills obllnerea unul g#gejg,$& ae orq0ugg*9g{tq-*6-^
gt in bonsEclntts dezvoltare ,iaittvitultlornaagrlcole.Acestfenorng4-
s-6.petieiut.intrew.9.!1.l'^'J.-.^$rrro1q}l
e 5 n vrrre naiiior frqvll N1Ii
t'- <{ rarrarrGh{re natr:raI au
Inclue atE .g"o"G"ai!1l ele neclLu
favora5Lle rlre netl:
Tlrr.u.Eufrat,
ffi""-
r'5'r------- '-- "r"t.urtr*ir Er ":"':l:"1i::,:::
cirganl zate
'dgtorltu Sevoir ae TH#
ior.aupr,g_.
*;|{#fi::::*T::::L:;:;;;;;;;"1"i: :ed'!di"':":"
l Er "d :::'
'
Hl'froslbt:.c de traniforaarc
"douu. :n1 Oo".1:1,t:-::
I ;:':"";:-nanst
:- Sttrt luste tn Gonslclercre
.t*pt"itrilrr-i", ,tt""tl , I *oo aEe'z[rl'rrra.'iprlnclpalelor crltr- in origertnbhccrr-r.

l aoeetul proces fllni atestatu de eatlsfacorca

I
 _65_
r1l'de eteblll:pe a r:ne1
_-:.: .*r*
ettualll i.tr cane vslabile
_ prezente tn.eadtul. r
.-, f1z1c El astdzl ,prin:
eons *r,ll;
r ff ;" * ;' ;' ; ;," ::il ",""'
:ff :' i :. :- r
: i : Xj-J :, : : i: :'
:
; :: * -
_ rng:rlme. (clteva etl de 1ocultoof) ,
-'|uodur. de"g""Ailr,
.

ocupere
s t"""rroio; ;"
i dens{tate,dlo""irrati-;ffi;i.id,E,
'imlter.e
locarlt'lil ea
. .., . ,lalnEtdtt ,intenllona1l.tat" atltualn.
-ourpn"l!1ona1Er ral' d6 ve:.
! :

-Prl""-. cale de f,
ebtl ..p'eponde'ent E a
.!r Freb
le din Jur atit lri ;;; I***+s*s-r'J*-}&**L-pJedeFlae.&j
l*t*_s,_*
*-'ji*"+*gl--PJedeg,lae.{ft falH de
n

*-orssqlselsi
.; asllcole-tn generarlct."ill]T;;;*s{.,g9.Jllsgll-+
;_1fr :11,.er,L+;*,
il;il;
ui _i*.seriii91 a eeLsr
c€_
. edutnlgtrarea ji_r=*... , - dtrectE, til t, e"po"it"o""-roo
of r,r;i
91 e d r s.,i;"i _^ ,
i" ; il;;"liill
, pSsa,
::::: :.*:: ::, " T;

ili;"-l::1"mffiff:::;l;;Iil;-
i .adoua eig,+x*.usim;ffi hlnb

"or** ,;:"*Jl:iiillH:f
i^^ - **i=93*4g..lorge .a of eael r,,. s^
nltate
"irIiu,Tiffi#fu fi 3*,_
nutorl,,""* ;; ffi;"Tir"::T;::r"i*:i:
a,

r::"::xpostrnd
r'nc iti"*tr.*r": econimrce
, , admlnls trat 1ve
tr,J:;
" procei ' .' sl relr
toate
";;;;ff*#:ar"::tr;,*,ii
* i;;: lnier
::::_,:T,*
il:;";Tilfi i,':"---o:'ll't
:;:il;;: :*cu nol erup5rl de,
T",_,"". ;o i*':i::t[;",
agl reptcre. "
locut*ori anlnd efacte.
ujlterior,, lns' nonentull,
!U.g1 de cadru uatertell"t"* ,rrto"u" oorlor ,. ooi"r,d"
conetra** U, g_s,-rHepr{df .r,vor:
o:' t"""*' t "*1"*;-ft.
;;;uEa.rrtatf,irndu-ee
tl":"t:t" "; erouu Eodalltutl dlrer.r-
il-
,&er
*tr;*i
1;-*-glgqAgg1*gt"ate

f;T'{:i
.
tr
11
msd'
,*oi.*,io,"ro-
"u""*, ;;" ;;ffi;;il';: ffS":;::;;,i:;'ril1"1'
r*ra{ 6- r-
.o.trcsr
trase E81 favorablle 'de
nedlu ,,"**"iliJ .rr"tenfi
tt rai ugoare de apdrao"ra" unor poituttrt!;
{"
prezenla.'aoi
alurare Fltru schituuct'oJr"o"tale :locrrrl,-**irradarc.
.gr peatru nsrilfseturt re
er,,tb.ti.
./.
 _ r, I
I Aceastu
"p*i!.1_lip_9*_I$_?nu poate
rnclude un act detlb-era!.
I #*;,;lSilCs::- *o'su*"-;t;;;;;; de inte_
-*"'"ir;* ; asez'r,I si
T
rece
b--\--r4

""
* *#ffii*l:**r:il"':
rl ale 'gr splrituele e1e comunriuirr. :;ff ":Ti: r: :i;:;*:" :
create &g*grggl\*crprln t"",*"""aop.r-:g.r:;;;ge1or astfsr.
I succesive "e -care loarrrculilon gl eaapiu:rtlon.
ap€lr pe sldsura cregterll,schfunbxrll
Et dlverslflcu-
- rti acestor nevoL. rv vv-a .
..r

I
I

4 --*o;:.?*Se
a nol rear-lzate
.,188" tto^l reaLlzate pe beza unor..Rlsn,.l_
.'lntemeiere ee
%r4 !_..irl;r+<.+F-+!
p1_gst.a!rr.i..!".."
asoclazu cu sxlstent".il*t feze
p""ri"gutosre "5ror
I cepere a asez.!r1tr'ln ,.detellu
apoL pe ter61, ln forme. geonetrice
bare este exprlnatH graflc gl trasat'
de coB-
preclss, ace"t" ggggr-SSpLlSE=ge,u-
I r
{
a
tl
"".c--9,Pt+tl.p-*"d"e*.1-p-"c.g.tge .gi, conf{gr:rere spatlal-volum-etric5
nit noment. istoricrstnt Shjit" _ p"rrtirr'
a1e unul aB,,_

I a

i
;:" l:: *i;*
* : ;1,,; lj
_

tryHi:;;l". fr ilff il1i

" "
u i
"i, ;;. ;1I _

s_a f'cut nJ;-;;;;;.tHl':lltjl;:";;l;illi;l$"

t rer de csre se vor.deosebl
in nod elal. Aparllla acestul nod 1:::""_
x€ a nolloi orage <lenotd"a.tlngerea de. cnee_
unul-nlvel inalt
I zare g1 abstractr.za'e de conceptuell-
gtndlles asupra orssulul care p'€supune
'n €:
:iff:":::";.:*:Tit rtecure:' epocl din 11- ;"" ;;;;-""""n"ur una
I lulle r or :11:".:: Jilfi '::ll:r::";:iJ;;ilT: ;*,
rig1d5 ql"u",:,*ll::t
m5riure finlt! un.organr"n ,,
I !
i rn af ara condl!ion'r{3-o' econornlce gi
oro Ln eontlnu6 prefacere,
I
de lnceput soelaierrn momenter.e
o.-;;;^';;;;";";;;;r"r
I ""
se:rle 6e,a'li
ur orageror au acllonat o
f ectorl iileoloslcJ.,curturelr,r"i;;;;;
,u. mod' etc.
I 2.L.2. iLemente ale olage3.or eluatq dln epoca pre wb an5
I Dlntre elementele
elementele componente g1 procecleele
de constltulre
rn perlo a.ra Fedd+i orase-le -ooo en-
il:]il:J;f,: ;;;;"*lr"o"r."c!lonare.
I t
@ -modul de dellru eeL gg*U prtn lucrdrl defenslve
I eane speculeazH fornele ae
de fortlflcatli)
rellef ( Santraf
, vaiurt ai pHnlntrzldrrl.-
I
I _*
I ::-=eqts*
 -- 6[f -
aat-ag*eg'l
rl /
I

- I ^: - lo dd : l"=gf*p-*g;+_J g9.g1p te lor ( agl ut ln e a, or len t ar c,

pe, aubulltHtl, func tlonaLe l' dllferonllerc : ln.:
t!lo+s9,l,,o.lgPnizane
T?ttll=ou lnpgrtapte.soclall)*i i .

I }:il - efletel-tzere.e'rilror :qgryqpll* Sp_*!l.gle tnrl6dilIzscr

eLentntelor prlnclpele, ortentaree unol clHct1r1'gl spa!{l;6rprite-
rre uncl--loqlnante
,?!'..i I -- .funotlonal-{ ln raport cu rgstuL reJ.atlr .uattm
t

.unor eonnlflcatll deoeeblte anualter for-

"fl lnq+u}.+o.l ,gta€erea
ic arliqlob .. t'--^:''.'-,' l'i r''-i
..firr.1.1t- .ti, 1.-,r'r' :'" :- :'." :

*. V -:, 'irtrttzaree unbr -Fqgc'$eg c-gup-%-r-g1o-na3-e irs d:i'ft

,sotrtnaaitrt ce formu g1 ecbru :;rmim;:-+* - :' '

. loatl rl*.&ilHi|*qr#.!ld:.f

le dlotenlX ta thg El
eossto cxperlenlc, cfrotuete
a --

aprttu ta ?cr rcglel ultarlor El vor fl contlnuaterle eltil corrl,

tr tregrLr proprtuzlse.

-l
I
7 t1n- r,

t ' g.v* \

pPocA TREURBANA

I o
39,ggp,-9.t
gto la *. I rr I a,...Pale qitl na

'. o,
I ]--;
r6 A
I r.J
55oo l.-cr
I
O , 10tr!

