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WO2024263609A1 - Crystalline salts of linsitinib for treating cancer - Google Patents

Crystalline salts of linsitinib for treating cancer Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024263609A1
WO2024263609A1 PCT/US2024/034559 US2024034559W WO2024263609A1 WO 2024263609 A1 WO2024263609 A1 WO 2024263609A1 US 2024034559 W US2024034559 W US 2024034559W WO 2024263609 A1 WO2024263609 A1 WO 2024263609A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
linsitinib
esylate
salt
crystalline form
malate
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2024/034559
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Ronald Dadino
Ryan Zeidan
Original Assignee
Sling Therapeutics, Inc.
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US18/341,620 external-priority patent/US11976074B1/en
Application filed by Sling Therapeutics, Inc. filed Critical Sling Therapeutics, Inc.
Publication of WO2024263609A1 publication Critical patent/WO2024263609A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
    • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents

Definitions

  • Linsitinib is a small-molecule inhibitor of the human insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and insulin receptor (IR) and has previously been investigated as an anti-proliferative agent.
  • IGF-1R insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor
  • IR insulin receptor
  • Linsitinib was granted orphan drug designation for adrenocortical carcinoma and clinical trials have been conducted against a variety of cancers, including myeloma and ovarian cancer. These studies, however, were discontinued due to a lack of efficacy in the studied cancers.
  • the preparation of Linsitinib in the form of a solid free base is disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 7,534,797 and 8,101,613 to OSI Pharmaceuticals, LLC (see Example 31). While any number of acid and base addition salts are listed (see col. 154 and col. 164, respectively), formic and hydrochloric acid addition salts are identified as being particularly preferred acid addition salts of the generically disclosed compounds.
  • Linsitinib has been advanced for the treatment of thyroid eye disease (TED) by oral administration in the form of anhydrous/non-solvated free base. While this form of Linsitinib has proved promising, it suffers from poor pH related solubility. Accordingly, improved forms of Linsitinib are needed to enhance pH related solubility. For example, improved dissolution and pharmacokinetic profiles provided by new forms may enhance efficacy, may enhance tolerability, and may enable advantageous dosage forms. The present invention addresses these and other goals as disclosed in greater detail herein below. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0005] In one aspect, the present invention provides solid salts forms of Linsitinib.
  • a combination therapy comprising a crystalline esylate salt of linsitinib or a crystalline L-malate salt of linsitinib and a TSHR inhibitor.
  • IGF-1R human insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor
  • IR insulin receptor
  • a method of treating thyroid eye disease (TED) in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a crystalline esylate salt of linsitinib or a crystalline L-malate salt of linsitinib or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • the thyroid eye disease is chronic thyroid eye disease.
  • Figure 2 shows the 1H NMR of Sample 1.1 (starting material).
  • Figure 3 shows the PXRD comparison of crystalline salt forms identified in salt screen.
  • Figure 4 shows the PXRD of Esylates 1-5.
  • Figure 5 shows the PXRD of Esylate 1 (Sample 2-5).
  • Figure 6 shows the 1 H NMR in DMSO-d6 of Esylate 1 (Sample 2-5).
  • Figure 7 shows the DSC thermogram of Esylate 1 (Sample 2-5) and the TGA thermogram of Esylate 1 (Sample 2-5).
  • Figure 8 shows the PXRD of Esylate 2 (Sample 3-3).
  • Figure 9 shows the 1 H NMR in DMSO-d6 of Esylate 2 (Sample 3-3).
  • Figure 10 shows the DSC thermogram of Esylate 2 (Sample 3-3) and the TGA thermogram of Esylate 2 (Sample 3-3).
  • Figure 11 shows the asymmetric unit cell from the Esylate 2 single crystal structure. Carbon atoms are gray, nitrogen atoms are blue, oxygen atoms are red, and sulfur atoms are yellow. Hydrogen atoms were omitted for clarity.
  • Figure 12 shows a packing diagram of the Esylate 2 single crystal looking down the a axis.
  • Figure 13 shows a packing diagram of the Esylate 2 single crystal looking down the b axis.
  • Figure 14 shows a packing diagram of the Esylate 2 single crystal looking down the c axis.
  • Figure 15 shows an XRPD pattern calculated from the Esylate 2 single- crystal data, overlaid with a reference XRPD pattern of linsitinib Esylate 2. The patterns overlay well, indicating that they represent the same crystalline phase. The observed peak shifting is due to the temperature difference at which the single crystal and X-ray powder diffraction data were collected.
  • Figure 16 shows the PXRD of Esylate 2 Scale Up (Sample 3-43).
  • Figure 17 shows the DVS thermogram of Esylate 2 Scale Up (Sample 3- 43).
  • Figure 18 shows the TGA thermogram of Esylate 2 Scale Up (Sample 3- 43).
  • Figure 19 shows the PXRD of Esylate 2 Scale Up after 24 Day 75% RH stress of Sample 3-43 at room temperature (Sample 3-44).
  • Figure 20 shows the TGA thermogram of Esylate 2 Scale Up after 24 Day 75% RH stress of Sample 3-43 at room temperature (Sample 3-44).
  • Figure 21 shows the PXRD of Esylate 2 Scale Up after 30 minutes of milling at max power of Sample 3-43 (Sample 3-45).
  • Figure 22 shows the PXRD of Esylate 3 (Sample 3-13).
  • Figure 23 shows the 1 H NMR in DMSO-d 6 of Esylate 3 (Sample 3-13).
  • Figure 24 shows the DSC thermogram of Esylate 3 (Sample 3-13) and the TGA thermogram of Esylate 3 (Sample 3-13)
  • Figure 25 shows the PXRD of Esylate 4 (Sample 3-24).
  • Figure 26 shows the 1 H NMR in DMSO-d6DMSO-d6 of Esylate 4 (Sample 3-24).
  • Figure 27 shows the DSC thermogram of Esylate 4 (Sample 3-24) and the TGA thermogram of Esylate 4 (Sample 3-24).
  • Figure 28 shows the PXRD or Sample 3-26 after being uncapped and placed into vacuum oven and dried at 60 °C for 18 hours. (Sample 3-46).
  • Figure 29 shows the DSC thermogram of Esylate 5 (Sample 3-47) and the TGA thermogram of Esylate 5 (Sample 3-47).
  • Figure 30 shows the PXRD of Di-Esylate 1 (Sample 3-24).
  • Figure 31 shows the 1 H NMR in DMSO-d 6 of Esylate 5 (Sample 3-24).
  • Figure 32 shows the DSC thermogram of Esylate 5 (Sample 3-24) and the TGA thermogram of Esylate 5 (Sample 3-24).
  • Figure 33 shows PXRD of L-Malate 1 (Sample 2-16).
  • Figure 34 shows the 1 H NMR in DMSO-d6 of L-Malate 1 (Sample 2-16).
  • Figure 35 shows the DSC thermogram of L-Malate 1 (Sample 2-16) and the TGA thermogram of L-Malate 1 (Sample 2-16).
  • Figure 36 shows the PXRD of L-Malate 2 (Sample 4-45), L-Malate 3 (Sample 4-22), L-Malate 4 (Sample 4-10), L-Malate 5 (Sample 4-58), L-Malate 6 (Sample 4-56), L-Malate 7 (Sample 4-78), L-Malate 8 (Sample 4-76), and L-Malate 9 (Sample 4-66).
  • Figure 37 shows the 1 H NMR 1 H NMR in DMSO-d 6 of L-Malate 2 (Sample 4-45).
  • Figure 38 shows the 1 H NMR in DMSO-d 6 of L-Malate 3 (Sample 4-22).
  • Figure 39 shows the DSC thermogram of L-Malate 3 (Sample 4-22) and the TGA thermogram of L-Malate 3 (Sample 4-22).
  • Figure 40 shows the 1 H NMR in DMSO-d6 of L-Malate 4 (Sample 4-10).
  • Figure 41 shows the DSC thermogram of L-Malate 4 (Sample 4-10) and the TGA thermogram of L-Malate 4 (Sample 4-10).
  • Figure 42 shows the 1 H NMR in DMSO-d 6 of L-Malate 5 (Sample 4-58).
  • Figure 43 shows the DSC thermogram of L-Malate 5 (Sample 4-58) and the TGA thermogram of L-Malate 5 (Sample 4-58).
  • Figure 44 shows the 1 H NMR in DMSO-d6 of L-Malate 6 (Sample 4-56).
  • Figure 45 shows the DSC thermogram of L-Malate 6 (Sample 4-56) and the TGA thermogram of L-Malate 6 (Sample 4-56).
  • Figure 46 shows the 1 H NMR in DMSO-d 6 of L-Malate 7 (Sample 4-78).
  • Figure 47 shows the 1 H NMR in DMSO-d6 of L-Malate 8 (Sample 4-76).
  • Figure 48 shows the 1 H NMR in DMSO-d 6 of L-Malate 9 (Sample 4-66).
  • Figure 49 shows the PXRD of Edisylate 1 (Sample 2-4).
  • Figure 50 shows the PXRD of Edisylate 1 (Sample 2-4 after 20 days of storage at RT).
  • Figure 51 shows the 1 H NMR in DMSO-d 6 of Edisylate 1 (Sample 2-4).
  • Figure 52 shows the DSC thermogram of Edisylate 1 (Sample 2-4) and the TGA thermogram of Edisylate 1 (Sample 2-4).
  • Figure 53 shows the PXRD of Maleate 1 (Sample 2-15).
  • Figure 54 shows the 1 H NMR in DMSO-d 6 of Maleate 1 (Sample 2-15).
  • Figure 55 shows the DSC thermogram of Maleate 1 (Sample 2-15) and the TGA thermogram of Maleate 1 (Sample 2-15).
  • Figure 56 shows the PXRD of Napsylate 1 (Sample 2-20).
  • Figure 57 shows the 1 H NMR in DMSO-d6 of Napsylate 1 (Sample 2- 20).
  • Figure 58 shows the DSC thermogram of Napsylate 1 (Sample 2-20) and the TGA thermogram of Napsylate 1 (Sample 2-20).
  • Figure 59 shows the PXRD of Phosphate 1 (Sample 2-22).
  • Figure 60 shows the 1 H NMR in DMSO-d 6 of Phosphate 1 (Sample 2- 22).
  • Figure 61 shows the DSC thermogram of Phosphate 1 (Sample 2-22) and the TGA thermogram of Phosphate 1 (Sample 2-22).
  • Figure 62 shows the PXRD of HCl 1 (Sample 2-11).
  • Figure 63 shows the PXRD of HCl 1 (Sample 2-11 after 17 days of storage at RT).
  • Figure 64 shows the 1 H NMR in DMSO-d6 of HCl 1 (Sample 2-11).
  • Figure 65 shows the DSC thermogram of HCl 1 (Sample 2-11) and the TGA thermogram of HCl 1 (Sample 2-11).
  • Figure 66 shows the PXRD of Fumarate 1 (Sample 2-6).
  • Figure 67 shows the 1 H NMR in DMSO-d6 of Fumarate 1 (Sample 2-6)
  • Figure 68 shows the PXRD of Gluconate 1 (Sample 2-40).
  • Figure 69 shows the PXRD of Orotate 1 and coformer (Sample 2-57).
  • Figure 70 shows the PXRD of Salicylate 1 and coformer (Sample 2-60).
  • Figure 71 shows the PXRD of Form B free base from benzamide coformer (Sample 2-33).
  • Figure 72 shows the PXRD of Form B free base from benzamide coformer (Sample 2-33 after 3 days of storage at RT).
  • Figure 73 shows the 1 H NMR in DMSO-d6 of Form B free base from benzamide coformer (Sample 2-33 after 23 days of storage at RT).
  • Figure 74 shows the DSC thermogram of Form B free base from benzamide coformer (Sample 2-33) and the TGA thermogram of Form B free base from benzamide coformer (Sample 2-33).
  • Figure 75 shows the PXRD of Form H free base from 4-aminosalicylic acid coformer (Sample 2-30).
  • Figure 76 shows the 1 H NMR in DMSO-d6 of Form H free base from 4- aminosalicylic acid coformer (Sample 2-30).
  • Figure 77 shows the DSC thermogram of Form H free base from 4- aminosalicylic acid coformer (Sample 2-30) and the TGA thermogram of Form H free base from 4-aminosalicylic acid coformer (Sample 2-30).
  • Figure 78 shows the PXRD of Form I from 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid (Sample 2-13).
  • Figure 79 shows the PXRD of Form I from 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid (Sample 2-13 after 20 days of storage at RT).
  • Figure 80 shows the 1 H NMR in DMSO-d6 of Form I free base from 2- hydroxyethanesulfonic coformer (Sample 2-13).
  • Figure 81 shows the DSC thermogram of Form I free base from 2- hydroxyethanesulfonic coformer (Sample 2-13) and the TGA thermogram of Form I free base from 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic coformer (Sample 2-13).
  • Figure 82 shows the PXRD of Form I from vanillin (Sample 2-74 after 17 days of storage at RT).
  • Figure 83 shows the 1 H NMR in DMSO-d 6 of Form I free base from vanillin (Sample 2-74 after 17 days of storage at RT).
  • Figure 84 shows the DSC thermogram of Form I free base from vanillin (Sample 2-74 after 17 days of storage at RT) and the TGA thermogram of Form I free base from vanillin (Sample 2-74 after 17 days of storage at RT).
  • Figure 85 shows the PXRD of Form J from Vanillin (Sample 2-74).
  • Figure 86 shows the PXRD of Form K from sorbic acid (Sample 2-63).
  • Figure 87 shows the 1 H NMR in DMSO-d6 of Form K free base from sorbic acid (Sample 2-63).
  • Figure 88 shows the DSC thermogram of Form K free base from sorbic acid (Sample 2-63) and the TGA thermogram of Form K free base from sorbic acid (Sample 2-63).
  • Figure 89 show the pH-solubility profile of linsitinib free base and its salts. Data points circled in black were experiments where no solids were present after 24 hours and are not equilibrium solubility values.
  • Figure 90 shows the solubility of linsitinib free base and its salts in biorelevant media.
  • the present invention provides novel salts and crystalline forms of Linsitinib (OSI-906; cis-3-[8-amino-1-(2-phenyl-7-quinolinyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-3- yl]-1-methyl-cyclobutanol).
  • Linsitinib provide a number of advantages, including increased solubility and absorption for orally administered pharmaceutical formulations. Accordingly, the invention enables improved methods for treating human insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and insulin receptor (IR) mediated conditions.
  • IGF-1R insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor
  • IR insulin receptor
  • Linsitinib refers to the compound cis-3-[8-amino-1-(2-phenyl-7- quinolinyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl]-1-methyl-cyclobutanol as shown in Formula I.
  • Salt refers to an acid addition salt prepared by combining Linsitinib free base with a pharmaceutically acceptable acid.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable” is art-recognized and, as used herein to refer to a composition, excipient, adjuvant, or other material and/or dosage form, refers to a substance which, within the scope of sound medical judgment, is suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problems or complications, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include, but are not limited to hydrochloride, sulfate, phosphate, acetate, L-lactate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, L-malate, adipate, L-tartrate, equine urate, citrate, mucate, glycolate, D-glucuronic acid salt, benzoate, cholate, nicotinic acid, ethanesulfonate, ethanedisulfonate, oxalate, mesylate, benzenesulfonate, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, and hydrobromate.
  • Esylate refers to the pharmaceutically acceptable ethansulfonate acid addition salt. Other terms for esylate include ethanesulfonate, ethanesulfonic acid, and esylic acid. Esylate has the following structure: .
  • L-malate refers to the pharmaceutically acceptable L-malate acid addition salt. Other terms for L-malate include L-malic acid, (-)-Malic acid, L- hydroxybutanedioic acid, (S)-hydroxybutanedioic acid. L-malate has the following structure: .
  • Edisylate refers to the pharmaceutically acceptable ethanedisulfonate acid addition salt. Other terms for edisylate include ethanedisulfonate, ethanedisulfonic acid, and edisylic acid. Edisylate has the following structure: . [0109] “Maleate” refers to refers to the pharmaceutically acceptable maleate acid addition salt. Other terms for maleate include (2Z)-but-2-enedioic acid, cis- butenedioic acid, and maleic acid. Maleate has the following structure: . [0110] “Napsylate” refers to the pharmaceutically acceptable naphthalene-2- sulfonate acid addition salt.
  • napsylate include naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid and napsylic acid.
  • Napsylate has the following structure: [0111] “Phosphate” refers to the pharmaceutically acceptable phosphate acid addition salt. Other terms for phosphate include phosphoric acid. Phosphate has the following structure: . [0112] “Fumarate” refers to the pharmaceutically acceptable (E)-3- carboxyacrylate acid addition alt. Other terms for fumarate include (2E)-but-2-enedioic acid, trans-1,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid, allomaleic acid, boletic acid, donitic acid, lichenic acid, and fumaric acid. Fumarate has the following structure: .
  • Crystal form refers to a solid form of a compound wherein the constituent molecules are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern.
  • a crystalline form can be triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, trigonal, hexagonal, or cubic.
  • a crystalline form can contain one or more regions, i.e., grains, with distinct crystal boundaries.
  • a crystalline solid can contain two or more crystal geometries.
  • the term “treating,” as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, means reversing, alleviating, inhibiting the progress of, or preventing the disorder or condition to which such term applies, or one or more symptoms of such disorder or condition.
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” is the amount of Linsitinib, or a crystalline form thereof, that is needed to provide a desired level of drug in the tissues, bloodstream, or other physical compartment of a patient, the desired level giving rise to an anticipated physiological response or biological effect when the Linsitinib salt or crystalline form is administered by the chosen route of administration.
  • the precise amount will depend upon numerous factors including, for example, the particular Linsitinib salt or crystalline form; the specific pharmaceutical formulation or delivery device employed; the severity of the disease state; and patient adherence to a treatment regimen.
  • Linsitinib salts and crystalline forms can be readily determined by one skilled in the art based upon the information provided herein.
  • “About” and “around,” as used herein to modify a numerical value indicate a defined range around that value. If “X” were the value, “about X” or “around X” would generally indicate a value from 0.95X to 1.05X including, for example, from 0.98X to 1.02X or from 0.99X to 1.01X. Any reference to “about X” or “around X” specifically indicates at least the values X, 0.95X, 0.96X, 0.97X, 0.98X, 0.99X, 1.01X, 1.02X, 1.03X, 1.04X, and 1.05X.
  • Linsitinib Salts [0117] One of skill in the art will appreciate that a number of pharmaceutically acceptable acids can be used to prepare Linsitinib salts.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable acids include, but are not limited to, hydrochloric, acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethanesulfonic (esylic), ethanedisulfonic (edisylic), formic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, p-toluenesulfonic, napsylic, and the like.
  • the Linsitinib salt comprises an anion derived from a pharmaceutically acceptable acid selected from edisylic, esylic, hydrochloric, maleic, L-malic, napsylic, and phosphoric.
  • Esylate Salt [0118]
  • the invention provides an esylate salt of a compound of Formula I: [0119] As described above, Formula I corresponds to Linsitinib. Ethanesulfonic acid is a monoprotic acid with the conjugate base ethanesulfonate. As used herein, “esylate” refers to ethanesulfonate.
  • esylate salt refers to a salt containing at least one ethanesulfonate anion.
  • the esylate salt of Linsitinib is a salt according to Formula II: [0120]
  • the invention provides a crystalline form of an esylate salt of a compound of Formula I: Esylate 1 [0121]
  • a crystalline linsitinib esylate salt comprising crystalline form Esylate 1.
  • Esylate 1 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib estylate salt”.
  • the crystalline form Esylate 1 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 5, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • PXRD powder x-ray diffraction
  • the crystalline form Esylate 1 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 7.
  • the crystalline form Esylate 1 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 7.
  • a crystalline form Esylate 1 of a linsitinib esylate salt according as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form Esylate 1 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form Esylate 1 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 1 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material.
  • Esylate 2 [0125] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib esylate salt comprising crystalline form Esylate 2. Esylate 2 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 2 of linsitinib estylate salt”.
  • crystalline form Esylate 2 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern comprising at least three peaks selected from the group consisting of 6.74, 8.92, 10.26, 11.04, 14.76, 16.80, 17.60, 17.90, 18.56, 20.24, 20.56, 20.74, 24.58, 25.80, 26.12, and 27.34 ⁇ 0.20 °2 ⁇ , as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • PXRD powder x-ray diffraction
  • the crystalline form Esylate 2 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern comprising at least six peaks selected from the group consisting of 6.74, 8.92, 10.26, 11.04, 14.76, 16.80, 17.60, 17.90, 18.56, 20.24, 20.56, 20.74, 24.58, 25.80, 26.12, and 27.34 ⁇ 0.2 °2 ⁇ , as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • PXRD powder x-ray diffraction
  • the crystalline form Esylate 2 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern comprising at least ten peaks selected from the group consisting of 6.74, 8.92, 10.26, 11.04, 14.76, 16.80, 17.60, 17.90, 18.56, 20.24, 20.56, 20.74, 24.58, 25.80, 26.12, and 27.34 ⁇ 0.2 °2 ⁇ , as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • PXRD powder x-ray diffraction
  • the crystalline form Esylate 2 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern with peaks substantially the same as Table 8.
  • the crystalline form Esylate 2 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 8, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • crystalline form Esylate 2 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 10.
  • crystalline form Esylate 2 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 10.
  • a crystalline form Esylate 2 of a linsitinib esylate salt wherein a single crystal structure of Esylate 2 comprises an orthorhombic crystal structure.
  • the single crystal structure of Esylate 2 comprises a P212121 space group.
  • a crystalline form Esylate 2 of a linsitinib esylate salt wherein a single crystal structure of Esylate 2 comprises a unit cell with the parameters shown in Table 1: Table 1: Esylate 2 Single Crystal Unit Cell Parameters a ( ⁇ ) 7.4100(8) b ( ⁇ ) 17.4900(17) c ( ⁇ ) 19.769(2) volume 2562.0(5). The asymmetric unit is shown in Figure 11 Packing diagrams along the a, b, and c axes are shown in Figure 12, Figure 13, and Figure 14. The PXRD pattern calculated from the single-crystal data is overlaid with the reference PXRD pattern of Esyalte 2 in Figure 15.
  • a crystalline form Esylate 2 of a linsitinib esylate salt according as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 2 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form Esylate 2 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 2 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form Esylate 2 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 2 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 2 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 2 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material.
  • Esylate 3 [0130] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib esylate salt comprising crystalline form Esylate 3. Esylate 3 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 3 of linsitinib estylate salt”.
  • the crystalline form Esylate 3 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 22, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • PXRD powder x-ray diffraction
  • the crystalline form Esylate 3 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 24.
  • the crystalline form Esylate 3 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 24.
  • a crystalline form Esylate 3 of a linsitinib esylate salt according as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 3 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form Esylate 3 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 3 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form Esylate 3 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 3 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 3 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 3 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material.
  • Esylate 4 [0134] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib esylate salt comprising crystalline form Esylate 4. Esylate 4 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 4 of linsitinib estylate salt”.
  • the crystalline form Esylate 4 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 25, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • the crystalline form Esylate 4 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 27.
  • the crystalline form Esylate 4 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 27.
  • a crystalline form Esylate 4 of a linsitinib esylate salt according as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 4 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form Esylate 4 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 4 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form Esylate 4 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 4 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 4 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 4 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material.
  • Esylate 5 [0138] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib esylate salt comprising crystalline form Esylate 5. Esylate 5 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 5 of linsitinib estylate salt”.
  • the crystalline form Esylate 5 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 4, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • PXRD powder x-ray diffraction
  • the crystalline form Esylate 5 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 29.
  • the crystalline form Esylate 5 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 29.
  • a crystalline form Esylate 5 of a linsitinib esylate salt according as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 5 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form Esylate 5 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 5 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form Esylate 5 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 5 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 5 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 5 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material.
  • Di-Esylate 1 [0142] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib esylate salt comprising crystalline form Di-Esylate 1.
  • Di-Esylate 1 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib di-estylate salt”.
  • the crystalline form Di-Esylate 1 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 32.
  • the crystalline form Di- Esylate 1 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 32.
  • a crystalline form Di-Esylate 1 of a linsitinib esylate salt according as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Di-Esylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form Di-Esylate 1 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Di-Esylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form Di- Esylate 1 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Di- Esylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Di-Esylate 1 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Di-Esylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material.
  • L-malate salt [0144] In one embodiment, the invention provides an L-malic acid salt of a compound of Formula I: [0145] As described above, Formula I corresponds to Linsitinib.
  • (S)-hydroxybutane dioic acid is also referred to by synonyms including (S)-2- hydroxysuccinic acid and L-malic acid.
  • L-malic acid is a diprotic acid with conjugate bases including (S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropanoate, (S)-3-carboxy-3- hydroxypropanoate, and (S)-hydroxysuccinate.
  • “L-malic acid salt” or “L-malate salt” refers to a salt containing at least one (S)-3-carboxy-2- hydroxypropanoate or (S)-3-carboxy-3-hydroxypropanoate anion, or at least one (S)- hydroxysuccinate anion.
  • the (L)-malate salt of Linsitinib is a salt according to Formula III: [0146]
  • the invention provides a crystalline form of an (L)-malate salt of a compound of Formula I: L-Malate 1 [0147]
  • a crystalline linsitinib L-malate salt comprising crystalline form L-Malate 1.
  • L-Malate 1 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib L-malate salt”.
  • crystalline form L-Malate 1 is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern including at least three peaks selected from the group consisting of 5.42, 8.68, 11.88, 12.40, 16.24, 17.36, 17.96, 18.22, 19.20, 20.88, 22.08, 22.58, 22.90, 23.86, 24.44, 24.92, 25.66, 26.1, 28.58, or 29.44 ⁇ 0.2 °2 ⁇ , as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 1 is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 1 of a linsitinib L- malate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 32.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 1 of a linsitinib L- malate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 32.
  • a crystalline form L-Malate 1 of a linsitinib L-malate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 1 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib L- malate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 1 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 1 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material.
  • L-Malate 2 [0151] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib L-malate salt comprising crystalline form L-Malate 2.
  • L-Malate 2 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 2 of linsitinib L-malate salt”.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 2 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 36, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • PXRD powder x-ray diffraction
  • a crystalline form L-Malate 2 of a linsitinib L-malate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 2 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 2 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 2 based of the total amount of linsitinib L- malate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 2 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 2 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 2 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 2 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material.
  • L-Malate 3 [0153] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib L-malate salt comprising crystalline form L-Malate 3.
  • L-Malate 3 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 3 of linsitinib L-malate salt”.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 3 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 36, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • PXRD powder x-ray diffraction
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 3 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 39.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 3 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 39.
  • a crystalline form L-Malate 3 of a linsitinib L-malate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 3 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 3 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 3 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 3 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 3 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 3 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 3 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material.
  • L-Malate 4 [0157] in one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib L-malate salt comprising crystalline form L-Malate 4.
  • L-Malate 4 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 4 of linsitinib L-malate salt”.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 4 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 36, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • PXRD powder x-ray diffraction
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 4 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 41.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 4 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 41.
  • a crystalline form L-Malate 4 of a linsitinib L-malate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 4 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 4 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 4 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 4 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 4 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 4 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 4 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material.
  • L-Malate 5 [0161] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib L-malate salt comprising crystalline form L-Malate 5.
  • L-Malate 5 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 5 of linsitinib L-malate salt”.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 5 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 36, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • PXRD powder x-ray diffraction
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 5 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 43.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 5 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 43.
  • a crystalline form L-Malate 5 of a linsitinib L-malate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 5 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 5 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 5 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 5 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 5 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 5 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 5 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material.
  • L-Malate 6 [0165] in one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib L-malate salt comprising crystalline form L-Malate 6.
  • L-Malate 6 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 6 of linsitinib L-malate salt”.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 6 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 36, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • PXRD powder x-ray diffraction
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 6 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 45.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 6 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 45.
  • a crystalline form L-Malate 6 of a linsitinib L-malate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 6 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 6 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 6 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 6 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 6 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 6 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 6 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material.
  • L-Malate 7 [0169] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib L-malate salt comprising crystalline form L-Malate 7.
  • L-Malate 7 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 7 of linsitinib L-malate salt”.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 7 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 36, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • PXRD powder x-ray diffraction
  • a crystalline form L-Malate 7 of a linsitinib L-malate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 7 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 7 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 7 based of the total amount of linsitinib L- malate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 7 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 7 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 7 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 7 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material.
  • L-Malate 8 [0171] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib L-malate salt comprising crystalline form L-Malate 8.
  • L-Malate 8 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 8 of linsitinib L-malate salt”.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 8 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 36, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • PXRD powder x-ray diffraction
  • a crystalline form L-Malate 8 of a linsitinib L-malate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 8 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 8 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 8 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 8 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 8 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 8 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 8 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material.
  • L-Malate 9 [0173] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib L-malate salt comprising crystalline form L-Malate 9.
  • L-Malate 9 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 9 of linsitinib L-malate salt”.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 9 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 36, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • PXRD powder x-ray diffraction
  • a crystalline form L-Malate 9 of a linsitinib L-malate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 9 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 9 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 9 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form L-Malate 9 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 9 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 9 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 9 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material.
  • Edisylate Salt [0175] In one embodiment, the invention provides an edisylate salt of a compound of Formula I: [0176] As described above, Formula I corresponds to Linsitinib.
  • Ethane-1,2- disulfonic acid is a diprotic acid with conjugate bases 2-sulfoethane-1-sulfonate and ethane-1,2-disulfonate, corresponding to each dissociation of the diprotic acid.
  • edisylate refers to either 2-sulfoethane-1-sulfonate or ethane-1,2-disulfonate.
  • edisylate salt refers to a salt containing at least one 2-sulfoethane-1- sulfonate or ethane-1,2-disulfonate anion.
