ZA200800337B - Livestock management system - Google Patents
Livestock management system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ZA200800337B ZA200800337B ZA200800337A ZA200800337A ZA200800337B ZA 200800337 B ZA200800337 B ZA 200800337B ZA 200800337 A ZA200800337 A ZA 200800337A ZA 200800337 A ZA200800337 A ZA 200800337A ZA 200800337 B ZA200800337 B ZA 200800337B
- Authority
- ZA
- South Africa
- Prior art keywords
- livestock
- subscriber
- management system
- interest
- animals
- Prior art date
Links
- 244000144972 livestock Species 0.000 title claims description 168
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 claims description 100
- 238000007726 management method Methods 0.000 claims description 52
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000035558 fertility Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000011081 inoculation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 5
- 235000013365 dairy product Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000009313 farming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010985 leather Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009304 pastoral farming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241001455214 Acinonyx jubatus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000282817 Bovidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000283707 Capra Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000238424 Crustacea Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000287828 Gallus gallus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000282320 Panthera leo Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000282373 Panthera pardus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001494479 Pecora Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000283080 Proboscidea <mammal> Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000282806 Rhinoceros Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000015278 beef Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013330 chicken meat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000062645 predators Species 0.000 description 1
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- Management, Administration, Business Operations System, And Electronic Commerce (AREA)
Description
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LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
This invention relates to a system for managing livestock and, more particularly, for managing livestock for use as a bankable commodity, as investments or in traditional \ rituals.
A livestock, primarily cattle, farming industry is a primary contributor of beef, dairy products, leather and several other products to sectors of a country’s economy and, as such, it fulfils an important role in the economy. In addition, in many countries, the ownership of livestock, particularly cattle, is indicative of the wealth and social standing of a person. Livestock is also used in several cultural or traditional rituals such as to mourn the passing of a relative, to celebrate a birth or coming of age or to pay a bride price or dowry.
3 wOig . =+2008/003 35
Actual farming of livestock can be area extensive where the animals are allowed to range almost freely over a vast tract of land or area intensive where the animals are confined to pens or cages and are fed processed feed. An example of a livestock area intensive farm would be a cattle feedlot. In either case livestock farming tends to be labour intensive for the animals need to monitored continuously to ensure that they remain in a healthy condition and that they are feeding or being fed properly.
Furthermore, free ranging livestock must be watched to ensure that they do not wander off or fall prey to stock thieves.
Despite any innate, investorial or cultural desires to own livestock increasing urbanisation makes such ownership impossible because of the labour intensive retail of livestock farming as well as the tracts of land needed to farm livestock. One undesirable result of the above-mentioned difficulty is a decrease in the number of livestock farmers and a concomitant decrease in the numbers of livestock farmed. This increases the prices of leather goods, of staples such as dairy products and meat, and also of animals used in cultural or traditional rituals.
In this specification the term “livestock” is intended to include, with its scope, all domesticated animals that are farmed such as cattle, including specific breeds of cattle, goats, sheep, chickens, fish and crustacea, and non-domesticated animals that are retained on game farms such as antelope, elephants, rhinoceros and predators such as lion, leopard and cheetah and the term “farm” is intended to include conventional farms, terrestrial or aquatic, where animals are reared and nurtured and game farms where wild animals are, largely, left to their own devices with minimal interference. The term “livestock” is meant to also extend to virtual livestock, in which the livestock is not actual, : physical livestock, but rather virtually created livestock defined in a similar manner and thus having similar characteristics.
It is an object of this invention to provide a system for managing live or virtual livestock and, more particularly but not exclusively, for managing livestock for use as a bankable commodity, an investment or in traditional rituals and for investment purposes.
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In accordance with a first aspect of this invention there is provided a livestock management system comprising a number of livestock animals, a number of subscribers which have an interest in one or more of the livestock animals, at least one processor which is coupled to at least one database in which details of each subscriber and their interest in the livestock animals is recorded, the processor also having access to a database in which information relating to each livestock animal is recorded and the processor being operable to supply information, to a subscriber, of each livestock animal in which the subscriber has an interest and to raise a fee against each subscriber in respect of maintaining the subscriber’s interest.
In an example embodiment, the livestock animals are actual, physical animals maintained on at least one farm, or virtual animals.
There is further provided for a subscriber's interest in the livestock to be calculable on the basis of a financial interest the subscriber has in the management system and for the financial interest to be directly convertible into actual livestock animals on the happening of a predetermined event.