I
I
I
I
I
I
I l-1ooulntc_t1p';!p1o-C. tllrguac_orCg4qt
!gre-p-"sag*h*iff*
!:ffi-l.ifiF-!-frr6Eoqt J.gggq*&g,tr.:lu ou ua plan oarr
gl ou o or1.!-

01a

I prLn oontrrrt
i oonlfifi6lrf
!ryl (senotuer, grl,ncr /
ntrgrt dr fornl

a
t.. _J tc,
t,6 orn {ooo
bsE,!
.*ll-*-
I
I DELrrrtlREl roor'rrr!^tllr pBix aglw,I*D11Jil,nr88.:
Evolufnd tntre 98oo-lJoo i.€oh..orlntr-o reoereeblll
s upr a pun er e de ETVaTf"fifiT-dtfe
ere Ie rlc ho ( F ),
cT naAlffiffT-?l1"fe r i1 t e, !e ) I c on-
9ll-
stltule cea nal veehe aetezeFc orotorliEEAERnltatl
oo zldurl oo
de zlourr ap6rare(585o),dciEffiEJTlFtenla
de spararg(b6)orrctcnotInd erlstentr unel
apHrare(585o).dcfiffIfi?iJTlFtenia nnel
populall1 vr6a.rr@LstvdlJdv.r9
lrvlrg-qJ4- organlzste,cepablle 0o
organlzetercapablle reallzeza lrrr6ri
eH asdll&g@ 5*^sr.
aptrrare gl
de aplrare a[ eontrolcze utlllzaroa terenulul..Lo
!l ad tarenulul..Lo-
calltatca nu poate fl tnsl constderatE oragrd.otttF
ca nu au putut fl ldcntlfteatr construetll a1c unor
actlvltltl
actlvlt!!1
acttvlt9tl dlferentlatc (neotesuqurl-aeivletl
dlfarentlstC (nOgtegugurt,
trnegt€qugurl, aeivlell
aefvlell )aau
spalll
spatll 91 eonstructll rezuliati
Ql eonstrucitt rezultnte atn enunltc regull
din inunrtc resul
tlc convtclulre
rlc convtctulre soclalE.

I
 vnP
l+--{ 51o
EFCCA PREURPANA
Anatoll a

:ii ,. r:iij:arl::':!::.i l
..1 :._ ..

.:., (A.t (L- t

:

:l'r1,,i.i.l,itii:.:, i,!:
t . : : : :r. ti::: :: :il a: :.a::'

*q&W"4&EA*A-pJggTLU.grJJlgBl?S..I?.Ocurr"
A -a4lrrtinare,
j'*
?
r
1* :r
lffik': ;! iau
i#t,lfr"$q" l" iil E
"
9,

i i":ljr3:*;$;triyi*!*:r'is"'inut"
:i!;r
lt;riri i, rlr ;itjii:ii;il #r:. :ls:xlxt"
F-parepectlva agezArf t-.""onetltulre
gld (le api..nare,, .r:.:.). 1,. rr'- r i- :..

r,4ooufurte1 , ,l.nr"f *.SEf," ,i, ,

i; rl':r. *t#Bt '
,

..: -r:...:r,: r...:ri::.;::.:r:ri ,i

.,.:;::.i
_i^vi \ It1-

G
ii ,i:
)pffi'
':.rli.i

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6 .."ii.'i!
.."1't.i.7=-r
ii:,{:+.n
Ziti;.r'l...:'.l.,i

*i,;1)-"t
.-i:,.;:,,j,,i
n.'

ffisrsPlgtg
lili i3i "i"'fi"llll":,li:il;l:"
; Elo",,,,,-

ffi;;'w*p$
?fi r
.
:' 3 il i',T1" I ru**t*i';;:
t#ff:"
L_-_.*-_
o r. _l
2on

i
5occ tan t'

F-.
'
: :-1' '-
+''''t'-'4*-
... .; -: :
 EPOCA PREUNBANA
9roo1a1Q!pru-,0rctr.*egg$d I
s-Nry
.NW I ^60ootcn

B
CRI'PARI DE I.OCUINTE
AgezErlle reellzate dtn loeuinte .tho_
lg.lolefevd exi stenla unel 1r4;*t*{!L]?:
*81-{!ce a comunitl!i1on predffiTi a
un61 anUmlte ordlni de nneslarofr\
Tre p
este lnlocqJ.t5 ffi*Ih-prEii
t a t_ f oc ur
de cea cu
( B, D-Ioc*ilffflt c_o-Ie
c ti vd
trtfrfta msxtnd dE-6F"dtfi'l
!"lot cu plan circufar
tat ""le
de qgl&eip"-s-d9-rec.i4.51a_tp
r"pi""rn_
(6 j .
TER9NTIE8EA . LoCUTNTETOR
"-.Dr
E-agezaie preuiband(Dimthf tn Tessalia)
situatd pe o lnEllimf"prFtrte'.lst! cu clo-
ua--:r.nrduj-rd*A -zra,,rr i a5 i"c iiii ;, i;#
*tlt' tltn -zolg. 'inegltglUgut pr 1nc tar,c orn-
pus axtal Til-fi-ffifcu sicesul sid-ee-
tic iln zona loculntelor comuns cuprln-
sI tntre ceLe ddul zldr:rt .de lnelnl[.
'
. -ri?'"i-? E 28oo*24oo ter 28oo 195o
95o 1r
.l'{'' or!6
.ji-
l-:'
t it'

,/ vt
4.t rhn

iT.-"H.F9&C-gtAr a 9e zare apar-3tn tna unola

lolntre cele nal Lnter.ecnn{c
ntere.c,ante n{ atrllrr,.
91 chf,.1
a
iii::;ifr lil6"i h:iuilir'til"4$i#
gt". ryFri;
,i ;:-
pene rd rrl tura .llugqfept
;;';ttii ;;lf!
-iJ;;"il "fi-'o'
F;F-
I <^ *g-:."j-"tqgg
;;t;;"
"" "
Hla,lTyqdagruilrr
lylesg.9ogu
.ii5,li r5ii""i$-
rn ;urur'uii,
"
;"
srruct11 de dlne:nluni rnal nart.Ce!a-
"on_
!*-J
mlc a rmotlvele decora
tlve rirx*inJf"
of- amtropomorfe gl zoonorfe Drezlnt[ atl-
amtro
nrtstl cu arla medlteraneianH gt a
Aslel oceldentale.
- i. -+#
 -?2-
2.2, ORASELE iN PERIOADA A}iTICIIITArII
?"2i1r 91$1F DIN ARIa oRrENrlnW ApnpprAr!
.EcipTltlul, AslEr.Mr0r Sr TNDIEI . DE NOR?:
]|BST 8i USDSTEBAMI {stlealllc a-j. i.""*"i

ir
_ri
Incepladl cu alleniul i.g .n_.9 serle dE Jgg ?i+i Ftt
f' 'fl:cep dH pl
4i4- -L* vsr s uuriLlli r r ;ii3'.oracu,e au__ogs-o.1_s- dgzvo]_targar.naL rapl_
(-t/sl Ae Nr rul
3l-3-##S*s;it "i FGi"l'"| ,Eufratulul , rndusulut ) r
F::l:TF*l.,.qlel_49q1 _! l:l 3ry! . 6;i' ; Ji i;;iili i s* i a In ic E,
si
Cretaec-ipru)'s-au-'68"6'enstlt-ult-ric,irr-iioor"Uni:o;r+i"-J"rrii;,1f
-
*:_ ry* Igl (
]:l :I ilF_.q1 |1-eule 1" ry u" t I m"- a i ie"
Ttri' rilgi ari, nair:riLe iiuvr ii J;- ;;"Is"uiru Ei
_ ";;#;";i!i ;i"=oi€ffi
";"'- tr u rn sr li+r
_

::*Ti_:oT-"lr1atre-eontinentale).
'ste.t Eooiii"d de ra'sitialia ca or
sDr€ eea de ora$-cep-tt_aL5, de reEgt uro-"Uni"inA
-ffi uo'des-',mesie Effi piot#-.ot rnilenii sau secol_d, cr iru stetfit
i:r g1
ti;i;-int
au fost dl 'ii::::;::t.**t;
k9"! 'rez' ir';rl""rrente rrelJdr
al
p t p' *n Xl-.--s
i
+a s s i * : a;' 1"
A ;t I ei i ;i$#' -i;""i.
*e
i i i' il';
H :' 3: iil i*i;
; -: ::f H: i 3
l:_to"l:l^:l :t 1,.Lryt."gr rre- i, li i"iu c at "l
re "
ondi_ .
"
ttri. oreseLe au ereat .Ei'-ad5postitfrirnsriele
elviitz.9l19 gi culturg"o*q -arr los
aces c

coneiillonat ""ori"==ili*8"f;3"-
intreaga de.zvoliare ul
:::1::T t:iil:
::3:t ro!ii" olarulu1,
-
#;Tf ii u ; i e elena arulu
r:t:"+;i,a6**Iir;i;;"";;i;ili;i.;J#;l:TH;
u",i""i,;?
san€r altF zare-a _

*li_
tl " i nvent-ar"ea g*:jlt
ll.ll*3; ei rieii t Ttt;fuUeii;-!i .;i;;"iJr",,aJ-,,&"ii"r gi sreuta:
irC"", it Jpiriei *" d -ir"""f
"ii ,
l-ilo:r, biblioteeiLor , erhtveigo tf l]Lstronomiel ,c "i, "*;"#;:"8;
artograflei.
atgebee i, me cic in1 i . i e oroe1" "pgif
uai ri
l, $
e.r'istalizaree erteior gi-art iTJciruli=.'- r .pre-rii;, ;ir; ; ;;"-"ii." ;i;;i;
' 8e l-e di-nensiuli nnodeste-de ci+r,€va
t"*i nrii sau zeci de rcj_: de
:u{,,',-a;ffijss*t-!-n-*
ile f
3e dlnenstrunl
ii-o;in
t $-?,3'ggqs--12-'.po"e"-ts.e.uri.q"i;
cq$parabile eu olegele naarl ie,.ast6".rtiltrror, r *
feeags.g..Iggtigorl),dcopma teren ae crteva ;;;;;;5-6l,}fi':, - u t
.a:q un.
&llcene :2.ha)eau de sute de.hectare(tlr _1oo harltlohenjo
Daro_Zr; hd,
Kar\enl$ -LLo harHattuga -lGT harKhorsabad :1io n"tgi
'e1 t5!1 qe gfu;{5s-tsguLLd-{{.r*e*Bgq3.ar, orage}a";;;;;"r;
gr.-"o'""isuret i
p{11 exploatarea tersrruiof""gr.ut ,o.orrjo"nturrprtn"oo-
",-t**ltte
,'pioafarea **- i
unor tertiorll .cuce:r.i+-€ el gor" sehinburL conere{a1e
' e uror c trcutis a
cuptrnaeau
.arl! "**ti";;";-;;;"r;t"r;ir"i|dr-
.tttttu3t1e.de.transportg1eepocr1.....
j^

. rn raport au asezHrlle. rrrble gi cu Ler_l_brlur pe csre t dc.