  • the edisylate salt of Linsitinib is a salt according to Formula IV: [0177]
  • the invention provides a crystalline form of an edisylate salt of a compound of Formula I: (I).
  • Edisylate 1 [0178]
  • a crystalline linsitinib edisylate salt comprising crystalline form Edisylate 1.
  • Edisylate 1 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib edisylate salt”.
  • the crystalline form Edisylate 1 of a linsitinib edisylate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 49, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • PXRD powder x-ray diffraction
  • the crystalline form Edisylate 1 of a linsitinib edisylate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 52.
  • the crystalline form Edisylate 1 of a linsitinib edisylate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 52.
  • a crystalline form Edisylate 1 of a linsitinib edisylate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Edisylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib edisylate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form Edisylate 1 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Edisylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib edisylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Edisylate 1 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Edisylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib edisylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Edisylate 1 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Edisylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib edisylate salt in the material.
  • the invention provides a maleic acid salt of a compound of Formula I: [0183] As described above, Formula I corresponds to Linsitinib. Cis-butenediic acid is a diprotic acid with conjugate bases (Z)-3-carboxyacrylate and maleate, corresponding to each dissociation of the diprotic acid. As used herein, “maleic acid salt” or “maleate salt” refers to a salt containing at least one (Z)-3-carboxyacrylate anion or at least one maleate anion.
  • the maleate salt of Linsitinib is a salt according to Formula V: [0184]
  • the invention provides a crystalline of a maleate salt of a compound of Formula I: Maleate 1 [0185]
  • a crystalline linsitinib maleate salt comprising crystalline form Maleate 1.
  • Maleate 1 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib maleate salt”.
  • the crystalline form Maleate 1 of a linsitinib maleate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 53, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • PXRD powder x-ray diffraction
  • the crystalline form Maleate 1 of a linsitinib maleate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 55.
  • the crystalline form Maleate 1 of a linsitinib maleate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 55.
  • a crystalline form Maleate 1 of a linsitinib maleate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Maleate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib maleate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form Maleate 1 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Maleate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib maleate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form Maleate 1 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Maleate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib maleate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form Maleate 1 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Maleate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib maleate salt in the material.
  • Napsylate Salt [0189]
  • the invention provides a naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid salt of a compound of Formula I: [0190] As described above, Formula I corresponds to Linsitinib. Napthalene-2- sulfonic acid is a monoprotic acid with the conjugate base naphthalene-2-sulfonate. As used herein, “napsylate” refers to a naphthalene-2-sulfonate anion.
  • napsylate salt refers to a salt containing at least one naphthalene-2-sulfonate anion.
  • the napsylate salt of Linsitinib is a salt according to Formula VI:
  • the invention provides a crystalline form of a napsylate salt of a compound of Formula I: Napsylate 1
  • a crystalline linsitinib napsylate salt comprising crystalline form Napsylate 1.
  • Napsylate 1 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib napsylate salt”.
  • the crystalline form Napsylate 1 of a linsitinib napsylate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 56, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • PXRD powder x-ray diffraction
  • the crystalline form Napsylate 1 of a linsitinib napsylate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 58.
  • the crystalline form Napsylate 1 of a linsitinib napsylate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 58.
  • a crystalline form Napsylate 1 of a linsitinib napsylate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Napsylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib napsylate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form Napsylate 1 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Napsylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib napsylate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form Napsylate 1 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Napsylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib napsylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Napsylate 1 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Napsylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib napsylate salt in the material.
  • Phosphate salt [0196] In one embodiment, the invention provides a phosphoric acid salt of a compound of Formula I: [0197] As described above, Formula I corresponds to Linsitinib.
  • Phosphoric acid is a triprotic acid with conjugate bases including dihydrogen phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, and phosphate.
  • phosphoric acid salt” or “phosphate salt” refers to a salt containing at least one dihydrogen phosphate anion, at least one hydrogen phosphate anion, or at least one phosphate anion.
  • the phosphate salt of Linsitinib is a salt according to Formula VII: [0198]
  • the invention provides a crystalline form of a phosphate salt of a compound of Formula I: Phosphate 1 [0199]
  • a crystalline linsitinib phosphate salt comprising crystalline form Phosphate 1.
  • Phosphate 1 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib phosphate salt”.
  • the crystalline form Phosphate 1 of a linsitinib phosphate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 59, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • PXRD powder x-ray diffraction
  • the crystalline form Phosphate 1 of a linsitinib phosphate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 61.
  • the crystalline form Phosphate 1 of a linsitinib phosphate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 61.
  • a crystalline form Phosphate 1 of a linsitinib phosphate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Phosphate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib phosphate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form Phosphate 1 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Phosphate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib phosphate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Phosphate 1 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Phosphate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib phosphate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Phosphate 1 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Phosphate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib phosphate salt in the material.
  • the invention provides a hydrochloric acid salt of a compound of Formula I: (I).
  • Formula I corresponds to Linsitinib.
  • “hydrochloric acid salt” or “HCl salt” refers to a salt containing at least one chloride.
  • the HCl salt of Linsitinib is a salt according to Formula VIII: [0205]
  • the invention provides a crystalline form of an HCl salt of a compound of Formula I: HCl 1
  • a crystalline linsitinib HCl salt comprising crystalline form HCl 1.
  • HCl 1 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib HCl salt”.
  • the crystalline form HCl 1 of a linsitinib HCl salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 62, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • PXRD powder x-ray diffraction
  • the crystalline form HCl 1 of a linsitinib HCl salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 65.
  • the crystalline form HCl 1 of a linsitinib HCl salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 65.
  • a crystalline form HCl 1 of a linsitinib HCl salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form HCl 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib HCl salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form HCl 1 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form HCl 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib HCl salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form HCl 1 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form HCl 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib HCl salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form HCl 1 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form HCl 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib HCl salt in the material.
  • the invention provides a fumaric acid salt of a compound of Formula I: [0211] As described above, Formula I corresponds to Linsitinib.
  • Trans-butenediic acid is a diprotic acid with conjugate bases (E)-3-carboxyacrylate and fumarate, corresponding to each dissociation of the diprotic acid.
  • “fumaric acid salt” or “fumarate salt” refers to a salt containing at least one (E)-3- carboxyacrylate anion or at least one fumarate anion.
  • the fumarate salt of Linsitinib is a salt according to Formula IX [0212]
  • the invention provides crystalline form of a fumarate salt of a compound of Formula I: Fumarate 1 [0213]
  • a crystalline linsitinib fumarate salt comprising crystalline form Fumarate 1.
  • Fumarate 1 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib fumarate salt”.
  • the crystalline form Fumarate 1 of a linsitinib fumarate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig.
  • PXRD powder x-ray diffraction
  • a crystalline form Fumarate 1 of a linsitinib fumarate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Fumarate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib fumarate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form Fumarate 1 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Fumarate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib fumarate salt in the material.
  • the crystalline form Fumarate 1 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Fumarate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib fumarate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Fumarate 1 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Fumarate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib fumarate salt in the material.
  • Linsitinib Cocrystals [0215] One of skill in the art will appreciate that a number of pharmaceutically acceptable coformers can be used to prepare Linsitinib cocrystals.
  • the coformers represent various different hydrogen bond donating and accepting groups that could pair with the donors and acceptors in the structure of linsitinib.
  • the list of coformers included some weaker acids not expected to be strong enough to fully protonate linsitinib but that would likely be able to participate in hydrogen bonding.
  • coformers include, but are not limited to, acesulfame K, adenine, adipic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, L-arginine, L-ascorbic acid, benzamide, benzoic acid, betaine HCl, caffeine, cinnamic acid, creatinine, D-fructose, D-gluconic acid, glucosamine HCl, D-glucose, L-glutamine, glutaric acid, glycine, hippuric acid, isonicotinamide, L-lactic acid, lactose, L-leucine, malonic acid, maltol, D-mannitol, methyl paraben, monosodium glutamate, nicotinamide, orotic acid, propyl gallate, saccharin, salicylic acid, sebacic acid, sodium lauryl sulfate, sorbic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, sucrose, taurine, thiamine
  • the Linsitinib cocrystal comprises a cocrystal derived from gluconic acid, orotic acid, or salicylic acid.
  • Salicylic Cocrystal [0216] In another embodiment, the invention provides salicylic acid cocrystal of a compound of Formula I: [0217] As described above, Formula I corresponds to Linsitinib. Salicylic acid is a weak acid. As used herein, “salicylic cocrystal” or “salicylic salt” refers to a cocrystal containing at least one salicylic acid.
  • the salicylic acid cocrystal of Linsitinib is a cocrystal according to Formula X: [0218]
  • the invention provides a crystalline form of a salicylic cocrystal of a compound of Formula I: Salicylic 1 [0219]
  • a crystalline linsitinib salicylic cocrystal comprising crystalline form Salicylic 1.
  • Salicylic 1 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib salicylic cocrystal”.
  • the crystalline form Salicylic 1 of a linsitinib salicylic cocrystal is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 70, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • PXRD powder x-ray diffraction
  • a crystalline form Salicylic 1 of a linsitinib salicylic cocrystal as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Salicylic 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib salicylic cocrystal in the material.
  • the crystalline form Salicylic 1 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Salicylic 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib salicylic cocrystal in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Salicylic 1 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Salicylic 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib salicylic cocrystal in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Salicylic 1 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Salicylic 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib salicylic cocrystal in the material.
  • the invention provides a gluconic acid cocrystal of a compound of Formula I: [0222] As described above, Formula I corresponds to Linsitinib. Gluconic acid is a weak acid. As used herein, “gluconic cocrystal” or “gluconic salt” refers to a cocrystal containing at least one gluconic acid.
  • the gluconic acid cocrystal of Linsitinib is a cocrystal according to Formula XI: [0223]
  • the invention provides a crystalline form of a gluconic cocrystal of a compound of Formula I: Gluconic 1 [0224]
  • a crystalline linsitinib gluconic cocrystal comprising crystalline form Gluconic 1.
  • Gluconic 1 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib gluconic cocrystal”.
  • the crystalline form Gluconic 1 of a linsitinib gluconic cocrystal is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 68, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • PXRD powder x-ray diffraction
  • a crystalline form Gluconic 1 of a linsitinib gluconic cocrystal as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Gluconic 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib gluconic cocrystal in the material.
  • the crystalline form Gluconic 1 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Gluconic 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib gluconic cocrystal in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Gluconic 1 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Gluconic 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib gluconic cocrystal in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Gluconic 1 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Gluconic 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib gluconic cocrystal in the material.
  • Orotic Cocrystal In another embodiment, the invention provides orotic acid cocrystal of a compound of Formula I: [0227] As described above, Formula I corresponds to Linsitinib. Orotic acid is a weak acid. As used herein, “orotic cocrystal” or “orotic salt” refers to a cocrystal containing at least one orotic acid.
  • the orotic acid cocrystal of Linsitinib is a cocrystal according to Formula XII: [0228]
  • the invention provides a crystalline form of an orotic cocrystal of a compound of Formula I: Orotic 1 [0229]
  • a crystalline linsitinib orotic cocrystal comprising crystalline form Orotic 1.
  • Orotic 1 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib orotic cocrystal”.
  • the crystalline form Orotic 1 of a linsitinib orotic cocrystal is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 69, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • PXRD powder x-ray diffraction
  • a crystalline form Orotic 1 of a linsitinib orotic cocrystal as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Orotic 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib orotic cocrystal in the material.
  • the crystalline form Orotic 1 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Orotic 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib orotic cocrystal in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Orotic 1 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Orotic 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib orotic cocrystal in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Orotic 1 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Orotic 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib orotic cocrystal in the material.
  • Linsitinib Polymorphs [0231] In one embodiment, polymorphic forms of the free base of linsitinib are provided. In one embodiment, a polymorphic form of linsitinib free base is produced by crystallization with a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. In another embodiment, a polymorphic form of linsitinib free base is produced by crystallization with a pharmaceutically acceptable coformer.
  • Form H [0232] In one aspect, the invention provides crystalline Form H of a compound of Formula I: [0233] As described above, Formula I corresponds to linsitinib.
  • linsitinib Form H or “Form H” refers to a crystalline form of the free base of linsitinib having characteristics of Form H as presented herein.
  • a crystalline linsitinib free base comprising crystalline Form H.
  • the crystalline Form H of a linsitinib free base is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 75, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • PXRD powder x-ray diffraction
  • the crystalline Form H of a linsitinib free base is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 77.
  • the crystalline Form H of a linsitinib free base is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 77.
  • a crystalline Form H of a linsitinib free base as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline Form H based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material.
  • the crystalline Form H comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline Form H based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline Form H comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline Form H based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline Form H comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline Form H based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material.
  • Form I [0238] In one aspect, the invention provides crystalline Form I of a compound of Formula I: [0239] As described above, Formula I corresponds to linsitinib.
  • linsitinib Form I or “Form I” refers to a crystalline form of the free base of linsitinib having characteristics of Form I as presented herein.
  • a crystalline linsitinib free base comprising crystalline Form I.
  • the crystalline Form I of a linsitinib free base is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 78, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • PXRD powder x-ray diffraction
  • the crystalline Form I of a linsitinib free base is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 81.
  • the crystalline Form I of a linsitinib free base is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 81.
  • a crystalline Form I of a linsitinib free base as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline Form I based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material.
  • the crystalline Form I comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline Form I based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline Form I comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline Form I based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline Form I comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline Form I based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material.
  • Form J [0244] In one aspect, the invention provides crystalline Form J of a compound of Formula I: [0245] As described above, Formula I corresponds to linsitinib.
  • linsitinib Form J or “Form J” refers to a crystalline form of the free base of linsitinib having characteristics of Form J as presented herein.
  • a crystalline linsitinib free base comprising crystalline Form J.
  • the crystalline Form J of a linsitinib free base is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 85, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • PXRD powder x-ray diffraction
  • a crystalline Form J of a linsitinib free base as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline Form J based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material.
  • the crystalline Form J comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline Form J based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material.
  • the crystalline Form J comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline Form J based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material.
  • the crystalline Form J comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline Form J based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material.
  • Form K [0248]
  • the invention provides crystalline Form K of a compound of Formula I: [0249]
  • Formula I corresponds to linsitinib.
  • “linsitinib Form K” or “Form K” refers to a crystalline form of the free base of linsitinib having characteristics of Form K as presented herein.
  • provided is a crystalline linsitinib free base comprising crystalline Form K.
  • the crystalline Form K of a linsitinib free base is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 86, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu- ⁇ radiation.
  • the crystalline Form K of a linsitinib free base is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 88.
  • the crystalline Form K of a linsitinib free base is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 88.
  • a crystalline Form K of a linsitinib free base as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline Form K based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material.
  • the crystalline Form K comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline Form K based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material.
  • the crystalline Form K comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline Form K based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material.
  • the crystalline Form K comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline Form K based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material.
  • Pharmaceutical Compositions [0254]
  • the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions for the administration of the salts and crystalline forms described herein.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy and drug delivery. In general, methods of preparing the compositions include the step of bringing the active ingredient into association with a carrier containing one or more accessory ingredients.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions are typically prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the active ingredient into association with a liquid carrier or a finely divided solid carrier or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation.
  • compositions can be conveniently prepared and/or packaged in unit dosage form.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions can be in the form of sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous solutions and suspensions.
  • Sterile injectable preparations can be formulated using non-toxic parenterally-acceptable vehicles including water, Ringer’s solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution, and acceptable solvents such as 1,3- butane diol.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono-or diglycerides.
  • fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.
  • Aqueous suspensions contain the active materials in admixture with excipients including, but not limited to: suspending agents such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, oleagino-propylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents such as lecithin, polyoxyethylene stearate, and polyethylene sorbitan monooleate; and preservatives such as ethyl, n-propyl, and p-hydroxybenzoate.
  • suspending agents such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, oleagino-propylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia
  • dispersing or wetting agents such as lecithin, polyoxyethylene stearate, and polyethylene sorbitan monooleate
  • preservatives such as ethyl,
  • Oily suspensions can be formulated by suspending the active ingredient in a vegetable oil, for example, arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin.
  • the oily suspensions can contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. These compositions can be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.
  • Dispersible powders and granules (suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water) can contain the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing agent, wetting agent, suspending agent, or combinations thereof. Additional excipients can also be present.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions.
  • the oily phase can be a vegetable oil, for example olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil, for example liquid paraffin or mixtures of these.
  • Suitable emulsifying agents can be naturally-occurring gums, such as gum acacia or gum tragacanth; naturally-occurring phospholipids, such as soy lecithin; esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, such as sorbitan monooleate; and condensation products of said partial esters with ethylene oxide, such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
  • compositions containing the salts and crystalline forms described herein can also be in a form suitable for oral use.
  • suitable compositions for oral administration include, but are not limited to, tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, syrups, elixirs, solutions, buccal patches, oral gels, chewing gums, chewable tablets, effervescent powders, and effervescent tablets.
  • Compositions for oral administration can be formulated according to any method known to those of skill in the art.
  • compositions can contain one or more agents selected from sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents, antioxidants, and preserving agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations.
  • Tablets generally contain the active ingredient in admixture with non- toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, including: inert diluents, such as cellulose, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, glucose, mannitol, sorbitol, lactose, calcium phosphate, and sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, such as corn starch and alginic acid; binding agents, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), cellulose, polyethylene glycol (PEG), starch, gelatin, and acacia; and lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and talc.
  • inert diluents such as cellulose, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, glucose, mannitol
  • the tablets can be uncoated or coated, enterically or otherwise, by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period.
  • a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate can be employed.
  • Tablets can also be coated with a semi-permeable membrane and optional polymeric osmogents according to known techniques to form osmotic pump compositions for controlled release.
  • compositions for oral administration can be formulated as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent (such as calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, or kaolin), or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium (such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil).
  • an inert solid diluent such as calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, or kaolin
  • an oil medium such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
  • the salts and crystalline forms described herein can also be administered topically as a solution, ointment, cream, gel, suspension, mouth washes, eye-drops, and the like. Still further, transdermal delivery of the salts and crystalline forms can be accomplished by means of iontophoretic patches and the like.
  • the compound can also be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration of the drug.
  • These compositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
  • a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
  • Such materials include cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.
  • a salt or crystalline form described herein is administered via intraperitoneal injection.
  • the salt or crystalline form is administered orally.
  • the salt or crystalline form is administered intravenously.
  • compositions of the invention can also include micronized Linsitinib or a micronized Linsitinib salt or a micronized crystalline form of a Linsitinib salt.
  • compositions containing micronized Linsitinib contain particles consisting essentially of Linsitinib with average diameters below 50 ⁇ m.
  • the average diameter of the Linsitinib particles can be, for example, below 45 ⁇ m, below 40 ⁇ m, below 35 ⁇ m, below 30 ⁇ m, below 25 ⁇ m, or below 20 ⁇ m.
  • the average diameter of the Linsitinib particles can be from about 10 ⁇ m to about 49 ⁇ m, or from about 10 ⁇ m to about 45 ⁇ m, or from about 15 ⁇ m to about 40 ⁇ m, or from about 20 ⁇ m to about 35 ⁇ m, or from about 25 ⁇ m to about 30 ⁇ m.
  • the average diameter of the Linsitinib particles can be about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or about 25 ⁇ m.
  • the particles consist essentially of micronized Linsitinib in its free-base form.
  • the particles consist essentially of a micronized Linsitinib salt, as described herein, in amorphous or crystalline form.
  • IGF1R signaling has been found to be dysregulated in a number of diseases. Inhibition of IGF1R signaling has been explored as a potential approach to modulate immune response in a number of diseases.
  • Thyroid eye disease also known as Graves' ophthalmopathy, is an autoimmune condition characterized by inflammation and swelling of the tissues surrounding the eyes. It is commonly associated with hyperthyroidism, which is an overactive thyroid gland. TED primarily affects individuals with Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland, leading to excessive thyroid hormone production.
  • IGF1R signaling has been found to be dysregulated in TED.
  • a method of inhibiting IGF1R signaling comprising administering to a subject a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound according to Formula (I).
  • the salt is an edisylate salt.
  • the salt is an esylate salt. In some embodiments, the salt is a maleate salt. In some embodiments, the salt is an L-malate salt. In some embodiments, the salt is a napsylate salt. In some embodiments, the salt is a phosphate salt. In some embodiments, the salt is an HCl salt. In some embodiments, the salt is a fumarate salt. In some such embodiments, the invention includes administering a salt of linsitinib or a crystalline form of a salt of linsitinib, as described herein.
  • a method of inhibiting IGF1R signaling comprising administering to a subject a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound according to Formula (X): wherein A ⁇ is an anion comprising an edisylate anion, an esylate anion, a maleate anion, an L-malate anion, a napsylate anion, a phosphate anion, an HCl anion, or a fumarate ion.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Esylate 1, Esylate 2, Esylate 3, Esylate 4, Esylate 5, Di-Esylate 1, L-Malate 1, L-Malate 2, L-Malate 3, L-Malate 4, L-Malate 5, L-Malate 6, L-Malate 7, L-Malate 8, L-Malate 9, Edisylate 1, Maleate 1, Napsylate 1, Phosphate 1, HCl 1, or Fumarate 1.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Esylate 1.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Esylate 2.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Esylate 3. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Esylate 4. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Esylate 5. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Di-Esylate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 2. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 3.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 4. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 5. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 6. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 7. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 8. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 9. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Edisylate 1.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Maleate 1.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Napsylate 1.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Phosphate 1.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is HCl 1.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Fumarate 1. [0271]
  • a method of inhibiting IGF1R signaling comprising administering to a subject a cocrystal of the compound according to Formula (I).
  • the cocrystal is a salicylic-linsitinib cocrystal.
  • the cocrystal is a gluconic-linsitinib cocrystal. In some embodiments, the cocrystal is an orotic-linsitinib cocrystal. In one embodiment, the cocrystal is Salicylic 1. In another embodiment, the cocrystal is Gluconic 1. In another embodiment, the cocrystal is Orotic 1. In some embodiments, the invention includes administering a cocrystal of linsitinib, as described herein. [0272] In one embodiment, provided is a method of inhibiting IGF1R signaling comprising administering to a subject a crystalline form of the free base of the compound according to Formula (I).
  • the crystalline form of the free base is Form H. In some embodiments, the crystalline form of the free base is Form I. In some embodiments, the crystalline form of the free base is Form J. In some embodiments, the crystalline form of the free base is Form K. In some embodiment, the invention includes administering a crystalline form of the linsitinib free base, as described herein. [0273] In one embodiment is provided a method of treating thyroid eye disease comprising administering to a subject a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound according to Formula I. In some embodiments, the salt is an edisylate salt. In some embodiments, the salt is an esylate salt. In some embodiments, the salt is a maleate salt.
  • the salt is an L-malate salt. In some embodiments, the salt is a napsylate salt. In some embodiments, the salt is a phosphate salt. In some embodiments, the salt is an HCl salt. In some embodiments, the salt is a fumarate salt. In some such embodiments, the invention includes administering a salt or crystalline form of Linsitinib as described herein.
  • a method of treating thyroid eye disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X): wherein A ⁇ is an anion comprising an edisylate anion, an esylate anion, a maleate anion, an L-malate anion, a napsylate anion, a phosphate anion, an HCl anion, or a fumarate ion.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Esylate 1, Esylate 2, Esylate 3, Esylate 4, Esylate 5, Di-Esylate 1, L-Malate 1, L-Malate 2, L-Malate 3, L-Malate 4, L-Malate 5, L-Malate 6, L-Malate 7, L-Malate 8, L-Malate 9, Edisylate 1, Maleate 1, Napsylate 1, Phosphate 1, HCl 1, or Fumarate 1.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Esylate 1.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Esylate 2.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Esylate 3. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Esylate 4. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Esylate 5. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Di-Esylate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 2. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 3.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 4. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 5. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 6. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 7. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 8. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 9. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Edisylate 1.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Maleate 1.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Napsylate 1.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Phosphate 1.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is HCl 1.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Fumarate 1.
  • a method of treating thyroid eye disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a cocrystal of a compound according to Formula (I):
  • the cocrystal is a salicylic-linsitinib cocrystal.
  • the cocrystal is a gluconic-linsitinib cocrystal.
  • the cocrystal is an orotic-linsitinib cocrystal.
  • the cocrystal is Salicylic 1.
  • the cocrystal is Gluconic 1.
  • the cocrystal is Orotic 1.
  • a method of treating thyroid eye disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a crystalline form of a compound according to Formula (I): wherein the crystalline form is Form H, Form I, Form J, or Form K.
  • the crystalline form is Form H.
  • the crystalline form is Form I.
  • the crystalline form is Form J.
  • the crystalline form is Form K.
  • the salts and crystalline forms described herein can be administered at any suitable dose in the methods of the invention.
  • a salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose ranging from about 0.01 milligrams to about 1000 milligrams per kilogram of a subject’s body weight (i.e., about 0.01-1000 mg/kg).
  • the dose of the salt or crystalline form can be, for example, about 0.01-1000 mg/kg, or about 0.1-500 mg/kg, or about -0.5-250 mg/kg, or about 1-200 mg/kg, or about 2-150 mg/kg.
  • the dose of the salt or crystalline form can be about 0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 85, 90, 95, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, or 1000 mg/kg.
  • the dose of the salt or crystalline form can be administered at a dose below about 0.1, below about 0.5, below about 1, below about 1.5, below about 2, below about 2.5, below about 3, below about 3.5, below about 4, below about 4.5, below about 5, below about 10, below about 15, below about 20, below about 25, below about 30, below about 35, below about 40, below about 45, below about 50, below about 55, below about 60, below about 65, below about 70, below about 75, below about 85, below about 90, below about 95, below about 100, below about 150, below about 200, below about 250, below about 300, below about 350, below about 400, below about 450, below about 500, below about 550, below about 600, below about 650, below about 700, below about 750, below about 800, below about 850, below about 900, below about 950, or below about 1000 mg/kg.
  • the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 200 mg of compound per kg of the subject’s body weight (200 mg/kg). In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 150 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 100 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 50 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 20 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 15 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 10 mg/kg.
  • the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 5 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 4 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 3 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 2 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 1 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 0.5 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 0.1 mg/kg.
  • Combination Therapy [0278] Linsitinib can be used in combination with at least one other drug.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of linsitinib can be used in combination with at least one other drug.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of linsitinib is an esylate salt, an L-malate salt, and edisylate salt, a maleate salt, a napsylate salt, a phosphate salt, an HCl salt, or a fumarate salt.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib can be used in combination with at least one other drug.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is Esylate 1, Esylate 2, Esylate 3, Esylate 4, Esylate 5, Di-Esylate 1, L-Malate 1, L-Malate 2, L-Malate 3, L-Malate 4, L-Malate 5, L-Malate 6, L-Malate 7, L-Malate 8, L-Malate 9, Edisylate 1, Maleate 1, Napsylate 1, Phosphate 1, HCl 1, or Fumarate 1.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is Esylate 1.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is Esylate 2.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is Esylate 3. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is Esylate 4. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is Esylate 5. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is Di-Esylate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is L-Malate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is L-Malate 2. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is L-Malate 3.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is L-Malate 4. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is L-Malate 5. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is L-Malate 6. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is L-Malate 7. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is L-Malate 8. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is L-Malate 9.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is Edisylate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is Maleate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is Napsylate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is Phosphate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is HCl 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is Fumarate 1.
  • a cocrystal of linsitinib can be used in combination with at least one other drug.
  • the cocrystal is a salicylic-linsitinib cocrystal.
  • the cocrystal is a gluconic-linsitinib cocrystal.
  • the cocrystal is an orotic-linsitinib cocrystal.
  • the cocrystal is Salicylic 1.
  • the cocrystal is Gluconic 1.
  • the cocrystal is Orotic 1.
  • a crystalline form of the linsitinib free base can be used in combination with at least one other drug.
  • the crystalline form of the free base is Form H.
  • the crystalline form of the free base is Form I.
  • the crystalline form of the free base is Form J.
  • the crystalline form of the free base is Form K.
  • at least one other drug for use in a combination therapy includes, but is not limited to, a thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) inhibitor.
  • TSHR thyroid stimulating hormone receptor
  • DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry
  • the acids selected were on the GRAS list or designated as Class I or II by Stahl and Wermuth.
  • the pKa of linsitinib is estimated to be between 5.0 and 5.51. Based on the structure of the molecule, pKa values of 6.5 (pyrazine nitrogen) and 2.8 (quinoline nitrogen) were predicted. [0291] An equimolar ratio of linsitinib and acid was used in the experiments. Various solvent systems were examined in an attempt to utilize a diverse set of conditions. Similarly, different crystallization techniques, including slurry, cooling, and evaporation were incorporated into the screen. A single attempt was conducted with each acid. Samples generated and analyzed are listed in Table 4.
  • Cocrystal Screen [0293] A variety of different coformers were selected for inclusion in the cocrystal screen of linsitinib.
  • the coformers represent various different hydrogen bond donating and accepting groups that could pair with the donors and acceptors in the structure of linsitinib.
  • the list of coformers included some weaker acids not expected to be strong enough to fully protonate linsitinib but that would likely be able to participate in hydrogen bonding.
  • Some coformers such as sorbic acid were included due to their surfactant-like structures with the hope to potentially impact the solubility/dissolution profile compared to linsitinib free base.
  • the coformers screened were on the GRAS list or were considered Class I or II by Stahl and Wermuth.
