WO2024249700A2

WO2024249700A2 - Exosome compositions and methods of use

Info

Publication number: WO2024249700A2
Application number: PCT/US2024/031780
Authority: WO
Inventors: Joydeep Basu; Leila Strickland
Original assignee: BIOMILQ, Inc.
Priority date: 2023-06-02
Filing date: 2024-05-30
Publication date: 2024-12-05
Also published as: WO2024249700A3

Abstract

Provided herein are extracellular vesicle compositions and methods of use and production of extracellular vesicle compositions.

Description

EXOSOME COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF USE

CROSS-REFERENCE

[0001] This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/506,018. filed June 2, 2023, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/580.179, filed, September 1, 2023. each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety⁷ herein.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0002] Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, are extracellular vesicles comprising: (a) at least one human milk protein; (b) at least one human milk lipid, (c) at least one human milk polysaccharide; and (d) at least one or more miRNAs; wherein the miRNA is an artificial miRNA or is not naturally found in human milk. In some embodiments, the extracellular vesicle is an exosome. In some embodiments, the extracellular vesicle is a nanovesicle. In some embodiments, the extracellular vesicle is derived from genetically modified mammary cells. In some embodiments, the mammary cells are selected from the group consisting of: primary' mammary epithelial cells, mammary myoepithelial cells, mammary progenitor cells, immortalized mammary epithelial cells, immortalized mammary myoepithelial cells, and immortalized mammary progenitor cells. In some embodiments, the mammary cells are immortalized mammary epithelial cells.

[0003] Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, are compositions comprising an extracellular vesicle as provided herein and a carrier. In some embodiments, the composition is an oral composition.

[0004] Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, are methods for organ or tissue regeneration, comprising administering the extracellular vesicle as provided herein.

[0005] Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, are methods for promoting skin restoration, comprising administering the extracellular vesicle as provided herein.

[0006] Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, are methods of producing an extracellular vesicle from mammary cells, the method comprising: (a) culturing a live cell construct in a bioreactor under conditions which produce a cultured milk product, said live cell construct comprising: (i) a three-dimensional scaffold having an exterior surface, an interior surface defining an interior avity/basal chamber, and a plurality of pores extending from the interior surface to the exterior surface; (ii) a matrix material disposed on the exterior surface of the three-dimensional scaffold; (iii) a culture media disposed within the interior cavity /basal chamber and in fluidic contact with the internal surface; and (iv) an at least 70% confluent monolayer of polarized mammary cells disposed on the matrix material, wherein the mammary cells are modified to overexpress the extracellular vesicle; and isolating the extracellular vesicle from the cultured milk product. In some embodiments, the mammary' cells are selected from the group consisting of: primary mammary’ epithelial cells, mammary myoepithelial cells, mammary progenitor cells, immortalized mammary epithelial cells, immortalized mammary myoepithelial cells, and immortalized mammary⁷ progenitor cells. In some embodiments, the mammary' cells are immortalized mammary⁷ epithelial cells. In some embodiments, the mammary cell is human. In some embodiments, the polarized mammary cells comprise an apical surface and a basal surface. In some embodiments, the basal surface of the mammary cells is in fluidic contact with the culture media. In some embodiments, the bioreactor is an enclosed bioreactor. In some embodiments, the bioreactor comprises an apical compartment that is substantially isolated from the internal cavity/basal chamber of the live cell construct. In some embodiments, the apical compartment is in fluidic contact with the apical surface of the mammary cells. In some embodiments, the cultured milk product is secreted from the apical surface of the mammary cells into the apical compartment. In some embodiments, the culture media substantially does not contact the cultured milk product. In some embodiments, total cell density of mammary cells within the bioreactor is at least IO¹¹. In some embodiments, total surface area of mammary cells within the bioreactor is at least 1 .5 m² In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises a carbon source, a chemical buffering system, one or more essential amino acids, one or more vitamins and/or cofactors, and one or more inorganic salts. In some embodiments, the matrix material comprises one or more extracellular matrix proteins. In some embodiments, the scaffold comprises a natural polymer, a biocompatible synthetic polymer, a synthetic peptide, a composite derived from any of the preceding, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the natural polymer is collagen, chitosan, cellulose, agarose, alginate, gelatin, elastin, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and/or hyaluronic acid. In some embodiments, the biocompatible synthetic polymer is polysulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene co-vinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium poly acrylate, an acrylate polymer, and/or polyethylene glycol. In some embodiments, the culturing is carried out at a temperature of about 27 °C to about 39 °C. In some embodiments, the culturing is carried out at a temperature of about 30 °C to about 37 °C. In some embodiments, the culturing is carried out at an atmospheric concentration of CO2 of about 4% to about 6%. In some embodiments, the culturing is carried out at an atmospheric concentration of CO2 of about 5%.

[0007] These and other aspects of the disclosure are set forth in more detail in the description of the disclosure below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0008] FIG. 1 shows an example of the collection of milk for nutritional use from mammary epithelial cells grown as a confluent monolayer in a compartmentalizing culture apparatus in which either fresh or recycled media is provided to the basal compartment and milk is collected from the apical compartment. TEER, transepi theli al electrical resistance. [0009] FIG. 2 shows an example of polarized absorption of nutrients and secretion of milk across a confluent monolayer of mammary epithelial cells anchored to a scaffold at the basal surface.

[0010] FIG. 3 depicts an example micropattemed scaffold that provides increased surface area for the compartmentalized absorption of nutrients and secretion of milk by a confluent monolayer of mammary epithelial cells.

[0011] FIG. 4 depicts three examples of a hollow fiber bioreactor depicted as a bundle of capillary tubes (top), which can support mammary epithelial cells lining either the external (top and lower left) or internal (lower right) surface of the capillaries, providing directional and compartmentalized absorption of nutrients and secretion of milk.

[0012] FIG. 5 depicts a cross-section of three-dimensional cell construct. The construct is made up of a scaffold having an interior surface defining an interior cavity /basal chamber and an exterior surface. The interior cavity/basal chamber comprises cell culture media. A matrix material sits on top of the exterior surface of the scaffold. Pores transverse the scaffold from the interior surface to the exterior surface, allowing cell media to contact the basal surface of the cells of the cell monolayer disposed on the matrix material.

[0013] FIG. 6 depicts a bioreactor for producing a cultured milk product. The bioreactor is made up of a cell construct and an apical chamber. The cell construct is made up of a scaffold having an interior surface defining an interior cavity/basal chamber and an exterior surface. The cavity comprises cell culture media. A matrix material sits on top of the exterior surface of the scaffold. Pores transverse the scaffold from the interior surface to the exterior surface, allowing cell media to contact the basal surface of the cells of the cell monolayer disposed on the matrix material. The apical surface of the cells of the cell monolayer secrete the milk/ cultured milk product into the apical chamber. The apical chamber and the interior cavity /basal chamber are separated by the cell monolayer.

[0014] FIG. 7 depicts an exemplary cell construct. The construct is made up of a scaffold having an interior surface defining an interior cavity/basal chamber and an exterior surface. The interior cavity/basal chamber comprises cell.

[0015] FIG. 8 depicts an exemplary cell construct having mammary epithelial cells (MECs) and plasma cells. The plasma cells are adjacent to the scaffold. The MECs form a confluent monolayer above (and in some instances, in between) the plasma cells, with the apical side of the MECs facing the apical compartment (or, milk compartment). The plasma cells secrete IgA, which then binds to a receptor on the basolateral surface of the MECs, triggering internalization of the antibody-receptor complex and further processing of the antibody into slgA as it transits toward the apical surface (not shown).

[0016] FIG. 9 depicts GO biological process pathways of miRNA-target interactions from miRNAs analyzed from extracellular vesicles.

[0017] FIG. 10 depicts GO molecular function pathways of miRNA-target interactions from miRNAs analyzed from extracellular vesicles.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0018] This disclosure is not intended to be a detailed catalog of all the different ways in which the disclosure may be implemented, or all the features that may be added to the instant disclosure. For example, features illustrated with respect to one embodiment may be incorporated into other embodiments, and features illustrated with respect to a particular embodiment may be deleted from that embodiment. Numerous variations and additions to the various embodiments suggested herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the instant disclosure, which do not depart from the instant disclosure. Hence, the following specification is intended to illustrate some particular embodiments of the disclosure, and not to exhaustively specify all permutations, combinations, and variations thereof.

[0019] Unless the context indicates otherwise, it is specifically intended that the various features of the disclosure described herein can be used in any combination. Moreover, the present disclosure also contemplates that in some embodiments of the disclosure, any feature or combination of features set forth herein can be excluded or omitted. To illustrate, if the specification states that a complex comprises components A, B and C, it is specifically intended that any of A. B or C, or a combination thereof, can be omitted and disclaimed singularly or in any combination. Definitions

[0020] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. The terminology used in the description of the disclosure herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure.

[0021] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising.” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. As used herein, phrases such as “between X and Y” and “between about X and Y” should be interpreted to include X and Y. As used herein, phrases such as “between about X and Y” mean “between about X and about Y.” As used herein, phrases such as “from about X to Y” mean “from about X to about Y.”

[0022] The term “about,” as used herein when referring to a measurable value such as an amount of a compound or agent of this disclosure, dose, time, temperature, and the like, is meant to encompass variations of ±10%, ±5%, ±1%, ±0.5%, or even ±0.1% of the specified amount.

[0023] As used herein, the transitional phrase “consisting essentially of is to be interpreted as encompassing the recited materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the disclosure. Thus, the term “consisting essentially of as used herein should not be interpreted as equivalent to “comprising.” [0024] As used herein, the compositions described in the present disclosure are referred to interchangeably as (the singular or plural forms of) “nutritional compositions substantially similar to human milk.” “milk products.” “milk compositions,” “cultured milk products,” or equivalent as made clear by the context and mean the product secreted by the apical surface of a live cell construct (or, cell culture) comprising human mammary epithelial cells (hMEC). In some embodiments, the live cell construct is cultured in a bioreactor.

[0025] As used herein, the term “nanofiber” refers to fibers having a diameter or thickness in the nanometer range. For example, nanofibers may have a diameters or thicknesses ranging from about 0. 1 nm to about 100000 nm, including from about 1 nm to about 1000 nm.

[0026] The term '‘polarized” as used herein in reference to cells and/or monolayers of cells refers to a spatial status of the cell wherein there are two distinct surfaces of the cell, e.g., an apical surface and a basal surface, which may be different. In some embodiments, the distinct surfaces of a polarized cell comprise different surface and/or transmembrane receptors and/or other structures. Individual polarized cells in a continuous monolayer may have similarly oriented apical surfaces and basal surfaces. Individual polarized cells in a continuous monolayer may have communicative structures between individual cells (e.g., tight junctions) to allow cross communication between individual cells and to create separation (e.g., compartmentalization) of the apical compartment and basal compartment. [0027] As used herein, “apical surface” means the surface of a cell that faces an external environment or toward a cavity or chamber, for example the cavity of an internal organ. With respect to mammary epithelial cells, the apical surface is the surface from which the cultured milk product is secreted.

[0028] As used herein, “basal surface” means the surface of a cell that is in contact with a surface, e.g., the matrix of a bioreactor.

[0029] As used herein, “bioreactor” means a device or system that supports a biologically active environment that enables the production of a cultured milk product described herein from mammary cells described herein.

[0030] The term '‘lactogenic” as used herein refers to the ability to stimulate production and/or secretion of milk. A gene or protein (e.g., prolactin) may be lactogenic, as may any other natural and/or synthetic product. In some embodiments, a lactogenic culture medium comprises prolactin, thereby stimulating production of milk by cells in contact with the culture medium.

[0031] As used herein, the term “food grade” refers to materials considered non-toxic and safe for consumption (e.g., human and/or other animal consumption), e.g., as regulated by standards set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

Exosome Compositions

[0032] Described herein, in certain embodiments are extracellular vesicles comprising: (a) at least one human milk protein; (b) at least one human milk lipid; (c) at least one human milk polysaccharide; and (d) at least one or more miRNAs, wherein the miRNA is an artificial miRNA or is not naturally found in human milk. [0033] In some embodiments, the extracellular vesicle is an apoptotic body, an ectosome, an endosome, an exosphere, an exosome, an extruded vesicle, a lipid nanoparticle, a liposome, a lysosome, a micelle, a migrosome, a microvesicle, a microparticle, a multilamellar structure, a nanovesicle, an oncosome, a large oncosome, or a revesiculated vesicle. In some embodiments, the extracellular vesicle is an exosome. In some embodiments, the extracellular vesicle is an nanovesicle.