!!ge,aun or a se {a-11;
"" rgggt . ne t d 1 fe r e n! e pf}tr_ J_L$r.*g, tr.-t*.*B
,e-l
pe.rttlo-JorilJl9ele o" t31 !q -apurare gi adleseq eu ro1 s1nbol1c
icu s;9gplrr.4elDirilul tn carE conilllllle"geograflce 91 r:atrlearur-,
!5p-.* r t ui r. r U-qr***t*u 1 r ; ;; til;i"'fr
"'a "" sd t i_ f *-.L"_*"_*
=
 75-
laclntel.e sacre El palate ql cu €xqeplla,unor lnsu1e -Creta,
Lennos ) .
Ol4:g$gfgg-nunpll gl dlferenllerse pe.,clase socl,ale s-e
erprlmat incH 'dle 1a lnceput prln c.-o,-l:1.$ulf.ea..cl-tqiglgl Sttuat[
in lnterlorul sriu adtlacentE oraguluirconlintnd lnl!1a1 lncLnta
sacrH cu tenoplurgfltr. rr.depozlte, alelj.ere rne gtegqg{g:gtl gl loculn-
!a "ie preollloq (HafaEa) , lar nal tfrzlii auarrtatea ternprqft[";
r;+:!.'itgFtr€k a te
.all-tate raplu-pa1et
rd66fil*iffi fr;; JJ ii lt * i lur t"l-frr**ffi
#x-!{$-r'*si - , rr

.
-'v(3s- ii -erdndle- ;r'#---.':1"1 ^".g :".- .'- ,r:'i-'Jfttulwd(; j-+6i'5:111i'€(-is:,g.r+'*++r^*l-s.qg
-aita]{gre rdepozLte sl enere (U:rKfroqsqb-afl.r .Trota)"Uneorl aceast6
-- *' --'='::**.-**
(;;;ffr#rt"i-, lnsulare
...;+j:+-.@i.'t'!.5d€i-ei**;s*Gri*JsFfia'
mai atenuat (oragefbl
f;i"i",our
Erentlere s-s exprlnat. t"""t"r"
i--' : "

{:"g-'PtttrGurnla} sarlI.dln'contr5rg-l-!Si-g]" s-a sub-st-l-tr:1t.tn fot"q-

doar ocarlonal loc de refirgiu'penfiru 1o-
-g$*-]igsglglrconstltuind
.cr.ttorlL rlln satsle dfui Jur sau'din suburbit( IJlcenerTirlrn1).Sau,
'.'fn exemplul pelatuiuL:.tS:gg*Sg
lq p.-e*ygesu!!g*-." el',h cazul pa -
,istelor *Sg[A;ilEr?."-r1a1-lzat o.,lnbt,qo"-.{gqrte _lttr?- gSgH. ._c--qptp+.":1
'!1g1119*p-p..b,]lg€,s.1r:qd-_1..3}-td-rwg.!r':l1-seri-ii;a1e;1qf*-tii* ,pjll!t-
'conetructll
;p!-f-qqg*J,:*t,l:,!tl.erin'ttltare 91 ,*p gteer:gdra.gil, ln lnterlorur rG-s er-
pte pI'r:rlfuncllonale cu spaltt publ.lee lnterloare sau'
,adi'scbbte;
- -, , ,*$Sl,StelB r 11 e.e1er a] af dfunerr.bluni *s-g4g.e"tt (.J_..T. !93; );c u
-lii6ln'uel
,-p'...1j""
sal:.?.gl1gl...gl.,gg;e!,1Jrs9 egl-utinau
Sgg{gq+i in lnterlbrtrl
:
fortlflcate (ur),
<x"<i'
sG
' '
grupau'in g-grJ,lgre
*e*#'*'-:-: q€itraitate
- -' sau nu
i"ro z1durl: proprll de lnetnt5 ($:f$ri Ur,ll"qlrgnJg;p9rp)sau fornau
rrrlt6!1 de,--v-eSin$.!ats (?o1.fq9]qg)T-Titeorf apari!1a unor regLement5-
<,*r.**Y'
ri ur!,an1s.!1ge fdcea obLigatorte ocupersa unor .l-otu:ri de rnurtie di-
. 'dn'--'".'"' '

aenelunl nor.cl6nales:clEdirtlor fal$'ile srtJadlH gt ehtar .ttpluarea eoa

etruslliior' (ltg$-gFp, grrrvrqsenJo-Dargrgarapparsetl.qgier chlar a insu -
lelor'ite cinstrucirr(2ernakl). Lq_qg.$,!et e tnsuqi se dlferenlfau tn ;: " -f -;-:{:

rapolt'cu ritatutul soclsf bl proprlstarului, ga,na varllnd- tntre ps- ''- '

i at ele' dr r JilJil-ttl"?nrq.refb aa"i e u l lon r TeJi-=I i- * u rn d e r j. o.

'f-d-FdFf
"r;" t
lgS$llqsle ale'nr:ncltorllor({S#ppgrge}-1;,91 :l'qarna,.Dslr _el Me{i.tr_gi
.rri c a zrr1 oj.pSglgl*g*g}3.qt_e.*g.{sgrl$c r tt€ess_g*fp{e1H s-a d.lfe- .

ren!1atfo".@e',re1at1.V'na1.1arg1,egtraseeua1ordona-
'.".(u{, (gghenjo:-ear-g)s"ta aaaBt ate ls d_et_{.yp -
,- "p"o*ffi",$S!o-a-9re gtl[21
lUrt1a terenul.ut$rrrg!9)
..**-l-l - .-
.
- .. -j, _ -r-!.-{

El tn sqqundale tte acc€s tn leeutr::L

lobutritdlor gub fornH ad 'funa6turl'gI str5il.triiuste gi itezortonatc
luoal["jto!*g!u, Poilootrnu -
sau cu
-.€* . lee{teti sp}e ortogbnailtat.e
F-;-=*--i+:
.. In eezul oras6]or reallsate. sau t9f1":t" parllal pc
Jil"=hi$r[pgfef
lieza unul plair npeglbuflltnortogonatltatea
--
' -''. - t' ' El af ierenf{Geg
-r- *-".-
'^:'j---:--'
str.[rl-
'-r
I' -**L-:+.^6-'.':.-.*s

d
 -?+*
I 1ar aa fost deseorL *ut{Jta.ate io 3ljlag t]3Iege, iieappe.Kshu* rTo3.3._a3._
Sgulgnaa:l'j), cu u"*;; ii; etruzrl'Oll
lTirt:'Khorg:llg-rP3$1:q:p.qljHgulgnaa:
q*-^--...:'.-

I
b.+-'1-** :

tairG e"bo ""r""! ;if* L b"s ;T;;;;;r - tB sb ir.on, rrro J" *r, atr )'e s ts z f- H
le dls eertlereLg razlde4llaie s'rsu llnltati
rlnliate de fronturi I:rch{ee,
opaesrcu exceptla ugllor de aecas tn ioculiSer" i.etr5riLor in ats-
'l'larsLa ,bodegi}'e 'gl 'cap6leior r5spindlte fnire locuinle itjr
ruohenJs-
DarorBabllon)- rn g-13rr cu tbturJ-qglgFe au epdrut dLferrts sp_etl.l
t "e""+"119.9T"?*H9:#?Jg sau esplanede publlco ( !n oragele erateae ca -
Gurnls ssu. tn Gordion)..
I C",oW*au'cHutaisEsel.r,rpun5prinrgas1vitgtea
, ? I pr: s-r- *rr raeg* v* bq uy€t
zldrrllor -"---{+;-;A;:=--
*q****di'.
1ar*,:ry.*.m.,...::.
-liwr'
exte.Algs*e ,':
rpr'ln'
t t oeul
-- dlanlnant - upat
oc
--:r

_"iE?;G"ffirr-
-s - - de €i*q*o*.:
lr-

-_ , :-,--------
catE{!{glg*qii-q-:.P**g r5gl*pg,
_
*"ll lg,g oKarKenl_g r zins:.r,r:. f *,r:.q *T 1 prla
lnstpga s ec r E (jig{gg:dg.r.S9.Iggb_*d ,Bsb iion
,Sg*.t',91.!g*yglg*g-+"91__fl:s"- _.._,_._.+_*:*+&+_L } n

I ,':neoll supralnHltate pe tersee ertlficiaie sau subl-j-ni-ate pril-;;

rltortuL tnconJur5tor(i2-18-2.I
ro.inu-t-ligre)a fost .i*reorj. eccentuatx-
I ,..€f nt1" prezenla cltadel-et sau a unor t,enpLe ql paiate dJ-sir:se ax:
eentric tn imedista lor vecir.rdtato ( AssurrKirorsabedrBabil-on).ra in-
I .
:_uul
olur
1 sb
a 1o,1 ioport
a irt a
stsagelf l*..{p-r I t * q e; ; ;;; *;' ;;" *_
r b1'*'tenplu-par-at s6u a nucreeior
t ..,... templeioir eTs "*p"""ru'*r* f".r"turui gi. ale
qgbf_+_r*.flSg-Ja*esc*gucg€ :

r "' ' ' - "P-3$- g+e . v1?g_ek*.$.lee.g*F*.$3*grb-q=**-g.bi1.er bogat Ei ritnai

I
i
degox
":-:lllt::t:: * interlor "1 ;;;;or,rr*i u,cnurenia'{Sslst }
der . n eFr eglkg!.ile (:Babil_on i . -
__:1.
r -
_**.i;.
: -:-" u
_.
;'=
I
?
- Fsr:-lgpa ) sl .prin g4*-eeg$e bogat decorct,e ie ,riion )
tse pcTti gi, clt3rtelE g1 !n intertoruL aeests.i.a (-HattugerfnorsaUae)
I - " p",tn
TgIgjg1T uncr spalir lrlbllce aoialenigffi;:;") .-^'*'
, allraentares rpu era reuorffiffi'.1;l;";;;**,
I ""
iar e?acusrig*gpg_10: pzqle 8e f,Ucea(eu,exceplru pa3.ate1'r
gl a ln-
c:.ntelor ;r€ )ca gi caa a gunoalat or
I slgteue- qg-cEnallzaretrlgole- rre_eg,hlss El*gl,-p:*s.!r,3l[
ngpj-v{_te.
g,gg-.ggnera}gt,.bE{ in tnte:,to-
rrrl locu1nle1or onrsnuifrTffi-H ;l*ffii*o"try,3',*
eare. de ar.t-
I r€1 st atrEzLLi gla:rJ.gy*c'precr*
ualeoau fogt coec6perl{; ; Sfgl*,
ol-r.uii:"pp"
rr {1hg*,l9_:gars
H *irili Er,io 1a etai ei uE
sv.olust gl centrsliaait;;;*Alzars.
I "i?,t.t ---=
I f'

I )
l
't ,:;-..tt ..
,:'7 ;,=:;1,
fl
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^.79 -
I ?
ifgr.firsli1e, arheologLce " 6t ce]'e'ecrlse ].aeE .ed de lntrevaCts fapinrJ
q{.il! conetructla orageloT g3..'in .as{gutasa itliscl.p.1trhel -1n
rcotr -
I
.