  • linsitinib esylate salt Different crystalline forms of the linsitinib esylate salt were prepared and identified by PXRD: Esylate 1, Esylate 2, Esylate 3, Esylate 4, Esylate 5, Di-Esylate 1, etc. Different crystallization techniques, including slurry, cooling, and evaporation were incorporated into the screen. [0300] The polymorph screen of linsitinib esylate was initiated with a focus on slurries at room temperature (RT), sub-ambient temperature (ST) and elevated temperature (ET) in-order to determine the stable form at different conditions early on. Water was incorporated into certain slurries to investigate the presence potential hydrates.
  • RT room temperature
  • ST sub-ambient temperature
  • ET elevated temperature
  • Esylate 2 Green, Figure 3
  • Esylate 3 Blue, Figure 3
  • Esylate 3 was recovered primarily from solvent systems containing alcohols
  • Esylate 2 was recovered from a wider variety of conditions including the majority of the slurries conducted at room temperature. These forms are discussed in more detail in Section 3.1.1 and 3.1.2 respectively.
  • Table 7 Rapid Kinetic Crystallizations using Esylate 1 Sample Method Solvent Conditions PXRD Fig. No. Result No. 3-1 Cooling DOX ⁇ 50 mg dissolved in 0.50 Esylate mL solvent with heating, 3 does not ppt upon cooling to 4 °C. Vial frozen at - 18° C, thawing produces clear orange solution which spontaneously precipitates solids 3-2 Recrystallization ACN ⁇ 50 mg almost Esylate completely dissolved in 2 2.00 mL solvent, precipitates crystalline chunks after few hours. 3-3 Recrystallization AE ⁇ 50 mg almost Esylate Fig.
  • a representative PXRD pattern for Esylate 2 is provided for Sample 3-3, Figure XX.
  • the representative peak positions and intensity for Esylate 2 from Sample 3-3 is provided in Table 8, below.
  • Table 8 Representative Esylate 2 PXRD Peaks 2 ⁇ Position d-value Height Relative Intensity 6.7400 13.1142 12649.3682 100.0000 ⁇ Position d-value Height Relative Intensity 8.9200 9.9134 4789.0864 37.8603 10.2600 8.6215 3906.8389 30.8856 11.0400 8.0141 3855.5923 30.4805 12.5800 7.0363 1693.2736 13.3862 12.8000 6.9158 2020.6283 15.9741 13.5400 6.5395 1019.3627 8.0586 14.3200 6.1850 1754.0468 13.8667 14.7600 6.0016 5073.9492 40.1123 15.5000 5.7167 827.0829 6.5385 15.6200 5.6730 1364.8450 10.7898 16.1400 5.4914 1556.9310 12.3084 16.8000 5.2771 4146.9639 32.7840 17.6000 5.0390 10849.2773 85.7693 17.9000 4.9552 5957.5483 47.0976 1
  • Esylate 2 appears to be a stable polymorph of the esylate salt of linsitinib.
  • Esylate 2 was isolated from a wide range of techniques, solvents and temperatures, and a few samples were characterized further (Table 14). NMR analysis confirmed it to be a 1:1 linsitinib esylate salt. DSC analysis revealed a major endotherm at 225 °C potentially due to melting, while TGA analysis pointed towards an anhydrous/non-solvated form (Figure 8). This was further supported by successful indexing of its PXRD pattern, whose calculated unit cell volume pointed to a 1:1 salt (Section 0).
  • Linsitinib free base was used to prepare linsitinib esylate Form 1. 50.1 mg of linsitinib esylate Form 1 was dissolved in 0.25 mL of DMF. The resulting solution was filtered using a 0.2 ⁇ m PTFE syringe filter into a new clean vial. The vial was placed uncapped in a larger vial containing dichloromethane. The larger vial was capped and held at room temperature to allow vapor diffusion to occur. The experiment produced clear plates of sufficient size and quality for single crystal analysis.
  • a colorless plate shaped crystal with formula C 26 H 24 N 5 O ⁇ C 2 H 5 O 3 S having approximate dimensions of 0.05 ⁇ 0.20 ⁇ 0.41 mm was mounted on a Mitegen micromesh mount in a random orientation.
  • Data were collected from a shock-cooled single crystal at 150(2) K on a Bruker AXS D8 Quest four circle diffractometer with an I-mu-S microsource X-ray tube using a laterally graded multilayer (Goebel) mirror as monochromator and a PhotonIII_C14 charge-integrating and photon counting pixel array detector.
  • Esylate 3 was isolated primarily from experiments containing alcohols, in addition to a cooling attempt from dioxane which also resulted in Esylate 3.
  • Esylate 3 was characterized using multiple techniques (Table 16). NMR analysis on this form revealed a 1:1 linsitinib esylate salt. DSC analysis revealed a major broad possible melt endotherm at 194 °C ( Figure 16).
  • Table 16 Characterization of Esylate 3 Form Analytical Results Figure (Sample) Technique Esylate 3 NMR Consistent with a 1:1 salt Fig. (Sample No. 3-13) 23 DSC Major broad endotherm at 194 °C, Fig. minor endotherm at 231 °C 24 TGA No weight loss before major and minor Fig. endotherm 24 Indexing Suggests an unsolvated 1:1 salt Esylate 4 Characterization [0317] Esylate 4 was obtained from salt formation experiments using 1 Eq ESA at RT and ST in IPA and was further characterized using multiple techniques (Table 17). NMR analysis revealed it to be a 1:1 linsitinib esylate salt with 0.6 moles of IPA present.
  • Esylate 5 was not obtained from any of the interconversion slurries, indicating it is metastable under the conditions investigated (Table 19).
  • Table 19 Characterization of Esylate 5 Sample Analytical Results Fig. Technique No. Esylate 5 DSC Major broad endotherm with peak at Fig. (Sample 47, 84 °C, followed by a minor 29 Vacuum drying endotherm with peak at 146 °C, and Esylate 4 at 60 °C endotherms at 153 °C and 194 °C. for 18 hours) Esylate 5 TGA 3.2 % weight loss by 75 °C. Onset of Fig. (Sample 47, de-composition at 253 °C.
  • Di-Esylate 1 Characterization [0320] Di-Esylate 1 was obtained from a salt formation attempt between linsitinib and 2 Eq ESA at RT in IPA. NMR analysis revealed it to be a 1:2 linsitinib Di-esylate salt, along with trace amounts of IPA. DSC analysis revealed a broad minor endotherm with a peak at 74 °C coupled with a 1.2 % weight loss by 75 °C in its TGA spectrum, possibly from evaporation of surface solvent. Upon additional heating, a continuous minor weight loss was observed.
  • Di-Esylate 1 Indexing Suggests an unsolvated 1:2 linsitinib (1341-43-2, RT SL ethanesulfonic acid salt, with additional peaks in IPA, 2 Eq ESA) 1341-47-2 NMR Consistent with 1:2 linsitinib ethanesulfonic acid Fig. (1341-43-2 dis- salt. Trace (0.07 moles) IPA present.
  • Solids were isolated via VF and dried under vacuum at RT for 2 days.
  • the sample was analyzed by PXRD, having the diffraction pattern as presented in Figure 33.
  • the representative peak positions and intensity for L-Malate 1 from the scale up sample is provided in Table 21, below.
  • Table 21 Representative L-Malate 1 PXRD Peaks 2 ⁇ Position d-value Height Relative 5.42 16.30 10912 79.61 8.68 10.19 10439 76.16 9.10 9.72 1431 10.44 10.22 8.66 1605 11.71 10.84 8.16 1590 11.60 11.88 7.45 4121 30.06 12.40 7.14 3275 23.89 12.58 7.04 2507 18.29 13.30 6.66 2445 17.84 ⁇ Position d-value Height Relative 13.44 6.59 2539 18.52 13.86 6.39 1226 8.94 14.76 6.00 1175 8.57 16.24 5.46 5449 39.75 17.36 5.11 3298 24.06 17.60 5.04 2750 20.06 17.96 4.94 6121 44.66 18.22 4.87 13707 100.00 19.20 4.62 2830 20.65 20.32 4.37 2607 19.02 20.88 4.25 5379 39.24 21.72 4.09 2646 19.30 22.08 4.03 6866 50.09 22.58 3.94 3888 28.37 22.90 3.88 3141 22.92 23.
  • Sonicated w/ probe 4-28 MEK/MeOH 99/1 returned to freezer; NS. — Added DEE, returned to freezer; NS. 50 °C ⁇ 20 °C; NS. Sonicated w/ probe, 4-29 MeOH returned to freezer; NS. NC Added IPE, returned to freezer; solids pp’d. 50 °C ⁇ 20 °C; NS. Sonicated w/ probe, 4-30 2-Me THF returned to freezer; NS. NC Added IPE, returned to freezer; solids pp’d. 50 °C ⁇ 20 °C; NS. Sonicated w/ probe, 4-31 MIBK/DMF 93/7 — returned to freezer; NS. E, RT; gel.
  • Malate 2 through Malate 9 Those confirmed to be the malate salt by 1 H NMR spectroscopy were designated as Malate 2 through Malate 9.
  • Malate 2 Malate 4, and Malate 5 were all obtained from high water activity conditions and are suspected to be hydrated forms. Based on the weight loss in the TG thermograms of Malate 4 and Malate 5, they could be di-hydrates. The water activity boundary between Malate 4 and Malate 1 was determined to be approximately 0.9 water activity, or 90% relative humidity. At a water activity of 0.8, Malate 1 was obtained; however, there were additional peaks present by PXRD.
  • Malate 4 and Malate 5 both convert to Malate 7.
  • Malate 7 could be an anhydrous form or a lower hydrate.
  • Malate 2 and Malate 5 appear quite similar by PXRD, which suggests their crystal structures are closely related and may only differ slightly by a small amount of water.
  • Malate 3 and Malate 6 were both obtained from experiments using ethanol. While organic solvent is not present by spectroscopy, there is an observed weight loss in the TG thermograms. The weight loss is equivalent to approximately one mole of water and suggests Malate 3 and Malate 6 could be mono- hydrates.
  • Malate 8 and Malate 9 were observed from experiments starting with the non-crystalline malate salt. Based on 1 H NMR data, they could be a methanol solvate and ethanol solvate, respectively.
  • Malate 3 Malate 4, Malate 5, and Malate 6 were further characterized by TG and DSC. Malate 3 and Malate 6 could be mono-hydrates. Malate 3 contained only a trace amount of organic solvent present in the NMR spectrum but exhibited a 3.6% weight loss in the TG thermogram. The residual solvent would account for ⁇ 1% of the loss and the remaining ⁇ 2.6% is equivalent to about one mole of water, per mole of salt. Similarly, organic solvent was not observed in the 1 H NMR spectrum of Malate 6 but a 4.2% weight loss was present in the TG thermogram.
  • Malate 4 and Malate 5 could be di-hydrates. No organic solvents are present in the NMR spectra, but each material had a 7.3-7.4% weight loss in the TG thermogram. This would be equivalent to ⁇ 2.4 moles of water, per mole of salt.
  • the water activity boundary between Malate 4 and Malate 1 was determined to be approximately 0.9 water activity, or 90% relative humidity. At a water activity of 0.8, Malate 1 was obtained; however, there were additional peaks present by PXRD.
  • Malate 4 and Malate 5 were heated at ⁇ 90 °C for 15 minutes. The solids were re-analyzed by PXRD after heating to investigate any form change upon dehydration.
  • Example 6 Linsitinib Crystalline Salt Form Edisylate 1
  • Edisylate 1 was prepared from an equimolar slurry in dioxane. 25.0 mg of linsitinib was combined with 13.4 mg of 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid dihydrate and 1.0 mL of dioxane. The sample was heated to 90 °C producing a turbid white solution with a small yellow sticky residue at the bottom of the vial.
  • Example 7 Linsitinib Crystalline Salt Form Maleate 1
  • Maleate 1 was generated from an equimolar slurry of linsitinib and maleic acid in 95/5 IPA/water at room temperature. Specifically, 24.8 mg of linsitinib and 6.8 mg of maleic acid were combined with 0.5 mL of 95-5 v-v isopropanol-water. After overnight stirring at room temperature a thick white paste was observed. An additional 0.5 mL of isopropanol was added to the sample to produce a mobile suspension. After 6 additional days of stirring the sample was observed to a white slurry. The solids were filtered and left to dry at ambient conditions producing light yellow solids.
  • Example 8 Linsitinib Crystalline Salt Form Napsylate 1
  • Napsylate 1 was produced from a 70 °C slurry of linsitinib and 2- napthalenesulfonic acid hydrate in acetonitrile. Specifically, 25.5 mg of linsitinib and 13.7 mg of 2-napthalenesulfonic acid hydrate were combined with 0.5 mL of acetonitrile.
  • Example 9 Linsitinib Crystalline Salt Form Phosphate 1 [0343] Slurrying an equimolar amount of linsitinib and phosphoric acid in acetonitrile at 70 °C produced a unique phase designated Phosphate 1. Specifically, 25.0 mg of linsitinib was added to 0.5 mL of acetonitrile.
  • Example 10 Linsitinib Crystalline Salt Form HCl 1
  • HCl 1 was generated via evaporation of a solution containing 1:1 linsitinib:acid in tetrahydrofuran (THF)/water at 70 °C.
  • PXRD analysis of the sample after capped storage at room temperature for 17 days showed no significant changes indicating the sample is physically stable under these conditions.
  • No evidence of organic solvent was observed in the NMR spectrum of the sample ( Figure 64). The spectrum showed peak shifting compared to the as-received linsitinib free base suggestive of salt formation however the stoichiometry of the potential salt was not determined.
  • Example 11 Scale Up of Selected Crystalline Salts of Linsitinib [0346] Three salts were selected for solubility assessment, Phosphate 1, L- Malate 1, and Esylate 1. The phosphate and malate were selected based on their unsolvated/anhydrous nature. While Esylate 1 appeared hydrated, hydrates may often be developable if they have suitable physical properties. Thermal analysis also suggested the potential for additional forms of the salt to exist.
  • Ethanesulfonic acid is also a stronger acid compared to phosphoric and L-Malic acid and may have an impact on the corresponding aqueous solubility (see Section 3.5).
  • the salts were prepared at about 1.5 g and about 2.0 g scale. The salts were prepared using conditions that were similar to those used to prepare the salts initially at small scale. Each of the scale up experiments successfully generated the targeted salt on the basis of PXRD.
  • Esylate 1 Scale Up For the 1.5 g scale up of Esylate 1, 1.5002 g of linsitinib was combined with 20 mL of isopropanol and 305.6 ⁇ L of ethanesulfonic acid (95% w/v) and heated to 75 °C, producing a yellow slurry. The sample was seeded with a small amount of Esylate 1 and stirred overnight producing a yellow slurry. The suspension was cooled and filtered producing light-yellow solids. Samples were dried overnight under ambient conditions producing an off-white slightly sticky powder. 1.8738g of material was recovered.
  • L-malate 1 Scale Up For the 1.5 g scale up of L-Malate 1, 1.5006 g of linsitinib was combined with 0.4774 g of L-malic acid and 25 mL of acetonitrile producing a yellow slurry. The sample was seeded with a small amount of L-Malate 1. A yellow slurry was produced after overnight stirring at room temperature. The solids were isolated via vacuum filtration producing damp solids that were allowed to dry overnight at ambient conditions. Solid chunks were produced which were gently ground with a spatula to produce an off-white powder. 1.7289 g of material was recovered.
  • Phosphate 1 Scale Up For the 1.5 g scale up of Phosphate 1, 1.5004 g of linsitinib was added to 25 mL of acetonitrile. The sample was heated to 70 °C before 241.4 ⁇ L of phosphoric acid (85% w/w aqueous solution). The sample was seeded with Phosphate 1 (Sample 2- 22) and left to stir overnight at room temperature producing a yellow slurry. The solids were vacuum filtered producing yellow solids that were left to dry overnight at ambient conditions. Brittle solid chunks were produced which were crushed to a yellow powder using a spatula. 1.6696 g of material were produced.
  • Linsitinib Form I was originally generated from a salt formation attempt with 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid in acetonitrile. In one instance, 25.0 mg of linsitinib was slurried with 8.8 mg of 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt in 0.5 mL of acetonitrile at room temperature. The slurry was initially observed to be white but turned light yellow after one hour of stirring. The solids were isolated after 6 days of stirring at room temperature. The solids were dried overnight at ambient and produced white solids.
  • Form I was also observed when a sample of Form J generated from a cocrystal attempt with vanillin (see section 3.3.4 below for additional details) was stored at room temperature in a capped vial for 20 days.
  • 1 H NMR spectroscopy of the sample indicated that the sample had a minor ( ⁇ 0.1 mol/mol) amount of residual vanillin.
  • the 1 H NMR spectrum also confirmed the presence of linsitinib free base ( Figure 75). No organic solvent was observed in the spectrum.
  • Thermal analysis of Form I showed 1.8% weight loss upon heating to 163 °C ( Figure 81).
  • the DSC shows the presence of several thermal events indicating a complex thermal profile including an exotherm at 173 °C that may be due to recrystallization of the sample.
  • Example 15 Linsitinib Free Base Crystalline Polymorph Form J
  • Form J was generated from a cocrystal attempt with vanillin in acetone. 25.8 mg of linsitinib and 10.2 mg of vanillin were combined with 0.5 mL of acetone producing an off-white slurry that was allowed to stir at room temperature for 3 days. The slurry turned yellow during the equilibration and the solids were isolated from the suspension via filtration. Solids were allowed to dry overnight at ambient conditions producing light yellow solids.
  • Example 17 Solubility of Crystalline Linsitinib Salt Forms
  • the pH-solubility of selected salts (Phosphate 1, L-Malate 1, Esylate 1, and Esylate 2) was evaluated and compared with linsitinib free base.
  • the solubility analysis was conducted in a manner consistent with a previous study that was performed with linsitinib free base.
  • Aqueous solutions were prepared between pH 1.5 and pH 6.5 in 0.5 pH unit increments via titration of the solution using NaOH and HCl. For each salt or the free base, an attempt was made to reach saturation in each of the solutions by adding sufficient material to the solution such that excess solids remained.
  • Solubility (mg/mL) of Linsitinib Free Base and Salts in Bio- relevant Media C ompound FaSSGF (pH 1.6) FaSSIF (pH 6.5) F inal pH Solubility Final pH Solubility Linsitinib free base 4.04 7.672 6.57 0.025 L-Malate 1 2.97 8.130 5.46 0.044 Phosphate 1 2.74 9.513 5.63 0.009 Esylate 1 3.30 61.572 a 6.20 0.006 Esylate 2 3.25 103.10 3.72 1.62 a. Sample was not visually saturated with compound (clear solution). Solubility could be higher than concentration determined. [0371] The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. All of the U.S.

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Abstract

The present invention provides novel salts and crystalline forms of Linsitinib (OSI‑906; cis-3-[8-amino-1-(2-phenyl-7-quinolinyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl]-1-methyl-cyclobutanol). These new forms of Linsitinib provide increased solubility and improved pharmacokinetic profiles for orally administered pharmaceutical formulations. Accordingly, the invention enables improved methods for treating human insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and insulin receptor (IR) mediated conditions.

Description

CRYSTALLINE SALTS OF LINSITINIB BACKGROUND Technical Field [0001] Cis-3-[8-amino-1-(2-phenyl-7-quinolinyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl]-1- methyl-cyclobutanol, also known as OSI-906 and hereinafter referred to as Linsitinib, has the following chemical structure:
Figure imgf000003_0001
[0002] Linsitinib is a small-molecule inhibitor of the human insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and insulin receptor (IR) and has previously been investigated as an anti-proliferative agent. For example, Linsitinib was granted orphan drug designation for adrenocortical carcinoma and clinical trials have been conducted against a variety of cancers, including myeloma and ovarian cancer. These studies, however, were discontinued due to a lack of efficacy in the studied cancers. [0003] The preparation of Linsitinib in the form of a solid free base is disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 7,534,797 and 8,101,613 to OSI Pharmaceuticals, LLC (see Example 31). While any number of acid and base addition salts are listed (see col. 154 and col. 164, respectively), formic and hydrochloric acid addition salts are identified as being particularly preferred acid addition salts of the generically disclosed compounds. [0004] More recently, Linsitinib has been advanced for the treatment of thyroid eye disease (TED) by oral administration in the form of anhydrous/non-solvated free base. While this form of Linsitinib has proved promising, it suffers from poor pH related solubility. Accordingly, improved forms of Linsitinib are needed to enhance pH related solubility. For example, improved dissolution and pharmacokinetic profiles provided by new forms may enhance efficacy, may enhance tolerability, and may enable advantageous dosage forms. The present invention addresses these and other goals as disclosed in greater detail herein below. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0005] In one aspect, the present invention provides solid salts forms of Linsitinib. [0006] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline esylate salt of linsitinib having the structure of Formula II:
Figure imgf000004_0001
[0007] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline L-malate salt of linsitinib having the structure of Formula III:
Figure imgf000004_0002
[0008] In one embodiment, provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a crystalline esylate salt of linsitinib or a crystalline L-malate salt of linsitinib and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. [0009] In one embodiment, provided is a combination therapy comprising a crystalline esylate salt of linsitinib or a crystalline L-malate salt of linsitinib and a TSHR inhibitor. [0010] In one embodiment, provided is a method of treating a condition mediated by human insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) or insulin receptor (IR), comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a crystalline esylate salt of linsitinib or a crystalline L-malate salt of linsitinib or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. [0011] In one embodiment, provided is a method of treating thyroid eye disease (TED) in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a crystalline esylate salt of linsitinib or a crystalline L-malate salt of linsitinib or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In one embodiment, the thyroid eye disease is chronic thyroid eye disease. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee. [0012] Figure 1 shows the PXRD of Linsitinib Sample 1 (starting material). [0013] Figure 2 shows the 1H NMR of Sample 1.1 (starting material). [0014] Figure 3 shows the PXRD comparison of crystalline salt forms identified in salt screen. [0015] Figure 4 shows the PXRD of Esylates 1-5. [0016] Figure 5 shows the PXRD of Esylate 1 (Sample 2-5). [0017] Figure 6 shows the 1H NMR in DMSO-d6 of Esylate 1 (Sample 2-5). [0018] Figure 7 shows the DSC thermogram of Esylate 1 (Sample 2-5) and the TGA thermogram of Esylate 1 (Sample 2-5). [0019] Figure 8 shows the PXRD of Esylate 2 (Sample 3-3). [0020] Figure 9 shows the 1H NMR in DMSO-d6 of Esylate 2 (Sample 3-3). [0021] Figure 10 shows the DSC thermogram of Esylate 2 (Sample 3-3) and the TGA thermogram of Esylate 2 (Sample 3-3). [0022] Figure 11 shows the asymmetric unit cell from the Esylate 2 single crystal structure. Carbon atoms are gray, nitrogen atoms are blue, oxygen atoms are red, and sulfur atoms are yellow. Hydrogen atoms were omitted for clarity. [0023] Figure 12 shows a packing diagram of the Esylate 2 single crystal looking down the a axis. [0024] Figure 13 shows a packing diagram of the Esylate 2 single crystal looking down the b axis. [0025] Figure 14 shows a packing diagram of the Esylate 2 single crystal looking down the c axis. [0026] Figure 15 shows an XRPD pattern calculated from the Esylate 2 single- crystal data, overlaid with a reference XRPD pattern of linsitinib Esylate 2. The patterns overlay well, indicating that they represent the same crystalline phase. The observed peak shifting is due to the temperature difference at which the single crystal and X-ray powder diffraction data were collected. [0027] Figure 16 shows the PXRD of Esylate 2 Scale Up (Sample 3-43). [0028] Figure 17 shows the DVS thermogram of Esylate 2 Scale Up (Sample 3- 43). [0029] Figure 18 shows the TGA thermogram of Esylate 2 Scale Up (Sample 3- 43). [0030] Figure 19 shows the PXRD of Esylate 2 Scale Up after 24 Day 75% RH stress of Sample 3-43 at room temperature (Sample 3-44). [0031] Figure 20 shows the TGA thermogram of Esylate 2 Scale Up after 24 Day 75% RH stress of Sample 3-43 at room temperature (Sample 3-44). [0032] Figure 21 shows the PXRD of Esylate 2 Scale Up after 30 minutes of milling at max power of Sample 3-43 (Sample 3-45). [0033] Figure 22 shows the PXRD of Esylate 3 (Sample 3-13). [0034] Figure 23 shows the 1H NMR in DMSO-d6 of Esylate 3 (Sample 3-13). [0035] Figure 24 shows the DSC thermogram of Esylate 3 (Sample 3-13) and the TGA thermogram of Esylate 3 (Sample 3-13) [0036] Figure 25 shows the PXRD of Esylate 4 (Sample 3-24). [0037] Figure 26 shows the 1H NMR in DMSO-d6DMSO-d6 of Esylate 4 (Sample 3-24). [0038] Figure 27 shows the DSC thermogram of Esylate 4 (Sample 3-24) and the TGA thermogram of Esylate 4 (Sample 3-24). [0039] Figure 28 shows the PXRD or Sample 3-26 after being uncapped and placed into vacuum oven and dried at 60 °C for 18 hours. (Sample 3-46). [0040] Figure 29 shows the DSC thermogram of Esylate 5 (Sample 3-47) and the TGA thermogram of Esylate 5 (Sample 3-47). [0041] Figure 30 shows the PXRD of Di-Esylate 1 (Sample 3-24). [0042] Figure 31 shows the 1H NMR in DMSO-d6 of Esylate 5 (Sample 3-24). [0043] Figure 32 shows the DSC thermogram of Esylate 5 (Sample 3-24) and the TGA thermogram of Esylate 5 (Sample 3-24). [0044] Figure 33 shows PXRD of L-Malate 1 (Sample 2-16). [0045] Figure 34 shows the 1H NMR in DMSO-d6 of L-Malate 1 (Sample 2-16). [0046] Figure 35 shows the DSC thermogram of L-Malate 1 (Sample 2-16) and the TGA thermogram of L-Malate 1 (Sample 2-16). [0047] Figure 36 shows the PXRD of L-Malate 2 (Sample 4-45), L-Malate 3 (Sample 4-22), L-Malate 4 (Sample 4-10), L-Malate 5 (Sample 4-58), L-Malate 6 (Sample 4-56), L-Malate 7 (Sample 4-78), L-Malate 8 (Sample 4-76), and L-Malate 9 (Sample 4-66). [0048] Figure 37 shows the 1H NMR1H NMR in DMSO-d6 of L-Malate 2 (Sample 4-45). [0049] Figure 38 shows the 1H NMR in DMSO-d6 of L-Malate 3 (Sample 4-22). [0050] Figure 39 shows the DSC thermogram of L-Malate 3 (Sample 4-22) and the TGA thermogram of L-Malate 3 (Sample 4-22). [0051] Figure 40 shows the 1H NMR in DMSO-d6 of L-Malate 4 (Sample 4-10). [0052] Figure 41 shows the DSC thermogram of L-Malate 4 (Sample 4-10) and the TGA thermogram of L-Malate 4 (Sample 4-10). [0053] Figure 42 shows the 1H NMR in DMSO-d6 of L-Malate 5 (Sample 4-58). [0054] Figure 43 shows the DSC thermogram of L-Malate 5 (Sample 4-58) and the TGA thermogram of L-Malate 5 (Sample 4-58). [0055] Figure 44 shows the 1H NMR in DMSO-d6 of L-Malate 6 (Sample 4-56). [0056] Figure 45 shows the DSC thermogram of L-Malate 6 (Sample 4-56) and the TGA thermogram of L-Malate 6 (Sample 4-56). [0057] Figure 46 shows the 1H NMR in DMSO-d6 of L-Malate 7 (Sample 4-78). [0058] Figure 47 shows the 1H NMR in DMSO-d6 of L-Malate 8 (Sample 4-76). [0059] Figure 48 shows the 1H NMR in DMSO-d6 of L-Malate 9 (Sample 4-66). [0060] Figure 49 shows the PXRD of Edisylate 1 (Sample 2-4). [0061] Figure 50 shows the PXRD of Edisylate 1 (Sample 2-4 after 20 days of storage at RT). [0062] Figure 51 shows the 1H NMR in DMSO-d6 of Edisylate 1 (Sample 2-4). [0063] Figure 52 shows the DSC thermogram of Edisylate 1 (Sample 2-4) and the TGA thermogram of Edisylate 1 (Sample 2-4). [0064] Figure 53 shows the PXRD of Maleate 1 (Sample 2-15). [0065] Figure 54 shows the 1H NMR in DMSO-d6 of Maleate 1 (Sample 2-15). [0066] Figure 55 shows the DSC thermogram of Maleate 1 (Sample 2-15) and the TGA thermogram of Maleate 1 (Sample 2-15). [0067] Figure 56 shows the PXRD of Napsylate 1 (Sample 2-20). [0068] Figure 57 shows the 1H NMR in DMSO-d6 of Napsylate 1 (Sample 2- 20). [0069] Figure 58 shows the DSC thermogram of Napsylate 1 (Sample 2-20) and the TGA thermogram of Napsylate 1 (Sample 2-20). [0070] Figure 59 shows the PXRD of Phosphate 1 (Sample 2-22). [0071] Figure 60 shows the 1H NMR in DMSO-d6 of Phosphate 1 (Sample 2- 22). [0072] Figure 61 shows the DSC thermogram of Phosphate 1 (Sample 2-22) and the TGA thermogram of Phosphate 1 (Sample 2-22). [0073] Figure 62 shows the PXRD of HCl 1 (Sample 2-11). [0074] Figure 63 shows the PXRD of HCl 1 (Sample 2-11 after 17 days of storage at RT). [0075] Figure 64 shows the 1H NMR in DMSO-d6 of HCl 1 (Sample 2-11). [0076] Figure 65 shows the DSC thermogram of HCl 1 (Sample 2-11) and the TGA thermogram of HCl 1 (Sample 2-11). [0077] Figure 66 shows the PXRD of Fumarate 1 (Sample 2-6). [0078] Figure 67 shows the 1H NMR in DMSO-d6 of Fumarate 1 (Sample 2-6) [0079] Figure 68 shows the PXRD of Gluconate 1 (Sample 2-40). [0080] Figure 69 shows the PXRD of Orotate 1 and coformer (Sample 2-57). [0081] Figure 70 shows the PXRD of Salicylate 1 and coformer (Sample 2-60). [0082] Figure 71 shows the PXRD of Form B free base from benzamide coformer (Sample 2-33). [0083] Figure 72 shows the PXRD of Form B free base from benzamide coformer (Sample 2-33 after 3 days of storage at RT). [0084] Figure 73 shows the 1H NMR in DMSO-d6 of Form B free base from benzamide coformer (Sample 2-33 after 23 days of storage at RT). [0085] Figure 74 shows the DSC thermogram of Form B free base from benzamide coformer (Sample 2-33) and the TGA thermogram of Form B free base from benzamide coformer (Sample 2-33). [0086] Figure 75 shows the PXRD of Form H free base from 4-aminosalicylic acid coformer (Sample 2-30). [0087] Figure 76 shows the 1H NMR in DMSO-d6 of Form H free base from 4- aminosalicylic acid coformer (Sample 2-30). [0088] Figure 77 shows the DSC thermogram of Form H free base from 4- aminosalicylic acid coformer (Sample 2-30) and the TGA thermogram of Form H free base from 4-aminosalicylic acid coformer (Sample 2-30). [0089] Figure 78 shows the PXRD of Form I from 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid (Sample 2-13). [0090] Figure 79 shows the PXRD of Form I from 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid (Sample 2-13 after 20 days of storage at RT). [0091] Figure 80 shows the 1H NMR in DMSO-d6 of Form I free base from 2- hydroxyethanesulfonic coformer (Sample 2-13). [0092] Figure 81 shows the DSC thermogram of Form I free base from 2- hydroxyethanesulfonic coformer (Sample 2-13) and the TGA thermogram of Form I free base from 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic coformer (Sample 2-13). [0093] Figure 82 shows the PXRD of Form I from vanillin (Sample 2-74 after 17 days of storage at RT). [0094] Figure 83 shows the 1H NMR in DMSO-d6 of Form I free base from vanillin (Sample 2-74 after 17 days of storage at RT). [0095] Figure 84 shows the DSC thermogram of Form I free base from vanillin (Sample 2-74 after 17 days of storage at RT) and the TGA thermogram of Form I free base from vanillin (Sample 2-74 after 17 days of storage at RT). [0096] Figure 85 shows the PXRD of Form J from Vanillin (Sample 2-74). [0097] Figure 86 shows the PXRD of Form K from sorbic acid (Sample 2-63). [0098] Figure 87 shows the 1H NMR in DMSO-d6 of Form K free base from sorbic acid (Sample 2-63). [0099] Figure 88 shows the DSC thermogram of Form K free base from sorbic acid (Sample 2-63) and the TGA thermogram of Form K free base from sorbic acid (Sample 2-63). [0100] Figure 89 show the pH-solubility profile of linsitinib free base and its salts. Data points circled in black were experiments where no solids were present after 24 hours and are not equilibrium solubility values. [0101] Figure 90 shows the solubility of linsitinib free base and its salts in biorelevant media. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0102] The present invention provides novel salts and crystalline forms of Linsitinib (OSI-906; cis-3-[8-amino-1-(2-phenyl-7-quinolinyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-3- yl]-1-methyl-cyclobutanol). These new forms of Linsitinib provide a number of advantages, including increased solubility and absorption for orally administered pharmaceutical formulations. Accordingly, the invention enables improved methods for treating human insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and insulin receptor (IR) mediated conditions. Definitions [0103] “Linsitinib” refers to the compound cis-3-[8-amino-1-(2-phenyl-7- quinolinyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl]-1-methyl-cyclobutanol as shown in Formula I. [0104] “Salt” refers to an acid addition salt prepared by combining Linsitinib free base with a pharmaceutically acceptable acid. [0105] “Pharmaceutically acceptable” is art-recognized and, as used herein to refer to a composition, excipient, adjuvant, or other material and/or dosage form, refers to a substance which, within the scope of sound medical judgment, is suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problems or complications, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include, but are not limited to hydrochloride, sulfate, phosphate, acetate, L-lactate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, L-malate, adipate, L-tartrate, equine urate, citrate, mucate, glycolate, D-glucuronic acid salt, benzoate, cholate, nicotinic acid, ethanesulfonate, ethanedisulfonate, oxalate, mesylate, benzenesulfonate, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, and hydrobromate. [0106] “Esylate” refers to the pharmaceutically acceptable ethansulfonate acid addition salt. Other terms for esylate include ethanesulfonate, ethanesulfonic acid, and esylic acid. Esylate has the following structure:
Figure imgf000011_0001
. [0107] “L-malate” refers to the pharmaceutically acceptable L-malate acid addition salt. Other terms for L-malate include L-malic acid, (-)-Malic acid, L- hydroxybutanedioic acid, (S)-hydroxybutanedioic acid. L-malate has the following structure: . [0108] “Edisylate” refers to the pharmaceutically acceptable ethanedisulfonate acid addition salt. Other terms for edisylate include ethanedisulfonate, ethanedisulfonic acid, and edisylic acid. Edisylate has the following structure:
Figure imgf000012_0001
. [0109] “Maleate” refers to refers to the pharmaceutically acceptable maleate acid addition salt. Other terms for maleate include (2Z)-but-2-enedioic acid, cis- butenedioic acid, and maleic acid. Maleate has the following structure:
Figure imgf000012_0002
. [0110] “Napsylate” refers to the pharmaceutically acceptable naphthalene-2- sulfonate acid addition salt. Other terms for napsylate include naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid and napsylic acid. Napsylate has the following structure:
Figure imgf000012_0003
[0111] “Phosphate” refers to the pharmaceutically acceptable phosphate acid addition salt. Other terms for phosphate include phosphoric acid. Phosphate has the following structure:
Figure imgf000012_0004
. [0112] “Fumarate” refers to the pharmaceutically acceptable (E)-3- carboxyacrylate acid addition alt. Other terms for fumarate include (2E)-but-2-enedioic acid, trans-1,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid, allomaleic acid, boletic acid, donitic acid, lichenic acid, and fumaric acid. Fumarate has the following structure: . [0113] “Crystalline form” refers to a solid form of a compound wherein the constituent molecules are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern. A crystalline form can be triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, trigonal, hexagonal, or cubic. A crystalline form can contain one or more regions, i.e., grains, with distinct crystal boundaries. A crystalline solid can contain two or more crystal geometries. [0114] The term “treating,” as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, means reversing, alleviating, inhibiting the progress of, or preventing the disorder or condition to which such term applies, or one or more symptoms of such disorder or condition. The term “treatment,” as used herein, refers to the act of treating as “treating” is defined immediately above. [0115] A “therapeutically effective amount” is the amount of Linsitinib, or a crystalline form thereof, that is needed to provide a desired level of drug in the tissues, bloodstream, or other physical compartment of a patient, the desired level giving rise to an anticipated physiological response or biological effect when the Linsitinib salt or crystalline form is administered by the chosen route of administration. The precise amount will depend upon numerous factors including, for example, the particular Linsitinib salt or crystalline form; the specific pharmaceutical formulation or delivery device employed; the severity of the disease state; and patient adherence to a treatment regimen. Therapeutically effective amounts of Linsitinib salts and crystalline forms can be readily determined by one skilled in the art based upon the information provided herein. [0116] “About” and “around,” as used herein to modify a numerical value, indicate a defined range around that value. If “X” were the value, “about X” or “around X” would generally indicate a value from 0.95X to 1.05X including, for example, from 0.98X to 1.02X or from 0.99X to 1.01X. Any reference to “about X” or “around X” specifically indicates at least the values X, 0.95X, 0.96X, 0.97X, 0.98X, 0.99X, 1.01X, 1.02X, 1.03X, 1.04X, and 1.05X. Thus, “about X” and “around X” are intended to teach and provide written description support for a claim limitation of, e.g., “0.98X.” When the quantity “X” only includes whole-integer values (e.g., “X carbons”), “about X” or “around X” indicates from (X−1) to (X+1). In such cases, “about X” or “around X” specifically indicates at least the values X, X−1, and X+1. Linsitinib Salts [0117] One of skill in the art will appreciate that a number of pharmaceutically acceptable acids can be used to prepare Linsitinib salts. Pharmaceutically acceptable acids include, but are not limited to, hydrochloric, acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethanesulfonic (esylic), ethanedisulfonic (edisylic), formic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, p-toluenesulfonic, napsylic, and the like. In certain embodiments, the Linsitinib salt comprises an anion derived from a pharmaceutically acceptable acid selected from edisylic, esylic, hydrochloric, maleic, L-malic, napsylic, and phosphoric. Esylate Salt [0118] In another embodiment, the invention provides an esylate salt of a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000014_0001
[0119] As described above, Formula I corresponds to Linsitinib. Ethanesulfonic acid is a monoprotic acid with the conjugate base ethanesulfonate. As used herein, “esylate” refers to ethanesulfonate. As used herein, “esylate salt” refers to a salt containing at least one ethanesulfonate anion. In certain embodiments, the esylate salt of Linsitinib is a salt according to Formula II:
Figure imgf000015_0001
[0120] In one aspect, the invention provides a crystalline form of an esylate salt of a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000015_0002
Esylate 1 [0121] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib esylate salt comprising crystalline form Esylate 1. Esylate 1 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib estylate salt”. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 1 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 5, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. [0122] In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 1 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 7. [0123] In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 1 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 7. [0124] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline form Esylate 1 of a linsitinib esylate salt according as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 1 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 1 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 1 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. Esylate 2 [0125] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib esylate salt comprising crystalline form Esylate 2. Esylate 2 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 2 of linsitinib estylate salt”. In one embodiment, crystalline form Esylate 2 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern comprising at least three peaks selected from the group consisting of 6.74, 8.92, 10.26, 11.04, 14.76, 16.80, 17.60, 17.90, 18.56, 20.24, 20.56, 20.74, 24.58, 25.80, 26.12, and 27.34 ± 0.20 °2θ, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. In another embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 2 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern comprising at least six peaks selected from the group consisting of 6.74, 8.92, 10.26, 11.04, 14.76, 16.80, 17.60, 17.90, 18.56, 20.24, 20.56, 20.74, 24.58, 25.80, 26.12, and 27.34 ± 0.2 °2θ, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. In another embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 2 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern comprising at least ten peaks selected from the group consisting of 6.74, 8.92, 10.26, 11.04, 14.76, 16.80, 17.60, 17.90, 18.56, 20.24, 20.56, 20.74, 24.58, 25.80, 26.12, and 27.34 ± 0.2 °2θ, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. In still another embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 2 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern with peaks substantially the same as Table 8. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 2 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 8, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. [0126] In one embodiment, crystalline form Esylate 2 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 10. In one embodiment, crystalline form Esylate 2 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 10. [0127] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline form Esylate 2 of a linsitinib esylate salt, wherein a single crystal structure of Esylate 2 comprises an orthorhombic crystal structure. In one embodiment, the single crystal structure of Esylate 2 comprises a P212121 space group. [0128] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline form Esylate 2 of a linsitinib esylate salt, wherein a single crystal structure of Esylate 2 comprises a unit cell with the parameters shown in Table 1: Table 1: Esylate 2 Single Crystal Unit Cell Parameters a (Å) 7.4100(8) b (Å) 17.4900(17) c (Å) 19.769(2)
Figure imgf000017_0001
volume 2562.0(5). The asymmetric unit is shown in Figure 11 Packing diagrams along the a, b, and c axes are shown in Figure 12, Figure 13, and Figure 14. The PXRD pattern calculated from the single-crystal data is overlaid with the reference PXRD pattern of Esyalte 2 in Figure 15. [0129] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline form Esylate 2 of a linsitinib esylate salt according as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 2 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 2 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 2 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 2 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 2 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 2 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 2 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. Esylate 3 [0130] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib esylate salt comprising crystalline form Esylate 3. Esylate 3 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 3 of linsitinib estylate salt”. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 3 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 22, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. [0131] In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 3 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 24. [0132] In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 3 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 24. [0133] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline form Esylate 3 of a linsitinib esylate salt according as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 3 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 3 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 3 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 3 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 3 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 3 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 3 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. Esylate 4 [0134] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib esylate salt comprising crystalline form Esylate 4. Esylate 4 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 4 of linsitinib estylate salt”. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 4 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 25, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. [0135] In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 4 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 27. [0136] In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 4 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 27. [0137] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline form Esylate 4 of a linsitinib esylate salt according as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 4 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 4 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 4 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 4 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 4 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 4 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 4 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. Esylate 5 [0138] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib esylate salt comprising crystalline form Esylate 5. Esylate 5 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 5 of linsitinib estylate salt”. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 5 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 4, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. [0139] In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 5 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 29. [0140] In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 5 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 29. [0141] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline form Esylate 5 of a linsitinib esylate salt according as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 5 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 5 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 5 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 5 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 5 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Esylate 5 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Esylate 5 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. Di-Esylate 1 [0142] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib esylate salt comprising crystalline form Di-Esylate 1. Di-Esylate 1 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib di-estylate salt”. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Di-Esylate 1 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 32. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Di- Esylate 1 of a linsitinib esylate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 32. [0143] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline form Di-Esylate 1 of a linsitinib esylate salt according as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Di-Esylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Di-Esylate 1 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Di-Esylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Di- Esylate 1 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Di- Esylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Di-Esylate 1 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Di-Esylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the material. L-malate salt [0144] In one embodiment, the invention provides an L-malic acid salt of a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000021_0001
[0145] As described above, Formula I corresponds to Linsitinib. (S)-hydroxybutane dioic acid is also referred to by synonyms including (S)-2- hydroxysuccinic acid and L-malic acid. L-malic acid is a diprotic acid with conjugate bases including (S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropanoate, (S)-3-carboxy-3- hydroxypropanoate, and (S)-hydroxysuccinate. As used herein, “L-malic acid salt” or “L-malate salt” refers to a salt containing at least one (S)-3-carboxy-2- hydroxypropanoate or (S)-3-carboxy-3-hydroxypropanoate anion, or at least one (S)- hydroxysuccinate anion. In certain embodiments, the (L)-malate salt of Linsitinib is a salt according to Formula III:
Figure imgf000022_0001
[0146] In one aspect, the invention provides a crystalline form of an (L)-malate salt of a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000022_0002
L-Malate 1 [0147] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib L-malate salt comprising crystalline form L-Malate 1. L-Malate 1 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib L-malate salt”. In some embodiments, crystalline form L-Malate 1 is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern including at least three peaks selected from the group consisting of 5.42, 8.68, 11.88, 12.40, 16.24, 17.36, 17.96, 18.22, 19.20, 20.88, 22.08, 22.58, 22.90, 23.86, 24.44, 24.92, 25.66, 26.1, 28.58, or 29.44 ± 0.2 °2θ, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 1 is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 33, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu Κα radiation. [0148] In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 1 of a linsitinib L- malate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 32. [0149] In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 1 of a linsitinib L- malate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 32. [0150] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline form L-Malate 1 of a linsitinib L-malate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 1 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib L- malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 1 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 1 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. L-Malate 2 [0151] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib L-malate salt comprising crystalline form L-Malate 2. L-Malate 2 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 2 of linsitinib L-malate salt”. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 2 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 36, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. [0152] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline form L-Malate 2 of a linsitinib L-malate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 2 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 2 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 2 based of the total amount of linsitinib L- malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 2 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 2 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 2 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 2 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. L-Malate 3 [0153] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib L-malate salt comprising crystalline form L-Malate 3. L-Malate 3 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 3 of linsitinib L-malate salt”. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 3 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 36, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. [0154] In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 3 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 39. [0155] In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 3 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 39. [0156] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline form L-Malate 3 of a linsitinib L-malate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 3 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 3 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 3 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 3 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 3 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 3 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 3 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. L-Malate 4 [0157] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib L-malate salt comprising crystalline form L-Malate 4. L-Malate 4 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 4 of linsitinib L-malate salt”. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 4 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 36, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. [0158] In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 4 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 41. [0159] In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 4 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 41. [0160] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline form L-Malate 4 of a linsitinib L-malate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 4 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 4 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 4 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 4 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 4 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 4 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 4 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. L-Malate 5 [0161] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib L-malate salt comprising crystalline form L-Malate 5. L-Malate 5 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 5 of linsitinib L-malate salt”. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 5 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 36, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. [0162] In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 5 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 43. [0163] In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 5 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 43. [0164] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline form L-Malate 5 of a linsitinib L-malate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 5 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 5 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 5 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 5 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 5 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 5 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 5 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. L-Malate 6 [0165] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib L-malate salt comprising crystalline form L-Malate 6. L-Malate 6 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 6 of linsitinib L-malate salt”. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 6 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 36, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. [0166] In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 6 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 45. [0167] In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 6 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 45. [0168] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline form L-Malate 6 of a linsitinib L-malate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 6 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 6 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 6 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 6 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 6 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 6 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 6 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. L-Malate 7 [0169] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib L-malate salt comprising crystalline form L-Malate 7. L-Malate 7 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 7 of linsitinib L-malate salt”. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 7 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 36, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. [0170] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline form L-Malate 7 of a linsitinib L-malate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 7 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 7 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 7 based of the total amount of linsitinib L- malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 7 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 7 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 7 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 7 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. L-Malate 8 [0171] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib L-malate salt comprising crystalline form L-Malate 8. L-Malate 8 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 8 of linsitinib L-malate salt”. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 8 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 36, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. [0172] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline form L-Malate 8 of a linsitinib L-malate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 8 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 8 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 8 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 8 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 8 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 8 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 8 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. L-Malate 9 [0173] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib L-malate salt comprising crystalline form L-Malate 9. L-Malate 9 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 9 of linsitinib L-malate salt”. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 9 of a linsitinib L-malate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 36, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. [0174] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline form L-Malate 9 of a linsitinib L-malate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 9 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 9 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 9 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 9 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 9 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form L-Malate 9 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form L-Malate 9 based of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the material. Edisylate Salt [0175] In one embodiment, the invention provides an edisylate salt of a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000029_0001
[0176] As described above, Formula I corresponds to Linsitinib. Ethane-1,2- disulfonic acid is a diprotic acid with conjugate bases 2-sulfoethane-1-sulfonate and ethane-1,2-disulfonate, corresponding to each dissociation of the diprotic acid. As used herein, “edisylate” refers to either 2-sulfoethane-1-sulfonate or ethane-1,2-disulfonate. As used herein, “edisylate salt” refers to a salt containing at least one 2-sulfoethane-1- sulfonate or ethane-1,2-disulfonate anion. In certain embodiments, the edisylate salt of Linsitinib is a salt according to Formula IV:
Figure imgf000030_0001
[0177] In one aspect, the invention provides a crystalline form of an edisylate salt of a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000030_0002
(I). Edisylate 1 [0178] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib edisylate salt comprising crystalline form Edisylate 1. Edisylate 1 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib edisylate salt”. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Edisylate 1 of a linsitinib edisylate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 49, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. [0179] In one embodiment, the crystalline form Edisylate 1 of a linsitinib edisylate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 52. [0180] In one embodiment, the crystalline form Edisylate 1 of a linsitinib edisylate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 52. [0181] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline form Edisylate 1 of a linsitinib edisylate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Edisylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib edisylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Edisylate 1 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Edisylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib edisylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Edisylate 1 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Edisylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib edisylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Edisylate 1 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Edisylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib edisylate salt in the material. Maleate Salt [0182] In one embodiment, the invention provides a maleic acid salt of a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000031_0001
[0183] As described above, Formula I corresponds to Linsitinib. Cis-butenediic acid is a diprotic acid with conjugate bases (Z)-3-carboxyacrylate and maleate, corresponding to each dissociation of the diprotic acid. As used herein, “maleic acid salt” or “maleate salt” refers to a salt containing at least one (Z)-3-carboxyacrylate anion or at least one maleate anion. In certain embodiments, the maleate salt of Linsitinib is a salt according to Formula V:
Figure imgf000032_0001
[0184] In one aspect, the invention provides a crystalline of a maleate salt of a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000032_0002
Maleate 1 [0185] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib maleate salt comprising crystalline form Maleate 1. Maleate 1 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib maleate salt”. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Maleate 1 of a linsitinib maleate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 53, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. [0186] In one embodiment, the crystalline form Maleate 1 of a linsitinib maleate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 55. [0187] In one embodiment, the crystalline form Maleate 1 of a linsitinib maleate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 55. [0188] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline form Maleate 1 of a linsitinib maleate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Maleate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib maleate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Maleate 1 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Maleate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib maleate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Maleate 1 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Maleate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib maleate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Maleate 1 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Maleate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib maleate salt in the material. Napsylate Salt [0189] In one embodiment, the invention provides a naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid salt of a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000033_0001
[0190] As described above, Formula I corresponds to Linsitinib. Napthalene-2- sulfonic acid is a monoprotic acid with the conjugate base naphthalene-2-sulfonate. As used herein, “napsylate” refers to a naphthalene-2-sulfonate anion. As used herein, “napsylate salt” refers to a salt containing at least one naphthalene-2-sulfonate anion. In certain embodiments, the napsylate salt of Linsitinib is a salt according to Formula VI:
[0191] In one aspect, the invention provides a crystalline form of a napsylate salt of a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000034_0001
Napsylate 1 [0192] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib napsylate salt comprising crystalline form Napsylate 1. Napsylate 1 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib napsylate salt”. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Napsylate 1 of a linsitinib napsylate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 56, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. [0193] In one embodiment, the crystalline form Napsylate 1 of a linsitinib napsylate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 58. [0194] In one embodiment, the crystalline form Napsylate 1 of a linsitinib napsylate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 58. [0195] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline form Napsylate 1 of a linsitinib napsylate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Napsylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib napsylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Napsylate 1 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Napsylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib napsylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Napsylate 1 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Napsylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib napsylate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Napsylate 1 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Napsylate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib napsylate salt in the material. Phosphate salt [0196] In one embodiment, the invention provides a phosphoric acid salt of a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000035_0001
[0197] As described above, Formula I corresponds to Linsitinib. Phosphoric acid is a triprotic acid with conjugate bases including dihydrogen phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, and phosphate. As used herein, “phosphoric acid salt” or “phosphate salt” refers to a salt containing at least one dihydrogen phosphate anion, at least one hydrogen phosphate anion, or at least one phosphate anion. In certain embodiments, the phosphate salt of Linsitinib is a salt according to Formula VII: [0198] In one aspect, the invention provides a crystalline form of a phosphate salt of a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000036_0001