[0034] In some embodiments, the extracellular vesicle is derived from genetically modified mammary cells. In some embodiments, the mammary cells are selected from the group consisting of: primary mammary epithelial cells, mammary myoepithelial cells, mammary progenitor cells, immortalized mammary epithelial cells, immortalized mammary myoepithelial cells, and immortalized mammary’ progenitor cells. In some embodiments, the mammary cells are primary mammary epithelial cells. In some embodiments, the mammary cells are mammary' myoepithelial cells. In some embodiments, the mammary⁷ cells are mammary⁷ progenitor cells. In some embodiments, the mammary cells are immortalized mammary epithelial cells. In some embodiments, the mammary cells are immortalized mammary myoepithelial cells. In some embodiments, the mammary cells are immortalized mammary progenitor cells. In some embodiments the mammary cell is a non-human cell. In some embodiments, the non-human cell are selected from a cow cell, a bison cell, a buffalo cell, a yak cell, a sheep cell, a goat cell, a pig cell, a reindeer cell, a horse cell, a dog cell, or a cat cell. In some embodiments, the mammary cell is human.

[0035] In some embodiments, the compositions comprise an extracellular vesicle and a carrier. In some embodiments, the carrier is selected form the group of: water, saline, Ringer's solutions, dextrose solution, or 5% human serum albumin. In some embodiments, the composition is a parenteral composition, an intravenous composition, an intramuscular composition, an intra-tumoral composition, an intraperitoneal composition, or an oral composition. In some embodiments, the composition is an oral composition.

[0036] Further described herein, in certain embodiments, are methods of use of the compositions comprising extracellular vesicles. In some embodiments, the extracellular vesicles are used for infant nutrition, infant growth, infant development, immune regulation, anti-bacterial activity⁷, bone remodeling and/or remineralization, tissue remodeling, tissue repair, tissue restoration, tissue rejuvenation, tissue regeneration, gut health, neurological development, organ development, wound healing, stroke recovery⁷, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the extracellular vesicle is administered as a method for organ or tissue regeneration. In some embodiments, the extracellular vesicle is administered as a method for promoting skin restoration. In some embodiments, the extracellular vesicle is administered as a method for promoting skin repair and/or rejuvenation. In some embodiments, the extracellular vesicle is administered as a method for promoting diabetic wound healing. In some embodiments, the extracellular vesicle is administered as a method for protecting the lungs from inflammatory injury.

Methods of Producing Extracellular Vesicles

[0037] Described herein, in certain embodiments, are methods of producing an extracellular vesicle from mammary cells. In some embodiments, the method comprises: (a) culturing a live cell construct in a bioreactor under conditions which produce a cultured milk product, said live cell construct comprising: (i) a three-dimensional scaffold having an exterior surface, an interior surface defining an interior cavity /basal chamber, and a plurality of pores extending from the interior surface to the exterior surface; (ii) a matrix material disposed on the exterior surface of the three-dimensional scaffold; and (iii) a culture media disposed within the interior cavity /basal chamber and in fluidic contact with the internal surface; and (iv) an at least 70% confluent monolayer of polarized mammary cells disposed on the matrix material, wherein the mammary cells are modified to overexpress the extracellular vesicle; and (b) isolating the extracellular vesicle from the cultured milk product.

[0038] In some embodiments, the mammary cells are selected from the group consisting of: primary' mammary epithelial cells, mammary myoepithelial cells, mammary progenitor cells, immortalized mammary epithelial cells, immortalized mammary' myoepithelial cells, and immortalized mammary progenitor cells. In some embodiments, the mammary cells are primary’ mammary epithelial cells. In some embodiments, the mammary cells are mammary myoepithelial cells. In some embodiments, the mammary cells are mammary progenitor cells. In some embodiments, the mammary cells are immortalized mammary epithelial cells. In some embodiments, the mammary cells are immortalized mammary' myoepithelial cells. In some embodiments, the mammary cells are immortalized mammary’ progenitor cells. In some embodiments the mammary cell is anon-human cell. In some embodiments, the non-human cell are selected from a cow cell, a bison cell, a buffalo cell, a yak cell, a sheep cell, a goat cell, a pig cell, a reindeer cell, a horse cell, a dog cell, or a cat cell. In some embodiments, the mammary' cell is human. [0039] In some embodiments, the polarized mammary' cell comprises an apical and a basal surface. In some embodiments, the basal surface of the mammary cells is in fluidic contact with the culture media.

[0040] In some embodiments, the bioreactor is an enclosed bioreactor. In some embodiments, the bioreactor is selected from the group consisting of: a stirred-tank bioreactor, a spinner flask bioreactor, a rotating wall bioreactor, a rocker bioreactor, an air lift bioreactor, a fixed-bed bioreactor, and a hollow fiber bioreactor. In some embodiments, the bioreactor comprises an apical compartment that is substantially isolated from the internal cavity/basal chamber of the live cell construct.

[0041] In some embodiments, the apical compartment is in fluidic contact with the apical surface of the mammary cells. In some embodiments, the cultured milk product is secreted from the apical surface of the mammary cells into the apical compartment. In some embodiments, the culture media substantially does not contact the cultured milk product. [0042] In some embodiments, the total cell density⁷ of mammary⁷ cells within the bioreactor is at least 10⁵- 10¹⁶. In some embodiments, the total cell density of mammary cells within the bioreactor is at least 10⁵. In some embodiments, the total cell density' of mammary⁷ cells within the bioreactor is at least 10⁶. In some embodiments, the total cell density' of mammary⁷ cells within the bioreactor is at least IO⁷ In some embodiments, the total cell density of mammary cells within the bioreactor is at least 10⁸. In some embodiments, the total cell density of mammary cells within the bioreactor is at least IO⁹. In some embodiments, the total cell density of mammary cells within the bioreactor is at least I O¹⁰. In some embodiments, the total cell density' of mammary⁷ cells within the bioreactor is at least 10¹¹. In some embodiments, the total cell density⁷ of mammary⁷ cells w ithin the bioreactor is at least IO¹². In some embodiments, the total cell density of mammary cells within the bioreactor is at least 10¹³. In some embodiments, the total cell density of mammary' cells w ithin the bioreactor is at least IO¹⁴ In some embodiments, the total cell density of mammary⁷ cells within the bioreactor is at least 10¹⁵.

[0043] In some embodiments, the total surface area of mammary cells within the bioreactor is at least 0.5 m², 1 m², 1.5 m², 2 m², 2.5 m², or 3 m² In some embodiments, the total surface area of mammary cells w'ithin the bioreactor is at least 0.5-3 m² In some embodiments, the total surface area of mammary' cells w ithin the bioreactor is at least 1-2.5 m² In some embodiments, the total surface area of mammary cells within the bioreactor is at least 1.5-2 m². In some embodiments, the total surface area of mammary cells within the bioreactor is at least 1.5 m². [0044] In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises a carbon source, a chemical buffering system, one or more essential amino acids, one or more non-essential amino acids, one or more vitamins and/or cofactors, one or more organic compounds, one or more grow th factors, one or more trace minerals, and one or more inorganic salts. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises a carbon source, a chemical buffering system, one or more essential amino acids, one or more vitamins and/or cofactors, and one or more inorganic salts. [0045] In some embodiments, the matrix material comprises one or more extracellular matrix proteins. In some embodiments, the scaffold comprises a natural polymer, a biocompatible synthetic polymer, a synthetic peptide, a composite derived from any of the preceding, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, natural polymer is collagen, chitosan, cellulose, agarose, alginate, gelatin, elastin, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and/or hyaluronic acid. In some embodiments, the biocompatible synthetic polymer is polysulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene co-vinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium polyacrylate, an acry late polymer, and/or polyethylene glycol.

[0046] In some embodiments, the culturing is carried out at a temperature of about 27 °C to about 39 °C (e.g., a temperature of about 27°C. 27.5°C, 28°C, 28.5°C. 29°C, 29.5°C. 30°C, 30.5°C, 31°C, 31.5°C, 32°C, 32.5°C, 33°C, 33.5°C, 34°C, 34.5°C, 35°C, 35.5°C, 36°C, 36.5°C, 37°C, 37.5°C, 38°C, 38.5°C or about 39°C, or any value or range therein, e.g., about 35°C to about 38°C, about 36°C to about 39°C, about 36.5°C to about 39°C, about 36.5°C to about 37.5°C, or about 36.5°C to about 38°C). In some embodiments, the culturing is carried out at a temperature of about 30°C to about 37°C (e.g., a temperature of about 30°C, 30.5°C, 31°C, 31.5°C, 32°C, 32.5°C, 33°C, 33.5°C, 34°C, 34.5°C, 35°C, 35.5°C, 36°C, 36.5°C, or about 37°C, or any value or range therein, e.g., about 32°C to about 35°C, about 33°C to about 36°C, about 33.5°C to about 36°C, about 32.5°C to about 35.5°C, or about 34.5°C to about 37°C). In some embodiments, the culturing is carried out at an atmospheric concentration of CO2 of about 3%, 3.25%, 3.5%, 3,75%, 4%, 4.25%, 4.5%, 4.75%, 5%, 5.25%, 5.5%, 5.75%, 6%, 6.25%, or 6.5% or any value or range therein, e.g., about 3% to about 4.5%. about 3.5% to about 5%. about 4% to about 5.5%, about 4.5% to about 6%, about 5% to about 6.5%, about 4% to about 5%, about 4.5% to about 5.5%, about 5% to about 6%, or about 5.5% to about 6.5%). In some embodiments, the culturing is carried out at an atmospheric concentration of CO2 of about 4% to about 6%. In some embodiments, the culturing is carried out at an atmospheric concentration of CO2 of about 5%.

Bioreactors [0047] Described herein, in certain embodiments are extracellular vesicles and methods for producing extracellular vesicles. In some embodiments, the methods comprise using a bioreactor.

[0048] In some embodiments, the bioreactor is an enclosed bioreactor. In some embodiments, the bioreactor is selected from the group consisting of: a stirred-tank bioreactor, a spinner flask bioreactor, a rotating wall bioreactor, a rocker bioreactor, an air lift bioreactor, a fixed-bed bioreactor, and a hollow fiber bioreactor. In some embodiments, the apical chamber is substantially isolated from the interior cavity /basal compartment.

[0049] A hollow fiber bioreactor is an exemplary bioreactor for use with the methods disclosed here. The hollow fiber bioreactor is a high-density, continuous perfusion culture system that closely approximates the environment in which cells grow in vivo. It consists of thousands of semi-permeable three-dimensional scaffolds (e.g.„ hollow tubes made up of a plurality of fibers, such as electrospun fibers), as described herein, in a parallel array within a cartridge shell fitted with inlet and outlet ports. These fiber bundles are potted or sealed at each end so that any liquid entering the ends of the cartridge will necessarily flow through the interior of the fibers. Cells may be seeded inside and/or outside the fibers within the cartridge in the extra capillary space (ECS). In some embodiments, the hollow fiber bioreactor comprises a single tube made up of a plurality of fibers (e.g., electrospun fibers). In some embodiments, the hollow fiber bioreactor comprises one or more tubes made up of a plurality of fibers.

[0050] Three fundamental characteristics differentiate hollow fiber cell culture from other methods: (1) cells are bound to a porous matrix much as they are in vivo, not a plastic dish (for example), (2) the molecular weight cut off of the support matrix can be controlled, and (3) extremely high surface area to volume ratio (150 cm² or more per mL) which provides a large area for metabolite and gas exchange for efficient growth of host cells.

[0051] The bioreactor structure includes a fiber matrix (e.g., three-dimensional scaffold as described herein) that allows permeation of nutrients, gases and other basic media components, as well as cell waste products, but not cells, where the cells can be amplified. The hollow fibers help to create a semi-permeable barrier between the cell growth chamber and the medium flow. Since the surface area provided by this design is large, using this fiber as a culture substrate allows the production of large numbers of cells. Cells growing in the 3- dimensional environment within the bioreactor are bathed in fresh medium as it perfuses through the hollow fibers. [0052] In configuring the hollow- fiber bioreactor, design considerations and parameters for the scaffold can be varied (as described herein), depending upon the goals associated with expansion of the cells.