"qtluo'tl{ ecllqneu.pe'rta o parte volnla.suvbranldul exercLtat[ prln .

leiornedl"sl func tlonerllor 91- adninietr'ator11o:r tenplelor,- 1 s: po
I Ca aLtH'parto- conEtrringerilo create de statutul dle' aglornerar.e rrunaag
tltr-,ua pellnetru l1qrltat, exprinate .prLn.J.egi gl cu,truae b cdror.x€s-
ae0te]rgeeaae1grrygt6ctear3m1nt.stra!1aora$r:1ui..
I In aaest eontaxfroragull'sntichltS!1i- elln' srille Eglptu1ul,
Sesopotaoie!, Asiei lilcl,Ivletllteranet gl Indrisulul, generator de flux-
I ,t*L iretrmanente de oenbnLrbunr:rl gl lnfornalll, a boncent:rbt tntr-un-
gbrtnatrt =eetrl,ns c nare for!5 capabllH s.! creeze'gl sH'Gllfuzeze
I 'i$''bp*!'1ir gt rir:tirnp mertr. c:ontrlbulii'dli1 sfbra
'za!!-b1. [n ecelagl' cu1tunl1 $i:clviu-
tinrp aceste oxage tnscrlee ln modul ae proauctr",
t trj.butgl- a, grupat u.: o,*5r'rel-atl? rldtcat de 1ocuitorl intr-s i"o"ro-
hizere gocleld foarte gtrletS. Despoti.srnul bazat pe cler E1 pe pute-.
l' res nilLtaH'rexlgenlele e:icesl,re a1e palatului gr temproroir*Lol for-
latE ia sierH foerte rrarerpanteonul de aeitSli infrlcog5toarerstarca :

:de Eehillbru precar L-rtre agresiune gL itefensiv5rno4ul de vLalg gi le

Ii 'gfadtrer atr f5eut ca'e]tararhitecture gl concep!1ile 1

algi.sEsa,nblurilor urbane reprezentative ad se fLxeze "o*po"i3i;;,;f"

tn nlgte'eoraten-
I !:f g5. fornuS-e preeise ,care au fost reluste continur: rflaJt ral6 ae
:

aodeiul, :ii13f af @nstituit..Exceptla r€prezintat5 de eLvill,zalla. g1re* .

I tanH csrs,a oclqlet nn loc eparre in contextul analizat va,ofJrlierE-
tr'ri'l de rmele'd1n lnfluerrlele nesopotanienereglptene gl nlcenienerFFe-
I :ai-'ae:.e panfsu constituirea clvillzaliel Grectei gntloe. ' ' ' ". ',

I i

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li

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I - lir,*-- :: -- ' ts .' : F-e - i ," "-.4.'t
s.:.._ :i4: : -
-'
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A i:TIC IIITAI'NA ON.IEITTALA

Mesopotarnla

ir, -,
ri,,\.rA .\*
j'/
---t_
,\
o loo 2o r\'.\-
, r\i
L-t----.-----J
il
: --.. -.r-,---.. -.--i _) i,\-\c
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ffi;H:ffiil*.,J, reusloasU g;gg&lggi. :Fsattzat ..-ri4.

f#tN 'i?:iFi}H*ryt.l*.
t-ate tie"e -'"t""r* ,ljiaild" I 'lli
(

ft&#r+d};j6lislpssi
paTdt!+ regalrtemple gt eriero, .i{';'
!;-cart1€r nodulat prln eonstruc_
l}-rsft-Fl$E'Ai{
ttrr. r].p(r /U:eeftler
r ei' ae-gvoi;;i=,''
degvoltat
$i$Bt#ui"uliffiffi;"-
e uq
l? nasa loculntelort.
gt uv t il,!' I

-<rf,rt':.
i1;ii:4 j"
t:
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:,li

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n Vnloa I l\du:rrrllri
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trQwv%vvv
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iffi,nr:i ':l_h=$I4ff'
les
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l5*lrj,;*<_l"a
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tu.ffim$H
lrur:4ryIil,'dc1rl-r ",'e1,!

.5:ffi''ig[{
.
ffi I "''V,p^ y/,y*a*fai*
t=!-!t:;i1;I=l-{-e'.i;_-ril \ . -} ' -/'
i,
t *-r':,"--:;;-.-,',1--,:+1\1i

i,, . iff"ipgff)iiier*sl;4,''#;;i'.
--u

, Ir- .,&llt/E-/- _ _ir"

:s;;-:'t \.. "'o.":
c'mrlrr R3?
i:".\,1'J- t -rL--t
-L
iAi)>rr*
' '' -srs '-1::::?-''
/sal=-__/is.,2.,.;sl Ji - D
\Ntll ASEZARII i(rl.l! :-1 ----- '--':-)='' 1SerO"tt

;eJere <iii'1i$J'
r agezAnrr
.IrUL A5E Z
iY1OHENJO OARQ 1
rurmevirrbrledec6rdmiddneorsi,f,it|i*ln|rr:ffSl*_l
a I intorrre recunoscuto in 1916 "rfr[t
DE LA
HARAPF{\ E

r#-e&.nJ9:*gg*"e- or a s qgel+.Agt pls!-li&e t , re no va t

-
perlodlc dln necesltatea rtdlcdril terenulul
;anenlntat de lnundat.tlreste compus dtn cltsdeld
, (cantru clvtc cu cliidiil colectiye rqq4lfa,p{afU
c omercl.a1.d,gr
,comarcl.a].d plsc paGJtrul
f lsc lnE, paLEi
rgr tnar, p qf'-oleaur'''
naGJtrul qi'=olegur
Frfie"iTffi "-dlflqt-qnStg$
-gtr zll-e prln6i-
schise spre -srtrEzlle' nrlnc
ifiiiTffifii;;,
rcu

p ale, c u g]"lqe nt a1;g*c,_g

".s&FJd,1p-&lu=t[n
I pub 1 tc e
aau lncluse Ln Loculnte- anallzare' 1n clsten
:centrallzat(B)
.9-?fgl€EfA*:tomoris 91 Idzi 'drEft*oT 6b1eetIve.
,nd'S'ortiiul ce' conllne t#iiinfafortlflcat
din nucf6ui -mrn:.nrhtti sl zo-
du Z
icam€ire $t + camer6(sau atelier)
\.

FN

B lr25 :"i l +i .,;_rjjr

t-l
l,

fr
r-t

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*o I +"*,*.'.r'*,''; ,.f+
Itclpt

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'ri? tsi''.' -.''l
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1-.1
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r.,
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iq._-=:-=a
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4 llllf.. rrN
il,, -t-1- - A', ,/
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t'rrr.-sl ,.i

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---::T'!htrt-"'l1=E=-i
ry '-z1fffilt
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funergr de l.e
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,- a i
'Srtbti;r 6'5Fb tS o o_t-19e-
I
c*
''fFt'E' prec-le--d fn ref5iT
cu punCtiife* c aralnlle
gl o ordlno - gaonetrlcd
-
rlgu::o-d'sE

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I
8,il-Kahun-orae oe plen
t $td6frlt iodiili
-
..pqe c rI 1e
t1p itlfarentlata 189?-1778 tea

I mgllg( I tire t- A t o n )are o v1 I ! 6

efeneiH, e -'cctii5tFLLt
-.1 pe o traml Ce trdl
-&ig-1_r.-91
str5zl pptnelpale aprosp€ paralela ,F
I Elhd-tral'cartlere dlferenttate: ear-
tlerul rezldenJ.!q1 ,zona paiatului qt n-CSi-I1,g.f.uJ de" ne it"
i
gWarf,-.b.e.te reqttzat
: tffif;-IiiTiif- s{-daftlerrll cbme rc la1.Izo- pe p.+g!_p_lestebllit cu loculnle . tlp cu
I -Ef=6*afL5 c dfifd'ruf-muncl toreec (E )
L'71-L'L2
D
exc e f !fE'Ioe rrln Sdi suprdvtfgE?i'ioluiLl.

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ANTICIIITA TEA ONIE].ITAIA

E4t pt

"L--t-*.I5eo-15oo

t-Ta11 el Anarn+cartlerul rezldenllal

f or nat I n : Vl le--c".U gf gg}F.l r g{tS(E+ eenv t -
rt
e11(1)- case fdrH
-ilftrtr( 2 y s-r-c-ilifl,
BTc:De-t,{-slJsd,Fg-,-c€F-aare*{g-E€g!.e.gu-
siri dp ltnsd necropola dln feba l1us-
'-T;6'iizu'modul
de extindere succoslv[ a
r agez5rll C-tlpuJ. de |o391-qtE*u1lrlp3!U
nB-e xe rnplu de _q,pas'ir.ul{9-.Fp-9.q!.91s 9 -
'unul
_p
Ltntrellertlgr€fe"-a*-foqli$.f e dln
Lnterlor tat.-c.onplexulu
es a1 lIl-1ea
rer aJ. 1u1-R!qqs9-q--e!-lf l-1ea din $edl-
sa3*gggg :tr6'Ff eC-ii6d€'Ii1 r:ntlor 2-c a-
D31e, s6nituare, 1-loeulnle.

ffii.---
=rl?r-al'8 tt
I d
I
I

ANTICiiITA lEA ORIENTALA

I Greclan Creta

I
t
A
A:OraquL -stet Pollochnl clln lnsula
Lra"-dno5( c f vili zalia c lc1adlc d) este llp-
-slt-Ce C /4^,^.a.
forttflca!11 E1 este dezvoTfEi'
spontan pe prihdip'tul r.rnlt5!11or de
"*ve9_1niltata (B )c e o nouf-dffi'6-ff5'Itil6"*so-
c lalEliinlErtoarE f anlllei ; se atlnge
ll.mlta ile mg_{Ulete strueturaLE a unel
agezdrl gl ,J_1-9.!-tgL^de utiLlzaf,€ a cor-
s{ruc tle r tfii^ rn*esffbffg)*-**-**.*

D..-9i3{f+ cu{;t+l dln lnsuLa_C_reta, (ci-

z111Cails ninolcd)esta dazvoltCt spon-
!g+-pp --q1r teren deniveLd,t,,eite ffp-sf t
d6'.{ortif ica!11rare o tfariU straelafU*
tda-p'tatE rellefn,lgl gl ttellmtttnd tr1-
'g+e jgppacte de'.locuirlge,'tii cere se
in-Sefi u ateLlerele me gte gus5re gt1.
EdlflcluL central este eituat pe plat--
forma superLoarI tn dlraet6 feiHtirrX
.:u o platE pub]lc5(utlllzatd gI pen-
"'rg gpggtacolelspra cars converg- cir-
cule!1i1e prlnclpale.
E-DetaliuJ' loculnlel din nord-vest.