Phosphate 1 [0199] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib phosphate salt comprising crystalline form Phosphate 1. Phosphate 1 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib phosphate salt”. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Phosphate 1 of a linsitinib phosphate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 59, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. [0200] In one embodiment, the crystalline form Phosphate 1 of a linsitinib phosphate salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 61. [0201] In one embodiment, the crystalline form Phosphate 1 of a linsitinib phosphate salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 61. [0202] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline form Phosphate 1 of a linsitinib phosphate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Phosphate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib phosphate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Phosphate 1 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Phosphate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib phosphate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Phosphate 1 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Phosphate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib phosphate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Phosphate 1 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Phosphate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib phosphate salt in the material. HCl salt [0203] In one embodiment, the invention provides a hydrochloric acid salt of a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000037_0001
(I). [0204] As described above, Formula I corresponds to Linsitinib. As used herein, “hydrochloric acid salt” or “HCl salt” refers to a salt containing at least one chloride. In certain embodiments, the HCl salt of Linsitinib is a salt according to Formula VIII:
Figure imgf000037_0002
[0205] In one aspect, the invention provides a crystalline form of an HCl salt of a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000038_0001
HCl 1 [0206] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib HCl salt comprising crystalline form HCl 1. HCl 1 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib HCl salt”. In one embodiment, the crystalline form HCl 1 of a linsitinib HCl salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 62, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. [0207] In one embodiment, the crystalline form HCl 1 of a linsitinib HCl salt is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 65. [0208] In one embodiment, the crystalline form HCl 1 of a linsitinib HCl salt is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 65. [0209] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline form HCl 1 of a linsitinib HCl salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form HCl 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib HCl salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form HCl 1 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form HCl 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib HCl salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form HCl 1 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form HCl 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib HCl salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form HCl 1 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form HCl 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib HCl salt in the material. Fumarate Salt [0210] In one embodiment, the invention provides a fumaric acid salt of a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000039_0001
[0211] As described above, Formula I corresponds to Linsitinib. Trans-butenediic acid is a diprotic acid with conjugate bases (E)-3-carboxyacrylate and fumarate, corresponding to each dissociation of the diprotic acid. As used herein, “fumaric acid salt” or “fumarate salt” refers to a salt containing at least one (E)-3- carboxyacrylate anion or at least one fumarate anion. In certain embodiments, the fumarate salt of Linsitinib is a salt according to Formula IX
Figure imgf000039_0002
[0212] In one aspect, the invention provides crystalline form of a fumarate salt of a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000039_0003
Fumarate 1 [0213] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib fumarate salt comprising crystalline form Fumarate 1. Fumarate 1 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib fumarate salt”. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Fumarate 1 of a linsitinib fumarate salt is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 66, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. [0214] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline form Fumarate 1 of a linsitinib fumarate salt as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Fumarate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib fumarate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Fumarate 1 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Fumarate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib fumarate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Fumarate 1 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Fumarate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib fumarate salt in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Fumarate 1 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Fumarate 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib fumarate salt in the material. Linsitinib Cocrystals [0215] One of skill in the art will appreciate that a number of pharmaceutically acceptable coformers can be used to prepare Linsitinib cocrystals. The coformers represent various different hydrogen bond donating and accepting groups that could pair with the donors and acceptors in the structure of linsitinib. The list of coformers included some weaker acids not expected to be strong enough to fully protonate linsitinib but that would likely be able to participate in hydrogen bonding. Pharmaceutically acceptable coformers include, but are not limited to, acesulfame K, adenine, adipic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, L-arginine, L-ascorbic acid, benzamide, benzoic acid, betaine HCl, caffeine, cinnamic acid, creatinine, D-fructose, D-gluconic acid, glucosamine HCl, D-glucose, L-glutamine, glutaric acid, glycine, hippuric acid, isonicotinamide, L-lactic acid, lactose, L-leucine, malonic acid, maltol, D-mannitol, methyl paraben, monosodium glutamate, nicotinamide, orotic acid, propyl gallate, saccharin, salicylic acid, sebacic acid, sodium lauryl sulfate, sorbic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, sucrose, taurine, thiamine chloride HCl, L-threonine, tromethamine HCl, L-tryptophan, urea, L-valine, vanillin, xanthine, xylitol, and the like. In certain embodiments, the Linsitinib cocrystal comprises a cocrystal derived from gluconic acid, orotic acid, or salicylic acid. Salicylic Cocrystal [0216] In another embodiment, the invention provides salicylic acid cocrystal of a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000041_0001
[0217] As described above, Formula I corresponds to Linsitinib. Salicylic acid is a weak acid. As used herein, “salicylic cocrystal” or “salicylic salt” refers to a cocrystal containing at least one salicylic acid. In certain embodiments, the salicylic acid cocrystal of Linsitinib is a cocrystal according to Formula X:
Figure imgf000041_0002
[0218] In one aspect, the invention provides a crystalline form of a salicylic cocrystal of a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000042_0001
Salicylic 1 [0219] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib salicylic cocrystal comprising crystalline form Salicylic 1. Salicylic 1 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib salicylic cocrystal”. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Salicylic 1 of a linsitinib salicylic cocrystal is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 70, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. [0220] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline form Salicylic 1 of a linsitinib salicylic cocrystal as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Salicylic 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib salicylic cocrystal in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Salicylic 1 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Salicylic 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib salicylic cocrystal in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Salicylic 1 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Salicylic 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib salicylic cocrystal in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Salicylic 1 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Salicylic 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib salicylic cocrystal in the material. Gluconic Cocrystal [0221] In another embodiment, the invention provides a gluconic acid cocrystal of a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000043_0001
[0222] As described above, Formula I corresponds to Linsitinib. Gluconic acid is a weak acid. As used herein, “gluconic cocrystal” or “gluconic salt” refers to a cocrystal containing at least one gluconic acid. In certain embodiments, the gluconic acid cocrystal of Linsitinib is a cocrystal according to Formula XI:
Figure imgf000043_0002
[0223] In one aspect, the invention provides a crystalline form of a gluconic cocrystal of a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000043_0003
Gluconic 1 [0224] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib gluconic cocrystal comprising crystalline form Gluconic 1. Gluconic 1 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib gluconic cocrystal”. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Gluconic 1 of a linsitinib gluconic cocrystal is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 68, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. [0225] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline form Gluconic 1 of a linsitinib gluconic cocrystal as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Gluconic 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib gluconic cocrystal in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Gluconic 1 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Gluconic 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib gluconic cocrystal in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Gluconic 1 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Gluconic 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib gluconic cocrystal in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Gluconic 1 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Gluconic 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib gluconic cocrystal in the material. Orotic Cocrystal [0226] In another embodiment, the invention provides orotic acid cocrystal of a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000044_0001
[0227] As described above, Formula I corresponds to Linsitinib. Orotic acid is a weak acid. As used herein, “orotic cocrystal” or “orotic salt” refers to a cocrystal containing at least one orotic acid. In certain embodiments, the orotic acid cocrystal of Linsitinib is a cocrystal according to Formula XII:
Figure imgf000045_0001
[0228] In one aspect, the invention provides a crystalline form of an orotic cocrystal of a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000045_0002
Orotic 1 [0229] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib orotic cocrystal comprising crystalline form Orotic 1. Orotic 1 is also referred to herein as “crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib orotic cocrystal”. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Orotic 1 of a linsitinib orotic cocrystal is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 69, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. [0230] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline form Orotic 1 of a linsitinib orotic cocrystal as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline form Orotic 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib orotic cocrystal in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Orotic 1 comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline form Orotic 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib orotic cocrystal in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Orotic 1 comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline form Orotic 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib orotic cocrystal in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline form Orotic 1 comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline form Orotic 1 based of the total amount of linsitinib orotic cocrystal in the material. Linsitinib Polymorphs [0231] In one embodiment, polymorphic forms of the free base of linsitinib are provided. In one embodiment, a polymorphic form of linsitinib free base is produced by crystallization with a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. In another embodiment, a polymorphic form of linsitinib free base is produced by crystallization with a pharmaceutically acceptable coformer. Form H [0232] In one aspect, the invention provides crystalline Form H of a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000046_0001
[0233] As described above, Formula I corresponds to linsitinib. As used herein, “linsitinib Form H” or “Form H” refers to a crystalline form of the free base of linsitinib having characteristics of Form H as presented herein. [0234] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib free base comprising crystalline Form H. In one embodiment, the crystalline Form H of a linsitinib free base is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 75, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. [0235] In one embodiment, the crystalline Form H of a linsitinib free base is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 77. [0236] In one embodiment, the crystalline Form H of a linsitinib free base is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 77. [0237] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline Form H of a linsitinib free base as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline Form H based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline Form H comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline Form H based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline Form H comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline Form H based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline Form H comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline Form H based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material. Form I [0238] In one aspect, the invention provides crystalline Form I of a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000047_0001
[0239] As described above, Formula I corresponds to linsitinib. As used herein, “linsitinib Form I” or “Form I” refers to a crystalline form of the free base of linsitinib having characteristics of Form I as presented herein. [0240] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib free base comprising crystalline Form I. In one embodiment, the crystalline Form I of a linsitinib free base is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 78, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. [0241] In one embodiment, the crystalline Form I of a linsitinib free base is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 81. [0242] In one embodiment, the crystalline Form I of a linsitinib free base is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 81. [0243] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline Form I of a linsitinib free base as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline Form I based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline Form I comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline Form I based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline Form I comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline Form I based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline Form I comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline Form I based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material. Form J [0244] In one aspect, the invention provides crystalline Form J of a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000048_0001
[0245] As described above, Formula I corresponds to linsitinib. As used herein, “linsitinib Form J” or “Form J” refers to a crystalline form of the free base of linsitinib having characteristics of Form J as presented herein. [0246] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib free base comprising crystalline Form J. In one embodiment, the crystalline Form J of a linsitinib free base is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 85, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. [0247] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline Form J of a linsitinib free base as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline Form J based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline Form J comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline Form J based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline Form J comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline Form J based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline Form J comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline Form J based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material. Form K [0248] In one aspect, the invention provides crystalline Form K of a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000049_0001
[0249] As described above, Formula I corresponds to linsitinib. As used herein, “linsitinib Form K” or “Form K” refers to a crystalline form of the free base of linsitinib having characteristics of Form K as presented herein. [0250] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline linsitinib free base comprising crystalline Form K. In one embodiment, the crystalline Form K of a linsitinib free base is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 86, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. [0251] In one embodiment, the crystalline Form K of a linsitinib free base is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 88. [0252] In one embodiment, the crystalline Form K of a linsitinib free base is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 88. [0253] In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline Form K of a linsitinib free base as characterized by any aspect of the present invention, which is present as a material comprising at least about 95% or more by weight of crystalline Form K based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline Form K comprises at least about 98% or more by weight of crystalline Form K based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline Form K comprises at least about 99% or more by weight of crystalline Form K based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material. In one embodiment, the crystalline Form K comprises at least about 99.5% or more by weight of crystalline Form K based of the total amount of linsitinib free base in the material. Pharmaceutical Compositions [0254] In a related aspect, the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions for the administration of the salts and crystalline forms described herein. The pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy and drug delivery. In general, methods of preparing the compositions include the step of bringing the active ingredient into association with a carrier containing one or more accessory ingredients. The pharmaceutical compositions are typically prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the active ingredient into association with a liquid carrier or a finely divided solid carrier or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation. The compositions can be conveniently prepared and/or packaged in unit dosage form. [0255] The pharmaceutical compositions can be in the form of sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous solutions and suspensions. Sterile injectable preparations can be formulated using non-toxic parenterally-acceptable vehicles including water, Ringer’s solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution, and acceptable solvents such as 1,3- butane diol. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono-or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables. [0256] Aqueous suspensions contain the active materials in admixture with excipients including, but not limited to: suspending agents such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, oleagino-propylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents such as lecithin, polyoxyethylene stearate, and polyethylene sorbitan monooleate; and preservatives such as ethyl, n-propyl, and p-hydroxybenzoate. [0257] Oily suspensions can be formulated by suspending the active ingredient in a vegetable oil, for example, arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. The oily suspensions can contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. These compositions can be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid. [0258] Dispersible powders and granules (suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water) can contain the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing agent, wetting agent, suspending agent, or combinations thereof. Additional excipients can also be present. [0259] The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions. The oily phase can be a vegetable oil, for example olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil, for example liquid paraffin or mixtures of these. Suitable emulsifying agents can be naturally-occurring gums, such as gum acacia or gum tragacanth; naturally-occurring phospholipids, such as soy lecithin; esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, such as sorbitan monooleate; and condensation products of said partial esters with ethylene oxide, such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. [0260] Pharmaceutical compositions containing the salts and crystalline forms described herein can also be in a form suitable for oral use. Suitable compositions for oral administration include, but are not limited to, tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, syrups, elixirs, solutions, buccal patches, oral gels, chewing gums, chewable tablets, effervescent powders, and effervescent tablets. Compositions for oral administration can be formulated according to any method known to those of skill in the art. Such compositions can contain one or more agents selected from sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents, antioxidants, and preserving agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations. [0261] Tablets generally contain the active ingredient in admixture with non- toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, including: inert diluents, such as cellulose, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, glucose, mannitol, sorbitol, lactose, calcium phosphate, and sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, such as corn starch and alginic acid; binding agents, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), cellulose, polyethylene glycol (PEG), starch, gelatin, and acacia; and lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and talc. The tablets can be uncoated or coated, enterically or otherwise, by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate can be employed. Tablets can also be coated with a semi-permeable membrane and optional polymeric osmogents according to known techniques to form osmotic pump compositions for controlled release. [0262] Compositions for oral administration can be formulated as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent (such as calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, or kaolin), or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium (such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil). [0263] The salts and crystalline forms described herein can also be administered topically as a solution, ointment, cream, gel, suspension, mouth washes, eye-drops, and the like. Still further, transdermal delivery of the salts and crystalline forms can be accomplished by means of iontophoretic patches and the like. The compound can also be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration of the drug. These compositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols. [0264] In some embodiments, a salt or crystalline form described herein is administered via intraperitoneal injection. In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered orally. In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered intravenously. [0265] The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can also include micronized Linsitinib or a micronized Linsitinib salt or a micronized crystalline form of a Linsitinib salt. In general, compositions containing micronized Linsitinib contain particles consisting essentially of Linsitinib with average diameters below 50 μm. The average diameter of the Linsitinib particles can be, for example, below 45 μm, below 40 μm, below 35 μm, below 30 μm, below 25 μm, or below 20 μm. The average diameter of the Linsitinib particles can be from about 10 μm to about 49 μm, or from about 10 μm to about 45 μm, or from about 15 μm to about 40 μm, or from about 20 μm to about 35 μm, or from about 25 μm to about 30 μm. The average diameter of the Linsitinib particles can be about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or about 25 μm. In some embodiments, the particles consist essentially of micronized Linsitinib in its free-base form. In some embodiments, the particles consist essentially of a micronized Linsitinib salt, as described herein, in amorphous or crystalline form. Methods of Treatment [0266] IGF1R signaling has been found to be dysregulated in a number of diseases. Inhibition of IGF1R signaling has been explored as a potential approach to modulate immune response in a number of diseases. [0267] Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves' ophthalmopathy, is an autoimmune condition characterized by inflammation and swelling of the tissues surrounding the eyes. It is commonly associated with hyperthyroidism, which is an overactive thyroid gland. TED primarily affects individuals with Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland, leading to excessive thyroid hormone production. [0268] IGF1R signaling has been found to be dysregulated in TED. The exact mechanisms are not fully understood, but it is believed that the antibodies associated with Graves' disease can bind to and activate IGF1R, leading to the release of pro- inflammatory cytokines and the recruitment of immune cells to the orbital tissues. This inflammatory response results in the characteristic features of TED, including eyelid retraction, bulging eyes (proptosis), double vision (diplopia), and eye pain. Inhibition of IGF1R signaling has been explored as a potential approach to modulate the immune response and reduce inflammation in TED. [0269] In one embodiment, provided is a method of inhibiting IGF1R signaling comprising administering to a subject a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound according to Formula (I). In some embodiments, the salt is an edisylate salt. In some embodiments, the salt is an esylate salt. In some embodiments, the salt is a maleate salt. In some embodiments, the salt is an L-malate salt. In some embodiments, the salt is a napsylate salt. In some embodiments, the salt is a phosphate salt. In some embodiments, the salt is an HCl salt. In some embodiments, the salt is a fumarate salt. In some such embodiments, the invention includes administering a salt of linsitinib or a crystalline form of a salt of linsitinib, as described herein. [0270] In one embodiment is provided a method of inhibiting IGF1R signaling comprising administering to a subject a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound according to Formula (X): wherein A− is an anion comprising an edisylate anion, an esylate anion, a maleate anion, an L-malate anion, a napsylate anion, a phosphate anion, an HCl anion, or a fumarate ion. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Esylate 1, Esylate 2, Esylate 3, Esylate 4, Esylate 5, Di-Esylate 1, L-Malate 1, L-Malate 2, L-Malate 3, L-Malate 4, L-Malate 5, L-Malate 6, L-Malate 7, L-Malate 8, L-Malate 9, Edisylate 1, Maleate 1, Napsylate 1, Phosphate 1, HCl 1, or Fumarate 1. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Esylate 1. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Esylate 2. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Esylate 3. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Esylate 4. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Esylate 5. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Di-Esylate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 2. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 3. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 4. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 5. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 6. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 7. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 8. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 9. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Edisylate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Maleate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Napsylate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Phosphate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is HCl 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Fumarate 1. [0271] In one embodiment, provided is a method of inhibiting IGF1R signaling comprising administering to a subject a cocrystal of the compound according to Formula (I). In some embodiments, the cocrystal is a salicylic-linsitinib cocrystal. In some embodiments, the cocrystal is a gluconic-linsitinib cocrystal. In some embodiments, the cocrystal is an orotic-linsitinib cocrystal. In one embodiment, the cocrystal is Salicylic 1. In another embodiment, the cocrystal is Gluconic 1. In another embodiment, the cocrystal is Orotic 1. In some embodiments, the invention includes administering a cocrystal of linsitinib, as described herein. [0272] In one embodiment, provided is a method of inhibiting IGF1R signaling comprising administering to a subject a crystalline form of the free base of the compound according to Formula (I). In some embodiments, the crystalline form of the free base is Form H. In some embodiments, the crystalline form of the free base is Form I. In some embodiments, the crystalline form of the free base is Form J. In some embodiments, the crystalline form of the free base is Form K. In some embodiment, the invention includes administering a crystalline form of the linsitinib free base, as described herein. [0273] In one embodiment is provided a method of treating thyroid eye disease comprising administering to a subject a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound according to Formula I. In some embodiments, the salt is an edisylate salt. In some embodiments, the salt is an esylate salt. In some embodiments, the salt is a maleate salt. In some embodiments, the salt is an L-malate salt. In some embodiments, the salt is a napsylate salt. In some embodiments, the salt is a phosphate salt. In some embodiments, the salt is an HCl salt. In some embodiments, the salt is a fumarate salt. In some such embodiments, the invention includes administering a salt or crystalline form of Linsitinib as described herein. [0274] In one embodiment is provided a method of treating thyroid eye disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X):
Figure imgf000057_0001
wherein A− is an anion comprising an edisylate anion, an esylate anion, a maleate anion, an L-malate anion, a napsylate anion, a phosphate anion, an HCl anion, or a fumarate ion. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Esylate 1, Esylate 2, Esylate 3, Esylate 4, Esylate 5, Di-Esylate 1, L-Malate 1, L-Malate 2, L-Malate 3, L-Malate 4, L-Malate 5, L-Malate 6, L-Malate 7, L-Malate 8, L-Malate 9, Edisylate 1, Maleate 1, Napsylate 1, Phosphate 1, HCl 1, or Fumarate 1. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Esylate 1. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Esylate 2. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Esylate 3. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Esylate 4. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Esylate 5. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Di-Esylate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 2. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 3. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 4. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 5. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 6. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 7. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 8. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is L-Malate 9. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Edisylate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Maleate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Napsylate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Phosphate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is HCl 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form according to Formula (X) is Fumarate 1. [0275] In one embodiment is provided a method of treating thyroid eye disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a cocrystal of a compound according to Formula (I):