Cell Constructs

[0053] Described herein, in certain embodiments are extracellular vesicles and methods for producing extracellular vesicles using a cell construct comprising mammary epithelial cells (MECs). In some embodiments, the cell constructs comprise a scaffold, a culture medium in fluidic contact with the scaffold, and mammary cells coupled to the scaffold. In some embodiments, the scaffold comprises a bottom surface I interior surface in fluid contact with the culture medium. In some embodiments, the scaffold comprises a top surface / exterior surface coupled to the MECs. In some embodiments, the MECs are coupled to the exterior surface in a continuous monolayer arrangement. In some embodiments, as described herein, the MECs are polarized and comprise an apical surface, and a basal surface, wherein the basal surface faces towards the exterior surface of the scaffold (see for example FIGs. 6- 8).

[0054] In some embodiments, the cell constructs enable for compartmentalization between secreted milk from the mammary' cells and the culture medium. In some embodiments, the lower surface (interior surface) of the scaffold is adjacent to a basal compartment. In some embodiments, the apical surface of the continuous monolayer (of the MECs) is adjacent to an apical compartment. In some embodiments, the continuous monolayer secretes milk through its apical surface into the apical compartment, thereby producing milk. In some embodiments, the monolayer of mammary cells forms a barrier that divides the apical compartment and the basal compartment, wherein the basal surface of the mammary cells is attached to the scaffold and the apical surface is oriented tow ard the apical compartment. In some embodiments, the milk product represents the biosynthetic output of cultured mammary epithelial cells (immortalized or from primary tissue samples) and immunoglobin A (IgA), immunoglobin G (IgG), and/or immunoglobin M (IgM) producing cells, for example plasma cells.

Scaffolds

[0055] In some cases, features and/or properties of the scaffold are varied so as to help further the proliferation of mammary epithelial cells. For example, cellular microenvironment plays an important role in driving crucial cellular processes. In the context of mammary epithelial cells, the cellular microenvironment drives processes such as epithelial cell growth, epithelial differentiation and maintenance of epithelial phenotype, polarization, and production and secretion of milk components. The basement membrane (BM), which forms the physical boundary of the mammary gland and provides a support (or scaffolding) for the mammary epithelial cells can impact the development of the mammary gland through its influence on the mammary epithelial cell processes.

[0056] Generally, the basement membrane is a thin sheet that physically surrounds the mammary gland and can comprise of cross-linked fibrous networks(for example, comprising a plurality of nanofibers), such as Collagen-IV and laminins (predominantly laminin-1), along with other extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, such as glycoproteins (like Nidogen) and proteoglycans. The basement membrane can serve as a semi-permeable scaffolding that allow s for exchange of nutrients and waste metabolites to and from the mammary gland. Further, it also provides compartmentalization (barrier functionality') between secreted milk components and surrounding stroma and blood circulation. Moreover, the basement membrane can directly influence the ability of mammary epithelial cells to execute milk biosynthesis. For example, the basement membrane can provide mammary epithelial cells with i) bio-physical cues - through mechanical stimuli and its fibrous topographical features, and ii) bio-chemical cues - through its interactions w ith cells surface receptors called integrins. These bio-physical and bio-chemical cues together can influence the biology of mammary epithelial cells by regulating cell proliferation, epithelial differentiation, spatial organization of luminal and myoepithelial cells, polarization, alveologenesis and ductal morphogenesis, and activation of milk biosynthetic pathways and secretion. In some cases, the basement membrane is constantly being remodeled throughout the development, lactation, and involution of mammary glands to allow it to guide and control epithelial cell behavior. In the context of milk biosynthesis, in some cases, the basement membrane can regulate the Jak2-Stat5 pathway, and hence, prolactin signaling through its interactions with integrin receptors. Similarly, the basement membrane at other organ sites, such as kidney, cornea, and blood vessels, have been shown to have organ-specific topographical features. In certain instances, as a non-limiting example, culturing mammary epithelial cells in or on materials derived from a basement membrane associated in vivo with mammary cells or materials similar to materials derived from a basement membrane associated in vivo with mammai ' cells (including synthetic materials) promotes key functional aspects of such mammary cells, such as polarization and milk protein synthesis and secretion. [0057] Described herein, in some embodiments, are scaffolds (as part of a cell construct, for example, configured to recapitulate one or more aspects of a basement membrane associated in vivo with mammary cells, and in some cases, the scaffolds are configured to induce the secretory phenotype of mammary epithelial cells in vitro. In some embodiments, such one or more aspects of a basement membrane include, for example, the fiber configuration (e.g.. orientation of a plurality of fibers, such as nanofibers), porous nature, and/or other topographical features (e.g., mechanical stiffness and viscoelastic properties). In some embodiments, one or more properties and/or features of a scaffold are specified to at least partially mimic a basement membrane associated in vivo with mammary cells (e.g., a mammary gland). In some embodiments, the scaffold are produced with one or more synthetic materials and/or one or more natural materials (as described herein). In some embodiments, the scaffolds are produced in batch operation, continuous operations, or other processes known in the art for large scale production. In some cases, as a non-limiting example, specifying one or more properties and/or features facilitates batch-to-batch consistencies, scale-up and help reduce costs for large scale manufacturing of cell culturing platforms (in contrast with natural basement membrane derived materials which may pose challenges for such scale-up manufacturing and batch to batch consistencies).

Optimization of Scaffold Features

[0058] In some embodiments, as described herein, the scaffold, as part of a cell construct described herein for example, includes a top surface/exterior surface and a bottom surface/interior surface. In some embodiments, the mammary cells are coupled to the top surface / exterior surface of the scaffold, and the bottom surface / interior surface of the scaffold is in fluid contact with the culture medium. In some embodiments, the scaffold comprises a 2-dimensional surface or a 3-dimensional surface (e.g.. a 3-dimensional micropattemed surface, and/or as a cylindrical structure that is assembled into bundles). A non-limiting example of a 2-dimensional surface scaffold is a Transwell® filter.

[0059] In some embodiments, the scaffold comprises a three-dimensional surface. Nonlimiting examples of a three-dimensional micropattemed surface include a microstructured bioreactor, a decellularized tissue (e.g., a decellularized mammary gland or decellularized plant tissue), micropattemed scaffolds fabricated through casting or three-dimensional printing with biological or biocompatible materials, textured surface.

[0060] In some embodiments, the scaffold is a three dimensional scaffold. In some embodiments, the scaffold comprises any shape, such as for example a sheet, sphere, mat, tubular structure or conduits. In some embodiments, the three dimensional scaffold comprises a tube structure or a flat sheet. For example, in some embodiments, the three-dimensional scaffold comprises any structure which has an enclosed hollow interior/central cavity’. In some embodiments, the three-dimensional scaffold joins with one or more surfaces to form an enclosed interior chamber/basal compartment. For example, the scaffold can join with one or more walls of a bioreactor to form the interior chamber/basal compartment. In some embodiments, the scaffold is a hollow fiber bioreactor. In some embodiments, the three- dimensional scaffold is a tube in which the central cavity is defined by the interior surface of the scaffold. In some embodiments, the three-dimensional scaffold is a hollow sphere in which the central cavity is defined by the interior surface of the scaffold. In some embodiments, the scaffold comprises a mat configuration, which can be folded into a tube. In some embodiments, the tube has a diameter from about 0. 1 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the tube has a diameter from about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm, from about 1 mm to about 3 mm, from about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm.

[0061] In some embodiments, a three-dimensional scaffold allows the cells (e.g., mammary epithelial cells and/or plasma cells) to grow or interact with their surroundings in all three dimensions. Unlike two-dimensional environments, in some cases, a three- dimensional cell culture allows cells in vitro to grow in all directions, thereby helping approximate the in vivo mammary' environment. Further, the three-dimensional scaffold allows for a larger surface area for culture of the cells and for metabolite and gas exchange, plus it enables necessary compartmentalization - enabling the cultured milk product to be secreted into one compartment, while the cell culture media is contacted with the mammary cells and plasma cells via another compartment.

[0062] In some embodiments, the scaffold comprises a plurality of fibers (e.g., fibrous scaffold). In some embodiments, a population of the plurality of fibers are nanofibers (e.g., fibers having a diameter or thickness in the nanometer range, as described herein). In some embodiments, the plurality' of fibers comprise one or more polymers (e.g., thermoplastic polyurethane, poly caprolactone, polyether sulfone (PES), polysulfone (PS), and/or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)). In some embodiments, the one or more polymers (for example, of the fibers) comprise one or more polymer chains. In some cases, such materials recapitulate one or more bio-physical cues and/or one or more bio-chemical cues provided by the basement membrane. In some embodiments, the scaffold comprises a natural polymer, a biocompatible synthetic polymer, a synthetic peptide, and/or a composite derived from any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a natural polymer useful with this invention includes, but is not limited to, collagen, chitosan, cellulose, agarose, alginate, gelatin, elastin. heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and/or hyaluronic acid. In some embodiments, a biocompatible synthetic polymer useful with this invention includes, but is not limited to, cellulose, polysulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene co-vinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium polyacrylate, an acrylate polymer, polyethylene glycol, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), poly caprolactone (PCL), or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the scaffold comprises TPU and/or PCL.

[0063] In some embodiment, the scaffold comprises a plurality of fibers that are oriented in a non-uniformly and/or non-linearly manner. For example, in some embodiments, the orientation for at least some of the plurality of fibers (e.g., from about 1% to about 99%) is a random orientation (thus non-uniform and/or non-linear with each other). For example in some embodiments, at least 1%. 5%, 10%, 20%, 25%, 33%, 50%, 66%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 99%, of the plurality of fibers in the scaffold are in a non-uniform and/or non-linear orientation (as compared with each other).

[0064] In some embodiments, the plurality of fibers form a fibrous / filamentous mesh. As described herein, in some embodiments, the plurality of fibers of the scaffold comprise nanofibers. In some embodiments, the fibrous scaffolds (e.g.. scaffolds comprising a plurality of fibers, as described herein) are synthetic and can be formed via electrospinning, wet spinning, dry spinning, melt spinning, and/or phase inversion spinning of thermoplastic polyurethane and/or poly caprolactone. In some embodiments, the fibrous scaffolds can further be formed by electrospinning, wet spinning, dry spinning, melt spinning, and/or phase inversion spinning of other polymer material such as polyether sulfone (PES), polysulfone (PS), and/or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). In some embodiments, such synthetic fibrous scaffolds (such as electrospun fibrous scaffolds) allow for tunability with respect to topographical properties and other mechanical properties, as well as surface chemistries. In some embodiments, the scaffold is produced by electrospinning cellulose nanofibers and/or a cylindrical structure that can be assembled into bundles (e.g., a hollow fiber bioreactor).

[0065] In some embodiments, the scaffold is at least partially permeable from the interior surface of the scaffold to exterior surface of the scaffold (and/or vice versa). In some embodiments, such permeability allows for fluid communication between the culture medium and the mammary cells coupled to the exterior surface of the scaffold. For example, in some embodiments, such permeability allows for i) the passage of nutrients to the cells, ii) waste to be carried away (e.g., from the cell layer to the culture medium (e.g., cell media), iii) provision of desired products to the cells (such as growth factors), iv) removal of desired products from the cells, v) exclusion of certain factors that may be present from reaching the cells, vi) other transfer of substances between the cell layer and culture media, or vii) any combination thereof.

[0066] In some embodiments, the scaffold is porous so as to enable such permeability between the interior surface and the exterior surface. In some embodiments, the scaffold comprises one or more pores (e.g., pores in the fiber walls of the scaffold) that may extend from the interior surface to the exterior surface. For example, in some embodiments, the pores are due to the fibrous configuration of the scaffold, such as due to the alignment and/or orientation of the plurality of fibers of the scaffold. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the one or more pores provides corresponding passageways through the plurality of fibers that allow the culture medium (cell media) to contact the cell layer coupled to the exterior surface of the scaffold (e.g., the basal surface of the cells of the cell monolayer of the MECs. as described herein). In some embodiments, the pore size of the fiber walls (of the scaffold) are specified so as to modily which components will pass through the walls.

[0067] In some embodiments, the pore size of a pore on the scaffold refers to a maximum dimension of a cross-section of a pore across the exterior surface of the scaffold. For example, if one of the pores comprises a circular cross-section as it traverses through the scaffold (e.g., from the exterior surface to the interior surface), the pore size refers to the diameter of the circular cross-section (in this case, the maximum dimension) at the exterior surface of the scaffold. In some embodiments, the pore size of a pore is substantially consistent with the maximum dimension of the pore as it traverses through the scaffold from the exterior surface to the interior surface. In some embodiments, the maximum dimension of the pore varies as it traverses through the scaffold from the exterior surface to the interior surface.

