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WO2024243340A1 - Fusogènes en tandem et particules lipidiques associées - Google Patents

Fusogènes en tandem et particules lipidiques associées Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024243340A1
WO2024243340A1 PCT/US2024/030619 US2024030619W WO2024243340A1 WO 2024243340 A1 WO2024243340 A1 WO 2024243340A1 US 2024030619 W US2024030619 W US 2024030619W WO 2024243340 A1 WO2024243340 A1 WO 2024243340A1
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Prior art keywords
amino acid
cdr
protein
seq
lipid particle
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PCT/US2024/030619
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English (en)
Inventor
Patricia Ann CRUITE
Matteo STOPPATO
Jagesh Vijaykumar SHAH
Luca BIASCO
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Sana Biotechnology, Inc.
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Publication of WO2024243340A1 publication Critical patent/WO2024243340A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/85—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells
    • C12N15/86—Viral vectors
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
    • C07K16/2815—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily against CD8
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2896—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against molecules with a "CD"-designation, not provided for elsewhere
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
    • C07K2317/22—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin from camelids, e.g. camel, llama or dromedary
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/56—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments variable (Fv) region, i.e. VH and/or VL
    • C07K2317/569—Single domain, e.g. dAb, sdAb, VHH, VNAR or nanobody®
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/60—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by non-natural combinations of immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/62—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by non-natural combinations of immunoglobulin fragments comprising only variable region components
    • C07K2317/622—Single chain antibody (scFv)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/87—Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation
    • C12N15/90—Stable introduction of foreign DNA into chromosome
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2740/00—Reverse transcribing RNA viruses
    • C12N2740/00011—Details
    • C12N2740/10011—Retroviridae
    • C12N2740/16011—Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV
    • C12N2740/16041—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector
    • C12N2740/16043—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector viral genome or elements thereof as genetic vector
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2740/00—Reverse transcribing RNA viruses
    • C12N2740/00011—Details
    • C12N2740/10011—Retroviridae
    • C12N2740/16011—Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV
    • C12N2740/16041—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector
    • C12N2740/16045—Special targeting system for viral vectors
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2760/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssRNA viruses negative-sense
    • C12N2760/00011—Details
    • C12N2760/18011—Paramyxoviridae
    • C12N2760/18022—New viral proteins or individual genes, new structural or functional aspects of known viral proteins or genes

Definitions

  • the attachment protein is retargeted, such as with two or more targeting moieties.
  • the lipid particles are viral vectors, such as lentiviral vectors or lentiviral-like particles. Also provided are producer cells and compositions containing such lipid particles and methods of making and using the lipid particles. Background [0004] Lipid particles, including viral-based particles like virus-like particles and viral vectors such as lentiviral particles, are commonly used for delivery of exogenous agents to cells. For various particles, such as lentiviral vector particles, the host range can be altered by pseudotyping with at least one retargeted attachment protein that is or comprises two or more targeting moieties.
  • a lipid particle comprising: (a) a retargeted attachment protein comprising a paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein linked to (i) a first targeting moiety directed to a first target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell, and (ii) a second targeting moiety directed to a second target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell; and (b) at least one paramyxovirus fusion (F) protein; and wherein the protein in (a), and (b) are exposed on the outside of the lipid bilayer.
  • the paramyxovirus attachment protein is a variant paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein comprising one or more mutations to reduce native tropism relative to the wild-type paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein not comprising the one or more mutations.
  • a lipid particle comprising: (a) a retargeted attachment protein comprising a first paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein operably linked to (i) a first targeting moiety directed to a first target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell, and (ii) a second targeting moiety directed to a second target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell, (b) a second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein that is a variant paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein comprising one 2 sf-5966708 186152009440 or more amino acid substitutions to reduce the native tropism relative to the wild-type paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein not comprising the one or more mutations; and (c) at least one paramyxovirus fusion (F) protein; and wherein the protein in (a), (b) and (c) are exposed on the outside of the lipid bilayer.