Figure imgf000058_0001
In some embodiments, the cocrystal is a salicylic-linsitinib cocrystal. In some embodiments, the cocrystal is a gluconic-linsitinib cocrystal. In some embodiments, the cocrystal is an orotic-linsitinib cocrystal. In one embodiment, the cocrystal is Salicylic 1. In another embodiment, the cocrystal is Gluconic 1. In another embodiment, the cocrystal is Orotic 1. [0276] In one embodiment is provided a method of treating thyroid eye disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a crystalline form of a compound according to Formula (I):
Figure imgf000059_0001
wherein the crystalline form is Form H, Form I, Form J, or Form K. In one embodiment, the crystalline form is Form H. In one embodiment, the crystalline form is Form I. In one embodiment, the crystalline form is Form J. In one embodiment, the crystalline form is Form K. [0277] The salts and crystalline forms described herein can be administered at any suitable dose in the methods of the invention. In general, a salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose ranging from about 0.01 milligrams to about 1000 milligrams per kilogram of a subject’s body weight (i.e., about 0.01-1000 mg/kg). The dose of the salt or crystalline form can be, for example, about 0.01-1000 mg/kg, or about 0.1-500 mg/kg, or about -0.5-250 mg/kg, or about 1-200 mg/kg, or about 2-150 mg/kg. The dose of the salt or crystalline form can be about 0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 85, 90, 95, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, or 1000 mg/kg. The dose of the salt or crystalline form can be administered at a dose below about 0.1, below about 0.5, below about 1, below about 1.5, below about 2, below about 2.5, below about 3, below about 3.5, below about 4, below about 4.5, below about 5, below about 10, below about 15, below about 20, below about 25, below about 30, below about 35, below about 40, below about 45, below about 50, below about 55, below about 60, below about 65, below about 70, below about 75, below about 85, below about 90, below about 95, below about 100, below about 150, below about 200, below about 250, below about 300, below about 350, below about 400, below about 450, below about 500, below about 550, below about 600, below about 650, below about 700, below about 750, below about 800, below about 850, below about 900, below about 950, or below about 1000 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 200 mg of compound per kg of the subject’s body weight (200 mg/kg). In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 150 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 100 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 50 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 20 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 15 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 10 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 5 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 4 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 3 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 2 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 1 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 0.5 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the salt or crystalline form is administered at a dose below 0.1 mg/kg. Combination Therapy [0278] Linsitinib can be used in combination with at least one other drug. In one embodiment, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of linsitinib can be used in combination with at least one other drug. In a further embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of linsitinib is an esylate salt, an L-malate salt, and edisylate salt, a maleate salt, a napsylate salt, a phosphate salt, an HCl salt, or a fumarate salt. In another embodiment, a pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib can be used in combination with at least one other drug. In a further embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is Esylate 1, Esylate 2, Esylate 3, Esylate 4, Esylate 5, Di-Esylate 1, L-Malate 1, L-Malate 2, L-Malate 3, L-Malate 4, L-Malate 5, L-Malate 6, L-Malate 7, L-Malate 8, L-Malate 9, Edisylate 1, Maleate 1, Napsylate 1, Phosphate 1, HCl 1, or Fumarate 1. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is Esylate 1. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is Esylate 2. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is Esylate 3. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is Esylate 4. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is Esylate 5. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is Di-Esylate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is L-Malate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is L-Malate 2. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is L-Malate 3. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is L-Malate 4. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is L-Malate 5. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is L-Malate 6. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is L-Malate 7. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is L-Malate 8. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is L-Malate 9. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is Edisylate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is Maleate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is Napsylate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is Phosphate 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is HCl 1. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline salt form of linsitinib is Fumarate 1. [0279] In one embodiment, a cocrystal of linsitinib can be used in combination with at least one other drug. In some embodiments, the cocrystal is a salicylic-linsitinib cocrystal. In some embodiments, the cocrystal is a gluconic-linsitinib cocrystal. In some embodiments, the cocrystal is an orotic-linsitinib cocrystal. In one embodiment, the cocrystal is Salicylic 1. In another embodiment, the cocrystal is Gluconic 1. In another embodiment, the cocrystal is Orotic 1. [0280] In one embodiment, a crystalline form of the linsitinib free base can be used in combination with at least one other drug. In some embodiments, the crystalline form of the free base is Form H. In some embodiments, the crystalline form of the free base is Form I. In some embodiments, the crystalline form of the free base is Form J. In some embodiments, the crystalline form of the free base is Form K. [0281] In one embodiment, at least one other drug for use in a combination therapy includes, but is not limited to, a thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) inhibitor. EXAMPLES Instrumental Techniques [0282] The following instrumental techniques were used to characterize the salt forms or crystalline salt forms of Linsitinib presented in the examples below. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) [0283] DSC analysis was carried out using a TA Instruments Q2500 Discovery Series instrument. The instrument temperature calibrations were performed using indium. The DSC cell was kept under a nitrogen purge of ~50 mL per minute during the analysis. The sample was placed in a standard, crimped aluminum pan and heated from approximately 25°C to 300°C at a rate of 10°C per minute. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) [0284] 1H NMR spectra were acquired on a Bruker Avance NEO 400 spectrometer. Samples were prepared by dissolving material in DMSO-d6. The solutions were placed into individual 5-mm NMR tubes for subsequent spectral acquisition. The temperature controlled (298K) 1H NMR spectra acquired on the Avance NEO 400 utilized a 5-mm cryoprobe operating at an observing frequency of 400.18 MHz. Each spectrum was processed using TopSpin version 4.1.4 and referenced to the chemical shift of the residual DMSO-d6 (2.5 ppm) peak. Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) [0285] A Rigaku SmartLab X-Ray Diffractometer was configured in Bragg– Brentano reflection geometry equipped with a beam stop and knife edge to reduce incident beam and air scatter. Data collection parameters are shown in Table 2. Table 2. PXRD Data Collection Parameters Parameter Value Parameter Value Geometry Bragg–Brentano Receiving Slit 1 (mm) 18 Tube Anode Cu Receiving Slit 2 (mm) open Tube Type Long Fine Focus Start Angle 2θ (°) 2 Tube Voltage (kV) 40 End Angle 2θ (°) 40 Tube Current (mA) 44 Step Size (°) 0.02 Detector D/teX Ultra 250 (XR1 or XR3) HyPix-3000 (XR4) Scan Speed (°/min) 6 Monochromator Ni foil Cu Kβ Filter Spinning (rpm) 11 Incident Slit (°) 1/3 Sample Holder Low-background Si Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) [0286] The TG analysis was carried out using a TA Instruments Q5500 Discovery Series instrument. The instrument balance was calibrated using class M weights and the temperature calibration was performed using alumel. The nitrogen purge was ~10 mL per minute at the balance and ~25 mL per minute at the furnace. The sample was placed into a pre-tared platinum pan and heated from approximately 25 °C to 300 °C at a rate of 10 °C per minute. Example 1: Prior Characterization [0287] Linsitinib is in clinical development for TED and currently progressing as an anhydrous/non-solvated free base form that is non-hygroscopic with a high melting point (onset of endotherm at 246°C, maximum at 249 °C in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)). Previous polymorph screening was conducted and suggested a complicated solid form landscape including one anhydrous form (Form A), four hydrated forms (Forms B, C, D, and E) and two solvated forms (Form F – IPA solvate and Form G – nitromethane solvate). Form A, the anhydrous form, was selected as the target form for development. The compound has good solubility under acidic conditions as well as good permeability suggesting that maintaining supersaturation and avoiding precipitation in the upper intestines are important factors in the levels of exposure obtained and consequently the dose needed. [0288] Samples of linsitinib were used in the polymorph and salt screen. Initial characterization of the linsitinib starting material (Table 3) by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and
Figure imgf000064_0001
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was conducted to have for comparison with samples generated during the screen. The initial Linsitinib lot was found to be crystalline and was visually consistent with Form A (Figure 1). Proton NMR spectroscopy analysis of the lot was generally consistent with the chemical structure of linsitinib with minor additional unidentified peaks present (Figure 2). Table 3: Characterization of Starting Material Sample Technique Result Figure Linsitinib PXRD Crystalline; Visually consistent with Fig. 1 Sample 1A Form A Sample 1A.1 NMR in Generally consistent with chemical Fig. 2 (Subsample of DMSO-d6 structure of linsitinib; water and residual Sample 1A) isopropyl alcohol signals are present. Linsitinib - - - Sample 1B PXRD = powder X-ray diffraction; NMR = nuclear magnetic resonance Example 2: Salt and Cocrystal Screens [0289] Salt and cocrystal screening of linsitinib was conducted in an attempt to find novel solid forms of linsitinib with physical properties suitable for development. Salt Screen [0290] Counterions for the salt screen were selected based on structural diversity as well as their pKa values relative to the pKa of linsitinib. The acids selected were on the GRAS list or designated as Class I or II by Stahl and Wermuth. The pKa of linsitinib is estimated to be between 5.0 and 5.51. Based on the structure of the molecule, pKa values of 6.5 (pyrazine nitrogen) and 2.8 (quinoline nitrogen) were predicted. [0291] An equimolar ratio of linsitinib and acid was used in the experiments. Various solvent systems were examined in an attempt to utilize a diverse set of conditions. Similarly, different crystallization techniques, including slurry, cooling, and evaporation were incorporated into the screen. A single attempt was conducted with each acid. Samples generated and analyzed are listed in Table 4. Unique crystalline patterns of each potential linsitinib salt were given a unique designation that included the name of the acid (i.e., Fumarate 1, Maleate 1, etc.). Table 4: Salt Screening Experiments Sample PXRD No. Acid Conditions a Resultb Figure 2-1 L-Aspartic Slurry in water at ET Form A 2-2 Benzenesulfonic Dissolve in MeOH; SE at RT NC Slurry at ET 2-3 Citric overnight in MEK; NC cooled to RT Slurry in dioxane Edisylate 1 Fig. 49 2-4 1,2-Ethanedisulfonic Sample reanalyzed after 20 days of Edisylate 1 Fig. 50 storage at RT. 2-5 Ethanesulfonic Slurry at ET in IPA Esylate 1 Fig. 5 Sample PXRD No. Acid Conditions a Resultb Figure 2-6 Fumaric Slurry at RT in Fumarate 1 IPA (LC) Fig. 66 Slurry at RT i Potential salt 2-7 Gentisic n IPA + Form A (LC) Slurry in 5% 2-8 D-Glucuronic aqueous ACN at NC ET 2-9 Glutamic Slurry in water at RT Form A 2-10 Glycolic Slurry in ACN at RT Form A SE in THF HCl 1 Fig. 62 2-11 Hydrochloric Sample reanalyzed after 17 days of HCl 1 Fig. 63 storage at RT. 2-12 1-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic Slurry in IPA Potential CI + peaks (LC) Slurry in ACN Form I Fig. 78 2-13 2- Hydroxyethanesulfonic Sample reanalyzed after 20 days of Form I Fig. 79 storage at RT 2-14 α-Ketoglutaric Slurry in 5% Form A + aqueous IPA at RT peaks (LC) 2-15 Maleic Slurry in IPA at RT Maleate 1 Fig. 53 2-16 L-Malic Slurry in ACN at RT L-Malate 1 Fig. 33 2-17 Methanesulfonic Slurry in acetone at RT NC 2-18 Mucic Slurry in 5% aqueous IPA Form B + CI 2-19 1,5- Naphthalenedisulfonic Slurry in dioxane CI 2-20 2-Naphthalenesulfonic Slurry in ACN at ET Napsylate 1 Fig. 56 2-21 Oxalic Slurry in ACN at RT Form A (LC) 2-22 Phosphoric Slurry in ACN at RT Phosphate 1 Fig. 59 Sample PXRD No. Acid Conditions a Resultb Figure Dissolved in THF; 2-23 L-Pyroglutamic acid precipitated with NC heptane 2-24 Sulfuric Slow evaporation in THF Form A (LC) 2-25 L-Tartaric Slurry in MEK at ET Form A 2-26 p-Toluenesulfonic Dissolved in EtOH; SE NC a. SE = slow evaporation, MeOH = methanol, RT = room temperature, ET = elevated temperature, ACN = acetonitrile, MEK = methyl ethyl ketone, IPA = isopropanol; EtOH = ethanol; THF = tetrahydrofuran b. CI = counterion (acid); LC = low crystallinity, Form A = free base Form A, Form I = free base Form I; NC = non-crystalline [0292] Materials having unique crystalline PXRD patterns were obtained from experiments involving several acids including 1,2-ethanedisulfonic, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, hydrochloric, maleic, L-malic, 2-naphthalenesulfonic, and phosphoric acid (Figure 3). Cocrystal Screen [0293] A variety of different coformers were selected for inclusion in the cocrystal screen of linsitinib. The coformers represent various different hydrogen bond donating and accepting groups that could pair with the donors and acceptors in the structure of linsitinib. The list of coformers included some weaker acids not expected to be strong enough to fully protonate linsitinib but that would likely be able to participate in hydrogen bonding. Some coformers such as sorbic acid were included due to their surfactant-like structures with the hope to potentially impact the solubility/dissolution profile compared to linsitinib free base. Generally, the coformers screened were on the GRAS list or were considered Class I or II by Stahl and Wermuth. [0294] The majority of the cocrystal screening experiments were conducted using an equimolar ratio of linsitinib and the coformer. Selected experiments were conducted using a 5x or 10x excess of the coformer in an effort to lower the solubility of the cocrystal and generate conditions that would promote crystallization of the cocrystal. A single attempt was made with each conformer. Initial conditions focused on a wide variety of solvent systems and crystallization methods including the use of solvent-mediated grinding experiments. Samples generated and analyzed during the cocrystal screen are listed in Table 5. Unique crystalline patterns of each potential linsitinib cocrystal were given a unique designation that included the name of the acid (i.e., Orotate 1, Salicylate 1, etc.). [0295] Materials having unique crystalline PXRD patterns were observed from experiments with gluconic acid, orotic acid, and salicylic acid (Figure 18). Each of these phases was found to be either poorly crystalline or was isolated as a mixture with the starting material(s). Table 5 Cocrystal Screening Experiments Sample PXRD No. Coformer Conditions a Result b Figure 2-27 Acesulfame K Grind in MEK Form A + CF 2-28 Adenine Slurry in MeOH Form H + CF 2-29 Adipic acid Slurry in MEK at ET Form A 2-30 4-Aminosalicylic acid Slurry in MeOH Form H Fig. 75 2-31 L-Arginine Slurry in MeOH Form H + CF 2-32 L-Ascorbic acid Grind in IPE Form A + CF Slurry in EtOH Form B (LC) Fig. 71 2-33 Benzamide Sample reanalyzed after 23 days of Form B (LC) Fig. 72 storage at RT 2-34 Benzoic acid Slurry in THF, 10 Eq. CF Form A + NC Potential 2-35 Betaine HCl Grind in EtOH cocrystal + Form A + CF Slurry in 2-36 Caffeine chloroform, 5 Eq. Form A + CF CF 2-37 Cinnamic acid Precipitation from DMSO using DEE Form A Sample PXRD No. Coformer Conditions a Result b Figure Form A + 2-38 Creatinine Grind in acetone Form J + CF + Peaks 2-39 D-Fructose Grind in EtOAc Form A + CF 2-40 D-Gluconic acid Grind in acetone Gluconate 1 (LC) Fig. 68 2-41 Glucosamine Grind in EtO Form A + CF HCl H + Peaks (LC) 2-42 D-Glucose Grind in MEK Form A + CF 2-43 L-Glutamine Grind in EtOAc Form A + CF 2-44 Glutaric acid Slow evaporation in THF NC 2-45 Glycine Grind with EtOAc Form A + CF 2-46 Hippuric acid Slow evaporation in THF NC 2-47 Isonicotinamide Slurry in chloroform Form A + CF 2-48 L-Lactic acid Slurry in MEK at ET Form A 2-49 Lactose Grind with acetone Form A + Form I + CF 2-50 L-Leucine Grind in IPE Form A + CF 2-51 Malonic acid Slow evaporation in THF NC 2-52 Maltol Slurry in IPE Form A + CF 2-53 D-Mannitol Grind in EtOAc Form A + CF 2-54 Methyl paraben Slurry in EtOAc Form A 2-55 Monosodium glutamate Grind in MEK Form A + CF 2-56 Nicotinamide Grind in MTBE Form A + CF 2-57 Orotic acid Slurry in chloroform Orotate 1 + CF Fig. 69 2-58 Propyl gallate Slurry in MEK at ET Form A Sample PXRD No. Coformer Conditions a Result b Figure 2-59 Saccharin Slow evaporation in chloroform NC Slurry in MeOH 2-60 Salicylic acid Salicylate 1 + with excess CF Fig. 70 coformer 2-61 Sebacic acid Slurry in dioxane Form A 2-62 Sodium lauryl sulfate Grind in EtOH Form A + CF 2-63 Sorbic acid Slurry in acetone Form K Fig. 86 2-64 Stearic acid Precipitation from DMSO using DEE Form A 2-65 Succinic acid Slurry in EtOH at ET Form A 2-66 Sucrose Grind with EtOAc Form A + CF 2-67 Taurine Grind in MEK Form A + CF Thia Slurry in 2-68 mine chloride HCl chloroform, 5 Eq. Form A + CF CF 2-69 L-Threonine Slurry in MeOH Form H + CF 2-70 Tromethamine Grind in EtOH Peaks + CF + HCl Form A (LC) 2-71 L-Tryptophan Grind in MTBE Form A + CF 2-72 Urea Grind with acetone Form A + CF 2-73 L-Valine Grind MTBE Form A + CF 2-74 Slurry in acetone Form J Vanillin Sample reanalyzed after 17 days of Form I storage at RT 2-75 Xanthine Slurry in MEK at ET Form A + CF 2-76 Xylitol Grind in acetone Form A + Form J + CF a. DEE = diethyl ether, DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide, ET = elevated temperature, EtOAc = ethyl acetate, EtOH = ethanol, IPE = isopropyl ether, MeOH = methanol, MEK = methyl ethyl ketone, MTBE = methyl tert-butyl ether, THF = tetrahydrofuran; RT = room temperature; Eq. = equivalent(s); CF = coformer; b. CF = coformer; LC = low crystallinity; Form A = free base Form A, Form J = free base Form J, Form I = free base Form I Characterization of Selected Solid Forms [0296] Each of the materials was further characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy, DSC, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) except Fumarate 1 which was poorly crystalline compared to the other materials (Table 6). These analyses were conducted to confirm the chemical structure, determine stoichiometry if possible, and evaluate the nature of the materials generated (anhydrous, solvated, hydrated, etc.). Some characterization results are discussed in further detail in the Examples below. Table 6 Characterization of Selected Samples Sample Analytical Results b Figure (ID) Technique a Esylate 1 NMR in 1:1 API:CI Fig. 6 Sample 2-5 DMSO-d6 DSC Broad endo at 79 °C; Fig. 7 Overlapping broad endo-exo-endo at 175- 198-212 °C TGA 4.1% wt loss to 150 °C; Onset of apparent degradation at 265 °C L-Malate 1 NMR in 1:1 API:CI, residual acetonitrile Fig. 34 Sample 2- DMSO-d6 16 DSC Major endo with an onset at 179 °C and peak Fig. 35 at 181 °C TGA 0.4% wt loss to 150 °C; Onset of apparent degradation at 190 °C Edisylate 1 NMR in 1:1 API:CI (based on CI peak at 2.7) Fig. 51 Sample 2-4 DMSO-d6 DSC Major broad endo at 51 °C; Endo at 252 °C Fig. 52 and 278 °C TGA 1.7% weight loss to 150 °C, Onset of apparent degradation at 244 °C Maleate 1 NMR in 1:1 API:CI Fig. 54 Sample 2- DMSO-d6 15 DSC Broad endo at 71 °C; Fig. 55 Overlapping endos at 182 and 184 °C overlapped with exo at 188 °C Sample Analytical Results b Figure (ID) Technique a TGA 2.8% weight loss to 100 °C; Onset apparent degradation at 174 °C Napsylate 1 NMR in 1:1 API:CI Fig 57 Sample 2- DMSO-d6 20 DSC Broad overlapping endos at 74 and 100 °C; Fig. 58 Broad endo at 163 °C and shoulder at 155 °C. Exo at 198 °C TGA 3.9% wt loss to 150 °C; Onset of apparent degradation at 264 °C Phosphate 1 NMR in Minor peak shifting suggestive of potential Fig. 60 Sample 2- DMSO-d6 salt formation, residual acetonitrile; no 22 major water peak DSC Broad overlapped endo-exo at 160 and Fig. 61 181 °C; Major endotherm with onset at 229 °C TGA 0.3% wt loss to 150 °C; Onset of apparent decomposition at 229 °C HCl 1 NMR in Peaks shifted which is consistent with salt Fig. 64 Sample 2- DMSO-d6 formation 11 DSC Major broad endo at 104 °C; Minor endo at Fig. 65 201 °C TGA 12.5% weight loss to 76 °C; 2.1% weight loss 76-100 °C; 6.4% weight loss 100-210 °C Fumarate 1 NMR in 1:0.7 API:CI Fig. 67 Sample 2-6 DMSO-d6 Form B NMR in linsitinib free base Fig. 73 Sample 2- DMSO-d6 33 DSC Broad endo at 89 °C; Major endo at 247 °C Fig. 74 TGA 3.7% weight loss to 75 °C; Further 1.1% weight loss to 150 °C Form H + DSC Broad shallow overlapping endos at 77 and Adenine 91 °C; Endotherm at 142, exotherm at 177, (1247-34- and overlapping endos at 239 and 244 °C 1) TGA 3.1% weight loss to 100 °C; Onset of apparent decomposition 262 °C Form H NMR in linsitinib free base Fig. 76 Sample 2- DMSO-d6 30 DSC Broad shallow endo at 93 °C; Fig. 77 Endotherm at 139, exotherm at 176, and overlapping endos at 243 and 247 °C DSC Broad shallow endo at 90 °C; Sample Analytical Results b Figure (ID) Technique a Endotherm at 139, exotherm at 177, and overlapping endos at 241 and 246 °C TGA 4.0% wt loss to 100 °C; Fig. 77 2.2% wt loss 100-275 °C TGA 4.0% wt loss to 100 °C; 2.5% wt loss 100-275 °C Form I NMR in 1:0.3 API:2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid Fig. 75 Sample 2- DMSO-d6 (based on acid peak at 2.6) 13 DSC Minor broad endo at 37 °C; Endo-exo-endo Fig. 81 at 156, 177 & 192 °C; Overlapping endos at 241 & 247 °C TGA 0.8% weight loss to 150 °C, Onset of apparent degradation at 268 °C Form I NMR in 1:0.08 API:CF (vanillin) Fig. 83 Sample 2- DMSO-d6 74 DSC Minor broad endo at 55 °C; Overlapping Fig. 84 endo-exo at 150 & 173 °C; Overlapping endos at 240 & 244 °C TGA 0.5% weight loss to 75 °C; Further 1.3% weight loss to 163 °C; Onset of apparent degradation at 274 °C Form K NMR in Consistent with API, 0.4 mol acetone/mol Fig. 87 Sample 2- DMSO-d6 API 63) DSC Broad endotherm at 111 °C; Overlapping Fig. 88 endo-exo at 156 & 174 °C; Overlapping endos at 241 & 247 °C TGA 4.6% weight loss to 125 °C corresponds to 0.4 Eq Acetone a. NMR = nuclear magnetic resonance, DSC = differential scanning calorimetry, TGA = thermogravimetric analysis b. CI = counterion; API = active pharmaceutical ingredient (linsitinib); DSC temperatures are for peak maximum unless otherwise noted; exo = exotherm; endo = endotherm; wt = weight; eq = equivalent(s); water peak observed in NMR spectra unless otherwise noted. CF = coformer Example 3: Crystalline Salt Forms of Linsitinib Esylate [0297] Esylate 1 was prepared from a 70 °C slurry of linsitinib and ethanesulfonic acid in isopropanol (IPA). Specifically, 25.5 mg of linsitinib was added to 0.5 mL of isopropanol and heated to 70 °C. 5.2 μL of ethanesulfonic acid was added producing finely turbid suspension. After 4 days of equilibration, a yellow-orange suspension was produced. The sample was filtered producing an orange filtrate and yellow solids. The solids were dried overnight under ambient conditions prior to analysis. [0298] The preparation of Esylate 1 was later scaled up. 4.0193 g of linsitinib suspended in 70 ml isopropanol and reacted with 0.82 ml (1 Eq ) ethanesulfonic acid at room temperature. This slurry was seeded with Esylate 1 and set to stir overnight at 75 °C. Isolating, drying and characterizing the resulting yellow solids revealed successful crystallization of Esylate 1 (Figure 5), which was then used as the starting material for the rest of this study. Esylate Salt Polymorph Screen [0299] Various crystallization experiments were conducted in an attempt to utilize a diverse set of conditions in an attempt to identify additional polymorphs of linsitinib esylate salt. Unique crystalline patterns of each linsitinib esylate crystalline salt were given a unique designation that included the name of the acid. Different crystalline forms of the linsitinib esylate salt were prepared and identified by PXRD: Esylate 1, Esylate 2, Esylate 3, Esylate 4, Esylate 5, Di-Esylate 1, etc. Different crystallization techniques, including slurry, cooling, and evaporation were incorporated into the screen. [0300] The polymorph screen of linsitinib esylate was initiated with a focus on slurries at room temperature (RT), sub-ambient temperature (ST) and elevated temperature (ET) in-order to determine the stable form at different conditions early on. Water was incorporated into certain slurries to investigate the presence potential hydrates. Two anhydrous/unsolvated forms of linsitinib esylate, designated Esylate 2 (Green, Figure 3) and Esylate 3 (Blue, Figure 3) were observed from the slurry experiments. Esylate 3 was recovered primarily from solvent systems containing alcohols while Esylate 2 was recovered from a wider variety of conditions including the majority of the slurries conducted at room temperature. These forms are discussed in more detail in Section 3.1.1 and 3.1.2 respectively. Esylate 1, used as the starting material for the screen, was recovered from only a single slurry, suggesting Esylate 1 may be metastable. [0301] Additional samples generated and analyzed are listed in Table 7 with corresponding crystallization conditions: Table 7: Rapid Kinetic Crystallizations using Esylate 1 Sample Method Solvent Conditions PXRD Fig. No. Result No. 3-1 Cooling DOX ~50 mg dissolved in 0.50 Esylate mL solvent with heating, 3 does not ppt upon cooling to 4 °C. Vial frozen at - 18° C, thawing produces clear orange solution which spontaneously precipitates solids 3-2 Recrystallization ACN ~50 mg almost Esylate completely dissolved in 2 2.00 mL solvent, precipitates crystalline chunks after few hours. 3-3 Recrystallization AE ~50 mg almost Esylate Fig. completely dissolved in 2 8 3.00 mL solvent, precipitates crystalline chunks after few hours. 3-4 Recrystallization NME ~50 mg almost Esylate completely dissolved in 2 0.75 mL solvent, spontaneously precipitates off-white solids. [0302] A representative PXRD pattern for Esylate 2 is provided for Sample 3-3, Figure XX. The representative peak positions and intensity for Esylate 2 from Sample 3-3 is provided in Table 8, below. Table 8: Representative Esylate 2 PXRD Peaks 2θ Position d-value Height Relative Intensity 6.7400 13.1142 12649.3682 100.0000 θ Position d-value Height Relative Intensity 8.9200 9.9134 4789.0864 37.8603 10.2600 8.6215 3906.8389 30.8856 11.0400 8.0141 3855.5923 30.4805 12.5800 7.0363 1693.2736 13.3862 12.8000 6.9158 2020.6283 15.9741 13.5400 6.5395 1019.3627 8.0586 14.3200 6.1850 1754.0468 13.8667 14.7600 6.0016 5073.9492 40.1123 15.5000 5.7167 827.0829 6.5385 15.6200 5.6730 1364.8450 10.7898 16.1400 5.4914 1556.9310 12.3084 16.8000 5.2771 4146.9639 32.7840 17.6000 5.0390 10849.2773 85.7693 17.9000 4.9552 5957.5483 47.0976 18.5600 4.7805 11324.1348 89.5233 19.2000 4.6226 418.6443 3.3096 19.7200 4.5018 2041.6976 16.1407 20.2400 4.3873 4359.0215 34.4604 20.5600 4.3198 7568.0684 59.8296 20.7400 4.2827 3529.9824 27.9064 21.2000 4.1908 2230.6340 17.6344 21.4600 4.1406 1379.6281 10.9067 22.1400 4.0149 489.9688 3.8735 23.4800 3.7887 2309.3740 18.2568 θ Position d-value Height Relative Intensity 23.7400 3.7478 1820.7926 14.3943 23.9000 3.7231 770.9970 6.0951 24.1600 3.6836 1456.9354 11.5179 24.5800 3.6216 5287.1294 41.7976 25.2800 3.5229 474.6046 3.7520 25.8000 3.4531 3070.7500 24.2759 26.1200 3.4115 2326.2798 18.3905 26.9400 3.3095 760.1328 6.0093 27.1200 3.2879 1265.5188 10.0046 27.3400 3.2620 2027.1040 16.0253 27.4400 3.2503 1579.8429 12.4895 27.7000 3.2204 457.8565 3.6196 28.1800 3.1666 1172.2533 9.2673 28.5200 3.1296 762.1695 6.0254 28.8600 3.0935 989.5453 7.8229 29.1000 3.0686 1135.2419 8.9747 29.6400 3.0139 814.3291 6.4377 29.9400 2.9844 544.7113 4.3062 30.0200 2.9766 416.9756 3.2964 30.2000 2.9593 1240.3318 9.8055 30.5600 2.9252 578.3536 4.5722 30.8800 2.8956 441.4384 3.4898 31.0600 2.8793 626.7237 4.9546 31.2800 2.8595 1161.0465 9.1787 2θ Position d-value Height Relative Intensity 31.5000 2.8400 486.3415 3.8448 32.6200 2.7450 419.8454 3.3191 33.2800 2.6921 591.7639 4.6782 33.4800 2.6765 817.3016 6.4612 33.7800 2.6534 316.6649 2.5034 34.1000 2.6292 1055.4093 8.3436 34.4400 2.6040 277.1772 2.1912 35.1600 2.5523 444.5155 3.5141 36.2200 2.4800 430.6686 3.4047 37.1800 2.4182 295.2324 2.3340 37.6400 2.3897 748.0143 5.9135 38.6600 2.3289 424.6900 3.3574 39.4400 2.2847 436.0428 3.4472 [0303] Kinetic screening experiments also identified additional forms of linsitinib esylate. A salt formation attempt from IPA with 1 equivalent (Eq) ESA at RT resulted in a solvate designated as Esylate 4 (Black, Figure 4). Drying this same sample of Esylate 4 resulted in a de-solvated solvate designated as Esylate 5 (Red, Figure 4). These same patterns for Esylate 4 and 5 were also observed from other solvent systems including ST slurries at 4 °C in 95:5 IPA:H2O and chloroform respectively (Blue and green respectively, Figure 4). This pointed to Esylate 4 being an isostructural solvate, capable of forming a solvate with different crystallization solvents. Table 9: Slow Thermodynamic Crystallizations using Esylate 1 Sample PXRD Fig. No. Method Solvent Conditions Result No. 3-5 Slow H2O ~50 mg dissolved in 0.50 mL Amorphous Evaporation solvent, filtered and placed in fume hood with cap slightly loose. Orange glass. Sample PXRD Fig. No. Method Solvent Conditions Result No. 3-6 Slow MeOH ~50 mg dissolved in 0.50 mL Esylate 3 Evaporation solvent, filtered and placed in fume hood with cap slightly loose. Orange chunks. 3-7 Slow HFIPA ~50 mg dissolved in 0.25 mL Amorphous Evaporation solvent, filtered and placed in fume hood with cap slightly loose. Yellow plates. 3-8 Vapor DCM into ~50 mg dissolved in 0.25 mL Esylate 2 Diffusion DMF DMF, filtered into a vial which is placed into a larger vial filled with DCM. Clear colorless needles 3-9 Vapor IPE into ~50 mg dissolved in 1.50 mL Esylate 3 Diffusion MeOH MeOH with heating, filtered into a vial which is placed into a larger vial filled with IPE. Yellow residue upon agitation 3-10 Organic AE ~50 mg suspended in 1.50 mL Esylate 2 Slurry solvent and stirred at RT for 14 days. White residue. 3-11 Organic CLF ~50 mg suspended in 0.75 mL Esylate 4 Slurry solvent and stirred at ST at Esylate 5 4 °C for 14 days. Off-white residue. 3-12 Organic EtOAc ~50 mg suspended in 1.50 mL Esylate 2 Slurry solvent and stirred at RT for 14 days. White residue. 3-13 Organic 1:1 ~50 mg suspended in 0.75 mL Esylate 3 Fig. Slurry EtOH:HEP solvent and stirred at ST at 22 4 °C for 14 days. White residue. 3-14 Organic IPA ~50 mg suspended in 0.75 mL Esylate 4 Slurry solvent and stirred at ET at Esylate 5 60 °C for 14 days. White residue. 3-15 Organic IPAE ~50 mg suspended in 1.00 mL Esylate 2 Slurry solvent (Reversible conversion to yellow color on heating) and stirred at RT for 1 Day. Light- yellow residue. 3-16 Organic IPE ~50 mg suspended in 1.50 mL Esylate 2 Slurry solvent and stirred at RT for 14 days. White residue. 3-17 Organic 9:1 ~50 mg suspended in 0.75 mL Esylate 3 Slurry MCH:MeOH solvent and binary phase slurry stirred at RT for 1 Day. Light- yellow residue. 3-18 Organic MEK ~50 mg suspended in 3.00 mL Esylate 2 Slurry solvent and stirred at RT for 14 days. Off-white residue. Sample PXRD Fig. No. Method Solvent Conditions Result No. 3-19 Organic MIBK ~50 mg suspended in 0.75 mL Esylate 2 Slurry solvent and stirred at ET at 60 °C for 14 days. Off-white residue. 