L ?#ffi-#i li, f ilf_t*trf i : x i lol ll' -

*g.eoqe g_l-Tlglnt reduce tTffi{:-e de ,_.,-o
-:6'- I {,-
--Fg€ z5r1. la sliltemul sate+cir._tgtLpu-
rernl! f or t tftc et6 -crtncl $A-'itirFt r r
nliftiire I de re geclln!6 regalE , re ligi:
oeas 91 economlce (- atellers gt depo_
.?1t3 -)dsr lzota!,'tn cazul foCaf f tLsf f
Il lceneiaparlurnele unel suburbll. S;
renare5 absenla unor opaltl speclall-
zata pentru funclirul -adntntstnatlw.
?

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,rfr}l-*^- \ tr
F ,-.
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14oo 11oo
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I A A iIIl'A'IEA
}:'I'1 C ORIENTALA

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B-Trola-oragul de jos
I A-PalatuJ. d{n BeycestrltanreapitalE de
regatreonline lntegrate 91 artlculate
tn Jurul unel eurtl centralertempLst
C-Acropola din Trola(II gi W),arte tn
care tlmp de peste looo de anl'se supra-
modlilcdrlrerttnderl gl restrtngarl
pr:n modlflcdrlrexttnderl
pun
aondrt, atell-er€ m€gf,o-gwtEreStf, ;depozl- lestrtngerl
te, tnc Eper.l--publllco, loc uinte ale zldrsllon de lnclntHrschlnbdrl
I .
ortentara e c15d1rl1or reorezentatlve
cle

(negaron) rpEtrunclerea unoi'loculnle or[-

genegtl, rastrlngerea spatlllor llbere,
r+1"-rz"o tcr E D formarea unet re$e1e de strUzl etc.
I I
\ D-tlattuga -capltala regatulul Hltttt rei-
]-*.* tuatE po un tsren extr€o de denlvelit.
I Qt*n."
se conpune dln cttatlele(E)cu ertlnderi
sllcceslv€ cuprlnzlnd arla marelul ten-
p1u(F) 9l zona rezldenltald(detallu H)
Ycitr.& |l
o ce lnclude fortdrege(C) gl ctteva tem-
I rFl p1e.

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L'le :t opo tarrr i a

r?r
t_i/ A
t-F,,
?21 t,en" ;

K- a rJl&r-.t-tr_!r--]oo l.
'A-Oraqul ngaaslrian Dur-Sarruktn
( Khori a badiTlEffi ,tr -pr rn
*,grss UII{} - c u for-t lfic altt raasf ge}ilr-r
ilfrBJ*Gffi fi t;;B5€da;aa;*trt"sF;r*-rii;;i'

do 4 o a d[" 6"t e-rib n t e I o r _pri nc I p6ie'.-B, C-p:*'

' C af f r*ei1lil'iif 1 3 to c r sti e 1 . c u' o1 a t f 6r:ia

It-Barilppgr oTag sateltt aI Babllonulul

greu- €ste constitult pe *eleaol prlrn lpl1
tate reprazentat de me3g-q*lnpjnt[-a r:rbenlstlce ca 3i cepia;il.
Je"mplelod(L )ordoneazU retaaua malorE
*E-tii-aafH*gl
este sltuat intre ftuvru gf 615-liB
frl"y

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t AN'II'IIITA IEA CiII NI.ITAI,A
Annt.ol ie

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I c;ftg$!'oraQ !n,$-qqnle,reallzat
plEf]*rEG - pe baza unul
--
g o_a-qff; rfFfi fd ;i e; 4 I c
9 9
o sc.hemE
o u 1 n t e f o rra tud
st"Edal"rtF-losonalE
l

]:::-1:.d1
compusd Q}]f*glcu
uvurlJuru tn'Tffift,.
rrr r.t'lrorE cu qoua -8x8 iu-CJorg
ao"r::a;o-"mc,
maJoTg itar--
dar
-
ln rela_
I lle lndlferantE falE
o lilnlt6 preelslrceeaco
"" d6'^f6rme1-C'.6e iellaf gt
eqqqve tl confsrU
rr s(JrrLt ,rn-coadiei
ra un
st fErx
gaaclar
-e
r1:I llll :lt e :t o Ia e : c on."t rt" G :;"sr-
fErl
1: ::l 1: ::^
^

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li fazelor rrtlnilcrq al
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-E'FtG-Ilustratea
r€Etrlngero
de
a oraeulul Allsar "hfi-TnatifU
I " 1-qS"zsrea lnltiatH tii"Tfuiul citiailel. '
?r}-extlnderl r4-restrin[erea lnclntel'
sub ocupalla frlglanB
H-Oraguf _Gordto! ofer5 prlrnul exenplu
I dj'glgg-d*ff-u_.ngfci&, spre e ire se ae sc ilta
cel.ulo t1p utiltzate ea loculnteratclle-
ra sau bodegl , ql care ee consiltu!.a ce
un element maJor aI vletll conunltare.
I I;9g9es 2-plete eu urne de achlparo
edllitard, evoluet[r1-ceIule tlp, 4-atra-
dd prlncipald.

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2'2'l' oRasEtE'crvrlrzATrEr ANTTCE GRECESTT

(.seeolsle,-Vf I-I l,.o .n. )

pq.terltorlur -Gree1e1,gi -ar insureror

sltiil nllsnlulul ar dollee ainarntea-Jrer MHr1l Egee }ainfLrr:r- sfrr-
ul unor nol populaltrt tr.i[,rrr :;;;i;;"leortene, "o""iiJ,-'p*tn
ronlene ) care au
p:"eIuat unere bremente are clvlrligiiii".-;;;J;;;;;"
gf rotienlsn5 -rprecwn qi-unere
_ cretan'
lnnueni;-";i;;;*:"::
:"ffiI$;5fi*iiil*ii,
-
**;i-, "r 5"i'o'nr bt noua 1 v i il ;" i i; ;*i . "flr jilS **fr3iigf ij; .
-c .;i
-"hrffir"l€;tt]i*fi"l3lli, " de age-

fii':i+rl ruir'
-F_3-'
ffi rtr#=ti;k#
ffit'*-t iii : i ?* ti,Ti i i s i ll ;,* * ; * :
s!|?ijil"ii:ii"}}':i"*l*rg::l"tgg;::i;gffiii;:#-
; ;
:;::; fi
:i
ix*Hltil;
i'::_

; : i i' ii; i i tr:

Siin*qe* ffi![iffi
*t gli! f i r':
brleta'uea, cleritaf""l
:i;:f*,"i??:l*:*?^i:li;l oiltr"@mrlu"irr
;"i"-'i,",iJit
tural ei' artlstio. a"A;i;,.frrer
:
pe
ii ili*
" care re-
derlnltorr.u pe pran cul_
l i
ri : it
ti"lnll
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p";i;;;; i":;;;;;ll"rli
r"r
nanentu stare da :: i, i":iii{ . il" i:ririt rl
;s.l,a**af]-ate ig' Ler-
Intr-o di!:
con.9]111te rrltutii rin
-fanheJ.leni""ti"rrlmatx 3liil""u*;l;"nl:I_-
aceasta sE fle oier-
;ri;
93,t1 ;;;ii;'i#Jili';ii*i,.3,""*rrenice exprlnat5,. rntrrn*r,o a-r ra1 a .
cuprlnzlnd
e
pe
Fi:i;tiiitFffi
v e,,e e "- ",r.5
ilinll I' i:. !v :: :
qsrl; ;igj ;l,t*.g*i; li} i "
i ili Li:$r ;is:Tidr ffi i$ift *to r#* :
"
se :il:"I
sr o f lifl;
varletate:.::;:i*:
de tiiiiit liJil', idg' tur 1 come rc 1 are in ten_
arir.;"-""-;;;;;ffit=Jsii+!ll:liffi':"iili3i.
\i--. In
"t:" aceste c
a,.sembrql ii***i'E Y€ S_al=ag { rn
rrn decoratlv TfIbte
:_**llglaamlc 5 accentuate .' c
-i-_]!<;i:=+-;j:t
ffd{j'
adrnlralle rproprlt spirttuiul mr@l_
steE*)ruse
baroc.",""r
*"ti::"ll;:"g:"tiF{isiTij:;:i"iT:i
-elenlstG;- ;; ravo'ize ru"ffii"5""?i"lo p,rli a arrel
plene
;iil;";i"3'Ji'5fI::'ffid::'**i"i?''T.::".rnuareil'3gt"n1;ii-.
91 elentstlce .toto_b nouH firzlune.l
: Fondaiea'o'ragbroi' foe] precedatti a" fltr"t"a colsltrlrllel
po11.tlG6'a. tiirel anumlte ."'*,-itxir,pe,o,
c * e: irrmlrs a' urn
Fsmtt:Le_rir.**_"fr"_-di
I
lrner e a une antohonlt e"iii r" ;- ;uri"ru
r i-.-f tr st lye."
i1' noi alel bazat[' p'er o' autonori, goooorr" U . i'

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8 t d tc a te s po
Mgga-H*1,=ggsds-lnae:rJe:-
t-?l}gr fondate prlri regruparea pdputalier c1n rnal mult6
Ag".:
rjrl :glg]-e-I_e1-Irg9-t9d, fondat6 - ca nr" gte oor-onlr pri.n depLasa-
cea de grupurl cornpacte de populatle r:rbanH care lgl lmpart
91 tgl grganlzeazE ln prealabtl tertiorlut -looalttulll sau
londate
rvrrus rpe $azs
ss ,ye plan prt'ir{rarulrr
.unut ya.ilr
wa.e4 .,Irrrr pfsst8bi1lt(cag-qg.].g*hlgggegl_c-*e*"
rI'cr:-yg.*.9;g}ggqqs}-c,={ .