[0068] In some embodiments, the average diameter of the nanofiber is from about 100 nm to about 600 nm, from about 200 nm to about 500 nm, or from about 300 nm to about 400 nm. In some embodiments, the nanofiber is a flat sheet and has a fiber diameter from about 100 nm to about 600 nm. In some embodiments, the nanofiber is a tube and has a fiber diameter from about 100 nm to about 600 nm. In some embodiments, average fiber diameter for a PCL tube scaffold is higher than for a PCL flat sheet or a TPU flat sheet.

[0069] In some embodiments, the porosity’ of the scaffold is from about 5% to about 95%, from about 15% to about 75%, from about 25% to about 70%, or from about 40% to about 60%. In some embodiments, the porosity' of the scaffold is from about 5% to about 95%, from about 15% to about 75%, from about 25% to about 70%, or from about 40% to about 60%. In some embodiments, the porosity of the nanofiber is from about 10% to about 35%, from about 15% to about 30%, or from about 20% to about 25%. In some embodiments, the nanofiber is a flat sheet and has a porosity from about 10% to about 35%. In some embodiments, the nanofiber is a tube and has a porosity from about 10% to about 35%.

[0070] In some embodiments, the scaffold has a specified density. In some embodiments, the plurality of pores have an average maximum dimension across the exterior surface from about 5 nm to about 1000 nm, from about 5 nm to about 50 nm, from about 50 nm to about 150 nm, from about 100 nm to about 500 nm. or from about 250 nm to about 1000 nm. In some embodiments, the plurality' of pores have an average maximum dimension across the exterior surface from about 8 nm to about 10 nm, from about 25 nm to about 75 nm, from about 100 nm to about 250 nm, from about 200 nm to about 400 nm, or from about 300 nm to about 600 nm. In some embodiments, the plurality of pores have an average maximum dimension across the exterior surface that is less than or about the same as the average size (in diameter or length or as measured and/or sorted using a cell strainer giving rise to the average size definition for the cells) of the mammary' cells. In some embodiments, the average size of the mammary cells is determined in a non-lactation stage of the cells.

[0071] In some embodiments, the average pore size of the scaffold is from about 1 nanometer ² (nm²) to about 5 micrometer² (pm²). In some embodiments, the average pore size of the scaffold is from about 1 nm² to about 20 nm². In some embodiments, the average pore size of the scaffold is from about 5 nm² to about 15 nm². In some embodiments, the average pore size of the scaffold is from about 8 nm² to about 10 nm². In some embodiments, the average pore size of the scaffold is at least about 5 nm². In some embodiments, the average pore size of the scaffold is at least about 9 nm². In some embodiments, the average pore size of the scaffold is at least about 25 nm². In some embodiments, the average pore size of the scaffold is at least about 50 nm². In some embodiments, the average pore size of the scaffold is at least about 100 nm². In some embodiments, the average pore size of the scaffold is at least about 0.5 pm². In some embodiments, the average pore size of the scaffold is at least about 1.0 pm². In some embodiments, the average pore size of the scaffold is at least about 1.5 pm². In some embodiments, the average pore size of the scaffold is at least about 2.0 pm². In some embodiments, the average pore size of the scaffold is at least about 2.5 pm². In some embodiments, the average pore size of the scaffold is at least about 3.0 pm².

[0072] In some embodiments, the average pore size of the nanofiber (measured as area, urn²) is from about 5 nm² to about 600 nm², from about 100 nm² to about 500 nm², or from about 300 nm² to about 400 nm². In some embodiments, the nanofiber is a flat sheet and has a fiber pore size from about 5 nm² to about 600 nm². In some embodiments, the nanofiber is a tube and has a fiber pore size from about 100 nm² to about 600 nm². In some embodiments, the pore size for a PCL tube and TPU flat sheet is comparable.

[0073] In some embodiments, the average minimum Feret pore diameter of the nanofiber is from about 10 nm to about 600 nm, from about 200 nm to about 500 nm, or from about 300 nm to about 400 nm. In some embodiments, the nanofiber is a flat sheet and has a minimum Feret pore diameter from about 100 nm to about 600 nm. In some embodiments, the nanofiber is a tube and has a minimum Feret pore diameter from about 100 nm to about 600 nm.

[0074] In some embodiments, the average Maximum Feret pore diameter of the nanofiber is from about 30 nm to about 1300 nm, from about 200 nm to about 1200 nm, or from about 300 nm to about 1000 nm. In some embodiments, the nanofiber is a flat sheet and has a Maximum Feret pore diameter from about 300 nm to about 1200 nm. In some embodiments, the nanofiber is a tube and has a Maximum Feret pore diameter from about 100 nm to about 1300 nm.

[0075] In some embodiments, the average pore size of the scaffold is correlated with a size of protein passing through the scaffold. In some embodiments, the size of protein is correlated with the molecular weight of the protein. In some embodiments, the size of protein is measured in kilodalton (kDa) for example. Accordingly, in embodiments, the size of the protein (e.g., in kDa) that can pass through the pores is measured so as to determine an average pore size of the scaffold.

[0076] In some embodiments, the pore size is specified. As described herein, in some embodiments, the pore size is designed to allow the passage of nutrients to the cells, carry away waste, provide desired products to the cells (such as growth factors), to remove desired products from the cells, and/or exclude certain factors that may be present from reaching the cells.

[0077] Accordingly, the pore size of the fiber walls can be varied to modify which components will pass through the walls. For example, in some cases, pore size can allow the passage of large proteinaceous molecules, including growth factors, including, but not limited to, epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor. The person of ordinary skill in the art would understand how to vary the pore size depending upon the components that it is desirable to pass through the fiber walls to reach the cells or to carry material from the cells. As described herein, the pore size for both the scaffold (fiber walls) and/or the matrix material can be varied to allow for such transfer of materials between the cells and culture medium. [0078] As described herein, in some embodiments, the scaffold is formed with one or more specified features configured to mimic that of a basement membrane (for example, a basement membrane associated in vivo with mammary cells). In some embodiments, the one or more specified features comprise one or more topological features, one or more mechanical properties, one or more surface properties, one or more viscoelastic properties, or a combination thereof.

[0079] In some embodiments, the one or more topological features of the scaffold are selected from i) an average fiber diameter of the plurality of fibers and ii) orientation(s) of the plurality of fibers. In some embodiments, as described herein, said average fiber diameter and/or orientation of the plurality of the fibers are varied and specified so as to configure the scaffold to at least partially mimic that of a basement membrane (for example, of a mammary gland).

[0080] In some embodiments, the average fiber diameter is from about 3 nm to about 10000 nm, from about 5 nm to about 5000 nm, from about 5 nm to about 50 nm, from about 50 nm to about 150 nm, from about 100 nm to about 300 nm, from about 100 nm to about 500 nm, from about 200 nm to about 1000 nm, from about 500 nm to about 1500 nm, from about 1000 nm to about 3000 nm, or from about 1500 nm to about 5000 nm. In some embodiments, the average diameter of the fibers of the plurality of fibers is characterized via SEM imaging.

[0081] As described herein, in some embodiments, the plurality of fibers are configured in a non-linear and/or non-uniform orientation. In some embodiments, the orientation of the plurality of fibers are randomly oriented with respect to each other. In some embodiments, the extent of fiber randomness is characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging through fast Fourier transform (FFT). For example, FFT may generate a point cloud from an image, wherein the proximity of points to each other indicates a similarity in orientation. Accordingly, a completely randomized SEM image may generate a homogenous point cloud (no discernable shape), whereas a more oriented sample may generate a skew ed point cloud.

[0082] In some embodiments, the one or more mechanical properties of the scaffold are selected from: i) a thickness of the scaffold, ii) a modulus of elasticity of the scaffold (e g., fibers), and iii) porosity (as described herein). In some embodiments, as described herein, said thickness of the scaffold, a modulus of elasticity of the scaffold (e.g., fibers), and/or porosity are varied and specified so as to configure the scaffold to at least partially mimic that of a basement membrane (for example, of a mammary gland). [0083] In some embodiments, the thickness of the scaffold (e g., comprising the plurality of fibers) is characterized through SEM imaging. In some embodiments, the thickness of the scaffold is from about 10 pm to about 500 pm. In some embodiments, the thickness of the scaffold is from about 15 pm to about 300 pm. In some embodiments, the thickness of the scaffold is from about 20 pm to about 200 pm. In some embodiments, the thickness of the scaffold is from about 20 pm to about 100 pm. In some embodiments, the thickness of the scaffold is from about 25 pm to about 75 pm. In some embodiments, the thickness of the scaffold is at least about 5 pm, 10 pm, 15 pm, or 20 pm. In some embodiments, the thickness of the scaffold is at most about 50 pm, 100 pm, 250 pm, 500 pm, or 1000 pm. In some embodiments, the average thickness of the scaffold is from about 40 nm to about 350 nm, from about 100 nm to about 300 nm, or from about 150 nm to about 200 nm. In some embodiments, the nanofiber is a flat sheet and has an average thickness of the scaffold from about 40 nm to about 150 nm. In some embodiments, the nanofiber is a tube and has an average thickness of the scaffold from about 100 nm to about 350 nm. In some embodiments, the average thickness of a PCL tube is higher than the average thickness of a PCL flat sheet or a TPU flat sheet.

[0084] In some embodiments, the modulus of elasticity is characterized through uniaxial tensile testing. In some embodiments, the scaffold comprises a modulus of elasticity from about 50 Pa to about 500 Pa. In some embodiments, the scaffold comprises a modulus of elasticity from about 100 Pa to about 300 Pa. In some embodiments, the scaffold comprises a modulus of elasticity from about 150 Pa to about 200 Pa. In some embodiments, one or more mechanical properties, or other topographical features of the scaffold is characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM).

[0085] In some embodiments, the one or more viscoelastic properties correlates to the entanglement of one or more fibers of the scaffold. As used here, '‘entanglement’’ means the interaction either i) of a polymer chain with itself (for example, similar to a single string having knots or tangled points with itself), or ii) between multiple polymer chains (for example, similar to multiple strings crossing over one another and forming one or more knots). In some embodiments, the one or more viscoelastic properties of the scaffold is controlled based on a specified ratio of a degree of entanglement of a polymer chain around itself (of a given nanofiber) to a degree of entanglement between two or more polymer chains (of the nanofibers).

[0086] In some embodiments, the porosity refers to i) a percent (%) porosity of the scaffold, ii) pore diameter or pore size (as described herein) through nitrogen porosimetry or mercury' intrusion pore size analyzers such as Anton PaarMaster or MicroActive AutoPore V 9600, iii) a percent (%) range of porous area characterized through SEM imaging, and/or iv) a range of kD through dextran diffusion assay. In some embodiments, the porosity of the scaffold is correlated with the density of the scaffold, wherein a higher density (of the scaffold materials) correlates with a lower porosity⁷. In some embodiments, the density of the scaffold is measured via a gas pycnometer.

[0087] In some embodiments, the one or more surface properties of the scaffold are selected from: i) the specific surface area, ii) hydrophobicity and/or hydrophilicity, iii) surface treatments to alters surface properties of the scaffold, iv) surface coatings, and v) an extent of surface coatings. In some embodiments, as described herein, said the specific surface area, hydrophobicity and/or hydrophilicity, surface treatments to alters surface properties of the scaffold, surface coatings, and/or an extent of surface coatings are varied and specified so as to configure the scaffold to at least partially mimic that of a basement membrane (for example, of a mammary gland).

[0088] The specific surface area can be characterized through the Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) method or through SEM imaging. In some embodiments, the scaffold includes a specific area or region that is hydrophobic and/or a specific area or region that is hydrophilic. In some embodiments, an extent of hydrophobicity⁷ and/or hydrophilicity⁷ is measured via contact angle measurement. In some embodiments, the scaffold is subject to surface treatments, such as through plasma treatment, so as to alter hydrophobicity and/or hydrophilicity of the scaffold. In some embodiments the scaffold is subject to surface treatments such as poly-l-lysine coating to alter the surface charge (e.g., to make the surface more positively charged for cell attachment). In some embodiments the scaffold is subject to surface treatments such as coating with mussel inspired adhesive L-3,4- dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) to alter the surface charge for enhanced cell attachment. [0089] In some embodiments, a surface coating comprises extracellular matrix (ECM) and/or peptide coatings, as described herein for the matrix material (e.g., Collagen-IV, Laminin-1. RGD peptide, laminin peptides like IKVAV, other ECM-peptides). In some embodiments, an extent of a surface coating is varied, such as by specifying a concentration of coating solution, or through characterizing the total protein on the coated scaffold surface. In some embodiments, relative fluorescence units is used if using targeted staining methods for determining ECM coating on the scaffold surface.