3-20 Organic MTBE ~50 mg suspended in 0.75 mL Esylate 1 Slurry and stirred at RT for 1 Day. Light-yellow residue. 3-21 Organic THF ~50 mg suspended in 1.50 mL Esylate 2 Slurry solvent and stirred at RT for 14 days. Off-white residue. 3-22 Organic TOL ~50 mg suspended in 0.75 mL Esylate 2 Slurry and stirred at ET at 60 °C for 1 Day. Light-yellow residue. 3-23 Aqueous 95:5 ~50 mg suspended in 0.75 mL Esylate 4 slurry IPA:H2O and stirred at ST at 4 °C for 14 Esylate 5 aw = 0.40 days. Off-white residue. Table 10: Salt Formation Attempts using Linsitinib Free Base Sample PXRD Fig. No. Solvent Conditions Result No. 5 Esylate 4 Fig. -24 IPA 0.5 mg Linsitinib is suspended in 1.00 mL solvent, to which 1 Eq ESA (10.4 μL) is added and 25 the slurry stirred overnight at RT. 50.5 mg Linsitinib i Di-Esylate 1 Fig. -25 IPA s suspended in 1.00 mL solvent, to which 2 Eq ESA (20.8 μL) is added and 30 the slurry stirred overnight at RT. A 50.4 mg Linsitinib Esylate 4 + -26 IP is suspended in 1.00 mL solvent, to which 1 Eq ESA (10.4 μL) is added and Peaks at 3.5, the slurry stirred overnight at ST at 4 °C. 5.72θ 50.2 mg Linsitinib is Di-Esylate 1 -27 IPA suspended in 0.75 mL solvent, to which 3 Eq ESA (31.2 μL) is added and + Peaks clear solution stirred overnight at RT. -28 ACN 50.5 mg Linsitinib is suspended in 0.75 mL Esylate 2 solvent, to which 1 Eq ESA (10.4 μL) is added and the slurry stirred overnight at RT. -29 AE 50.4 mg Linsitinib is suspended in 0.75 mL Esylate 2 solvent, to which 1 Eq ESA (10.4 μL) is added and the slurry stirred overnight at RT. -30 EtOH 50.4 mg Linsitinib is suspended in 0.75 mL Esylate 2 solvent, to which 1 Eq ESA (10.4 μL) is added and the slurry stirred overnight at RT. Sample PXRD Fig. No. Solvent Conditions Result No. 3-31 THF 50.4 mg Linsitinib is suspended in 0.75 mL Esylate 2 solvent, to which 1 Eq ESA (10.4 μL) is added and the slurry stirred overnight at RT. 3-32 MTBE 50.3 mg Linsitinib is suspended in 0.75 mL New-1 solvent, to which 1 Eq ESA (10.4 μL) is added and seeded with Esylate 1 (1341-9-1-1), and slurry is stirred overnight at RT. [0304] To find the thermodynamically stable form of the mono-salt, interconversion slurries were set-up at three different temperatures in two different solvent systems between Esylates 1, 2, 3 and Esylate 4 + Esylate 5 (Table 11). A sample of Esylate 4 + Esylate 5 was included as part of the interconversion slurry in- spite of Esylate 4 being a solvate as Esylate 5 could not be isolated as a separate pure phase until the drying experiment was carried out on Esylate 4 towards the end of the study. Slurries were set-up at 4 °C, RT and at 60 °C in MEK and 2:1 EtOH:HEP, resulting in a total of six experiments which were run for a total of 7 days. All slurries unanimously resulted in Esylate 2, pointing to it being the most stable form under the conditions explored between all these forms. Table 11: Interconversion Slurries Sample No. Solvent Conditionsa PXRD Result 3-33 2:1 EtOH:HEP SL at ET at 60 °C for 7 Days. Esylate 2 White residue. 3-34 2:1 EtOH:HEP SL at RT for 7 Days. White residue. Esylate 2 3-35 2:1 EtOH:HEP SL at ST at 4 °C for 7 Days. Esylate 2 White residue. 3-36 MEK SL at ET at 60 °C for 7 Days. Esylate 2 White residue. 3-37 MEK SL at RT for 7 Days. White residue. Esylate 2 3-38 MEK SL at ST at 4 °C for 7 Days. Esylate 2 White residue. a. All slurries utilized ~5 mg of Esylate 4 + Esylate 5 (1341-21-8) along with ~10 mg each of Esylate 3 (1341-21-14,16), Esylate 2 (1341-21-2,3) and Esylate 1 (1341-3-1-1). b. SL = slurry, ET = elevated temperature, IPA = isopropanol, MIBK = methyl isobutyl ketone, RT = room temperature, AE = acetone, EA = ethyl acetate, HEP = heptanes, EOH = ethanol, IPE = isopropyl ether, THF = tetrahydrofuran, ST = sub-ambient temperature, CLF = chloroform, H2O = water, WA = water activity, SE = slow evaporation, MOH = methanol, ACN = acetonitrile, CL = cooling, DOX = dioxanes, MEK = methyl ethyl ketone, VD = vapor diffusion, MCH = Methyl cyclohexane, MTBE = Methyl tert-butyl ether, NME = Nitromethane, TOL = Toluene, IPAE = Isopropyl acetate, HFIPA = Hexafluoro isopropanol, DMF = Dimethylformamide, DCM = Dichloromethane Characterization of Linsitinib Esylate Salt Polymorphs [0305] Select samples were identified for further characterization for each of the five linsitinib esylate crystalline salt polymorphs. A summary of the results is presented below: Esylate 2 Water Activity Test [0306] Water activity slurries were set-up with Esylate 2 and seeds of Esylate 1 to explore the presence of a potential hydrate and any associated critical water activity (Table 12). Four slurries were set-up in varying ratios of THF and H2O corresponding to 0.45, 0.63, 0.78 and 0.91 aw respectively. All residues after 17 days of stirring at RT unanimously resulted in Esylate 2 (Figure 7), revealing no hydrate exists under ambient conditions, and any critical water activity, if present, is above aw=0.91. The results confirm that Esylate 1 is metastable under these conditions and could suggest that Esylate 1 may not be hydrated and that the weight loss observed previously may be residual moisture rather than water incorporated within the lattice. Table 12: Water Activity Slurry Sample Solvent Conditionsa PXRD No. Result 3-39 97.6% THF in H2O, aw = 50.0 mg Esylate 2 was SL in 1.00 mL Esylate 0.45. solvent 2 3-40 96.2% THF in H2O, aw = 51.3 mg Esylate 2 was SL in 1.00 mL Esylate 0.63. solvent 2 3-41 94.7% THF in H2O, aw = 102.5 Esylate 2 was SL in 1.00 mL Esylate 0.78. solvent 2 3-42 93.1% THF in H2O, aw = 101.5 mg Esylate 2 was SL in 1.00 mL Esylate 0.91. solvent 2 a) All slurries started with Esylate 2, were seeded with Esylate 1 and stirred for a total of 10 days at RT. Esylate 2 Scale-Up, Relative Humidity Stress Test, and Mechanical Stress Test [0307] A scale-up attempt for Esylate 2 was carried out towards the relative humidity stress test and the mechanical stress test (Table 13). A long term 75% RH stress for 24 days at RT revealed no weight gain by TGA and no form change by PXRD analysis of the stressed sample (Figure 10). Mechanical stress of Esylate 2 by neat grinding for 30 minutes resulted in a poorly crystalline Esylate 2 along with amorphous residue, suggesting excess mechanical stress is best avoided. Table 13: Scale-Up, Relative Humidity Stress, and Mechanical Stress Test Sample Analytical Fig. No. Experiment Conditions Technique Result No. 3-43 Scale up. ~1 g of Esylate 1 PXRD Esylate 2 Fig. RT SL. (1341-9-1-1) is 16 suspended in 15 mL MEK at RT and SD w 1341-21-12. SL for 3 Days (Reaction complete in 1 Day) and filtered. Off-white residue. 3-44 75% RH ~50 mg of Esylate 2 PXRD Esylate 2 Fig. stress (1341-49-1) is 19 transferred into a vial and placed uncapped into a vacuum oven and dried at 50 °C for 18 hours. 3-44 75% RH ~50 mg of Esylate 2 TGA No weight Fig. stress (1341-49-1) is loss till 20 transferred into a 125 °C vial and placed uncapped into a vacuum oven and dried at 50 °C for 18 hours. 3-45 Grinding ~30 mg of Esylate 2 PXRD Esylate 2 Fig. (1341-49-1) is (LC) + 21 milled neat at max Amorphous power for 30 minutes. Orange powder. Esylate 2 Characterization [0308] Esylate 2 appears to be a stable polymorph of the esylate salt of linsitinib. Esylate 2 was isolated from a wide range of techniques, solvents and temperatures, and a few samples were characterized further (Table 14). NMR analysis confirmed it to be a 1:1 linsitinib esylate salt. DSC analysis revealed a major endotherm at 225 °C potentially due to melting, while TGA analysis pointed towards an anhydrous/non-solvated form (Figure 8). This was further supported by successful indexing of its PXRD pattern, whose calculated unit cell volume pointed to a 1:1 salt (Section 0). A single crystal grown by vapor diffusion of DCM into DMF was successfully characterized by SCXRD to be Esylate 2, which confirmed its anhydrous/non-solvated nature.2 DVS analysis revealed Esylate 2 to be slightly hygroscopic, with 1% weight gain and loss during the sorption and desorption cycles respectively, but no net weight change was observed after the analysis (Figure 9). The majority of the water up-take (~0.8 %) was observed above 85 % RH, suggesting that exposure to very high RH should be avoided. Table 14: Characterization of Esylate 2 Form Analytical (Sample) Technique Results Figure NMR Consistent with a 1:1 salt Fig. 9 DSC Major endotherm at 230 °C Fig. 10 Esylate 2 (Sample No. 3-3) TGA No weight loss before major Fig. endotherm 10 Indexing Suggests an unsolvated 1:1 salt Sorption: 5-95 % RH: Total 33.1 % weight gain 35-75 % RH: 12.0 % weight gain 75-95 % RH: 16.9 % weight gain Esylate 2 Desorption: Fig. (Scale Up Sample DVS 95-5 % RH: Total 33.1 % weight No. 3-43) 17 loss 95-75 % RH: 14.2 % weight loss 75-35 % RH: 12.3 % weight loss Net weight change: - 0.04 % weight loss Form Analytical (Sample) Technique Results Figure TGA No weight loss before onset of Fig. decomposition 18 Esylate 2 Solubility [0309] A second scale-up attempt for Esylate 2 was carried out towards the solubility study. Linsitinib was slurried with 1Eq Ethanesulfonic acid at RT in ethanol for 3 days with seeding. PXRD analysis of the product after drying revealed successful synthesis of Esylate 2 with a 94% yield at 4-gram scale. The results of the solubility study are presented in Example 16. Esylate 2 Single Crystal Structure [0310] The crystal structure of linsitinib esylate Form 2 (Esylate 2) was solved (Figure 1) according to the following procedures. The structure was confirmed to be anhydrous/unsolvated. The compound crystallized in a chiral space group; however, the cation contains a molecular mirror plane such that no chiral centers were observed. [0311] Linsitinib free base was used to prepare linsitinib esylate Form 1. 50.1 mg of linsitinib esylate Form 1 was dissolved in 0.25 mL of DMF. The resulting solution was filtered using a 0.2 μm PTFE syringe filter into a new clean vial. The vial was placed uncapped in a larger vial containing dichloromethane. The larger vial was capped and held at room temperature to allow vapor diffusion to occur. The experiment produced clear plates of sufficient size and quality for single crystal analysis. [0312] A colorless plate shaped crystal with formula C26H24N5O^C2H5O3S having approximate dimensions of 0.05 × 0.20 × 0.41 mm was mounted on a Mitegen micromesh mount in a random orientation. Data were collected from a shock-cooled single crystal at 150(2) K on a Bruker AXS D8 Quest four circle diffractometer with an I-mu-S microsource X-ray tube using a laterally graded multilayer (Goebel) mirror as monochromator and a PhotonIII_C14 charge-integrating and photon counting pixel array detector. The diffractometer used CuKα radiation (λ = 1.54178 Å). All data were integrated with SAINT V8.40B and a multi-scan absorption correction using SADABS 2016/2 was applied. The structure was solved by dual methods with SHELXT and refined by full-matrix least-squares methods against F2 using SHELXL-2018/3. All non-hydrogen atoms were refined with anisotropic displacement parameters. Carbon bound hydrogen atoms were refined isotropically on calculated positions using a riding model. Methyl CH3 were allowed to rotate but not to tip to best fit the experimental electron density. Positions of amine and alcohol H atoms and water H atoms were refined isotropically. Uiso values were constrained to 1.5 times the Ueq of their pivot atoms for methyl and hydroxyl groups and 1.2 times for all other hydrogen atoms. [0313] The Flack X parameter was determined using 1989 quotients
Figure imgf000086_0001
using Parson’s method and refined to 0.003(7). No chiral centers are present in the anion and cation (the cation possesses a molecular mirror plane). [0314] Crystal data and structure refinement data is summarized in Table 15. Table 15. Crystal data and structure refinement of linsitinib esylate Form 2 Empirical formula C28H29N5O4S Moiety formula C26H24N5O·C2H5O3S Formula weight 531.62 Temperature [K] 150(2) Crystal system orthorhombic Space group (number) ^212121 (19) a [Å] 7.4100(8) b [Å] 17.4900(17) c [Å] 19.769(2) α [°] 90 β [°] 90 γ [°] 90 Volume [Å3] 2562.0(5) Z 4 ρcalc [gcm−3] 1.378 μ [mm−1] 1.497 F(000) 1120 Crystal size [mm3] 0.050×0.200×0.410 Crystal color colorless Crystal shape plate Radiation CuKα (λ=1.54178 Å) 2θ range [°] 6.75 to 161.42 (0.78 Å) −6 ≤ h ≤ 9 Index ranges −22 ≤ k ≤ 21 −25 ≤ l ≤ 22 Reflections collected 17917 Independent reflections 5353 Rint = 0.0434 Rsigma = 0.0469 Completeness to θ = 67.679° 99.9 % Data / Restraints / Parameters 5353 / 0 / 357 Goodness-of-fit on F2 1.111 Final R indexes [I≥2σ(I)] R1 = 0.0352 wR2 = 0.0934 Final R indexes [all data] R1 = 0.0377 wR2 = 0.0954 Largest peak/hole [eÅ−3] 0.23/−0.39 Flack X parameter 0.003(7) [0315] An XRPD pattern calculated from the single-crystal data is overlaid with the reference XRPD pattern of linsitinib Esylate 2. The patterns overlay well, indicating that they represent the same crystalline phase. The observed peak shifting is due to the temperature difference at which the single crystal and X-ray powder diffraction data were collected. Esylate 3 Characterization [0316] Esylate 3 was isolated primarily from experiments containing alcohols, in addition to a cooling attempt from dioxane which also resulted in Esylate 3. Esylate 3 was characterized using multiple techniques (Table 16). NMR analysis on this form revealed a 1:1 linsitinib esylate salt. DSC analysis revealed a major broad possible melt endotherm at 194 °C (Figure 16). This was coupled with a minor endotherm at 231 °C, which is similar to that observed in Esylate 2, suggesting it could originate from a trace amount of Esylate 2 either present originally or that crystallized after potential melt of Esylate 3. TGA analysis revealed no weight loss prior to the major endotherm, suggesting an anhydrous/non-solvated form. This was further con-firmed by successful indexing of its PXRD pattern (Section 0), which calculated a unit cell volume that could accommodate a 1:1 salt. This unit cell volume was also slightly larger than that for Esylate 2, indicating it is less dense suggesting it may be metastable to Esylate 2. Table 16: Characterization of Esylate 3 Form Analytical Results Figure (Sample) Technique Esylate 3 NMR Consistent with a 1:1 salt Fig. (Sample No. 3-13) 23 DSC Major broad endotherm at 194 °C, Fig. minor endotherm at 231 °C 24 TGA No weight loss before major and minor Fig. endotherm 24 Indexing Suggests an unsolvated 1:1 salt Esylate 4 Characterization [0317] Esylate 4 was obtained from salt formation experiments using 1 Eq ESA at RT and ST in IPA and was further characterized using multiple techniques (Table 17). NMR analysis revealed it to be a 1:1 linsitinib esylate salt with 0.6 moles of IPA present. TGA analysis revealed a 2.7 % weight loss by 73 °C, probably originating from surface solvent or moisture. An additional 5.7 % weight loss was observed upon further heating till 125 °C, which corresponds to ~0.6 moles of IPA, suggesting that Esylate 4 is an IPA solvate. A drying study on an Esylate 4 sample by heating it to 60 °C under vacuum for 18 hours revealed a form change into Esylate 5 (Table 18). [0318] Esylate 4 and 5 were obtained from several other slurries (Figure 4) in different solvent systems. This suggests that Esylate 4 is capable of forming a solvate with different crystallization solvents, suggesting that it is an isostructural solvate system, which may be capable of de-solvating into Esylate 5. Esylate 4 was not obtained from any of the interconversion slurries, indicating it is metastable under the conditions investigated. (Table 19). Table 17: Characterization of Esylate 4 Form Analytical Results Figure (Sample) Technique Esylate 4 NMR Consistent with a 1:1 salt, with ~0.6 moles Fig. (Sample No. 3-24) IPA present 26 DSC Major broad endotherm starting at 153 °C, Fig. followed by two minor endotherms with 27 peaks at 209 °C & 230 °C TGA 2.7 % weight loss by 73 °C, additional 5.7 Fig. % weight loss (~0.6 moles IPA) by 125 °C. 27 Onset of decomposition at 265 °C. Table 18: Physical stability testing of Esylate 4 Experiment Conditions Sample Analytical Result Fig. No. technique No. ET Vacuum Sample 3-26 is 3-46 PXRD Esylate Fig. drying uncapped and placed 5 28 into vacuum oven and dried at 60 °C for 18 hours. Esylate 5 Characterization [0319] Esylate 5 was initially only obtained in-tandem with Esylate 4 from slurries in several different solvent systems (Figure 4). Vacuum drying a sample of Esylate 4 at 60 °C for 18 hours resulted in a form change to Esylate 5. Thermal analysis revealed a rapid 3.3 % weight loss by 75 °C by TGA, coupled with a major broad endotherm with a peak at 84 °C by DSC. Due to the fact that the sample had been generated via drying at elevated temperature, the weight loss observed upon heating is likely due to surface or channel water absorbed during exposure to ambient conditions. The high temperature (>80 °C) weight loss previously observed for the Esylate 4 solvate was not observed this time, suggesting that Esylate 5 is a de-solvated solvate of Esylate 4. Esylate 5 was not obtained from any of the interconversion slurries, indicating it is metastable under the conditions investigated (Table 19). Table 19: Characterization of Esylate 5 Sample Analytical Results Fig. Technique No. Esylate 5 DSC Major broad endotherm with peak at Fig. (Sample 47, 84 °C, followed by a minor 29 Vacuum drying endotherm with peak at 146 °C, and Esylate 4 at 60 °C endotherms at 153 °C and 194 °C. for 18 hours) Esylate 5 TGA 3.2 % weight loss by 75 °C. Onset of Fig. (Sample 47, de-composition at 253 °C. 29 Vacuum drying Esylate 4 at 60 °C for 18 hours) Di-Esylate 1 Characterization [0320] Di-Esylate 1 was obtained from a salt formation attempt between linsitinib and 2 Eq ESA at RT in IPA. NMR analysis revealed it to be a 1:2 linsitinib Di-esylate salt, along with trace amounts of IPA. DSC analysis revealed a broad minor endotherm with a peak at 74 °C coupled with a 1.2 % weight loss by 75 °C in its TGA spectrum, possibly from evaporation of surface solvent. Upon additional heating, a continuous minor weight loss was observed. The DSC also showed a shoulder peak at 197 °C and a major endotherm associated with a potential melt at 219 °C. A similar salt formation attempt, this time using 3 Eq ESA also resulted in Di-Esylate 1, with several additional peaks (Table 20, Figure 30). Table 20: Characterization of Di-Esylate 1 Sample Analytical Results Fig. Technique No. Di-Esylate 1 DSC Minor very broad endotherm with a peak at 74 °C, Fig. (Sample 3-48, RT followed by a shoulder peak at 197 °C and a major 32 SL in IPA, 2 Eq endotherm at 219 °C ESA) Di-Esylate 1 TGA 1.2 % weight loss by 75 °C, additional 0.5 % Fig. (1341-43-2, RT SL weight loss by 200 °C. Onset of de-composition at 32 in IPA, 2 Eq ESA) 227 °C. Di-Esylate 1 Indexing Suggests an unsolvated 1:2 linsitinib (1341-43-2, RT SL ethanesulfonic acid salt, with additional peaks in IPA, 2 Eq ESA) 1341-47-2 NMR Consistent with 1:2 linsitinib ethanesulfonic acid Fig. (1341-43-2 dis- salt. Trace (0.07 moles) IPA present. 31 solved in DMSO- d6) Example 5: Crystalline Salt Forms of Linsintinib L-Malate L-Malate 1 [0321] An equimolar slurry of L-malic acid and linsitinib in acetonitrile at room temperature produced a unique phase that was designated as L-Malate 1. Specifically, 24.8 mg of linsitinib was combined with 7.9 mg of L-malic acid and 0.5 mL of acetonitrile. The sample was allowed to stir overnight at room temperature producing a thick white paste. 0.5 mL of additional isopropanol was added to the sample to produce a mobile suspension. The suspension was left to stir an additional 6 days producing a white slurry. White solids were produced upon filtration and overnight drying at ambient conditions. [0322] The sample was analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and the spectrum was consistent with a 1:1 malic acid:linsitinib salt with residual acetonitrile present. Thermal analysis of the sample was consistent with an anhydrous/unsolvated form with an apparent melting point of 179 °C (Figure 35). [0323] In a scale up of L-Malate, L-malic acid (1 equiv.) was added to suspended linsitinib free base (2.0 g) in ACN (37 mL) at RT, resulting in a thick suspension. Additional solvent was added, preparing a slurry at RT for 5 days. Solids were isolated via VF and dried under vacuum at RT for 2 days. The sample was analyzed by PXRD, having the diffraction pattern as presented in Figure 33. The representative peak positions and intensity for L-Malate 1 from the scale up sample is provided in Table 21, below. Table 21: Representative L-Malate 1 PXRD Peaks 2θ Position d-value Height Relative 5.42 16.30 10912 79.61 8.68 10.19 10439 76.16 9.10 9.72 1431 10.44 10.22 8.66 1605 11.71 10.84 8.16 1590 11.60 11.88 7.45 4121 30.06 12.40 7.14 3275 23.89 12.58 7.04 2507 18.29 13.30 6.66 2445 17.84 θ Position d-value Height Relative 13.44 6.59 2539 18.52 13.86 6.39 1226 8.94 14.76 6.00 1175 8.57 16.24 5.46 5449 39.75 17.36 5.11 3298 24.06 17.60 5.04 2750 20.06 17.96 4.94 6121 44.66 18.22 4.87 13707 100.00 19.20 4.62 2830 20.65 20.32 4.37 2607 19.02 20.88 4.25 5379 39.24 21.72 4.09 2646 19.30 22.08 4.03 6866 50.09 22.58 3.94 3888 28.37 22.90 3.88 3141 22.92 23.06 3.86 2521 18.39 23.86 3.73 3206 23.39 24.44 3.64 7705 56.21 24.92 3.57 9289 67.77 25.66 3.47 4888 35.66 26.10 3.41 3612 26.35 26.66 3.34 2012 14.68 27.38 3.26 1782 13.00 27.90 3.20 1568 11.44 28.58 3.12 4362 31.82 29.44 3.03 3617 26.39 30.44 2.94 1287 9.39 31.52 2.84 1517 11.07 32.46 2.76 1358 9.91 33.20 2.70 975 7.11 33.54 2.67 999 7.29 34.34 2.61 1075 7.84 35.04 2.56 1607 11.72 35.48 2.53 1201 8.76 36.10 2.49 1034 7.54 36.86 2.44 939 6.85 37.24 2.41 1017 7.42 37.74 2.38 1619 11.81 38.44 2.34 1217 8.88 39.36 2.29 841 6.14 Polymorph Screen of L-malate Salts [0324] A polymorph screen of linsitinib malate was conducted (Table 22). Experiments were designed to target thermodynamically stable forms and therefore utilized techniques such as long-term slurry, cooling, anti-solvent addition, and evaporation. Reaction crystallization experiments with linsitinib free base and L-malic acid were also conducted (Table 23). Non-crystalline material was used as an alternative starting material as this can provide access to polymorphs that would not be accessible from crystalline starting material (Table 24). Heating experiments were conducted (Table 25). Table 22: Polymorph Screen of Linsitinib Malate Sample PXRD Method No. Solvent Conditions Results Figure 4-1 acetone/DMF Malate 1 90/10 RT (PO) 4-2 ACN 50 °C Malate 1 4-3 CHCl3 50 °C Malate 1 4-4 CHCl3/DMF 95/5 RT Malate 1 4-5 EtOAc/DMF 87/13 RT Malate 1 + NC (PO) 4-6 EtOH 50 °C (clear) RT (solids slowly pp’d) Malate 1 4-7 MeOH RT Malate 1 4-8 THF RT Malate 1 (PO) Slurry 4-9 acetone/H2O 15/85 aw = 0.97 RT Malate 4 4-10 EtOH/H2O 50/50 Fig. aw = 0.89 RT Malate 4 36 Malate 1 + 4-11 EtOH/H2O 70/30 pks (4.2°, aw = 0.81 RT 6.6°, 14.9°, 19.0°) 4-12 EtOH/H2O 80/20 aw = 0.70 RT Malate 1 4-13 EtOH/H2O 85/15 Malate 1 aw = 0.62 RT (PO) 4-14 EtOH/H2O 95/5 Malate 1 aw = 0.3 RT (PO) Sample PXRD Method No. Solvent Conditions Results Figure 4-15 IPA/H2O 50/50 aw = 0.96 RT Malate 4 4-16 H2O aw = 1.00 RT Malate 4 4-17 wet EtOAc RT Malate 1 + Malate 2 4-18 ACN/DMF 86/14 50 °CÆ5 °C; NS. E, RT; gel. — 50 °CÆ-20 °C; NS. 4-19 CHCl3/MeOH Sonicated w/ probe, 83/17 NC returned to freezer; NS. E, RT 50 °CÆ5 °C; NS. 4-20 dioxane Sonicated w/ probe; IS NS. Added DEE; solids pp’d. 50 °CÆ-20 °C; NS. 4-21 EtOAc/MeOH Sonicated w/ probe, 84/16 returned to freezer; NS. NC E, RT 50 °CÆ-20 °C; NS. Sonicated w/ probe, Malate 3; Fig. 4-22 EtOH returned to freezer; NS. LC Added DEE, returned 36 to freezer; NS. E, RT Cooling 4-23 H2O 50 °CÆ5 °C Malate 2; LC 50 °CÆ−20 °C; NS. Sonicated w/ probe, returned to freezer; NS. 4-24 IPA Added heptane, NC returned to freezer; solids pp’d. 50 °CÆ−20 °C; NS. Sonicated w/ probe, 4-25 IPE/DMF 86/14 returned to freezer; NS. — Added more IPE, returned to freezer; NS. 50 °CÆ−20 °C; NS. Sonicated w/ probe, returned to freezer; NS. 4-26 iPrOAc/DMF 89/11 Added DEE, returned — to freezer; flocculent solids. Isolated via VF; film. Sample PXRD Method No. Solvent Conditions Results Figure 50 °CÆ−20 °C; NS. Sonicated w/ probe, 4-27 MEK/MeOH 93/7 NC returned to freezer; NS. E, RT 50 °CÆ−20 °C; NS. Sonicated w/ probe, 4-28 MEK/MeOH 99/1 returned to freezer; NS. — Added DEE, returned to freezer; NS. 50 °CÆ−20 °C; NS. Sonicated w/ probe, 4-29 MeOH returned to freezer; NS. NC Added IPE, returned to freezer; solids pp’d. 50 °CÆ−20 °C; NS. Sonicated w/ probe, 4-30 2-Me THF returned to freezer; NS. NC Added IPE, returned to freezer; solids pp’d. 50 °CÆ−20 °C; NS. Sonicated w/ probe, 4-31 MIBK/DMF 93/7 — returned to freezer; NS. E, RT; gel. 50 °CÆ−20 °C; NS. 4-32 MTBE/MeOH Sonicated w/ probe; 77/23 NC NS. Added more MTBE; NS. E, RT 50 °CÆ−20 °C; NS. Sonicated w/ probe, 4-33 returned to freezer; NS. NC Added MTBE; solids pp’d. THF 50 °CÆ−20 °C; NS. Sonicated w/ probe, 4-34 returned to freezer; NS. NC Added hexanes; solids pp’d. 4-35 DMF/DEE RTÆ−20 °C; film. — RTÆ−20 °C; solids Precipitation 4-36 DMF/MTBE melted — upon isolation at RT 4-37 EtOH/cyclohexane 50 °CÆ−20 °C NC Sample PXRD Method No. Solvent Conditions Results Figure 50 °CÆ−20 °C; NS. Added more DEE, 4-38 EtOH/DEE returned to freezer; — solids melted upon isolation at RT 4-39 EtOH/heptane 50 °CÆ−20 °C NC 4-40 EtOH/hexanes 50 °CÆ−20 °C NC 4-41 EtOH/IPE 50 °CÆ−20 °C NC 4-42 EtOH/iPrOAc 50 °CÆ−20 °C; NS. E, RT NC 4-43 EtOH/MIBK 50 °CÆ−20 °C; NS. E, RT; gel. — 4-44 EtOH/MTBE 50 °CÆ−20 °C; NS. E, RT; gel. — solubility sample; 4-45 H2O solids re-precipitated at Malate 2 Fig. RT 36 4-46 MeOH/DCE RTÆ−20 °C; NS. E, RT NC 4-47 MeOH/DEE RTÆ−20 °C IS 4-48 MeOH/IPE RTÆ−20 °C NC 4-49 MeOH/iPrOAc RTÆ−20 °C; NS. E, NC (weak RT diffraction) 4-50 MeOH/MTBE RTÆ−20 °C NS. E, RT NC 4-51 MeOH/toluene RTÆ−20 °C; NS. E, RT NC Lyophilization 4-52 dioxane/H2O −50 °C NC Table 23: Reaction Crystallization Experiments with Linsitinib free base and L-Malic acid Sample Solvent C XRPD Fig. No. onditions Results No. 4-53 acetone Slurry, RT. Malate 1 4-54 CHCl3 Slurry; 50 °C, 2-3 h (gel)ÆRT. Stirring, RT, 3 d (gel persisted). — 4-55 EtOAc Slurry, RT. FB A + NC P; RT (clear). Stirring, 4-56 EtOH RTÆ5 °C Malate 6 Fig. (solids pp’d). 36 4-57 IPA Slurry; 50 °C, 3 dÆRT. FB A + acid + pks 4-58 IPA/H2O P; RT (clear). Stirring, RT Malate 5 (similar to Fig. 50/50 (solids pp’d). Malate 2) 36 4-59 iPrOAc Slurry; 50 °C, 3 d (flocculent solids)ÆRT. Malate 1 4-60 MEK Slurry; 50 °C, 3 dÆRT. Malate 1 4-61 MTBE Slurry; 50 °C, 3 dÆRT. FB A + NC 4-62 THF P; RT (clear). Stirring, RT (NS). — Table 24. Polymorph Screen Experiments with Non-crystalline Linsitinib L-Malate Technique Sample Fig. No. Solvent Conditions XRPD Results No. NC + pks 4-63 acetone RT (likely Malate 1) 4-64 DCM RT NC Vapor stress 4-65 EtOAc RT NC 4-66 EtOH RT Malate 9 Fig. 36 4-67 H2O RT Malate 4 Humidity 4-68 — 93% RH Malate 4 + stress Malate 2 4-69 — 75% RH NC 4-70 ACN 50 °C (mostly clear, a few solids remained) RT Malate 1 4-71 CHCl3 50 °C (gummy solids) NC 4-72 EtOAc 50 °C (initially solids formed a Malate 1 + (wet) gel, then solidified at ET) Malate 5 Slurry 4-73 iPrOAc 50 °C Malate 1; LC 4-74 2-Me THF 50 °C NC + 18.0° pk 4-75 MEK 50 °C (mostly clear, a few solids remained) RT NC 4-76 MeOH Added minimal solvent at RT Malate 8, may Fig. (clear). Transferred to fridge. contain trace acid 36 Precipitation Added minimal solvent at RT 4-77 THF (clear). Transferred to fridge — (NS). Table 25. Heating Experiments with Selected Samples Sample Source Material Conditions XRPD Results Figure 4-78 Malate 4 (Sample 4-10) 92 °C, 15 min Malate 7 Fig. 36 4-79 Malate 5 (Sample 4-58) 92 °C, 15 min Malate 7 + pk [0325] In addition to Malate 1 (the starting form for the majority of the current screen experiments), eight materials with unique peaks by PXRD (i.e., do not contain peaks of known forms of the free base, the malate salt, or malic acid) were also identified. Those confirmed to be the malate salt by 1H NMR spectroscopy were designated as Malate 2 through Malate 9. [0326] Malate 2, Malate 4, and Malate 5 were all obtained from high water activity conditions and are suspected to be hydrated forms. Based on the weight loss in the TG thermograms of Malate 4 and Malate 5, they could be di-hydrates. The water activity boundary between Malate 4 and Malate 1 was determined to be approximately 0.9 water activity, or 90% relative humidity. At a water activity of 0.8, Malate 1 was obtained; however, there were additional peaks present by PXRD. [0327] Upon dehydration, Malate 4 and Malate 5 both convert to Malate 7. Malate 7 could be an anhydrous form or a lower hydrate. [0328] Note that Malate 2 and Malate 5 appear quite similar by PXRD, which suggests their crystal structures are closely related and may only differ slightly by a small amount of water. [0329] Malate 3 and Malate 6 were both obtained from experiments using ethanol. While organic solvent is not present by
Figure imgf000098_0001
spectroscopy, there is an observed weight loss in the TG thermograms. The weight loss is equivalent to approximately one mole of water and suggests Malate 3 and Malate 6 could be mono- hydrates. [0330] Malate 8 and Malate 9 were observed from experiments starting with the non-crystalline malate salt. Based on 1H NMR data, they could be a methanol solvate and ethanol solvate, respectively. Characterization of Linsitinib L-Malate Salt Polymorphs [0331] Select samples were identified for further characterization for each of the nine linsitinib L-malate crystalline salt polymorphs. The results are presented in Table 26, below: Table 26: Characterization of L-Malate Polymorphs Form Analytical Figure (Sample) Technique Results Malate 2 Consistent with structure Fig. 37 (Sample 4-45) 1H NMR 1:1 linsitinib:malic acid stoichiometry No organic solvents Consistent with structure Fig. 38 1H NMR 1:1 linsitinib:malic acid stoichiometry Malate 3 0.1 moles EtOH or DEE (Sample 4-22) TGA 3.0%, start to 90 °C Fig 39 0.6%, 90 °C to 139 °C DSC Endo: 85 °C, 129 °C Fig. 39 Consistent with structure Fig. 40 1H NMR 1:1 linsitinib:malic acid stoichiometry Malate 4 No organic solvents (Sample 4-10) TGA 7.3%, start to 65 °C Fig. 41 DSC Endo: 84 °C, 145 °C Fig. 41 Consistent with structure Fig 42 1H NMR 1:1 linsitinib:malic acid stoichiometry Malate 5 0.01 moles IPA (Sample 4-58) TGA 7.4%, start to 83 °C Fig. 43 DSC Endo: 109 °C Fig. 43 Consistent with structure Fig 44 1 1:1 linsitinib:malic acid stoichiometry H NMR Contains excess acid (0.2 moles) Malate 6 No organic solvents (Sample 4-56) TGA 4.2%, start to 61 °C Fig. 45 DSC Endo: 73 °C, 88 °C (br, overlapping), 137 °C (br) Fig. 45 Consistent with structure Fig. 46 Malate 7 1H NMR 1:1 linsitinib:malic acid stoichiometry (Sample 4-78 No organic solvents Form Analytical Figure (Sample) Technique Results Malate 8 1H NMR Consistent with structure Fig.47 (Sample 4-76) 1:1 linsitinib:malic acid stoichiometry 0.9 moles MeOH Small, unidentified peaks at 3.6, 4.2, and 4.8 ppm Malate 9 1H NMR Consistent with structure Fig.48 (Sample 4-66) 1:1 linsitinib:malic acid stoichiometry 0.8 moles EtOH Small, unidentified peaks at 3.6, 4.6, and 4.8 ppm [0332] Note that the PXRD patterns for several of the new materials appear very similar to each other, indicating that they are likely related. Peak shifts were observed between some of the samples, in particular Malate 2 and Malate 5, which suggests they may have the same crystal lattice but have variable volatile content (Figure 2). [0333] Malate 3, Malate 4, Malate 5, and Malate 6 were further characterized by TG and DSC. Malate 3 and Malate 6 could be mono-hydrates. Malate 3 contained only a trace amount of organic solvent present in the NMR spectrum but exhibited a 3.6% weight loss in the TG thermogram. The residual solvent would account for ~1% of the loss and the remaining ~2.6% is equivalent to about one mole of water, per mole of salt. Similarly, organic solvent was not observed in the 1H NMR spectrum of Malate 6 but a 4.2% weight loss was present in the TG thermogram. [0334] Malate 4 and Malate 5 could be di-hydrates. No organic solvents are present in the NMR spectra, but each material had a 7.3-7.4% weight loss in the TG thermogram. This would be equivalent to ~2.4 moles of water, per mole of salt. [0335] The water activity boundary between Malate 4 and Malate 1 was determined to be approximately 0.9 water activity, or 90% relative humidity. At a water activity of 0.8, Malate 1 was obtained; however, there were additional peaks present by PXRD. [0336] Based on the thermal data, Malate 4 and Malate 5 were heated at ~90 °C for 15 minutes. The solids were re-analyzed by PXRD after heating to investigate any form change upon dehydration. Based on the data, Malate 4 and Malate 5 appear to dehydrate to a new form, designated as Malate 7. While there was an insufficient amount of sample to further characterize Malate 7, based on the conditions upon which it was generated, it could be a lower hydrate or an anhydrous form. Example 6: Linsitinib Crystalline Salt Form Edisylate 1 [0337] Edisylate 1 was prepared from an equimolar slurry in dioxane. 25.0 mg of linsitinib was combined with 13.4 mg of 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid dihydrate and 1.0 mL of dioxane. The sample was heated to 90 °C producing a turbid white solution with a small yellow sticky residue at the bottom of the vial. The sample was held at 90 °C overnight producing a thick dark yellow slurry. The sample was removed from the heat and allowed to quickly cool to room temperature. The sample was allowed to stir for 5 days at ambient temperature producing a dark yellow slurry. The solids were isolated via filtration and the solids were dried overnight at ambient. Visible shrinking of the sample was observed. The sample was broken up with a spatula to produce yellow powder. [0338] PXRD analysis of the sample after capped storage at room temperature for 20 days showed no significant changes indicating the sample was physically stable under these conditions. 1H NMR analysis of the sample was consistent with a 1:1 molar ratio of linsitinib:acid (Figure 51). Thermal analysis of the material (Figure 52) showed a 1.7% weight loss upon heating to 150 °C with an accompanying broad endotherm with a peak maximum of 51 °C in the DSC data. The weight loss is likely associated with water as no significant dioxane or other organic solvents was observed in the NMR spectrum. A theoretical hemi-hydrate for a mono-edisylate salt of linsitinib would contain 1.4% water. Additional endotherms are observed at 252 and 278 °C that are likely due to melt/decomposition based on the corresponding weight loss in the TGA beginning around 244 °C. Characterization results indicate that Edisylate 1 is a potential hemi-hydrate mono-salt of linsitinib. Example 7: Linsitinib Crystalline Salt Form Maleate 1 [0339] Maleate 1 was generated from an equimolar slurry of linsitinib and maleic acid in 95/5 IPA/water at room temperature. Specifically, 24.8 mg of linsitinib and 6.8 mg of maleic acid were combined with 0.5 mL of 95-5 v-v isopropanol-water. After overnight stirring at room temperature a thick white paste was observed. An additional 0.5 mL of isopropanol was added to the sample to produce a mobile suspension. After 6 additional days of stirring the sample was observed to a white slurry. The solids were filtered and left to dry at ambient conditions producing light yellow solids. [0340] The