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3f _efents pqle nuralte
errgle n 'po-
'bo- --:- I
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tlGr" ) "" "u"t i"n" !tun1 ao*rr"r,Yfffiiiio-r" iorr;t-ffi:. Clal- ( _ -'-r

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Atena ooil $f-tciat"

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tel€ port ), c!gg{91€1;{ef_easAve jo]p.R-l-!}e gi totl.lllt-

(
}.e_e}.e,
lt{j*grl-.!1!s-)'. Pesta acestea se suprapun uneorl fune!11 . ,:
:olltlce g1 cultr:rale, ,eda d6pEg6se ln funportanlH nivelul' ":
inul oiag -stat prln ro1uI Qg sed,iu de lig5 ssu ,ile capltalu :.'.
le regat pe care i1 {e!ln, .de exerrplu, Atena, DelosrA1exandrla
rau'Pe-rgam,
)
Ca ttpolol
. .C" ttpolo,g:to oragele .se
,g1o ora$eIg se p_gt
p_9: gruBa ln, :

l| o".qs" a::"Ir:Lu" situate-:D-g. -ls,{}llgl. fortlf lcape na-

rra] sau artlflct
I,ural *r(j}*"?*fl:l:r."tgfgggl
artlftcl*1( There rprlenerper .
'
a+ orage cle'ctmple
'- \

sltuate tn Jurul
ctmple sltuate.
d:'+&--j' i -'

lurul, sau trtn veclnE'tatea

rnel c*ffiilizate. pentru ap5is€radesea pustrind
rynele veehllor.: ertsder-e
'
mr.cenlene( {tenarcllnt )
\ 'l--*i,'**^*

:11 $1, m pionontofiu. abruptrfortlilcat (Samos)

,,1 \ alte fp-gtr.g*peX.=tl.-e=glgg"g* g9--.-e!*F&1 -uroL€
:gg$$ka'I*,,*tj$nss&l) sau aLtCle .inJosre f,ractic Iniiilf
"""-
:3t'un tdr'ltorl+ Fl nu otlocalitatb p"""ls dorlnltatr(orageLe
tln.Etolls gt AcharnaLa). . : .

. Scaqa de durine'oblgnultx a'oragelor: exa . ile citeva,ir

.r*4-=*--*-,.
*
- r3*.iW-tg+
*--r*-{=*,L,i;jl"E **tl_yg"** . Alepq q r"rioFrio"
:la= *ln. *epop
A_r.g."Il_Q:,*lll. q.."ge . roaxtaf;.,lnfJ-or
spo.g ..de ..4ax1Bs l.3
letlnea un terltortu-de 25oo kmZr'o {nclnt6.lle'22o'ha gl un nu_
Itsr de &-t5-.S-99-!!Jg.q1 bsrball. ]a'cffe. rinele c alc..r1e(conttro*
- F.-_.-#.-\_F{

rersats de altfel) adar;g[.lnc6 clrca -15o.o-oo .db persban'e(ferael, .

:o?.11rmetec1 i,prlvall de dre.pturl

"i;ffiffiI;;;-1;;rooo
A-lte. oras€ eelebre ca.lg:l$*eJgergfggg.g€,
:e}$gr. eorio ffirqq
l9q*qq-g Lpcultori.r.
Ieba,Argge.t[1;g!. q J* a"fu ,f*
ruitortrlar Prl'bne gl .Apeoe spb 5-g.9g. or3!9]g91et41-
*Jy:.Lg:i.

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tlao eapl tale l l]9rgn9:19r.{il.lk-9,}:g", P?-rsqn).fl epx ge au 19o, oob 1o:.

cultorl atlnglnd chlar Joolo.go 'Iobultori. ,-"'-re4
:

'Lts'
r.n--14!9.-r1or.'f"r*9t|u11*-q-
".' ly_brig.":',etr:d-ele bonunlt'ar€ au...
fost lnltla1 polarlzate O" O,q"U itbni"e oe-fnte"'""' ,, , ' '. ,
in epoca gr[r195, a rege1it.ugll r.q5rcalunt].e poritr"".*trltare
ad mlnl st r at 1 ve e-1
.j"figlg qs_g^-J.s_*ffi
Lt
^:-l-J

t-9q4" gqe.If .
-!- -
-
1.8'rl-5 8u fost p rpdstrindu-se numai,:!*q-
-:E

l*g]*ge-Iglgr-J*,gs-..*.1$t*.-Lu._f :gff in caz de asedlu (cu exceplia'abro_

t*i€-.4.*r-qdrs#:a:T
polel dln-Atege unde menttinerea funcliunilor re11si
suport simholic )'. =;::iEE"*rer:=-L*-* -:+99-9--j{9g-lln
.'
tuat in eenFul agez5rri-., intr:o -1rrl:eire:ffi;aaar;;"cipa1e
-r" .

J3&€gg) r1a 1n-!5r,Eeg.Qlt**r.j+e,ip.a1.e-!p4*,dr.;$"l"au poarele ?SI9.,_-*

-Pg]9}!AiSx3)'sau tn -aP-€.981=erea,=pe-q!.::-!gi f;g*#***,era tof -
1*9j-L}*j9;**j3
lu "t : 1#,-*f,;."g=-p**gl*t*effisr px!-
"TgiMdec""ee"ao1egatetu|tere,iritreee-
.r11e. g1'spectaeolele cur caractel sacru. trlpH q-gxalg1,.ire prin.
c ar €
W l* tt&,*gJ.r*qi-c€.*s,\*tg$eigp.e g f l up t" t
gl Bie.q$9*".9.*p-e*lc*d.t-"+.-p{oJ.iiii*?ilnitnl p:'ln crdarea" "" "
rinor er.H- .
dlrl e!'ec}-el=isss&.(gJpnast--qgrBgi-e,-p*irs,-sJgd:.9-!-JqstJu)
r -ago{e a apu-
rut ln qee,'rY;l*g.g. p€ ggpl*.n*ing.begatFrcumur-rna apturi polttlce
(
Qqlg**ts-r.tprr*1" Brl,teng*elL q*J*gg1gls, L r r_eio a s e W r
,T-!
*as{
-:- - ^*
Ultgrlor "s*****"'****e;$$$f"!!$er
--@.**F*..**+s"r"{*}"e*i* 7
-- "-"-;;1-i**gHl*.i&1i"
aEora se mrr'l ti n'l i nx f- r,*i
H- rtr uni *x*.
tH !i di fer en! i ate ln r apor t cr:.
rolul lor speclallzat to*"".i"l; eau porltic(uilJt) tgr unrgcu
sl rY*lf"*"'+""'--
r*-rg:3*s?--sg$.s1--gqfi.!p,g3ge-1*l$"ggL^E{lerre )_,
Loculnle1e, de ntsl*dilag:r*tr$St r qrien$s!9^Fpffi*gg5le.a
lnte_
"'r-1 ale'
s
trlburlrdeme
er au
selgR.gr-ate* {e-zMrj.tre*e"-
fr r a r te iI d;"
nqgtegugurl)ln carg s*ggggur se.fHcea
s,qq ""
prln struzr..
"{ggffih?*gr
(4!e-qgr-$.1eg).- i'
rneregirJ ate i on"ool r.* egolg*""-*;..fffij-
i : , i*$'"'-:15.
' oJaiu iu
reconstrucfta Ml'etului !-s inpus
"orr""ni; elste-.
nailcHrialtonalu gi fu+"ltonalg : a urbarits'utut rr;;6iJ;:d;;::-
nunele lul Hlppudamus dln Mllet, cor.aboratoi r" pr"rr,rr
-probabll
dln Ulletrautor. q]. planulut :pnntru pl:reu) ; Caracterlzat prtnfir_o
doneepite clarH cu prlvtr6, 1a''nev611e f'nctr"""r" .il;#:;;;l:
optln de tnblrlar-e pe terenr.! o'vlzlrrre perepectlvE-""r"
e aslg'rat

k x-
)r
.Fi' x x
t.: t':1,..!!,1;'r..
.:,r;,
=l
I rezerve .de teren pe ntru cre,:teg i ulterioare gi' c u o male abili-
tate a concep!iel care. a perrnis insc-rierea in cele mai variate
I c onCilii de's 1t (ttlttet rFlreu, Pri-ene,01int ),g:gsgl !tpq9.uq-f9.. qg
poate Ceflni prin urmltoalgl_s9pssJ9 .:
1\- al-egerearca ql9_0U]_*-{e___b-aa,d gi elenent activ al "Bf.**q}U}.
I ilfrfi,rntihY-b' a d ime ns i unl__s!--prap-o-ftTfl*
' l.)- dispunerea--conpactl a 1oc.ul:Jukilor-(uneori grupate ca
I nSrime p cu un in{erspaliu-fbld
de zldlrile rle epirare care au un traseu liber rezultat dln
edaptarea 1a topografia terenulul
T
3\ - ee-z*Ul:glea pentru ansanblurile. de fotdp.i. centrale a unor
'afe_ prin rnultiplul mo,trffilfiii creat tie insilEr
I ffionifica.tepefunc!iunir3.ePeratenet.de1ocuin!e'
e'J-oc
ssezate rational ln raport cu centrul de greutate. al locuinle1or
alte par[icuJ-arit5ti loca1.e (I1i1et gi Pireu)
' cu
Si ,?\ ff**.f
I€ \Lprevedereaunei*@e.*,,g.-[S.ggg!-e-*o-_t*-!p*ggga.f
l5liJg.j!
-dFEevo:Lle
gJ:?, .n., in d i fere
.. nt 4_ r t X de r bl fr- f fk idne ) l d l fe
g*c-g-
re nt l atU tt
prectice de clrculatie; nu au fost urm5rite efecte
-!
;\ i

Compozitionale ca stnetrlar.axe majore gl nu au fost'create 1e-

I .SHtiri directe intre porlile de acCes Si centrul agezliril din
considerente defensive
i\i
t_
/\ ------
(\ diferent*ieree netS a fronturilor strarlaLe. neclecorete.
I modeste, opac€ f mt si ria Eta*;iiifr afa at or i t 5 re 1 i e f u1 ui ( F,' i ene J
-€su erientHlli (01intb de agorele cu fronturile uniflcate prin
I portice -r}
\.
gi ,ctrecorate cu altqre, stabui, i'nscriptil (Priene,I;{i3.et)
In epoca q].gn].stlc 5 p1 anul hirrodamlc-.-g*ste'-larg'I5spindi t
.

prin ceLe p'este Jg*qg*t="i",glg-gg 'fondate. a" jkgg13*tjgq.g.dg-" gl

t 'suportE o serie de transformdrl. datorate roIulul jucat de aces-
ffir-
:te brage ln' teritorllle cucerlte, in speclal de capitalele re
I
:
,r1 c
.
iirs'etelor elenisti-ee- bnin :
:,1-
.
.a\j