  • a retargeted attachment protein comprising a first paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein operably linked to (i) a first
  • the first targeting moiety comprises a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 377 or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto; and/or the second targeting moiety is an scFv and comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 501 or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence 9 sf-5966708 186152009440 identity thereto.
  • the first targeting moiety is an scFv and comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 501 or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto; and the second targeting moiety comprises a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 377 or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the first and second targeting moiety bind to distinct epitopes on CD8.
  • the lipid particle further comprising a second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein that is a variant paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein comprising one or more mutations that reduces the native tropism relative to the wild-type paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein not comprising the one or more mutations.
  • the distinct epitopes are non-overlapping.
  • the first and second targeting moiety bind to the distinct epitopes in a non-competitive manner.
  • each of the first targeting moiety and the second targeting moiety are independently selected from the group consisting of an antibody or antigen- binding fragment, a DARPin, an Aptamer, an Affimer, an Affibody, a Knottin, an Avimer, a Monobody, an Anticalin, a Fynomer, and a targeting peptide.
  • the first targeting moiety and the second targeting moiety are independently selected from the group consisting of a single domain antibody or a single chain variable fragment (scFv).
  • a lipid particle comprising (a) a retargeted attachment protein comprising (i) a first paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein; and (ii) a first and second targeting moiety directed to CD117, (b) a second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein that is a variant paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein comprising one or more mutations that reduces the native tropism relative to the wild-type paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein not comprising the one or more mutations; and (c) at least one paramyxovirus fusion (F) protein; and wherein the protein in (a), (b) and (c) are exposed on the outside of the lipid bilayer.
  • lipid particle comprising (a) a retargeted attachment protein comprising (i) a first paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein; and (ii) a first and second targeting moiety directed to CD8, (b) a second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein that is a variant paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein comprising one or more mutations that reduces the native tropism relative to the wild-type paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein not comprising the one or more mutations; and (c) at least one paramyxovirus fusion (F) protein; and wherein the protein in (a), (b) and (c) are exposed on the outside of the lipid bilayer.
  • the first paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein is a variant paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein.
  • the variant paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein comprises one or more mutations that reduces native tropism relative to the wild-type paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein not comprising the one or more mutations.
  • the second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein is a variant paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein.
  • the variant paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein comprises one or more mutations that reduces native tropism relative to the wild-type paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein not comprising the one or more mutations.
  • the first targeting moiety is selected from the group consisting of a single domain antibody or a single chain variable fragment (scFv).
  • the second targeting moiety is selected from the group consisting of a single domain antibody or a single chain variable fragment (scFv).
  • the single domain antibody is a VHH.
  • the first paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein is an envelope attachment protein from a Nipah virus, Hendra virus, or Measles virus, or is a variant or biologically active portion thereof of any of the foregoing.
  • the first paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein is a wild-type paramyxovirus G protein, H protein or HN protein or is a variant or biologically active portion of any of the foregoing.
  • the first paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein is a wild-type Nipah virus G (NiV-G) protein or is a variant or biologically active portion of a NiV-G.
  • the first paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein is a variant NiV-G that is a variant or a biologically active portion of a wild-type NiV-G.
  • the second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein is an 11 sf-5966708 186152009440 envelope attachment protein from a Nipah virus, Hendra virus, or Measles virus, or is a variant or biologically active portion of any of the foregoing.
  • the second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein is a wild-type paramyxovirus G protein, H protein or HN protein or is a variant or biologically active portion of any of the foregoing.
  • the second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein is a wild-type Nipah virus G (NiV-G) protein or is a variant or a biologically active portion of a NiV-G. In some of any of the provided embodiments, the second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein is a variant NiV-G that is a variant or a biologically active portion of a wild-type NiV-G. In some of any of the provided embodiments, the second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein is a variant paramyxovirus envelope glycoprotein from a Nipah virus, Hendra virus, or Measles virus or a biologically active portion thereof.
  • the second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein is a variant of a wild-type paramyxovirus G protein, H protein or HN protein or a biologically active portion thereof.