Mammary Cells [0090] In some embodiments, the mammary' cells (for example, as part of a cell construct described herein) comprise milk-producing mammary epithelial cells (MECs), contractile myoepithelial cells, and/or progenitor cells that can give rise to both mammary epithelial cells (MECs) and mammary' contractile myoepithelial cells. Mammary' epithelial cells (MECs) are the only cells that produce milk. In some embodiments, the mammary' cells comprise mammary epithelial cells (MECs). primary mammary epithelial cells, mammary myoepithelial cells and mammary progenitor cells. In some embodiments, the mammary cells are obtained from a tissue biopsy of a mammary' gland.

[0091] In some embodiments, the mammary' cells are derived from breast milk-derived stem cells or breast stem cells originating from tissue biopsy of a mammary' gland. The epithelial component of breast milk includes not only mature epithelial cells, but also their precursors and stem cells in culture. A subpopulation of breast milk-derived stem cells displays very' high multilineage potential, resembling those ty pical for human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Breast stem cells may also originate from tissue biopsy of the mammarygland, and include terminally differentiated MECs. Both breast milk-derived stem cells and breast stem cells originating from tissue biopsy of the mammary gland are multi-potent cells that can give rise to MECs or myoepithelial cells.

[0092] In some embodiments, at least 50% of the mammary' cells of the cells culture are polarized. In some embodiments, at least 55% of the mammary cells of the cell culture are polarized. In some embodiments, at least 60% of the mammary cells of the cell culture are polarized. In some embodiments, at least 65% of the mammary cells of the cell culture are polarized. In some embodiments, at least 70% of the mammary' cells of the cell culture are polarized. In some embodiments, at least 75% of the mammary cells of the cell culture are polarized. In some embodiments, at least 80% of the mammary cells of the cell culture are polarized. In some embodiments, at least 85% of the mammary cells of the cell culture are polarized. In some embodiments, at least 90% of the mammary^ cells of the cell culture are polarized. In some embodiments, at least 95% of the mammary cells of the cell culture are polarized. In some embodiments, at least 100% of the mammary cells of the cell culture are polarized. In some embodiments, substantially all of the mammary cells of the cell construct are polarized (i.e., have an apical surface and a basal surface). In some embodiments, substantially all the mammary' cells of the cell construct are polarized and substantially all the polarized cells are oriented in the same direction. For example, in some embodiments, substantially all of the mammary cells have an apical surface and a basal surface, wherein the apical surface of substantially all of the cells is oriented in the same direction and the basal surface of substantially all of the cells is oriented in the same direction.

[0093] In some embodiments, the continuous monolayer of mammary cells has at least 50% confluence over the scaffold. In some embodiments, the continuous monolayer of mammary cells has at least 60% confluence over the scaffold. In some embodiments, the continuous monolayer of mammary cells has at least 70% confluence over the scaffold. In some embodiments, the continuous monolayer of mammary cells has at least about 75% confluence over the scaffold. In some embodiments, the continuous monolayer of mammary cells has at least about 80% confluence over the scaffold. In some embodiments, the continuous monolayer of mammary cells has at least about 85% confluence over the scaffold. In some embodiments, the continuous monolayer of mammary cells has at least about 90% confluence over the scaffold. In some embodiments, the continuous monolayer of mammary cells has at least about 95% confluence over the scaffold. In some embodiments, the continuous monolayer of mammary cells has at least about 99% confluence over the scaffold. In some embodiments, the continuous monolayer of mammary cells has 100% confluence over the scaffold.

[0094] In some embodiments, the cell density of the continuous monolayer of mammary cells has at least 5.000 cells/cm² on the scaffold. In some embodiments, the cell density of the continuous monolayer of mammary cells has at least 10.000 cells/cm² on the scaffold. In some embodiments, the cell density of the continuous monolayer of mammary cells has at least 20.000 cells/cm² on the scaffold. In some embodiments, the cell density of the continuous monolayer of mammary' cells has at least 30.000 cells/cm² on the scaffold. In some embodiments, the cell density of the continuous monolayer of mammary cells has at least 40.000 cells/cm² on the scaffold. In some embodiments, the cell density of the continuous monolayer of mammary cells has at least 50.000 cells/cm² on the scaffold. In some embodiments, the cell density of the continuous monolayer of mammary cells has at least 60.000 cells/cm² on the scaffold. In some embodiments, the cell density of the continuous monolayer of mammary cells has at least 70.000 cells/cm² on the scaffold. In some embodiments, the cell density of the continuous monolayer of mammary cells has at least 80.000 cells/cm² on the scaffold. In some embodiments, the cell density of the continuous monolayer of mammary cells has at least 90.000 cells/cm² on the scaffold. In some embodiments, the cell density of the continuous monolayer of mammary cells has at least 100.000 cells/cm² on the scaffold. In some embodiments, the cell density of the continuous monolayer of mammary cells has at least 150.000 cells/cm² on the scaffold. In some embodiments, the cell density of the continuous monolayer of mammary cells has at least 200.000 cells/cm² on the scaffold.

[0095] In some embodiments, the scaffold, or at least portion of the scaffold, is uncoated.

[0096] In some embodiments, the top surface/exterior surface of the scaffold is coated with a matrix material. In some embodiments, the matrix is made up of one or more extracellular matrix proteins. Non-limiting examples of extracellular matrix proteins include collagen, laminin, entactin, tenascin. and/or fibronectin. In some embodiments, the top of the scaffold is coated with Laminin- 1, Collagen-IV, RGD peptide, laminin peptides like IKVAV, other ECM-peptides, or a combination thereof.

[0097] In some embodiments, the matrix material is located between the exterior surface of the scaffold and the mammary epithelial cells. In some embodiments, the matrix material is porous. In some embodiments, the matrix material is permeable to the cell media, allowing the cell media to contact the cells of the layer of the mammary cells. In some embodiments, the matrix material is transversed by at least one pore that allows the cell media to contact the layer(s) of mammary epithelial cells. In some embodiments, the matrix material comprises pores having an average pore size (as described herein, for example with reference to the scaffold pores) that corresponds with the average pore size of the scaffold (as described herein). In some embodiments, the pores of the matrix material are at least partially aligned with the pores of the scaffold. In some embodiments, the pores of the matrix material are randomly situated, and thereby may or may not be aligned with any of the pores the scaffold. In some embodiments, a ECM-coated PCL scaffold supports the self-organization of cells into distinct structures to a higher extend than uncoated PCL or ECM-coated TPU scaffold. [0098] In some embodiments, the range of the average pore size (as described herein, for example with reference to the scaffold pores) of the pores in the matrix material is similar to the range in the average pore size of the pores for the scaffold, as described herein.

Genetic Modifications to Mammary Cells

[0099] In some embodiments, the mammary' cells comprise one or more genetic modification. For example, in some embodiments, the mammary cells comprise a constitutively' active prolactin receptor protein. In some embodiments, the mammary cells comprise a constitutively active human prolactin receptor protein. Where the primary' mammary' epithelial cell or immortalized mammary' epithelial cells comprise a constitutively active prolactin receptor, the culture medium does not contain prolactin. [0100] In some embodiments, the constitutively active human prolactin receptor protein comprises a deletion of amino acids, as described in PCT Publication WO2021242866A1, which is incorporated herein in its entirety.

[0101] In some embodiments, the mammary cells comprise a loss of function mutation introduced into a circadian related gene PER2, as described in PCT Publication WO2021242866A1, which is incorporated herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, the loss of function mutation introduced into a circadian related gene PER2 promotes increased synthesis of cultured milk components.

[0102] In some embodiments, the mammary' cells comprise a polynucleotide encoding a prolactin receptor comprising a modified intracellular signaling domain, as described in PCT Publication WO2021242866A1. which is incorporated herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, the loss of function mutation introduced into a circadian related gene PER2 promotes increased synthesis of individual cultured milk components.

[0103] In some embodiments, the mammary' cells comprise a polynucleotide encoding a modified (e.g., recombinant) effector of a prolactin protein, as described in PCT Publication WO2021242866A1. which is incorporated herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, the modified effector of the prolactin protein comprises a j anus kinase-2 (JAK2) ty rosine kinase domain. In some embodiments, the modified effector comprises a JAK2 ty rosine kinase domain fused to a signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (STAT5) tyrosine kinase domain (e.g.. a polynucleotide encoding a JAK2 tyrosine kinase domain linked to the 3’ end of a polynucleotide encoding the STAT5 tyrosine kinase domain). In some embodiments, the modified effector of a prolactin protein promotes increased synthesis of individual cultured milk components.

[0104] In some embodiments, the mammary’ cells are transduced with one or more lentiviral vectors. In some embodiments, the lentiviral vector comprises a selection marker. In some embodiments the selection marker is selected from the group of: puromycin, hygromycin, neomycin, or blasticin. In some embodiments, the lentiviral vector comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a short-hairpin RNA (shRNA). In some embodiments, expression of the shRNA is under control of the AOX1. CMV, CAG. GALI. GAL10, Hl. PGK, polyhedrin, SV40, T7, Tac, U6, UBC or EF- la promoter. In some embodiments, the shRNA is directed to p!6^INK4. In some embodiments, the shRNA directed to pl6^INK4 suppresses p!6^INK4 activity . In some embodiments, the lentiviral vector comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding the catalytic subunit of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). In some embodiments, expression of the hTERT is under control of the AOX1, CMV, CAG, GALI, GAL10, Hl, PGK, polyhednn. SV40, T7, Tac, U6, UBC or EF-la promoter.

Plasma Cells

[0105] Plasma cells are derived from a human donor. In some embodiments, the plasma cells are derived from bone marrow, spleen, and/or a lymph node, a primary mammary tissue sample. In certain embodiments, the plasma cells are derived from mucosal epithelial cells other than mammary cells (e.g., from oronasal, gastrointestinal, or respiratory tissue). In some embodiments, the plasma cells are derived from a plasma cell line. In certain embodiments, the plasma cells are derived from a plasmacyte cell line. In some embodiments, the plasma cells are isolated and sorted from non-plasma cells via fluorescence-activated cell sorting, magnetic-activated cell sorting, and/or microfluidic cell sorting. In some embodiments, plasma cells, plasmablasts, or pre-plasmablasts are sorted and isolated by FACS analysis using markers known in the art (e.g., CD38, CD138 and/or CD19).In certain embodiments, the plasma cells are cultivated with the immortalized mammary epithelial cells on a scaffold, thereby producing a cell construct for producing a cultured milk product with secretory products of the plasma cells and mammary cells (e.g., slgA, IgG, and/or slgM). In certain embodiments, the plasma cells are grown on a scaffold below a monolayer of mammary cells. In certain embodiments, the plasma cells are grown as dispersed populations of plasma cells overlayed by a monolayer of mammary cells. In certain embodiments, the plasma cells are stimulated to produce immunoglobins during co-culture with mammary cells. In certain embodiments, the plasma cells produce one or more immunoglobins of a class selected from IgG, IgM and IgA. In certain embodiments the plasma cells produce IgA and/or IgM. In certain embodiments, plasma cells produce IgA and/or IgM, and the IgA and/or IgM is processed by mammary epithelial cells to yield slgA and/or slgM that is bound to secretory component, and the slgA and/or slgM is secreted by the apical surface of the mammary cells.

Methods of Making Cell Constructs

[0106] Described herein, in certain embodiments are extracellular vesicles and methods for producing extracellular vesicles. In some embodiments, the method comprises (a) depositing isolated mammary epithelial cells, mammary myoepithelial cells and/or mammary progenitor cells on the upper surface (exterior surface) of a scaffold having an upper surface and lower surface; (b) cultivating the mammary cells of (a) on the scaffold, to produce a monolayer of polarized mammary cells located above the upper surface of the scaffold, wherein the upper surface is located adjacent to and above the lower surface of the scaffold, and wherein the polarized mammary cells comprise an apical surface and a basal surface, thereby producing a cell construct for producing the cultured milk product. In some embodiments, the mammary cells are primary mammary cells. In some embodiments, the mammary cells are immortalized. In some embodiments, the mammary cells are derived from a cell culture. In some embodiments, the mammary epithelial cells, myoepithelial cells and/or mammary progenitor cells are isolated from bone marrow, spleen tissue, lymph node tissue, mammary explants from mammary tissue (e.g., breast, udder, teat tissue), or raw breastmilk. In some embodiments, the mammary cells comprise mammary epithelial cells. In some embodiments, the mammary cells, comprise mammary myoepithelial cells. In some embodiments, the mammary cells, comprise mammary progenitor cells. In some embodiments, plasma cells are also deposited on the exterior surface of the scaffold, to produce a mixed population of plasma cells and mammary cells (i.e., mammary epithelial cells, mammai}' myoepithelial cells and/or mammary progenitor cells). In some embodiments, one or more properties and features of the scaffold is specified (as described herein) so as to help mimic a basement membrane. In some embodiments, the plasma cells are deposited onto the surface of the scaffold prior to the deposition of the mammary cells. In some embodiments, the plasma cells are isolated from any suitable human tissue or a cell culture.