There is also provided for the predetermined event to be a traditional ritual or event for which at least one livestock animal is required and for the ritual or event to be selected from the group comprising: providing lobola or a bride price, celebrating a marriage or other function, or for catering for mourners at a funeral, and for the convertible livestock to be selected from a pool of livestock according to one or more particular traits such as gender, colour, breed and the like. Alternatively there is provided for the predetermined event to be a realisation, by a subscriber, of all or part of an interest in the livestock animals.
There is further provided for the information relating to each livestock animal to include any one or more of the age, gender, colour, dipping history, inoculation history, fecundity details, estimated value, location and, preferably, it should include a representation of the animal, preferably a photograph.
The invention also provides for a subscriber to be provided with details, preferably in an electronic format from the or each processor and further preferably by means of an electronic communications network, on request or on the happening of a predetermined event, and for the details with which the subscriber is provided to relate directly to the interest of the subscriber in the livestock. :
There is also provided for the electronic communications network via which a subscriber is provided with details to be a wireless communications network; for the details to be provided to the subscriber shortly after it is generated by a processor; and for the details to be supplied by means of a Short Message Service (SMS) or Multimedia Message
Service (MMS) message sent to a mobile telephone. Alternatively there is provided for : the details to be supplied to an Internet viewable website.
There is further provided for a subscriber to reduce or terminate an interest and request delivery of as many livestock animals as entitled to by virtue of the value by which the interest is reduced and for the subscriber to select said animals from details provided.
There is also provided for, on selection of one or more livestock animals by a subscriber, a processor to check to determine whether the subscriber's interest is sufficient to satisfy the request and, if so satisfied, to authorise the delivery or collection of the livestock and deduct the value thereof from the subscriber’s interest.
There is also provided for a subscriber to select specific livestock animals and for the details provided to the subscriber to facilitate a selection to be tailored to specific selection parameters specified by the subscriber.
The invention also provides for the number of livestock animals in which a subscriber has an interest vary depending on market fluctuations.
There is also provided for the system to calculate a dividend for each subscriber based on statistical information relating to the offspring and growth of animals in which the subscriber has an interest and for the dividend to be payable to the subscriber in money or livestock, alternatively for the dividend to be retained within the system and increase the subscriber's interest.
0 ) ° =2008/ 0 033»
There is further provided for the system to provide a livestock endowment policy or any other form of regular contributions such as a funeral-death policy, unit trusts or a regular savings plan where a subscriber can make regular contributions to an interest and, at a predetermined maturity date, the subscriber will become entitled to redeem an interest in money or livestock.
In accordance with a second aspect of this invention there is provided for the subscribers to contribute towards a fund, a portion of which, which corresponds to a specific subscriber's interest arising from said contributions, being available for use to purchase at least one livestock animal thus redeeming said subscriber’s interest in said portion. In an example embodiment, this fund may be part of a funeral-benefit policy.
Thus, a subscriber can pay regular recurring contributions into the fund, and in the event of the person whose life is insured dying, the subscriber becomes entitled to an animal.
Such a funeral-benefit policy may be coupled to the endowment policy mentioned above.
This funeral-benefit policy may be added to other funeral policies or it may be a stand- alone policy.
There is further provided for the subscriber’s interest to be redeemable on the happening of a specified event such as, for example, a marriage in which case the livestock animal or animals may be a bride price or lobola, on the passing away of a relative in which case the livestock animal or animals would be used to cater for mourners at a funeral, or a desire on the part of the subscriber to realise all of part of an interest contributed to the fund.
There is further provided for the livestock to be selected from a pool of livestock according to one or more particular traits such as gender, colour, breed and the like.
There is also provided for each subscriber, at regular intervals or on the making of a query, to be provided with details, preferably in an electronic format, on request or on the happening of a predetermined event, of a particular subscriber's interest and for said details to provide an indication of the monetary value of the subscriber's interest and/or livestock animals the subscriber's interest entitles the subscriber to.
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There is further provided for the details to be provided to a subscriber by means of an electronic communications, preferably a wireless communications network; for the details to be provided to the subscriber shortly after it.is generated by a processor; and for the details to be supplied by means of a Short Message Service (SMS) or Multimedia
Message Service (MMS) message sent to a mobile telephone. Alternatively there is provided for the details to be supplied to an Internet viewable website.
There is further provided for a subscriber to reduce or terminate an interest and request delivery of as many livestock animals as entitled to by virtue of the value by which the subscriber's interest is reduced and for the subscriber to select said animais from details provided.
There is also provided for, on selection of one or more livestock animals by a subscriber, a processor to check to determine whether the subscriber's interest is sufficient to satisfy the request and, if so satisfied, to authorise the delivery or collection of the livestock and deduct the value thereof from the subscriber's interest.