  • the variant is a variant NiV-G that is a variant of a wild-type Nipah virus G (NiV-G) protein or a biologically active portion thereof.
  • the variant NiV-G is truncated by up to 40 contiguous amino acids at or near the N-terminus of the wild-type NiV-G set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.
  • the variant NiV-G has a truncation of amino acids 2-34 of the wild-type NiV-G set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. In some of any of the provided embodiments, the variant NiV-G exhibits reduced binding to Ephrin B2 or Ephrin B3. In some of any of the provided embodiments, the variant NiV-G comprises: one or more amino acid substitutions corresponding to amino acid substitutions selected from the group consisting of E501A, W504A, Q530A and E533A with reference to numbering set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.
  • the variant NiV-G comprises amino acid substitutions E501A, W504A, Q530A and E533A with reference to numbering set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.
  • the variant NiV-G has the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 228 or an amino acid sequence having at or about 80%, at least at or about 81 %, at least at or about 82%, at least at or about 83%, at or about 84%, at least at or about 85%, at least at or about 86%, or at least at or about 87%, at least at or about 88%, or at least at or about 89%, at least at or about 90%, at least at or about 91 %, at least at or about 92%, at least at or about 93%, at least at or about 94%, at least at or about 95%, at or about 96%, at least at or about 97%, at least at or about 98%, or at least at or about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:
  • the variant NiV-G has the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:228.
  • the at least one paramyxovirus fusion (F) protein is an F protein from a henipavirus or is a biologically active portion thereof or variant thereof. 12 sf-5966708 186152009440 [0034]
  • the henipavirus is a Hendra virus.
  • the henipavirus is a Nipah virus.
  • the paramyxovirus F protein is a wild-type NiV-F protein or a variant or a biologically active portion thereof.
  • the variant NiV-F has the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 227 or an amino acid sequence having at or about 80%, at least at or about 81%, at least at or about 82%, at least at or about 83%, at or about 84%, at least at or about 85%, at least at or about 86%, or at least at or about 87%, at least at or about 88%, or at least at or about 89%, at least at or about 90%, at least at or about 91%, at least at or about 92%, at least at or about 93%, at least at or about 94%, at least at or about 95%, at or about 96%, at least at or about 97%, at least at or about 98%, or at least at or about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:227.
  • the variant NiV-F has the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:227.
  • the paramyxovirus F protein is an F0 precursor or is a proteolytically cleaved form thereof comprising F1 and F2 subunits.
  • the proteolytically cleaved form is a cathepsin L cleavage product.
  • the paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein and the first targeting moiety and second targeting moiety are linked via one or more linkers.
  • the one or more linkers are one or more peptide linker.
  • the retargeted attachment protein comprises in order: Paramyxovirus attachment protein – first linker – first targeting moiety – second linker – second targeting moiety.
  • the first linker and second linker is independently a peptide linker. In some of any of the provided embodiments, the first linker and second linker are the same. In some of any of the provided embodiments, the first linker and second linker are different. In some of any of the provided embodiments, the peptide linker is 2 to 65 amino acids in length.
  • the peptide linker is a flexible linker that comprises GS, GGS, GGGGS, GGGGGS or combinations thereof.
  • the peptide linker is selected from: (GGS)n, wherein n is 1 to 10; (GGGGS)n, wherein n is 1 to 10; or (GGGGGS)n, wherein n is 1 to 6.
  • the peptide linker is selected from SEQ ID NOs: 589-592.
  • the lipid particle further comprises one or more additional paramyxovirus envelope attachment glycoproteins embedded in the lipid bilayer.
  • the one or more additional paramyxovirus envelope attachment glycoproteins is a retargeted attachment protein comprising a paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein and a further targeting moiety.
  • the at least one paramyxovirus fusion (F) protein exhibits fusogenic activity with a target cell upon binding of at least one paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein to the target molecule on the target cell.
  • the lipid particle comprises a viral nucleic acid.