-. ]- r*gr€-gterea
l" !1i.l,or rrbaiei*"t"*=a' "i. ll- oe qU t ltl lpf
mdrinli
Fuf"-'i".rtr=l
-^"^'' eJg I deei a sc5ril spa -
entuat5 g,,,gtr{z!1or curente (6..tro.--nl
de s tLnate sor f,ggfflor-trl rlnfale
T , Alep.Damasc.Laodicea De Mare)
!.)i.-., -,.i .i. --1r.!.{sr-:r'i -,:'{\q6'
' '-F"

3La fgf fOsy"a-Er:ropos) Sl c-Sgltffi.g unor

I Ie g1G uoage
,port1.ce
g.gnf1.gle cu pelate regal'dl@-mple r-gru-
ibliotee I , c azUrm I , arsenale ( AIe xan<lr1a,

I
T
";""f)i.
rareorl
91 cloar geonetrj, zat (Alep rDamasc ) -
r*
In aceeagi 5, I-g-EgeFTre apit ala
"po"
Et-B r€al1zat utl' "r-rbanlsm_n_qnuJnental' prln. extinderea gl artl-
I eularea pri-ncrqff ot ln eonpunere" ,Lo" gru-
l

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pErl llmltate de c1d<11r1, lr,ggglq-,qnul.
anag&*u de foarte marl
f lmene'l un l re unl nl -a&gr-g-rg-1$nsslon.r,l.nc1rr"ts*sg$.ner
il o t e.: 1 4r -teatr.,"ar ssql!,
Prlntr-o atentH rnscrr;r" r't"-,- u *ffi
rrt I c a
b1b o
rl***u^:"*o gsgr p . ._

r.e'1ef foarte .accldentat s_a

cre-at o trecers gradat' de r-a formele
naLurale
11n111e arnple ale arhltectur.tl in.care -rnsSgl ale terenurul Ia
utll1z.at' ca element qrlne,nizator prln decalarea orizontele.este.
terese drspuse rn evantal gt deschlse t'epte a unor
'n
spre-;;;;";r ir,"onjur'.tor.

constltuie
prin refacerl succe_
slv,eff:::t"*]:-:":::."::.."1r": JrrCCg-
:: :: : ::: " n"
bsza
I l- il::
t" ',::::l -: ?"-
perg arn ) raa ter 1 ar r z au
R]-eslsser *eresrs!,ll 1te
:Ti::, tntenelat
tura1I T ":, pe
^
: l
S.t -apfi5i;*l
,***4"qi-e-.1-*dS" "-g,Jn i lJe ir h r t - ec

:x*:* :.#L=_#_S.l* rII o z O I' 1 c

re e; -m a t ema t i Ce
consldereu-cH CA
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Exlstau deagemehl lucrHri tJr,ti""-
sgatllle prantate_s9. leggu_ exclusrv oJ prograrrele
deoseht+o
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I Ialle
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I {9!9r 8-nornnelor de construc t19
tt"!i"lloTIclsternelor,latrlneloi'
91
pentru- loculnler lntrelln"r""-
publiee, aplic 6rea- ae amenzl
dxpr.oplerlrorgenlzaiea festivititiio" ir' intre tirrJr"a. stetul-
1or.
I --: -- seotlt'l"e urtariLstlcs .s-.au despr.ins .ttrilu(ses.rv)de fll-o-
zofle'.g1 mediornl'gare statutau faptirl cH natura gl aspectur.
I agez5rll urbarfe au efecte seadiblle Bsupra locuitorilor.gi con-
d,llloneazH e.tarea 1or de ssq5+.ate. rn dezvoltarea oragelor
r,
I -gLaton' rgcr-rnoagte importanla
pentru clezvoltarqa oragelcr, I re-
sur'€Ior ,peleajulul g1 cult'rrj, Hlpocrate pe cga a' orlent5rtl,
I ltnturlLeu, d'pmlnante.. ".f apelor lar 0"1=to*."l sublini."U roiul
po-slbillt5!11or de s.atisfacera e nevoiLor numeroase gl complexe
are ccmuSritdltt( aprovlzr.onara n' condt !ii. d,: lgrenE, pJslbllrtElt
t dg apdrare, condlli.l de vlalH polltigu, ccrlnle estettce); rma-
glnea desple ori$ur'r-dear- conline. rn eent:ru acropora cu
funcri*
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edninlstfltrvb prlncipalen rnconjuretu de plele publ-lce(am
gapb este exeiue co*erlul) r3.oculnlere naglstralllor, cartf.crele r
du gornsFcianit gl-artlzent glrfu exterlorul oragulut,. plelele
I comercrble., MHrlnee optimE ere r-lmitltg ra clrea
5000.de cetglen:
*u dreptrrrl' poltti-ce de poetbtlltateb connunlcdrll dlrect"oo""i.u
I q_sces+*orac 91n doneiderente de
spHrarerse prefere o tranH stra_
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invadatorl.
I rn Grecra Antr-cE c eerLe de arhlteclt au'tntoerti ,;;;;
91 conent*tt,de arhltocturE ccire tnsE s-?u pterdut .".";;;il;
I referlrllor conlrnute rn r.ucrHrr. ulterloareoLn specral r.n opera
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I Rlr1odlc5, rnel. al-es su! .patrohej irnperialra clasici"nurui

*irit#*ffi;3i:"ri:;
elen al-terneaz5 e_u- prerlqg3e
di-igly.L"m$F'g u *"e nd 1n!e 9pr 9e'unul
de riornln:re st11 elenlsiic
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ecest€a rp9 fon,tul tii.ficator ";; ;i','
lersffigi*I85,.e;;
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a1, unel ovoin€,r;--;;it, ii";-unel
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clfic itatea artel_ ar-tlzanare r -p"ouin.rirot di'ferinlleri create de-spe-
perloadJ de maxinE' lnflorlre (1a rnceputul sec.rr
.l- _ \ ?:t|_g
^ ,n-), lmperlul'ronan intrE*ffitFryii*pflicis 'de desc
--'sgtrglbil isr-Eo:ua: i91 ptercle. treptaf funcai:.re. b;;;;"i;. res_
e
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trf,rige pg'^ce]g _lnteine-gr; Srtrtu-; rrro* repetate "il"or,*rre

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t[ ttecprattv5). Spatlul llber gl portlcele 6rau utlllzat€ p.eqr
tru Intgot,l"1, g1.dlscgtllrlupte-rlf Sladlatorl gt cu anlmale *

I sslbatlei.Treptat dggur,if.e dln oragele rlarl er:€u.Slf-.glpallpt -,

*t-*S-1t""".$-g1l apxr ina.1fgfg*!*gtJ*+g ,.Lqdt1;.tp1e ; *qgggg'-lg! s- a ln
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- constnuo tlI lndlvtduale -"i

nlvelr:rl-r
stradE seu'prevHzute- cu tabernae(E

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gxt**dtrft ffiiliff i#il{llllltriii*;'il:iti-
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-ne speclellzate' rn zona porturll0r (gantlere il::ffril";::_
eau erau mobile (gantlere navalerantrepozlta)
rle cpn"touc!tt).
' In afara lrmlrelor oragelor
eentiers subLEbsne,
sau rurale,";-;;;;u
Jil1rit:"il::t;i;ii::: asezur] rurale ( vlcl,pa81)pre-
turnuri
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1rste1e,
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Totul era . :

'sprrJtnlt u: o tg.F." cre-ck6uratt€ foarte

tatH St blne reaLlzat' dezvor-
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,tehnle
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"ffiF €1 }39,sr*..#*P,9q" li:*:;;ffi i,r,ht
yo."* si'cuT; de mareare a itlstbnler.
. _ La acestea se .adeugE lnet
j1rt,r***hditr"Ld;1,fr
r I e ). c omD1 exe n{ n^ {parlt
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romane era exprlmatu : _,_cp

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Preferln!e1e romenilor(dremonstrate de forurl) pentru un_spa!1u
I pubLle Llnera_g_r14t3, uinitat da suprafe!e deeorate arhltectu.-
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::'s1 91 porttcelor, s-eu extlns 91 odupra.
'cedlulu1:liy:* 9g__:-,:_1_":,na1e
I .: str5zllor'prlnclpale care au aJuns 6H constltule n1noi
JgEP93.13-ll1ascardrrrban5(Roms-vlaLgta,Gerasa,Patrntral.
Tlmgad)- cpnpozrtle msrllor axe urbane ,avind fronturl unlfl-'
I lqli sr a"' *.u'"" +e.=r.!Ade;rifffif i:.;;it
lg--IS,.299;?.so-.sr',prtn lg31T[qglg]-jtgf.-c.-9.4-sJ4uctlf epgctaig cr:n
I ar fljt-cJl 4g*lr,ilgf
1g g!- """ *tf-I1gg}f,ln3],
";;; *"o"
"" r"i";sec!lr:
dlsimulad lnflexiuntle strdzilo:r. fntroducerea ercelor -
pe
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fll*ji.iglf de axul. ctlntre cg.].o_":yq _gi capt!o1lu a.-qriotd'?8ftr

'preferlnt5
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,fl ; de *:st.*Iri't9f.":1}*11.!ql" axr ale, d"
*f:gll*I.{.3e.,,*LBgt9
l;\J4 *
'cbiectsre a l-lpse.l 'cle
tsnt5 a 1n61ttn{l f}onturtl
arl!.q!s.- avtndl c_a efec t

fiii eolonadelor deslgirr, 'eJ:

.sJ-,
forlet
I prlmarea lmperlulul. roman prln construc!11( decorattve, l

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coroerclale rtrotuare rportlee, arhl t.ectura f alorla1or)

t - .!,e-"ooltar.ea grIrlinllor
teuvoLrar.e a Erldlnl Lor pub].lce
publlce
.
exorimarea prln--+.- lntermedlul
q,*_-q'*i,!-.r>.a,r ----.: -' . .
-
ccnstruLrllrreconsttulrll gt
., -.- L^,.- --<\e

-aej-t-a.glgil cedrulul urban a fortei gl boq\!1el lmpertirull a

_tr9d1!111or
gl mslesttlel poporurul romen, a esen!el aacre ..a
puterll centrale de stat,mergindu-se ptntr 1"
t1lt_r.!g131" .uneL
ar-trtlgc-lulj:11-:31e ;1-gpi*T.:i,::"1.:-r-:",purtrtoare a mesaJulul po-
r tt i" -['"ffi*"l?-i" t r*r"ff,i; 6i;--;ie R ome I s1 I mpe r ator 11or, .
togta' cu lmpact ssupra eompozi !1ei r:rbsne )
- lnstltulrea unor rtetali nte reg1.g_T?.1.1.1.*^gf!ggk_U9e prt-
u*:u*:L**9"1' r.*85.1-!lp.eg-f. gHg:SJl-i"*o", .nodu\9g'.9*:,:g.q"-9._ g1 p9_'-
_*c*e-Le,Ior, eac€su} la echl-parea edl1ltarE, pro{ect{" no""irucllt -
lbr cu valoare arhltectural,I. .