[0107] In certain embodiments, the plasma cells are stimulated to produce immunoglobins during co-culture. In certain embodiments, the plasma cells produce one or more immunoglobins of a class selected from IgG, IgM and IgA. In certain embodiments the plasma cells produce secretory IgA. In certain embodiments, plasma cells are co-cultured with MECs in a bioreactor according to methods described herein. In certain embodiments, the bioreactor is a hollow fiber bioreactor described herein.

[0108] In certain embodiments, mammary cells are modified and/or stimulated with prolactin according to the methods described herein to stimulate and optimize milk production. In certain embodiments, the mammary cells are modified to express a constitutively active prolactin receptor protein.

[0109] In certain embodiments, mammary cells are identified and isolated from mammary tissue samples. In some embodiments, the mammary' cells are isolated and sorted via fluorescence-activated cell sorting, magnetic-activated cell sorting, and/or microfluidic cell sorting. In certain embodiments, the mammary epithelial cell populations are sorted by FACS analysis using markers known in the art for identifying the cell populations. In certain embodiments, myoepithelial mammary' cells and luminal epithelial mammary' cells are isolated by FACS analysis. In certain embodiments, progenitor myoepithelial mammary cells and/or progenitor luminal epithelial mammary cells are isolated by FACS analysis. Any suitable method known in the art for sorting mammary epithelial cells (e.g., luminal epithelial cells), myoepithelial cells, progenitor cells, and immune cells can be used. For example, mammary cells can be sorted using CD24. EPCAM and/or CD49f, cell surface markers. [0110] In some embodiments, plasma cells are identified and isolated from primary mucosal tissue (e.g., oronasal, gastrointestinal, respiratory or mammary ). In some embodiments, plasma cells are identified and isolated from primary' mammary tissue samples. In some embodiments, the plasma cells are isolated and sorted via fluorescence-activated cell sorting, magnetic-activated cell sorting, and/or microfluidic cell sorting. In certain embodiments, plasma cells are sorted and isolated by FACS analysis. In certain embodiments plasma cells, plasmablasts, or pre-plasmablasts are sorted and isolated by FACS analysis using markers known in the art (e.g., CD20, CD38, CD138 and/or CD19).

[OHl] In some embodiments, the culturing and/or cultivating of the mammary cells and/or plasma cells for the cell construct is carried out at a temperature of about 35°C to about 39°C (e g., a temperature of about 35°C, 35.5°C, 36°C, 36.5°C, 37°C, 37.5°C, 38°C, 38.5°C or about 39°C, or any value or range therein, e.g., about 35°C to about 38°C, about 36°C to about 39°C, about 36.5°C to about 39°C, about 36.5°C to about 37.5°C, or about 36.5°C to about 38°C). In some embodiments, the culturing and/or cultivating is carried out at a temperature of about 37°C.

[0112] In some embodiments, the culturing and/or cultivating of the mammary' cells and/or plasma cells for the cell construct is carried out at an atmospheric concentration of CO2 of about 4% to about 6%. e.g., an atmospheric concentration of CO2 of about 4%. 4.25%, 4.5%, 4.75%, 5%, 5.25%, 5.5%, 5.75%, or 6% or any value or range therein, e.g., about 4% to about 5.5%, about 4.5% to about 6%, about 4.5% to about 5.5%, or about 5% to about 6%). In some embodiments, the culturing and/or cultivating is carried out at an atmospheric concentration of CO2 of about 5%.

[0113] In some embodiments, the culturing and/or cultivating of the mammary cells and/or the plasma cells for the cell construct comprises culturing and/or cultivating in a culture medium that is exchanged about every' day to about every' 10 days (e.g., every' 1 day, every 2 days, every' 3 days, every' 4 days, every 5 days, every 6 days, every 7 days, every 8 days, every 9 days, every’ 10 days, or any value or range therein, e.g.. about every day to every' 3 days, about every 3 days to every 10 days, about every 2 days to every 5 days). In some embodiments, the culturing and/or cultivating further comprises culturing in a culture medium that is exchanged about every day to about every few hours to about every 10 days, e.g., about every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 hours to about every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 days or any value or range therein. For example, in some embodiments, the culturing and/or cultivating further comprises culturing and/or cultivating in a culture medium that is exchanged about every 12 hours to about every’ 10 days, about every 10 hours to about every 5 days, or about every 5 hours to about every 3 days.

[0114] In some embodiments, the cell construct is stored in a freezer or in liquid nitrogen. The storage temperature depends on the desired storage length. For example, freezer temperature (e.g., storage at a temperature of about 0°C to about -80°C or less, e.g., about 0°C, -10°C, -20°C, -30°C, -40°C, -50°C, -60°C, -70°C, -80°C, -90°C, -100°C or any value or range therein) may be used if the cells are to be used within 6 months (e.g., within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 months). For example, liquid nitrogen may be used (e.g., storage at a temperature of - 100°C or less (e.g., about -100°C, -110°C. -120°C, -130, -140, -150, -160, -170, -180, - 190°C. -200°C, or less) for longer term storage (e.g., storage of 6 months or longer, e.g.. 6. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 months, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more years).

[0115] In some embodiments, the cell construct comprises a scaffold (as described herein) comprising an upper surface and a lower surface and a continuous monolay er of polarized mammary epithelial cells, a continuous monolayer of a polarized, mixed population of mammary epithelial cells, mammary myoepithelial cells and mammary progenitor cells, and/or a continuous monolayer of polarized immortalized mammary’ epithelial cells, wherein the continuous monolayer is located on the upper surface of scaffold. In some embodiments, the scaffold comprises a three dimensional scaffold (as described herein) comprising a plurality of fibers that are non-uniformly oriented and/or non-hnearly oriented fibers. In some embodiments, the fibers comprise thermoplastic polyurethane and/or poly caprolactone. In some embodiments, the fibers comprise nanofibers.

[0116] In some embodiments, the lower surface of the scaffold is adjacent to the basal compartment. In some embodiments, the apical surface of the continuous monolayer is adjacent to the apical compartment. In some embodiments, the continuous monolayer secretes milk and slgA or IgA through its apical surface into the apical compartment, thereby producing milk comprising IgA and/or slgA in culture. In some embodiments, the continuous monolayer secretes milk and IgG through its apical surface into the apical compartment, thereby producing milk comprising IgG in culture. In some embodiments, the continuous monolayer secretes milk and slgM or IgM through its apical surface into the apical compartment, thereby producing milk comprising IgM and/or slgM in culture.

[0117] In some embodiments, the monolayer of mammary cells forms a barrier that divides the apical compartment and the basal compartment, wherein the basal surface of the mammary cells is attached to the scaffold and the apical surface is oriented toward the apical compartment.

[0118] In some embodiments, the basal compartment is adjacent to the lower surface of the scaffold. In some embodiments, the basal compartment comprises a culture medium in fluidic contact with the basal surface of the monolayer of mammai ' epithelial cells (e.g., the polarized monolayer of mammary epithelial cells, the polarized the monolayer of the mixed population of mammary cells, or the polarized monolayer of immortalized mammary epithelial cells).

[0119] In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises a carbon source, a chemical buffering system, one or more essential amino acids, one or more vitamins and/or cofactors, and one or more inorganic salts.

[0120] In some embodiments, the bioreactor comprises an apical compartment that is adjacent to the apical surface of the monolayer. In some embodiments, the apical compartment is adjacent to the upper surface of the scaffold.

[0121] In some embodiments, the bioreactor maintains a temperature of about 27°C to about 39°C (e.g.. a temperature of about 27°C, 28°C, 29°C. 30°C, 31°C, 32°C. 33°C, 34°C, 35°C, 35°C, 35.5°C, 36°C, 36.5°C, 37°C, 37.5° C, 38°C, 38.5°C or about 39°C, or any value or range therein, e.g., about 27°C to about 38°C, about 36°C to about 39°C, about 36.5°C to about 39°C, about 36.5°C to about 37.5°C, or about 36.5°C to about 38°C). In some embodiments, the bioreactor maintains a temperature of about 37°C.

[0122] In some embodiments, the bioreactor has an atmospheric concentration of CO2 of about 4% to about 6%, e.g., an atmospheric concentration of CO2 of about 4%, 4.25%, 4.5%, 4.75%, 5%, 5.25%, 5.5%, 5.75%, or 6% or any value or range therein, e.g., about 4% to about 5.5%, about 4.5% to about 6%, about 4.5% to about 5.5%, or about 5% to about 6%). In some embodiments, the bioreactor has an atmospheric concentration of CO2 of about 5%.

[0123] In some embodiments, the bioreactor has an atmospheric concentration of CO2 of about 4% to about 6%, e.g., an atmospheric concentration of CO2 of about 4%, 4.25%, 4.5%, 4.75%, 5%, 5.25%, 5.5%, 5.75%, or 6% or any value or range therein, e.g., about 4% to about 5.5%, about 4.5% to about 6%, about 4.5% to about 5.5%, or about 5% to about 6%). In some embodiments, the bioreactor has an atmospheric concentration of CO2 of about 5%. [0124] In some embodiments, the method comprises monitoring the concentration of dissolved O2 and CO2. In some embodiments, the concentration of dissolved O2 is maintained between about 10% to about 25% or any value or range therein (e.g., about 10, 1 1, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25%). For example, in some embodiments, the concentration of dissolved O2 is maintained between about 12% to about 25%, about 15% to about 22%. about 10% to about 20%, about 15%, about 20%, or about 22%. In some embodiments, the concentration of CChis maintained between about 4% to about 6%, e.g.. a concentration of CO2 of about 4%, 4.25%, 4.5%, 4.75%, 5%, 5.25%, 5.5%, 5.75%, or 6% or any value or range therein, e.g., about 4% to about 5.5%, about 4.5% to about 6%, about 4.5% to about 5.5%, or about 5% to about 6%). In some embodiments, the concentration of CO2 is maintained at about 5%.

[0125] In some embodiments, the culture medium is exchanged about every day to about every⁷ 10 days (e.g., every 1 day, every 2 days, every 3 days, every 4 days, every 5 days, every 6 days, every' 7 days, every' 8 days, every' 9 days, every 10 days, or any value or range therein, e.g., about every day to every 3 days, about every 3 days to every’ 10 days, about every 2 days to every' 5 days). In some embodiments, the culture medium is exchanged about every day to about every' few hours to about every' 10 days, e.g., about every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 hours to about every' 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. 9, or 10 days or any value or range therein. For example, in some embodiments, the culture medium is exchanged about every 12 hours to about every’ 10 days, about every 10 hours to about every 5 days, or about every 5 hours to about every 3 days.

[0126] In some embodiments, the method comprises monitoring the glucose concentration and/or rate of glucose consumption in the culture medium and/or in the lactogenic culture medium. In some embodiments, the prolactin is added when the rate of glucose consumption in the culture medium is steady state.

[0127] In some embodiments, the method further comprises applying transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) to measure the maintenance of the monolayer of epithelial cells. TEER measures a voltage difference between the fluids (e.g., media) in two compartments (e.g.. between the apical and basal compartments), wherein if the barrier between the compartments loses integrity⁷, the fluids in the two compartments may mix. When there is fluid mixing, the voltage difference will be reduced or eliminated; a voltage difference indicates that the barrier is intact. In some embodiments, upon detection of a loss of voltage by TEER, a scaffold (e.g., a Transwell® filter, a microstructured bioreactor, a decellularized tissue, a hollow fiber bioreactor, etc.) is reinoculated with additional cells and allowed time to reestablish a barrier (e.g., a monolayer) before resuming production of the cultured milk product (e.g., milk production). In some embodiments, the TEER (as measured in Ohms*cm²) is from about -80 Ohms*cm²to about 200 Ohms*cm² . In some embodiments, the TEER is at least about 0 Ohms*cm². In some embodiments, the TEER is at least about 10 Ohms*cm². In some embodiments, the TEER is at least about 20 Ohms*cm². In some embodiments, the TEER is at least about 30 Ohms*cm². In some embodiments, the TEER is at least about 40 Ohms*cm². In some embodiments, the TEER is at least about 50 Ohms*cm². In some embodiments, the TEER is at least about 60 Ohms*cm². In some embodiments, the TEER is at least about 70 Ohms*cm². In some embodiments, the TEER is at least about 80 Ohms*cm². In some embodiments, the TEER is at least about 90 Ohms*cm². In some embodiments, the TEER is at least about 100 Ohms*cm². In some embodiments, the TEER is at least about 150 Ohms*cm². In some embodiments, the TEER is at least about 200 Ohms*cm². In some embodiments, the TEER increases with the duration of cell culture. In some embodiments, a scaffold with extra cellular matrix (ECM)-coated TPU has a higher average TEER value than a scaffold with ECM-coated PCL, ECM-coated PET, uncoated TPU. uncoated PCL. or uncoated PET.