There is also provided for a subscriber to select specific livestock animals and for the details provided to the subscriber to facilitate a selection to be tailored to specific selection parameters specified by the subscriber.
The invention also provides for the number of livestock animals in which a subscriber has an interest vary depending on market fluctuations.
Embodiments of the invention will be described below by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawing which is a schematic representation of one embodiment of a livestock management system according to the invention.
In accordance with a first aspect of this invention there is provided a livestock management system 10. The system 10 comprises a number of livestock animals 12.
As indicated above, these animals are either virtual animals or actual, live animals maintained on at least one farm 14. The present invention applies equally to both types of animals.
The system 10 further comprises a number of subscribers 16 which have an interest in one or more of the livestock animals 12. At least one processor 18 is provided, the processor 18 being coupled to at least one database 20 in which details of each subscriber and their interest in the livestock animals is recorded. The processor 18 also has access to a database 22 in which information relating to each livestock animal is recorded. The processor 18 is arranged to supply information, to a subscriber 16, of each livestock animal 12 in which the subscriber 16 has an interest, and to raise a fee against each subscriber 16 in respect of maintaining the subscriber’s interest.
There is further provided for a subscriber's interest in the livestock 12 to be calculable on the basis of a financial interest the subscriber 16 has in the management system 10. In an example embodiment, the financial interest may be directly convertible into actual livestock animals on the happening of a predetermined event. The predetermined event may be a traditional ritual or event for which at least one livestock animal is required.
The ritual or event may, for example, be selected from the group comprising: providing lobola or a bride price, celebrating a marriage or other function, or for catering for mourners at a funeral. The convertible livestock may be selected from a pool of livestock according to one or more particular traits such as gender, colour, breed and the like. Alternatively, there is provided for the predetermined event to be a realisation, by a subscriber 16, of all or part of an interest in the livestock animals 12.
There is further provided for the information relating to each livestock animal 12 on the database 22 to include any one or more of the age, gender, colour, dipping history, inoculation history, fecundity details, estimated value and location. In an example embodiment, the database 22 may include a representation of the animal, such as a photograph.
In an example embodiment, the subscriber 16 may be provided with detailed information by the processor 18, either on request or on the happening of a predetermined event, with the provided details relating directly to the interest of the subscriber 16 in the
: livestock 12. This communication of information from the processor 18 may take place in any one of a number of ways, with, in an example embodiment, the information being communicated in an electronic format by means of an electronic communications network 24. In an alternative embodiment, the electronic communications network 24 may take the form of a wireless communications network, which allows the details to be provided to the subscriber 16 shortly after it is generated by the processor 18. The details may be supplied by means of a Short Message Service (SMS) or Multimedia
Message Service (MMS) message sent to a mobile telephone associated with each subscriber 16. Alternatively, the processor 18 hosts a website, with the network 24 taking the form of the Internet over which the subscriber 16 may view the website.
The present invention also allows a subscriber 16 to reduce or terminate an interest and request delivery of as many livestock animals as entitled to by virtue of the value by which the interest is reduced. The subscriber may select said animals from details provided. Upon selection of one or more livestock animals by a subscriber 16, the processor 18 checks to determine whether the subscriber's interest is sufficient to satisfy ) the request. If so satisfied, the processor 18 may authorise the delivery or collection of the livestock 12 and deduct the value thereof from the subscriber's interest. In an example embodiment, the subscriber 16 may select specific livestock animals, with the details provided to the subscriber 16 to facilitating a selection to be tailored to specific selection parameters specified by the subscriber.
The present invention also provides for the number of livestock animals in which a subscriber has an interest to vary depending on market fluctuations.
There is also provided for the system 10 to calculate a dividend for each subscriber based on statistical information relating to the offspring and growth of animals in which the subscriber 16 has an interest. The dividend may be payable to the subscriber 16 in "money or livestock, alternatively the dividend may be retained within the system 10 and increase the subscriber's interest.
In one version of the invention, the system 10 provides a livestock endowment policy or any other form of regular contributions such as unit trusts or a regular savings plan where a subscriber can make regular contributions to an interest. At a predetermined
Co | 10 maturity date, the subscriber will become entitled to redeem an interest in money or livestock.
In accordance with a second aspect of this invention there is provided for the subscribers to contribute towards a fund. A portion of the fund, which corresponds to a specific subscriber's interest arising from said contributions, is available for use to purchase at least one livestock animal thus redeeming said subscriber's interest in said portion.