In ieeace 'prlveste
' In-ceeace prlvegte _conf-ortul erlllltar.gtrHzile
confortrrl ed{'l { tnl oi-t io+r o au
o,, ?^o+
fost
*.g$&le*_ rn 1 gg on! c riffib r tfi tq,lqi*sl -ffi'*i.d'rii ; i"; ;i r,
"3r"
u.r_u p.rsnJis*Trrlre rnsul- €l9 fla e].reg ,roo m) ,eJun{indu:.ser.ln ca -..
,;ii:hHE#+t$Hffiiff+:
lul -:J-rl?+on*naiore,- re flc ute -ii{, or ag e ie er en i l-- ; X JJ' re alrae-
ze proflle. de ?.e;I5m"* strrzile.odvate cu ciele "iG6a6 n{si.nx-;;;;i.
::3i"l:*t,3"#Hffi.,'l,;:l"o:'"+f lB+F:x-ffi ru'.*i*rt;::nli*
$ :# ;i ? ;is i d: sFE*:iF,, ::, : [f :I i ;,iT:ml f:' jltl ;, ir.
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publ_Lce .g1
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locu.l1teIe particureriror rnstuirir.
ipurtei",i"idrri"it"li;
rezol'vet5 in ,subtersn -seu prin foge virlanJabife Canari;"";;-;;;
iar-J.i$tftrie"
- ers qslgu1_atl di ognozttarJ J-Eunoalelor, il aprople-
ry11-sropl
rea forurtlor, a.1g!Tilor eglimerete,gt tn certiere,$ iildi-
cans1eIorco1ect9gI.eexistau.aenaJ5rr"sanit'a-;;bii;".un6ri
$ fr:tf-fik-TffiI1l":"*;:;{*aicbre";'r"
0 serle da firncllunl(.it".rr"Jie, lntre!t nerea igfuirft5lil)':
l
' s1.dlscrplrna erau ;i;i";;;;;;-;;l""iijr-
crtptll ?srrran€ntfn.cons{r's!11
mello:s6te_cgrer. aE elempru, iu-ilnlTat si.in"s-
-an6pi.rr
de_ propr fe t at9 asupr a_ ter enu1u1 * gl, gi aL- i,ipoJ Gstric
- -
obl1ga-11l lr_r- lnteresul coleetlvltdlli' (fro-"ec aia lnpotrlvi rnj!i -
. ! tir
ii tt *1:I',,'lt !f fi i ;, T il l i y l,i tH: ;i" ill i * ;l :."irt *ii-ii"ij
vtc 1 I spec I are'( c ur ator 1s,r bri J, ii""" til rt" pJ i'# -
;., _
rii'"-
{i*l.
adrnlnlstratlve'
-
ale SoneL sau nunictpate-in cr-",ff -
S-au..pEstT"t plg'grr 'ale Bonelrla "fior'oi"l"-"--'-
"i""" iil"" Ir";;;.rn namorc
g1nUrtr:r1e8c!1eF.pr1v1ncex1sten3arurorprenirijj.1oce1cuii-
? Dou foncrate , gravatb tn bronz eau iartroru
' Etlipw" .rrr=i;rrrt;-.
Arhltecturaraga cum rezultE dln lubrareb iZ"o"
cUltf ie-
*a1h1tectrrE"ecr1s5tnsec.I.e.n.deMareG-vrtiuliffiTu- -

Elnilea.3rrrtic-trvi raf e a; li pi i ii" r;; il' ;;"i fi ;TiilI"i r,p r" ! ltr
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in provlncte'
.Ireg,eitelU-; tn ec,6ast[ arte firsese cufiSscut!'o dublU :' experlen![
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'sau
m1t'1!1 rte tero'ce ,ln.sule rrlsfi rate pe versan!1 iropate corn -
I pact pe versantl omplu terasatlrultlmele avlnil ceracter pronql-
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I t fortlflia1111or.'gI exterlor acestore(Polana, -cu.ceraals3

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{ourban sau de,bppldun) Cinte-qtl, lopegtt, ArpagrlrRisnov -
ldava '.

,' ' . ,l _- c.etltt fortiflcate cu loculre. perrnanentd(Costegtl)

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:l .,
ea11:.4ePermanent5(Rudaru,Serm1zegetusa).; tG- .

i ,,, -, fortlflc atlt lzolate gl 31s-teme de fortlflc.alll

::.,.:-.,,'...;.'=

I l€fOefovlna, inirdgul pomplex al cetSlilor daelce dln M-!11 .

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se zonlere
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pr.otourbsn seu ,le tioppldunrtj in 'cazul cupfinr-:1

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d.e:cilt 'cJ zldu^'1 rle .,
e- 'rnora di,ntre local-1t{!! este
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ilit - ,':'-i' '

apSi;are
etestat dtrect prln mlrturiila arheologiie a1e prezen!e'1 unor
il 'f
functtunl speclellzater' altele ilecit locuirea -sanetuareo ate-
iltl llerer' depozlte-,prln- concentrdri.le demograflce rpitn' tehnlct:-
il le avensate de const'ructie, terasare f. drer"oe,gf ednfpird.'
il
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Indtrectrnivelul de ,Jezvoltare el acestor 1ocallt5!t este. deno-
iI tat de qfsdul general de dezvoltere eeononicl gl polttieXlaL 'r.
Daclel, Ce schimburile'comerci6le pd arll inttnse- rie eelmllares
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sean a} Pontu).ul luximrfonrlate ln sec.Vff -VI l.e.n., ( HLstr-lar.
i'
Ca1]stlsrTomls) rtrece prin'toate staCil]e caraetgrlstlce, -Br-
il fralcSrclaslcdrelenlstlcS. DupH o scurtd perloadH Ce apsrtenentH
i Ia statul lul tsurebtsia (mlj1ocu3. sec.I i.€.!1.) S1'drpU o scurtH
il oponen!Erallturl de ge!1, Impotriva expanslunll ronsn€(sec.I.€.d.)
ars loc o poriosdH de <leosebttd Inflorlre urban6 in'cadruf 'lnpe-
'ilof r.,f roman ( sec.I-IV e.n. ) .
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. .- rmperlul ro'.ran ill plrn€ o:npronta pe terltorille ocupste
I prlntr-un prsces ellc ace .le e olonlzare rnlltterl{ gl atjmlnlstra-
t1vll, cre tnrl strue turl adminlstr.etlve rrlrumurt r slsteme r.nllltgr_
cefenslvernot aqezrirr rrrrule l1 trrbanersrsterne de exploatsre
I rnlnlerS -gl agileof i,interven!1i urbsnistice in oraqele exls
--tenterin mod slmtlor eu cele care au avut 1oe ln restul pro
I vlnc I tlor
-_
(]) - Dlntre a..qez3rile urbane ,colonla Dgclcarnunrlt,! uI-
terlor colonla ulpia Tralana, Auqusta Daclca sarftizeqetusa l,l,e-
I tropolls (azl satul ssrnizegetusa)rfondatr lntre rog-11o €.o.1
cup! rltul spectflc, o,.qanrzatr Juridlc Ql siste;;;i#ig -
I forrn prlnctptllor roncne a avui deille inceput statutuL <le"o,
lo-nte- Alte nour locar{-tili vor cu.tirnpul Ia acelagl
co.-
etatut -s1 anume : Napoc a(cluj ) , ,a4gibe
potetss a(TurOs) , Dle_rna(O4gova).,
Drobeta(Turnu-Severln) rRomula-lr{alva(Regca) .$1 .:cele douH age_
zHr1..de Ia Apulunr (fostere L,runiciplurn Aureli.urq'ripulense gl
sept.lu'rrlum Apure.nse -azL Alba ruliai . Ajung ae"se*a*" Ia ranr
gu1 de l\lunlclptun:porollssurn (ttiol,,;rad) sl Tlbisctln(Jupe). Au, '.
fost ldentlflcate peste 5oo rle alte eQez5rl, "p"gi',, -tlrgurl
cu c aracter cvasl-urban (ltictarsucirlavarAquaerCurnldave) gi,
'.vlcl" - sate ln csre ( ca de altfel gl in orage gl cestre;este '
ateslsi6 materlal perslstenta populallel d*o-getlce in
text rrl c6loni zlrl l romane . ' I . ' .,
.., "o, -
. ..., .- ,:,'
..,, ..,

Jzl : rntervenlliIe urbanistlce romsne rn coroniire gre-

ce$tl rmal blne cunoscute in lllstrlarconstau iri 't*bon.ItHSirfe '
forllflcaltilorrlntroducerea. unor no! piodame',be crdarrr pu -
bllce;comerclale 91.'vra[u
de cultrapeduct"rrolo#nte de'artHr gf n" -
morlete,denottnit o gi .
""o.lrrcu ""r;";;iu-;";il;;;;;;.
Aceesta se prelunr{eqte 'par!la} .g1 in :perloada romano-blzantinu'
(sbc.IV-VII e.n.)dorl Localltilile uo" i"i".fa!H dtln ce'fri te...
ma!.greu atacurllor oopoarelor mlgratbare.csre v6r ,iuce in gec.
VTI,ll dlsparllla vle!it urbahe dln limltele acestor agez5rl. .'
I
- :- guao""" r*f"rlurul to**'tto"rorltul unor cauz.'complexe -ln- ,

terne generate rle fellment,ul'modurul rle'prodrr !1e scravaglst'gl

'eiterne dtstoratelvetrunlLor succestve 'dd
popoare nlgratoare, ars
' .drept -efect transformarea orsgelor.,
st, h spec.tal a Rome! rn ttn-
-ta-prlorltare a1e experlt!111or de'Jaf' gt cucerlr€. resrgurani" ,
ec[derea denograflgE a popuralteI urbanertmposrtultet; ,i" ;*-
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vLetaourbanu .r recon.qtltule tntr-o nour iornru.
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pcntlu corturllE ,sau bar5e1le nilttarc tn

caatrale .uobtlc sau stebll-e rfta. prln t:lasa-
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cole . ( suprsfe te ile clrca 5o ha.destlnate a
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u,* ii"
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in' fostefe-"rfit""ii",

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econonta feuilald, orageLi uq luptat pentiu ottrnere;-il;;i"l;i ;;

a deschlde oletei d"_5 utrlize irn stitem tr;p;i;-a;-*U;#i*ei-eiio-
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