Figure imgf000102_0001
spectrum of the resulting solids showed a 1:1 linsitinib:maleic acid molar ratio with no evidence of organic solvent in the spectrum (Figure 54). Thermal analysis was consistent with a potentially hydrated form (Figure 55). The sample shows a step loss of 2.8% to 100 °C with a corresponding broad endotherm at 71 °C in the DSC. The weight loss is expected to be due to water based on the lack of organic solvents observed in the 1H NMR spectrum. A mono-hydrated mono-maleate salt of linsitinib would be expected to contain around 3.2% water. Multiple endothermic and exothermic events are observed with a corresponding significant weight loss around 174 °C indicative of a potential melt/decomposition event though additional testing would be needed to confirm. Characterization results indicate that Maleate 1 is a potentially hydrated mono-salt of linsitinib. Example 8: Linsitinib Crystalline Salt Form Napsylate 1 [0341] Napsylate 1 was produced from a 70 °C slurry of linsitinib and 2- napthalenesulfonic acid hydrate in acetonitrile. Specifically, 25.5 mg of linsitinib and 13.7 mg of 2-napthalenesulfonic acid hydrate were combined with 0.5 mL of acetonitrile. The sample was heated to 70 °C producing a turbid yellow suspension after 1 hour. After 4 days of equilibration a white slurry was observed. Solids were isolated via filtration and subsequently dried overnight at ambient conditions. [0342] The 1H NMR spectrum was consistent with a mono-salt and no organic solvent was observed in the spectrum. A 3.9% weight loss (Figure 58) was observed upon heating the sample attributable to water based on the lack of organic solvent in the 1H NMR spectrum (Figure 57). A sesqui-hydrate of a mono-napsylate salt of linsitinib would be expected to have 4.1% water in the sample. Multiple thermal events were observed in the DSC indicating a complicated thermal profile. Additional investigation via hot-stage microscopy would be needed to confirm the nature of these events. Characterization results indicate that Napsylate 1 is a potentially hydrated mono-salt of linsitinib. Example 9: Linsitinib Crystalline Salt Form Phosphate 1 [0343] Slurrying an equimolar amount of linsitinib and phosphoric acid in acetonitrile at 70 °C produced a unique phase designated Phosphate 1. Specifically, 25.0 mg of linsitinib was added to 0.5 mL of acetonitrile. The sample was heated to 70 °C before 4.1 μL of phosphoric acid (85% w/w aqueous solution) was added producing a yellow suspension of chunky solids. After 4 days of equilibration a yellow slurry was produced with a light pink residue above the liquid level on the walls. The suspension was filtered and the solids dried under ambient conditions overnight producing light yellow solids. [0344] The 1H NMR spectrum of the sample was consistent with linsitinib but did show some peak shifting compared to the free base, suggestive of salt formation; however, the stoichiometry of the potential salt was not determined. Residual acetonitrile was also observed in the spectrum (Figure 60). A minor weight loss of 0.3% was observed upon heating likely attributable to the trace acetonitrile observed in the 1H NMR spectrum indicating the sample is anhydrous/unsolvated (Figure 60). A broad, overlapping endotherm-exotherm is observed around 160 and 181 °C in the DSC, respectively that could be attributable to a potential melt/recrystallization event. A final major endotherm is observed at 229 that is likely attributable to a melt/decomposition event based on the change in weight observed in the TGA at that temperature. (Figure 61). Characterization results indicate that Phosphate 1 is anhydrous/unsolvated. Example 10: Linsitinib Crystalline Salt Form HCl 1 [0345] HCl 1 was generated via evaporation of a solution containing 1:1 linsitinib:acid in tetrahydrofuran (THF)/water at 70 °C. PXRD analysis of the sample after capped storage at room temperature for 17 days showed no significant changes indicating the sample is physically stable under these conditions. No evidence of organic solvent was observed in the
Figure imgf000104_0001
NMR spectrum of the sample (Figure 64). The spectrum showed peak shifting compared to the as-received linsitinib free base suggestive of salt formation however the stoichiometry of the potential salt was not determined. Thermal analysis showed consistent weight loss upon heating including 12.5% weight loss to 76 °C with a corresponding broad endotherm at 104 °C in the DSC (Figure 65). The weight loss is likely due to water and potentially evolution of hydrochloric acid. Example 11: Scale Up of Selected Crystalline Salts of Linsitinib [0346] Three salts were selected for solubility assessment, Phosphate 1, L- Malate 1, and Esylate 1. The phosphate and malate were selected based on their unsolvated/anhydrous nature. While Esylate 1 appeared hydrated, hydrates may often be developable if they have suitable physical properties. Thermal analysis also suggested the potential for additional forms of the salt to exist. Ethanesulfonic acid is also a stronger acid compared to phosphoric and L-Malic acid and may have an impact on the corresponding aqueous solubility (see Section 3.5). [0347] In order to generate sufficient material for the solubility data, the salts were prepared at about 1.5 g and about 2.0 g scale. The salts were prepared using conditions that were similar to those used to prepare the salts initially at small scale. Each of the scale up experiments successfully generated the targeted salt on the basis of PXRD. Esylate 1 Scale Up [0348] For the 1.5 g scale up of Esylate 1, 1.5002 g of linsitinib was combined with 20 mL of isopropanol and 305.6 μL of ethanesulfonic acid (95% w/v) and heated to 75 °C, producing a yellow slurry. The sample was seeded with a small amount of Esylate 1 and stirred overnight producing a yellow slurry. The suspension was cooled and filtered producing light-yellow solids. Samples were dried overnight under ambient conditions producing an off-white slightly sticky powder. 1.8738g of material was recovered. [0349] For the 2.0 g scale up of Esylate 1, 2.0014 g of linsitinib (A combination of TCL18673 and TCL17230 used as starting material) and 25 mL of isopropanol were added to a flask and stirred at 75 °C.407.6 μL of ethanesulfonic acid (95% w/v) was added dropwise producing a thick light-yellow slurry within a few minutes. The sample was seeded with a spatula tip of Esylate 1. The sample was stirred overnight at 75 °C producing a yellow slurry. The sample was vacuum filtered and the solids were allowed to air dry in the hood overnight producing off-white/yellow solids. 2.4960 g of material was recovered. L-malate 1 Scale Up [0350] For the 1.5 g scale up of L-Malate 1, 1.5006 g of linsitinib was combined with 0.4774 g of L-malic acid and 25 mL of acetonitrile producing a yellow slurry. The sample was seeded with a small amount of L-Malate 1. A yellow slurry was produced after overnight stirring at room temperature. The solids were isolated via vacuum filtration producing damp solids that were allowed to dry overnight at ambient conditions. Solid chunks were produced which were gently ground with a spatula to produce an off-white powder. 1.7289 g of material was recovered. [0351] For the 2.0 g scale up of L-Malate 1, 2.0095 g of linsitinib (TCL17230 used as starting material) was added to a flask with a stir bar, 0.6393 g of malic acid and 35 mL of acetonitrile. Stirring the sample resulted in a yellow slurry that was seeded with a small spatula tip of L-Malate 1. The sample was allowed to stir overnight at room temperature producing an off-white slurry. The solids were isolated via vacuum filtration. The isolated solids were allowed to dry in the hood overnight resulting in off- white/slightly yellow solids. 2.6167 g of material was recovered. Phosphate 1 Scale Up [0352] For the 1.5 g scale up of Phosphate 1, 1.5004 g of linsitinib was added to 25 mL of acetonitrile. The sample was heated to 70 °C before 241.4 μL of phosphoric acid (85% w/w aqueous solution). The sample was seeded with Phosphate 1 (Sample 2- 22) and left to stir overnight at room temperature producing a yellow slurry. The solids were vacuum filtered producing yellow solids that were left to dry overnight at ambient conditions. Brittle solid chunks were produced which were crushed to a yellow powder using a spatula. 1.6696 g of material were produced. Table 27: Scale-up of selected salts Coformer Conditions Result Ethanesulfonic acid Slurry in isopropanol, 75°C, 1 day Esylate 1 (1.5 g scale) Ethanesulfonic acid Slurry in IPA at 75°C, 1 day Esylate 1 (2.0 g scale) L-Malic acid Slurry in acetonitrile at RT, 1 day L-Malate 1 (1.5 g scale) L-Malic acid Slurry in acetonitrile at RT, 1 day L-Malate 1 (2.0 g scale) Phosphoric acid Slurry in acetonitrile, 75°C, 1 day Phosphate 1 (1.5 g scale) Example 12: Linsitinib Free Base Crystalline Polymorph Form B [0353] An attempt to make a cocrystal via an equimolar slurry of linsitinib and benzamide generated a unique crystalline phase. 25.2 mg of linsitinib and 8.0 mg of benzamide were contacted with 0.5 mL of ethanol producing an off-white slurry. The sample was allowed to slurry at room temperature for 3 days producing a light-yellow suspension. Yellow solids were produced after filtration and drying of the material overnight at ambient. [0354] The product was analyzed by powder x-ray diffraction spectroscopy. The PXRD pattern was visually similar to previously identified Form B, as shown in Fig. 71 and Fig. 72. The sample was further characterized by
Figure imgf000106_0001
NMR spectroscopy (Fig. 73) and confirmed the presence of the linsitinib and the absence of the benzamide. No residual solvent was observed in the spectrum. Thermal analysis of the sample (Figure 74) showed a 3.7% weight loss to 75 °C with a corresponding broad endotherm observed in the DSC trace at 89 °C. An additional weight loss of 1.1% was observed to 150 °C along with a large endotherm potentially attributable to melting around 247 °C. Form B was a reported mono-hydrate and the weight loss observed is similar to a theoretical mono-hydrate (4.1%). Example 13: Linsitinib Free Base Crystalline Polymorph Form H [0355] An attempt to make a cocrystal via an equimolar slurry of linsitinib and 4-aminosalicylic acid generated a unique crystalline phase. In one instance, 24.9 mg of linsitinib, 10.0 mg of 4-aminosalicylic acid, and 0.5 mL of methanol were combined producing an off-white suspension. After stirring for 3 days, an off-white/light-brown suspension was observed. The sample was filtered producing pale purple solids and a clear brown filtrate. After overnight drying at ambient conditions, shrinking of the solids was observed and a light brown powder was produced upon crushing using a spatula. [0356] Form H was observed from several other cocrystal screening experiments, each involving methanol as the organic solvent. Form H was also obtained as a physical mixture with the starting coformer in experiments with adenine, L- arginine, L-threonine. [0357] Thermal analysis of Form H showed a 4.0% weight loss to 100 °C with a corresponding broad shallow endotherm at 93 °C in the DSC (Figure 77). Additional endotherms and exotherms were observed in the DSC thermogram including overlapping major endotherms at 243 and 247 °C which may be due in part to decomposition based on the weight change in the TGA. [0358] The weight loss was anticipated to be associated with methanol, however 1H NMR analysis of the sample indicated that there was no organic solvent in the sample. The NMR analysis was conducted after the thermal analysis and it was speculated that potentially the solvent was lost upon storage at ambient temperature. Reanalysis of the material was consistent with the initial data indicating that the weight loss is likely due to water. The weight loss is consistent with a theoretical mono-hydrate of linsitinib free base. Example 14: Linsitinib Free Base Crystalline Polymorph Form I [0359] Linsitinib Form I was originally generated from a salt formation attempt with 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid in acetonitrile. In one instance, 25.0 mg of linsitinib was slurried with 8.8 mg of 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt in 0.5 mL of acetonitrile at room temperature. The slurry was initially observed to be white but turned light yellow after one hour of stirring. The solids were isolated after 6 days of stirring at room temperature. The solids were dried overnight at ambient and produced white solids. [0360] Form I was also observed when a sample of Form J generated from a cocrystal attempt with vanillin (see section 3.3.4 below for additional details) was stored at room temperature in a capped vial for 20 days. 1H NMR spectroscopy of the sample indicated that the sample had a minor (<0.1 mol/mol) amount of residual vanillin. The 1H NMR spectrum also confirmed the presence of linsitinib free base (Figure 75). No organic solvent was observed in the spectrum. Thermal analysis of Form I showed 1.8% weight loss upon heating to 163 °C (Figure 81). The DSC shows the presence of several thermal events indicating a complex thermal profile including an exotherm at 173 °C that may be due to recrystallization of the sample. Additional investigation such as hot-stage microscopy would be needed to confirm the nature of these events. The weight loss observed suggests that Form I may be hydrated and the weight loss observed would be consistent with a potential hemi-hydrate (2.1% theoretical). Example 15: Linsitinib Free Base Crystalline Polymorph Form J [0361] Form J was generated from a cocrystal attempt with vanillin in acetone. 25.8 mg of linsitinib and 10.2 mg of vanillin were combined with 0.5 mL of acetone producing an off-white slurry that was allowed to stir at room temperature for 3 days. The slurry turned yellow during the equilibration and the solids were isolated from the suspension via filtration. Solids were allowed to dry overnight at ambient conditions producing light yellow solids. [0362] The sample was initially analyzed by PXRD and stored at ambient temperature in a capped vial. (Figure 85). After storage under at ambient for 20 days the sample was reanalyzed by PXRD and found to have converted to Form I, indicating that Form J is metastable under ambient storage. Example 16: Linsitinib Free Base Crystalline Polymorph Form K [0363] Form K was generated once during a cocrystal attempt with sorbic acid in acetone. 25.2 mg of linsitinib, 7.4 mg of sorbic and 0.5 mL of acetone were all combine to produce a yellow slurry at room temperature. After 6 days of stirring, a dark yellow slurry was generated. Yellow solids were obtained after isolation via filtration and overnight drying at ambient conditions. [0364] The 1H NMR spectrum was consistent with linsitinib with no evidence of the sorbic acid present (Figure 87). The spectrum also showed the presence of 0.4 equivalents of acetone. [0365] Thermal analysis of the sample (Figure 88) showed a step change weight loss of 4.6% (equivalent to 0.4 mols of acetone) upon heating. Additional thermal events are observed in the DSC including an overlapped endotherm and exotherm at 156 and 174 °C respectively which could suggest possible recrystallization of the sample though additional investigation would be needed to confirm the nature of the events. Similar to Form H, double endothermic events were observed at 241°C and 247°C. Example 17: Solubility of Crystalline Linsitinib Salt Forms [0366] The pH-solubility of selected salts (Phosphate 1, L-Malate 1, Esylate 1, and Esylate 2) was evaluated and compared with linsitinib free base. The solubility analysis was conducted in a manner consistent with a previous study that was performed with linsitinib free base. Aqueous solutions were prepared between pH 1.5 and pH 6.5 in 0.5 pH unit increments via titration of the solution using NaOH and HCl. For each salt or the free base, an attempt was made to reach saturation in each of the solutions by adding sufficient material to the solution such that excess solids remained. If saturation was achieved, the pH of the solution was measured and adjusted to the target pH and additional material was added if needed. The samples were then equilibrated overnight. The final pH of the solution was measured, the solids were filtered and selected samples were analyzed by PXRD. The concentration of linsitinib in the filtrate was quantitated by HPLC (diluted as needed). In some cases, significant drift (± 1 pH unit or more) of the final pH from the target pH was observed after the overnight equilibration. [0367] A summary of the solubility data along with previously collected data for the free base is shown in Table 28. The pH-solubility data is shown graphically in Figure 89. The profiles of each of the samples were consistent with a basic compound showing poor solubility at higher pH and significantly improved solubility at more acidic conditions. The high solubility at low pH suggests that linsitinib (in any form) is likely to rapidly dissolve in the acidic environment of the stomach. Indeed, it should be noted that in the majority of the low pH systems, higher initial dissolution/solubility was observed followed by precipitation of the material from solution upon longer equilibration. In some cases, precipitation did not occur and saturation of the system was not achieved. Table 28. pH-Solubility (mg/mL) of Linsitinib Free Base and Salts pH 1.5 pH 2.0 pH 2.5 pH 3.0 Final Solubility Final Solubili Final Final pH pH ty pH Solubility pH Solubility Linsitinib FTT data 1.5 21.0397 2.0 5.7281 2.5 3.4777 3.0 2.9329 Linsitinib 1.52 54.0170 2.04 23.5669 2.33 17.6118 2.76 15.0455 L-Malate 1 1.45 82.3339* 2.02 74.0499* 2.37 39.0410 2.80 15.3379 Phosphate 1 1.39 38.5732 1.72 25.9110 2.46 18.4479 2.58 14.9046 Esylate 1 1.52 64.2843* 1.99 59.1411* 2.50 47.2960* 3.04 52.9793* Esylate 2 1.45 106.19 2.06 97.33 2.54 71.00 3.04 73.90 pH 3.5 pH 4.0 pH 4.5 pH 5.0 Final Solubility Final Solubility Final S Final pH pH pH olubility pH Solubility Linsitinib FTT data 3.5 3.8629 4.0 3.0302 4.5 0.6117 5.0 0.0074 Linsitinib 3.64 1.7264 4.18 0.1158 5.54 0.0051 6.18 0.0012 L-Malate 1 3.08 4.2948 3.38 1.3359 5.05 0.3367 5.16 0.2743 Phosphate 1 2.89 7.5028 3.69 5.8685 4.01 3.0382 5.49 0.0458 Esylate 1 3.50 31.0107* 3.94 32.3308* 4.36 36.5639* 3.86 28.6723 Esylate 2 3.53 38.04 3.99 39.56 4.54 18.90 4.96 20.46 pH 5.5 pH 6.0 pH 6.5 Final Solubilit Final Final pH y pH Solubility pH Solubility Linsitinib FTT data 5.5 0.0010 6.0 0.0011 6.5 0.0012 Linsitinib 6.43 0.0017 7.02 0.0010 6.43 0.0012 L-Malate 1 5.32 0.1918 5.50 0.1216 5.18 0.0165 Phosphate 1 5.73 0.0350 5.65 0.0046 6.21 0.0010 Esylate 1 4.47 0.0517 9.08 - 4.46 0.0296 Esylate 2 5.48 - 4.18 0.70 4.34 0.002 * - Vials were clear solutions with no precipitate after 24 hours. Concentrations reported are not equilibrium values. [0368] L-Malate 1,Esylate 1 and Esylate 2 showed significantly higher solubility at lower pH (<3) than the free base or Phosphate 1. Esylate 1 and 2 showed the highest solubility compared to the free base and other salts between pH 3 and pH 4. The data indicates that these salts may offer solubility enhancement compared to the free base at these higher pHs which could be important if higher pH stomach conditions are anticipated (as occurs with some patient populations). [0369] In addition to the pH-solubility data, a comparison of the equilibrium solubility of linsitinib free base and salts in two bio-relevant media (Table 29), fasted state simulated gastric fluid (FaSSGF pH 1.6) and intestinal fluid (FaSSIF pH 6.5) was completed. Similar to the pH-solubility data, the solubility in FaSSGF (pH 1.6) was significantly higher than FaSSIF (pH 6.5) for each material tested (Figure 90). The solubility for L-Malate 1 and Phosphate 1 were largely comparable to the solubility of the free base; however, Esylate 1 and Esylate 2 showed the highest solubility by a significant margin. A saturated solution of Esylate 1 was not achieved during this study and therefore the equilibrium solubility could be higher than determined. It should be noted that variability of almost a full pH unit was noted among the samples making a direct comparison more challenging. No clear trend was observed in the FaSSIF data with some of the salts (L-Malate 1) showing higher solubility than the free base while others showed lower solubility (Esylate 1). [0370] The solubility results suggest a solubility advantage of L-Malate 1 and Esylate 2 compared to the free base. Table 29. Solubility (mg/mL) of Linsitinib Free Base and Salts in Bio- relevant Media Compound FaSSGF (pH 1.6) FaSSIF (pH 6.5) Final pH Solubility Final pH Solubility Linsitinib free base 4.04 7.672 6.57 0.025 L-Malate 1 2.97 8.130 5.46 0.044 Phosphate 1 2.74 9.513 5.63 0.009 Esylate 1 3.30 61.572a 6.20 0.006 Esylate 2 3.25 103.10 3.72 1.62 a. Sample was not visually saturated with compound (clear solution). Solubility could be higher than concentration determined. [0371] The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if necessary to employ concepts of the various patents, applications and publications to provide yet further embodiments. [0372] These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure. [0373] This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Application No. 63/509,248, filed June 20, 2023 and U.S. Application No. 18/341,620, filed June 26, 2023, which applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Claims

CLAIMS 1. A crystalline esylate salt of linsitinib having the structure of Formula II:
Figure imgf000113_0001
(II).
2. The crystalline linsitinib esylate salt according to claim 1 comprising crystalline Form 2 of linsitinib esylate salt.
3. The crystalline Form 2 of linsitinib esylate salt according to claim 2, which is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern comprising at least three peaks selected from the group consisting of 6.74 ± 0.20 °2θ, 8.92 ± 0.20 °2θ, 10.26 ± 0.20 °2θ, 11.04 ± 0.20 °2θ, 14.76 ± 0.20 °2θ, 16.80 ± 0.20 °2θ, 17.60 ± 0.20 °2θ, 17.90 ± 0.20 °2θ, 18.56 ± 0.20 °2θ, 20.24 ± 0.20 °2θ, 20.56 ± 0.20 °2θ, 20.74 ± 0.20 °2θ, 24.58 ± 0.20 °2θ, 25.80 ± 0.20 °2θ, 26.12 ± 0.20 °2θ, and 27.34 ± 0.20 °2θ, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation.
4. The crystalline Form 2 of linsitinib esylate salt according to claims 2 or 3, which is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern comprising at least six peaks selected from the group consisting of 6.74 ± 0.20 °2θ, 8.92 ± 0.20 °2θ, 10.26 ± 0.20 °2θ, 11.04 ± 0.20 °2θ, 14.76 ± 0.20 °2θ, 16.80 ± 0.20 °2θ, 17.60 ± 0.20 °2θ, 17.90 ± 0.20 °2θ, 18.56 ± 0.20 °2θ, 20.24 ± 0.20 °2θ, 20.56 ± 0.20 °2θ, 20.74 ± 0.20 °2θ, 24.58 ± 0.20 °2θ, 25.80 ± 0.20 °2θ, 26.12 ± 0.20 °2θ, and 27.34 ± 0.20 °2θ, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation.
5. The crystalline Form 2 of linsitinib esylate salt according to any one of claims 2–4, which is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern comprising at least ten peaks selected from the group consisting of 6.74 ± 0.20 °2θ, 8.92 ± 0.20 °2θ, 10.26 ± 0.20 °2θ, 11.04 ± 0.20 °2θ, 14.76 ± 0.20 °2θ, 16.80 ± 0.20 °2θ, 17.60 ± 0.20 °2θ, 17.90 ± 0.20 °2θ, 18.56 ± 0.20 °2θ, 20.24 ± 0.20 °2θ, 20.56 ± 0.20 °2θ, 20.74 ± 0.20 °2θ, 24.58 ± 0.20 °2θ, 25.80 ± 0.20 °2θ, 26.12 ± 0.20 °2θ, and 27.34 ± 0.20 °2θ, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation.
6. The crystalline Form 2 of linsitinib esylate salt according to any one of claims 2–5, which is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern comprising peaks at 6.74 ± 0.20 °2θ, 8.92 ± 0.20 °2θ, 10.26 ± 0.20 °2θ, 11.04 ± 0.20 °2θ, 14.76 ± 0.20 °2θ, 16.80 ± 0.20 °2θ, 17.60 ± 0.20 °2θ, 17.90 ± 0.20 °2θ, 18.56 ± 0.20 °2θ, 20.24 ± 0.20 °2θ, 20.56 ± 0.20 °2θ, 20.74 ± 0.20 °2θ, 24.58 ± 0.20 °2θ, 25.80 ± 0.20 °2θ, 26.12 ± 0.20 °2θ, and 27.34 ± 0.20 °2θ, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation.
7. The crystalline Form 2 of linsitinib esylate salt according to any one of claims 2–6, which is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig.8, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation.
8. The crystalline Form 2 of linsitinib esylate salt according to any one of claims 2–7, which is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 10.
9. The crystalline Form 2 of linsitinib esylate salt according to any one of claims 2–8, which is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 10.
10. The crystalline Form 2 of linsitinib esylate salt according to any one of claims 2–9, wherein a single crystal structure of Esylate 2 comprises an orthorhombic crystal structure.
11. The crystalline Form 2 of linsitinib esylate salt according to any one of claims 2–10, wherein a single crystal structure of Esylate 2 comprises a P212121 space group.
12. The crystalline Form 2 of linsitinib esylate salt according to any one of claims 2–11, wherein a single crystal structure of Esylate 2 comprises a unit cell with the following parameters: a (Å) 7.4100(8) b (Å) 17.4900(17) c (Å) 19.769(2) α (°) 90 β (°) 90 ɣ (°) 90 volume (Å3) 2562.0(5).
13. A composition comprising the crystalline Form 2 of linsitinib esylate salt according to any one of claims 1–12, wherein the crystalline Form 2 of linsitinib esylate salt is present at a level of at least about 95% or more by weight of the total amount of linsitinib esylate salt in the composition.
14. A crystalline L-malate salt of linsitinib having the structure of Formula III:
Figure imgf000115_0001
(III).
15. The crystalline linsitinib L-malate salt according to claim 14 comprising crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib L-malate salt. 16. The crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib L-malate salt according to claim 15, which is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern comprising at least three peaks selected from the group consisting of 5.42 ± 0.2 °2θ, 8.68 ± 0.2 °2θ, 11.88 ± 0.2 °2θ, 12.40 ± 0.2 °2θ, 16.24 ± 0.2 °2θ, 17.36 ± 0.2 °2θ, 17.96 ± 0.2 °2θ, 18.22 ± 0.2 °2θ, 19.20 ± 0.2 °2θ, 20.88 ± 0.2 °2θ, 22.08 ± 0.2 °2θ, 22.58 ± 0.2 °2θ, 22.90 ± 0.2 °2θ, 23.86 ± 0.2 °2θ, 24.44 ± 0.2 °2θ, 24.92 ± 0.2 °2θ, 25.66 ± 0.2 °2θ, 26.1 ± 0.2 °2θ, 28.58 ± 0.2 °2θ, or 29.44 ± 0.2 °2θ, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. 17. The crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib L-malate salt according to claims 15 or 16, which is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern comprising at least six peaks selected from the group consisting of 5.42 ± 0.2 °2θ, 8.68 ± 0.2 °2θ, 11.88 ± 0.2 °2θ, 12.40 ± 0.2 °2θ, 16.24 ± 0.2 °2θ, 17.36 ± 0.2 °2θ, 17.96 ± 0.2 °2θ, 18.22 ± 0.2 °2θ, 19.20 ± 0.2 °2θ, 20.88 ± 0.2 °2θ, 22.08 ± 0.2 °2θ, 22.58 ± 0.2 °2θ, 22.90 ± 0.2 °2θ, 23.86 ± 0.2 °2θ, 24.44 ± 0.2 °2θ, 24.92 ± 0.2 °2θ, 25.66 ± 0.2 °2θ, 26.1 ± 0.2 °2θ, 28.58 ± 0.2 °2θ, or 29.44 ± 0.2 °2θ, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation. 18. The crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib L-malate salt according to any one of claims 15–17, which is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern comprising at least ten peaks selected from the group consisting of 5.42 ± 0.2 °2θ, 8.68 ± 0.2 °2θ, 11.88 ± 0.2 °2θ, 12.40 ± 0.2 °2θ,
16.24 ± 0.2 °2θ, 17.36 ± 0.2 °2θ,
17.96 ± 0.2 °2θ,
18.22 ± 0.2 °2θ, 19.20 ± 0.2 °2θ, 20.88 ± 0.2 °2θ, 22.08 ± 0.2 °2θ, 22.58 ± 0.2 °2θ, 22.90 ± 0.2 °2θ, 23.86 ± 0.2 °2θ, 24.44 ± 0.2 °2θ, 24.92 ± 0.2 °2θ, 25.66 ± 0.2 °2θ, 26.1 ± 0.2 °2θ, 28.58 ± 0.2 °2θ, or 29.44 ± 0.2 °2θ, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation.
19. The crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib L-malate salt according to any one of claims 15–18, which is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern comprising peaks at 5.42 ± 0.2 °2θ, 8.68 ± 0.2 °2θ, 11.88 ± 0.2 °2θ, 12.40 ± 0.2 °2θ, 16.24 ± 0.2 °2θ, 17.36 ± 0.2 °2θ, 17.96 ± 0.2 °2θ, 18.22 ± 0.2 °2θ, 19.20 ± 0.2 °2θ, 20.88 ± 0.2 °2θ, 22.08 ± 0.2 °2θ, 22.58 ± 0.2 °2θ, 22.90 ± 0.2 °2θ, 23.86 ± 0.2 °2θ, 24.44 ± 0.2 °2θ, 24.92 ± 0.2 °2θ, 25.66 ± 0.2 °2θ, 26.1 ± 0.2 °2θ, 28.58 ± 0.2 °2θ, or 29.44 ± 0.2 °2θ, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation.
20. The crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib L-malate salt according to any one of claims 15–19, which is characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern substantially resembling that of Fig. 33, as determined on a diffractometer using Cu-Κα radiation.
21. The crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib L-malate salt according to any one of claims 15–20, which is characterized by a DSC thermogram substantially resembling that of Fig. 35.
22. The crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib L-malate salt according to any one of claims 15–21, which is characterized by a TGA signal substantially resembling that of Fig. 35.
23. A composition comprising the crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib L-malate salt according to any one of claims 15–22, wherein the crystalline Form 1 of linsitinib L-malate salt is present at a level of at least about 95% or more by weight of the total amount of linsitinib L-malate salt in the composition.
24. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: a compound according to any one of claims 1–22 or a composition of claim 23; and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
25. A combination therapy comprising: a compound according to any one of claims 1–22 or a composition according to claim 23 or 24; and a TSHR inhibitor.
26. A method of treating a condition mediated by human insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) or insulin receptor (IR), comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1–22 or a therapeutically effective amount of a composition according to claim 23 or 24.
27. A method of treating thyroid eye disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1–22 or a therapeutically effective amount of a composition according to claim 23 or 24.
28. Use of a compound of any one according to any one of claims 1–22 or a composition according to claim 23 or 24 for the treatment of a condition mediated by human insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) or insulin receptor (IR), wherein a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1–22 or a therapeutically effective amount of a composition according to claim 23 or 24 is administered to a subject in need thereof.
29. Use of a compound of any one according to any one of claims 1–22 or a composition according to claim 23 or 24 for the treatment of a thyroid eye disease, wherein a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1–22 or a therapeutically effective amount of a composition according to claim 23 or 24 is administered to a subject in need thereof.
30. The compound according to any one of claims 1–22 or a composition according to claim 23 or 24 for use as a medicament.
31. The compound according to any one of claims 1–22 or a composition according to claim 23 or 24 for use in the treatment of a condition mediated by human insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) or insulin receptor (IR) in a subject in need thereof.
32. The compound according to any one of claims 1–22 or a composition according to claim 23 or 24 for use in the treatment of a thyroid eye disease in a subject in need thereof.
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