The subscriber's interest is redeemable on the happening of a specified event such as, for example, a marriage in which case the livestock animal or animals may be a bride price or lobola, or the passing away of a relative or loved one, as described above, or a desire on the part of the subscriber to realise all of part of an interest contributed to the fund.
As described above, the livestock may be selected from a pool of livestock according to one or more particular traits such as gender, colour, breed and the like. As also described above, each subscriber, at regular intervals or on the making of a query, may be provided with details, on request or on the happening of a predetermined event, of a particular subscriber's interest. These details may include an indication of the monetary value of the subscriber's interest and/or livestock animals the subscriber's interest entities the subscriber to.
As also described above, the details may be provided to a subscriber by any one of a number of well known ways, including SMS and/or MMS messages sent to a mobile telephone, or on an Internet viewable website.
There is further provided for a subscriber to reduce or terminate an interest and request delivery of as many livestock animals as entitled to by virtue of the value by which the subscriber's interest is reduced. Again, the subscriber may select said animals from details provided. There is also provided for, on selection of one or more livestock animals by a subscriber, a processor to check to determine whether the subscriber's interest is sufficient to satisfy the request and, if so satisfied, to authorise the delivery or collection of the livestock and deduct the value thereof from the subscriber's interest.
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There is also provided for a subscriber to select specific livestock animals and for the details provided to the subscriber to facilitate a selection to be tailored to specific selection parameters specified by the subscriber.
The invention also provides for the number of livestock animals in which a subscriber has an interest vary depending on market fluctuations.
Claims (45)
1. A livestock management system comprising a number of livestock animals, a number of subscribers which have an interest in one or more of the livestock animals, at least one processor which is coupled to at least one database in which details of each subscriber and their interest in the livestock animals is recorded, the processor also having access to a database in which information relating to each livestock animal is recorded and the processor being operable to supply information, to a subscriber, of each livestock animal in which the subscriber has an interest and to raise a fee against each subscriber in respect of maintaining the subscriber's interest.
2. A livestock management system according to claim 1, wherein the livestock animals are actual, physical animals maintained on at least one farm, or virtual animals.
3. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 1 or in claim 2 in which a subscriber's interest in the livestock is calculable on the basis of a financial interest the subscriber has in the management system.
4. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 3 in which the financial interest is directly convertible into actual livestock animals on the happening of a predetermined event.
5. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 4 in which the predetermined event is a traditional ritual or event for which at least one livestock animal is required.
6. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 5 in which the traditional ritual or event is selected from the group comprising: providing /obola or a bride price, celebrating a marriage or other function, or for catering for mourners at a funeral.
7. A livestock management system as claimed in any one of claims 4 to 6 in which,
oo 13 the convertible livestock is selected from a pool of livestock according to one or more particular traits such as gender, colour, breed and the like.
8. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 4 in which the predetermined event is a realisation, by a subscriber, of all or part of an interest in the livestock animals.
9. A livestock management system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the information relating to each livestock animal includes any one or more of the age, gender, colour, dipping history, inoculation history, fecundity details, estimated value and location of the animal.
10. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 9 in which the information relating to each livestock animal includes a representation of the animal.
11. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 10 in which the representation of the animal is a photograph.
12. A livestock management system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which a subscriber is provided with details which relate directly to the interest of the subscriber in the livestock on request, at periodic intervals or on the happening of a predetermined event.
13. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 12 in which the details are provided in an electronic format from the or each processor.
14. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 13 in which the details are provided in an electronic format from the or each processor by means of an electronic communications network.
15. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 14 in which the electronic ; communications network via which a subscriber is provided with details is a wireless communications network.
16. A livestock management system as claimed in any one of claims 12 to 15 in which the details are provided to the subscriber shortly after they are generated by a processor.
17. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 16 in which the details are supplied by means of a Short Message Service (SMS) or Multimedia Message Service (MMS) message sent to a mobile telephone.
18. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 16 in which the details are supplied to an Internet viewable website.
19. A livestock management system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which a subscriber can reduce or terminate an interest and request delivery of as many livestock animals as entitled to by virtue of the value by which the interest is reduced.
20. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 19 in which the subscriber can select said animals from details provided.
21. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 20 in which, on selection of one or more livestock animals by a subscriber, a processor checks to determine whether the subscriber's interest is sufficient to satisfy the request and, if so satisfied, authorises the delivery or collection of the livestock and deducts the value thereof from the subscriber's interest.
22. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 20 or in claim 21 in which a subscriber can select specific livestock animals from specific selection parameters specified by the subscriber to facilitate said selection.
23. A livestock management system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the number of livestock animals in which a subscriber has an interest varies depending on market fluctuations.