[0128] In some embodiments, the method further comprises collecting the cultured milk product from the apical compartment to produce collected cultured milk product. In some embodiments, the collecting is via a port, via gravity, and/or via a vacuum. In some embodiments, a vacuum is attached to a port.

Basal Culture Media and Lactogenic Media

[0129] In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises a carbon source, a chemical buffering system, one or more essential amino acids, one or more vitamins and/or cofactors, and one or more inorganic salts. In some embodiments, the carbon source, chemical buffering system, one or more essential amino acids, one or more vitamins and/or cofactors, and/or one or more inorganic salts are food grade. As used herein, the term “culture medium”, “culture media”, “cell medium”, and/or “cell media” may be used interchangeably.

[0130] In some embodiments, the culture medium is lactogenic culture medium. In some embodiments, the culture medium further comprises prolactin (e.g., mammalian prolactin, e.g., human prolactin), linoleic and alpha-linoleic acid, estrogen and/or progesterone. For example, in some embodiments, the culture medium comprises prolactin (or prolactin is added) in an amount from about 20 ng/mL to about 200 ng/L of culture medium, e.g., about 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 1 10, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, or 200 ng/mL or any value or range therein. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises prolactin (or prolactin is added) in an amount from about 20 ng/mL to about 195 ng/mL. about 50 ng/mL to about 150 ng/mL, about 25 ng/mL to about 175 ng/mL, about 45 ng/mL to about 200 ng/mL, or about 75 ng/mL to about 190 ng/mL of culture medium. In some embodiments, the culture medium further comprises other factors to improve efficiency, including, but not limited to. insulin, an epidermal growth factor, and/or a hydrocortisone. [0131] In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises a carbon source in an amount from about 1 g/L to about 15 g/L of culture medium (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 g/L or any value or range therein), or about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 g/L to about 7, 8, 9, or 10, 11, 12, 13. 14 or 15 g/L of the culture medium. Non-limiting examples of a carbon source include glucose and/or pyruvate. For example, in some embodiments, the culture medium comprises glucose in an amount from about Ig/L to about 12 g/L of culture medium, e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 g/L or any value or range therein. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises glucose in an amount from about 1 g/L to about 6 g/L, about 4 g/L to about 12 g/L, about 2.5 g/L to about 10.5 g/L, about 1.5 g/L to about 11.5 g/L. or about 2 g/L to about 10 g/L of culture medium. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises glucose in an amount from about 1, 2, 3, or 4 g/L to about 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 g/L or about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 g/L to about 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 g/L. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises pyruvate in an amount from about 5 g/L to about 15 g/L of culture medium, e.g.. about 5, 6, 7. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 g/L or any value or range therein. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises pyruvate in an amount from about 5 g/L to about 14.5 g/L, about 10 g/L to about 15 g/L, about 7.5 g/L to about 10.5 g/L. about 5.5 g/L to about 14.5 g/L, or about 8 g/L to about 10 g/L of culture medium. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises pyruvate in an amount from about 5, 6, 7, or 8 g/L to about 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 g/L or about 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 g/L to about 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 g/L.

[0132] In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises a chemical buffering sy stem in an amount from about 1 g/L to about 4 g/L (e.g., about 1. 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, or 4 g/L or any value or range therein) of culture medium or about 10 mM to about 25 mM (e.g.. about 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 mM or any value or range therein). In some embodiments, the chemical buffering system includes, but is not limited to, sodium bicarbonate and/or 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-l-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES). For example, in some embodiments, the culture medium comprises sodium bicarbonate in an amount from about 1 g/L to about 4 g/L of culture medium, e.g., about 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, or 4 g/L or any value or range therein. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises sodium bicarbonate in an amount from about 1 g/L to about 3.75 g/L. about 1.25 g/L to about 4 g/L, about 2.5 g/L to about 3 g/L, about 1.5 g/L to about 4 g/L, or about 2 g/L to about 3.5 g/L of culture medium. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises HEPES in an amount from about 10 mM to about 25 mM, e.g., about 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 mM or any value or range therein. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises HEPES in an amount from about 11 mM to about 25 mM, about 10 mM to about 20 mM, about 12.5 mM to about 22.5 mM, about 15 mM to about 20.75 mM, or about 10 mM to about 20 mM.

[0133] In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises one or more essential amino acids in an amount from about 0.5 mM to about 5 mM (e.g., about 0.5, 1. 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3. 3.5, 4,

4.5, or 5 mM or any value or range therein) or about 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 mM to about 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4,

4.5, or 5 mM. In some embodiments, the one or more essential amino acids is histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, and/or arginine. For example, in some embodiments, the culture medium comprises arginine in an amount from about 0.5 mM to about 5 mM. e.g., about 0.5. 1. 1.5, 2, 2.5. 3, 3.5, 4. 4.5. or 5 mM or any value or range therein. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises an essential amino acids in an amount from about 0.5 mM to about 4.75 mM, about 2 mM to about 3.5 mM, about 0.5 mM to about 3.5 mM, about 1 mM to about 5 mM, or about 3.5 mM to about 5 mM.

[0134] In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises one or more vitamins and/or cofactors in an amount from about 0.01 pM to about 50 pM (e.g., about 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3. 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7. 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,

1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8. 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2. 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3. 4, 5, 6. 7,8,9, 10, 12.5. 15. 17.5,20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 49.025, 49.05, 49.075, or 50 pM or any value or range therein) or about 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, or 0.9 pM to about 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6 pM or about 0.02, 0.025, 0.05. 0.075, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 pM to about 12.5, 15,

17.5, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 49.025, 49.05. 49.075. or 50 pM. In some embodiments, one or more vitamins and/or cofactors include, but are not limited to, thiamine and/or riboflavin. For example, in some embodiments, the culture medium comprises thiamine in an amount from about 0.025 pM to about 50 pM, e.g., about 0.025, 0.05. 0.075, 1, 1.5, 2, 3. 4, 5, 6. 7, 8, 9, 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45. 46. 47. 48. 49, 49.025. 49.05, 49.075, or 50 pM or any value or range therein. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises thiamine in an amount from about 0.025 pM to about 45.075 pM, about 1 pM to about 40 pM, about 5 pM to about 35.075 pM. about 10 pM to about 50 pM, or about 0.05 pM to about 45.5 pM. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises riboflavin in an amount from about 0.01 pM to about 3 pM, e.g., about 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4. 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8. 2.9, or 3 pM or any value or range therein. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises riboflavin in an amount from about 0.01 pM to about 2.05 pM, about 1 pM to about 2.95 pM, about 0.05 pM to about 3 pM, about 0.08 pM to about 1.55 pM, or about 0.05 pM to about 2.9 pM.

[0135] In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises one or more inorganic salts in an amount from about 100 mg/L to about 150 mg/L of culture medium (e.g.. about 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, or 150 mg/L or any value or range therein) or about 100 mg/L to about 150 mg/L of culture medium (e.g., about 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, or 150 mg/L or any value or range therein). In some embodiments, one or more inorganic salts include, but are not limited to, calcium and/or magnesium. For example, in some embodiments, the culture medium comprises calcium in an amount from about 100 mg/L to about 150 mg/L of culture medium, e.g., about 100, 105, 110, 1 15, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, or 150 mg/L or any value or range therein. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises arginine in an amount from about 100 mg/L to about 125 mg/L, about 105 mg/L to about 150 mg/L, about 120 mg/L to about 130 mg/L. or about 100 mg/L to about 145 mg/L of culture medium. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises magnesium in an amount from about 0.01 mM to about 1 mM, e.g., about 0.01,0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05. 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 0.91, 0.92, 0.93, 0.94, 0.95, 0.96, 0.97, 0.98, 0.99. or 1 mM or any value or range therein. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises magnesium in an amount from about 0.05 mM to about 1 mM, about 0.01 mM to about 0.78 mM, about 0.5 mM to about 1 mM, about 0.03 mM to about 0.75 mM, or about 0.25 mM to about 0.95 mM.

[0136] In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises a carbon source in an amount from about 1 g/L to about 15 g/L of culture medium (e.g., about 1, 2. 3, 4, 5. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 g/L or any value or range therein), or about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 g/L to about 7, 8, 9, or 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 g/L of the culture medium. In some embodiments, the carbon source includes, but is not limited to, glucose and/or pyruvate. For example, in some embodiments, the culture medium comprises glucose in an amount from about 1 g/L to about 12 g/L of culture medium, e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 g/L or any value or range therein. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises glucose in an amount from about 1 g/L to about 6 g/L, about 4 g/L to about 12 g/L. about 2.5 g/L to about

10.5 g/L, about 1.5 g/L to about 11.5 g/L, or about 2 g/L to about 10 g/L of culture medium. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises pyruvate at an amount of about 5 g/L to about 15 g/L of culture medium, e.g., about 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 g/L or any value or range therein. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises pyruvate in an amount from about 5 g/L to about 14.5 g/L, about 10 g/L to about 15 g/L, about 7.5 g/L to about 10.5 g/L, about 5.5 g/L to about 14.5 g/L, or about 8 g/L to about 10 g/L of culture medium.

[0137] In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises a chemical buffering system in an amount from about 1 g/L to about 4 g/L (e.g., about 1. 1.5, 2, 2.5. 3, 3.5, or 4 g/L or any value or range therein) of culture medium or about 10 mM to about 25 mM (e.g., about 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 mM or any value or range therein). In some embodiments, the chemical buffering system includes, but is not limited to, sodium bicarbonate and/or HEPES. For example, in some embodiments, the culture medium comprises sodium bicarbonate in an amount from about 1 g/L to about 4 g/L of culture medium, e.g., about 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, or 4 g/L or any value or range therein. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises sodium bicarbonate in an amount from about 1 g/L to about 3.75 g/L, about 1.25 g/L to about 4 g/L, about 2.5 g/L to about 3 g/L, about 1.5 g/L to about 4 g/L. or about 2 g/L to about 3.5 g/L of culture medium. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises HEPES in an amount from about 10 mM to about 25 mM, e.g., about 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 mM or any value or range therein. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises HEPES in an amount from about 1 mM to about 25 mM, about 10 mM to about 20 mM, about 12.5 mM to about

22.5 mM, about 15 mM to about 20.75 mM, or about 10 mM to about 20 mM.

[0138] In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises one or more essential amino acids in an amount from about 0.5 mM to about 5 mM (e.g., about 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, or 5 mM or any value or range therein) or about 0.5, 1, 1.5. 2 mM to about 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4. 4.5, or 5 mM. In some embodiments, one or more essential amino acids is arginine and/or cysteine. For example, in some embodiments, the culture medium comprises arginine in an amount from about 0.5 mM to about 5 mM, e.g., about 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, or 5 mM or any value or range therein. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises arginine in an amount from about 0.5 mM to about 4.75 mM. about 2 mM to about 3.5 mM, about 0.5 mM to about 3.5 mM, about 1 mM to about 5 mM, or about 3.5 mM to about 5 mM. For example, in some embodiments, the culture medium comprises cysteine in an amount from about 0.5 mM to about 5 mM, e.g., about 0.5, 1. 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5. or 5 mM or any value or range therein. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises cysteine in an amount from about 0.5 mM to about 4,75 mM, about 2 mM to about 3.5 mM, about 0.5 mM to about 3.5 mM, about 1 mM to about 5 mM, or about 3.5 mM to about 5 mM.

[0139] In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises one or more vitamins and/or cofactors in an amount from about 0.01 pM to about 50 pM (e.g., about 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,

1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, 20. 25. 30, 35, 40, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 49.025, 49.05, 49.075, or 50 pM or any value or range therein) or about 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, or 0.9 pM to about 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6 pM or about 0.02, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 pM to about 12.5, 15,

17.5, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 49.025, 49.05, 49.075, or 50 pM. In some embodiments, one or more vitamins and/or cofactors includes, but is not limited to, thiamine and/or riboflavin. For example, in some embodiments, the culture medium comprises thiamine in an amount from about 0.025 pM to about 50 pM, e.g., 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12.5. 15, 17.5, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 49.025, 49.05. 49.075. or 50 pM or any value or range therein. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises thiamine in an amount from about 0.025 pM to about 45.075 pM, about 1 pM to about 40 pM, about 5 pM to about 35.075 pM, about 10 pM to about 50 pM, or about 0.05 pM to about 45.5 pM. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises riboflavin in an amount from about 0.01 pM to about 3 pM, e.g., 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04. 0.05. 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, or 3 pM or any value or range therein. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises riboflavin in an amount from about 0.01 pM to about 2.05 pM, about 1 pM to about 2.95 pM, about 0.05 pM to about 3 pM, about 0.08 pM to about 1.55 pM, or about 0.05 pM to about 2.9 pM.

[0140] In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises one or more inorganic salts in an amount from about 100 mg/L to about 150 mg/L of culture medium (e.g., about 100, 105, 110. 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, or 150 mg/L or any value or range therein) or about 100 mg/L to about 150 mg/L of culture medium (e.g., about 100. 105, 110. 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, or 150 mg/L or any value or range therein). In some embodiments, exemplary one or more inorganic salts is calcium and/or magnesium. For example, in some embodiments, the culture medium comprises calcium in an amount from about 100 mg/L to about 150 mg/L of culture medium, e.g., about 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, or 150 mg/L or any value or range therein. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises arginine in an amount from about 100 mg/L to about 125 mg/L, about 105 mg/L to about 150 mg/L, about 120 mg/L to about 130 mg/L, or about 100 mg/L to about 145 mg/L of culture medium. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises magnesium in an amount from about 0.01 mM to about 1 mM, e g., about 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 0.91, 0.92, 0.93, 0.94, 0.95, 0.96, 0.97, 0.98, 0.99, or 1 mM or any value or range therein. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises magnesium in an amount from about 0.05 mM to about 1 mM, about 0.01 mM to about 0.78 mM, about 0.5 mM to about 1 mM, about 0.03 mM to about 0.75 mM, or about 0.25 mM to about 0.95 mM.

[0141] In some embodiments, the carbon source, chemical buffering system, one or more essential amino acids, one or more vitamins and/or cofactors, and/or one or more inorganic salts is food grade.

[0142] In some embodiments, the culture medium is lactogenic culture medium, e.g., the culture medium further comprises prolactin (e.g., mammalian prolactin, e.g., human prolactin). For example, in some embodiments, the culture medium comprises prolactin (or prolactin is added) in an amount from about 20 ng/mL to about 200 ng/L of culture medium, e.g., about 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 1 10, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, or 200 ng/mL or any value or range therein. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises prolactin (or prolactin is added) in an amount from about 20 ng/mL to about 195 ng/mL. about 50 ng/mL to about 150 ng/mL, about 25 ng/mL to about 175 ng/mL, about 45 ng/mL to about 200 ng/mL, or about 75 ng/mL to about 190 ng/mL of culture medium. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise adding prolactin to the culture medium, thereby providing a lactogenic culture medium. In some embodiments, the prolactin is produced by a microbial cell and/or a human cell expressing a recombinant prolactin (e.g., a prolactin comprising a substitution of a serine residue at position 179 of the prolactin gene with aspartate (S179D), e g., S179D-prolactin). In some embodiments, adding prolactin to the culture medium comprises conditioning culture medium by culturing cells that express and secrete prolactin, and applying the conditioned culture medium comprising prolactin to the basal surface of the monolayer of mammary cells (e.g., mammary’ epithelial cells, mammary myoepithelial cells and mammary progenitor cells). [0143] In some embodiments, the culture medium further comprises other factors to improve efficiency, including, but not limited to, insulin, an epidermal growth factor, and/or a hydrocortisone. In some embodiments, the methods of the present invention further comprise adding other factors (e.g., insulin, an epidermal growth factor, and/or a hydrocortisone) to the culture medium, e.g., to improve efficiency.

[0144] Having described the present disclosure, the same will be explained in greater detail in the following examples, which are included herein for illustration purposes only, and which are not intended to be limiting to the disclosure.

EXAMPLES

[0145] The Examples that follow are illustrative of specific embodiments of the disclosure, and various uses thereof. They are set forth for explanatory purposes only and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosure in any way.

Example 1: Immortalization of human mammary epithelial cells

[0146] The following example describes immortalization of human mammary epithelial cell (hMEC) lines via genomic modifications that directly target two primary senescence barriers encountered by cultured hMEC.

[0147] Human mammary epithelial cell (hMEC) lines were genetically modified using lentiviral vectors, and immortalization was achieved through suppression of pl6^INK4 activity, and overexpression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). Specifically, hMEC were transduced with lentivirus expressing short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) directed to p!6^INK4. hMEC were then transduced with lentivirus expressing the catalytic subunit of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). Cell lines with the desired genomic modifications w ere identified via antibiotic selection.

Example 2: Extracellular vesicles from cultured, immortalized human breast milk cells contain pro-regenerative miRNAs

[0148] The following example describes the computational analysis of miRNAs isolated from extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by immortalized human breast milk cells.

[0149] Human mammary epithelial cells (hMEC) were isolated from donated breast milk and genetically modified to generate immortalized cell lines. Genomic modifications w ere stably introduced into hMEC using lentiviral vectors, and immortalization was achieved through silencing of pl 6 and overexpression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). Cell lines with the desired genomic modification were identified via antibiotic selection. Upgrowth was achieved initially in 2D culture and subsequently in a scalable, hollow fiber bioreactor format. Conditioned media was collected from hMEC and the exosome fraction isolated and purified via differential ultracentrifugation. The EV fraction was characterized by dynamic light scattering and flow cytometry against a panel of 37 known exosomal epitopes. A similar approach was applied to isolate and characterize EVs from the original whole human breast milk. Total RNA was extracted from isolated EVs and used to prepare miRNA libraries for sequencing. The resulting microRNA sequences were filtered by expression using CPM-normalized abundance of >10 counts. Experimentally validated microRNA-target interactions (MTIs) from significantly expressed, common miRNAs were further analyzed for pathway enrichment analysis using the ShinyGO 0.77 graphical gene enrichment analysis tool.

[0150] Computational analysis identified 148 miRNA as being commonly expressed between hMEC and whole human breast milk, while 58 miRNA were identified as being uniquely expressed by hMEC. Analysis of key Gene Ontolology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) classifiers associated with the protein targets of the 148 miRNA species commonly expressed between hMEC and breast milk demonstrated specific enrichment for pathways linked to organismal development, cell differentiation and cell cycle control. Key signaling pathways impacted include FOXO, MAPK and PI3K-AKT. Notably, the 58 miRNAs uniquely expressed by hMEC were also modifiers of organismal development and tissue morphogenesis. Data is seen in FIGs. 9-10. [0151] In conclusion, EVs isolated from immortalized human breast milk cells cultured in a scalable, hollow fiber bioreactor format contain miRNAs commonly expressed in human breast milk as well as a population of unique miRNA. Computational analysis of functional pathways specifically impacted by these miRNAs suggests a pro-regenerative bioactivity that recapitulates fundamental aspects of organogenesis.

[0152] The foregoing examples are illustrative of the present disclosure and are not to be construed as limiting thereof. Although the disclosure has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments, variations and modifications exist within the scope and spirit of the disclosure as described and defined in the following claims.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. An extracellular vesicle comprising: a) at least one human milk protein; b) at least one human milk lipid, c) at least one human milk polysaccharide; and d) at least one or more miRNAs; wherein the miRNA is an artificial miRNA or is not naturally found in human milk.

2. The extracellular vesicle of claim 1, wherein the extracellular vesicle is an exosome.

3. The extracellular vesicle of claim 1, wherein the extracellular vesicle is a nanovesicle.

4. The extracellular vesicle of any one of claims 1-3. wherein the extracellular vesicle is derived from genetically modified mammary cells.

5. The extracellular vesicle of claim 4, wherein the mammary cells are selected from the group consisting of: primary mammary⁷ epithelial cells, mammary⁷ myoepithelial cells, mammary progenitor cells, immortalized mammary epithelial cells, immortalized mammary myoepithelial cells, and immortalized mammary' progenitor cells.

6. The extracellular vesicle of claim 4, wherein the mammary cells are immortalized mammary⁷ epithelial cells.

7. A composition comprising the extracellular vesicle of any one of claims 1-6 and a carrier.

8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the composition is an oral composition.

9. A method for organ or tissue regeneration, comprising administering the extracellular vesicle of any one of claims 1-6.

10. A method for promoting skin restoration, comprising administering the extracellular vesicle of any one of claims 1-6.

11. A method of producing an extracellular vesicle from mammary cells, the method comprising:

(a) culturing a live cell construct in a bioreactor under conditions which produce a cultured milk product, said live cell construct comprising:

(i) a three-dimensional scaffold having an exterior surface, an interior surface defining an interior cavity /basal chamber, and a plurality' of pores extending from the interior surface to the exterior surface;

(ii) a matrix material disposed on the exterior surface of the three-dimensional scaffold; (iii)a culture media disposed within the interior cavity /basal chamber and in fluidic contact with the internal surface; and

(iv)an at least 70% confluent monolayer of polarized mammary cells disposed on the matrix material, wherein the mammary cells are modified to overexpress the extracellular vesicle; and

(b) isolating the extracellular vesicle from the cultured milk product.

12. The method of claim 11. wherein the mammary cells are selected from the group consisting of: primary mammary epithelial cells, mammary myoepithelial cells, mammary progenitor cells, immortalized mammary' epithelial cells, immortalized mammary myoepithelial cells, and immortalized mammary progenitor cells.

13. The method of any one of claims 11-12, wherein the mammary cells are immortalized mammary epithelial cells.

14. The method of any one of claims 11-13, wherein the mammary cell is human.

15. The method of any one of claims 11-14, wherein the polarized mammary cells comprise an apical surface and a basal surface.

16. The method of claim 15. wherein the basal surface of the mammary cells is in fluidic contact with the culture media.

17. The method of any one of claims 11-16, wherein the bioreactor is an enclosed bioreactor.

18. The method of any one of claims 11-17. wherein the bioreactor comprises an apical compartment that is substantially isolated from the internal cavity /basal chamber of the live cell construct.

19. The method of any one of claims 11-18, wherein the apical compartment is in fluidic contact with the apical surface of the mammary cells.

20. The method of any one of claims 11-19, wherein the cultured milk product is secreted from the apical surface of the mammary- cells into the apical compartment.

21. The method of any one of claims 11-20, wherein the culture media substantially does not contact the cultured milk product.

22. The method of any one of claims 11-21. wherein total cell density of mammary cells within the bioreactor is at least 10¹¹.

23. The method of any one of claims 11-22, yvherein total surface area of mammary' cells within the bioreactor is at least 1.5 m²

24. The method of any one of claims 11-23, wherein the culture medium comprises a carbon source, a chemical buffering system, one or more essential amino acids, one or more vitamins and/or cofactors, and one or more inorganic salts.

25. The of any one of claims 11-24, wherein the matrix material comprises one or more extracellular matrix proteins.

26. The of any one of claims 11-25, wherein the scaffold comprises a natural polymer, a biocompatible synthetic polymer, a synthetic peptide, a composite derived from any of the preceding, or any combination thereof.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein the natural polymer is collagen, chitosan, cellulose, agarose, alginate, gelatin, elastin, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and/or hyaluronic acid.

28. The method of claim 26, wherein the biocompatible synthetic polymer is polysulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene co-vinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium poly acrylate, an acrylate polymer, and/or polyethylene glycol.

29. The method of any one of claims 11-28, wherein the culturing is carried out at a temperature of about 27 °C to about 39 °C.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein the culturing is carried out at a temperature of about 30 °C to about 37 °C.

31. The method of any one of claims 11-30, wherein the culturing is carried out at an atmospheric concentration of CO2 of about 4% to about 6%.

32. The method of any one of claims 1 1 -31 , wherein the culturing is carried out at an atmospheric concentration of CO2 of about 5%.