24. A livestock management system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in ce Yo Co 15 which the system calculates a dividend for each subscriber based on statistical information relating to the offspring and growth of animals in which the subscriber has an interest.
25. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 24 in which the dividend to is payable to the subscriber in money or livestock.
26. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 24 in which the dividend is retained within the system and increases the subscriber's interest.
27. A livestock management system as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 23 in which the system provides a livestock endowment policy or any other form of regular contributions such as a funeral-benefit policy, unit trusts or a regular savings plan where a subscriber makes regular contributions to an interest and, at a predetermined maturity date, the subscriber becomes entitled to redeem an interest in money or livestock.
28. A livestock management system comprising a number of subscribers which contribute towards a fund, a portion of which, which corresponds to a specific subscriber's interest arising from said contributions, being available for use to purchase at least one livestock animal thus redeeming said subscriber's interest -in said portion and at least one processor which is coupled to at least one database in which details of each subscriber and their interest in the purchasable livestock animal or animals is recorded.
29. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 28 in which the subscriber's interest is redeemable by the fund being utilised to purchase at least one livestock animal on the happening of a specified event.
30. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 29 in which the specified event comprises a marriage in which case the livestock animal or animals may be a bride price or lobola, on the passing away of a relative in which case the livestock animal or animals would be used to cater for mourners at a funeral, or a desire on the part of the subscriber to realise all of part of an interest contributed
8 vr « Co 16 to the fund.
31. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 30 in which the purchased livestock is selected from a pool of livestock according to one or more particular traits such as gender, colour, breed and the like.
32. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 30 or in claim 31 in which each subscriber is provided with details, on request or on the happening of a predetermined event, of said subscriber's interest, at regular intervals or on the making of a query.
33. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 32 in which the details are provided in an electronic format.
34. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 33 in which said details provide an indication of the monetary value of a subscriber's interest and/or purchasable livestock animals the subscriber's interest entitles the subscriber.
35. A livestock management system as claimed in any one of claims 32 to 34 in which the details are provided to a subscriber by means of an electronic communications network.
36. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 35 in which the electronic communications network is a wireless communications network.
37. A livestock management system as claimed in any one of claims 33 to 36 in which the details are provided to the subscriber shortly after they are generated by a processor.
38. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 37 in which the details are supplied by means of a Short Message Service (SMS) or Multimedia Message Service (MMS) message sent to a mobile telephone.
39. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 37 in which the details are
A Co 17 supplied to an Internet viewable website.
40. A livestock management system as claimed in any one of claims 28 to 39 in which a subscriber may reduce or terminate an interest and request the purchase and delivery of as many livestock animals as said subscriber is entitled to by virtue of the value by which the subscriber's interest is reduced.
41. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 40 in which the subscriber may select said animals to be purchased from details provided.
42. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 41 in which, on selection of one or more livestock animals by a subscriber, a processor checks to determine whether the subscriber's interest is sufficient to satisfy the request and, if so satisfied, authorises the purchase and delivery or collection of the livestock and deducts the value thereof from the subscriber's interest.
43. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 41 or in claim 42 in which a subscriber may select specific livestock animals to be purchased from details provided to said subscriber to facilitate said selection.
44. A livestock management system as claimed in claim 43 in which the details provided are tailored to specific selection parameters specified by the subscriber.
45, A livestock management system as claimed in any one of claims 28 to 44 in which the number of purchasable livestock animals in which a subscriber has an interest varies depending on market fluctuations. DATED THIS 11" DAY OF JANUARY 2008. ZZ % BOWMAN GILFILLAN INC. (JOHN & KERNICK) FOR THE APPLICANT
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZA200800337A ZA200800337B (en) | 2006-10-19 | 2008-01-11 | Livestock management system |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZA200608722 | 2006-10-19 | ||
| ZA200800337A ZA200800337B (en) | 2006-10-19 | 2008-01-11 | Livestock management system |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ZA200800337B true ZA200800337B (en) | 2008-12-31 |
Family
ID=40942248
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZA200800337A ZA200800337B (en) | 2006-10-19 | 2008-01-11 | Livestock management system |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| ZA (1) | ZA200800337B (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109255725A (en) * | 2018-10-18 | 2019-01-22 | 杨宗武 | A kind of Animal husbandry production management intelligent management system |
-
2008
- 2008-01-11 ZA ZA200800337A patent/ZA200800337B/en unknown
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109255725A (en) * | 2018-10-18 | 2019-01-22 | 杨宗武 | A kind of Animal husbandry production management intelligent management system |
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