  • the viral nucleic acid comprises one or more of (e.g., all of) the following nucleic acid sequences: 5’ LTR (e.g., comprising U5 and lacking a functional U3 domain), Psi packaging element (Psi), Central polypurine tract (cPPT)/central termination sequence (CTS) (e.g. DNA flap), Poly A tail sequence, a posttranscriptional regulatory element (e.g. WPRE), a Rev response element (RRE), and 3’ LTR (e.g., comprising U5 and lacking a functional U3).
  • 5’ LTR e.g., comprising U5 and lacking a functional U3 domain
  • Psi packaging element Psi packaging element
  • cPPT Central polypurine tract
  • CTS central termination sequence
  • Poly A tail sequence e.g. DNA flap
  • WPRE posttranscriptional regulatory element
  • RRE Rev response element
  • 3’ LTR e.g.,
  • the lipid particle is a viral vector. In some of any of the provided embodiments, that is a retroviral vector. In some of any of the provided embodiments, that is a lentiviral vector. In some of any of the provided embodiments, the lipid particle is devoid of viral genomic DNA. In some of any of the provided embodiments, the lipid particle is a viral like particle. In some of any of the provided embodiments, the lipid particle is a retroviral-like particle. In some of any of the provided embodiments, the lipid particle is a viral like particle. In some of any of the provided embodiments, the lipid particle is a lentiviral-like particle.
  • the lipid particle is produced as a preparation with increased titer compared to a reference lipid particle preparation that is similarly produced but with only the first retargeted attachment protein. In some of any of the provided embodiments, the lipid particle is produced as a preparation with increased titer compared to a reference lipid particle preparation that is similarly produced but without the second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein that is a variant paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein comprising one or more substitutions to reduce the native tropism relative to the wild-type paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein not comprising the one or more substitutions.
  • the second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein that is a variant paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein comprises one or more amino acid substitutions corresponding to amino acid substitutions selected from the group consisting of E501A, W504A, Q530A and E533A with reference to numbering set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.
  • the lipid particle is produced in suspension culture as a preparation with increased titer compared to a reference lipid particle preparation that is similarly produced but with only the first retargeted attachment protein.
  • the titer is increased by at or greater than 1.2- fold, 1.3-fold, 1.4-fold, 1.5-fold, 1.6-fold, 1.7-fold, 1.8-fold, 2-fold, 2.5-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6- fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, or more.
  • the lipid particle further comprises an exogenous agent for delivery to a target cell. In some of any of the provided embodiments, the exogenous agent is present in the lumen.
  • the exogenous agent is a protein or a nucleic acid, optionally wherein the nucleic acid is a DNA or RNA. In some of any of the provided embodiments, the exogenous agent is a nucleic acid encoding a cargo for delivery to the target cell. In some of any of the provided embodiments, the exogenous agent is or encodes a therapeutic agent, a diagnostic agent or a genome-modifying enzyme. In some of any of the provided embodiments, the exogenous agent encodes a membrane protein, optionally wherein the membrane protein is an antigen receptor for targeting cells expressed by or associated with a disease or condition. In some of any of the provided embodiments, the membrane protein is a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR).
  • CAR chimeric antigen receptor
  • the exogenous agent is a nucleic acid comprising a payload gene for correcting a genetic deficiency, optionally a genetic deficiency in the target cell, optionally wherein the genetic deficiency is associated with a liver cell or a hepatocyte.
  • binding of the paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein or biologically active portion thereof to a target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell mediates fusion of the particle with the target cell and delivery of the exogenous agent to the target cell.
  • at or greater than 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% of the target cells are delivered the exogenous agent.
  • delivery of the exogenous cell to the target cell is increased compared to a reference particle preparation that is similarly produced but with only a first retargeted attachment protein.
  • the delivery to the target cell is increased by at or greater than 1.2-fold, 1.3-fold, 1.4-fold, 1.5-fold, 1.6-fold, 1.7-fold, 1.8-fold, 2-fold, 2.5-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8- fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, or more.
  • a producer cell comprising (a) a nucleic acid encoding a retargeted attachment protein comprising a paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein linked to (i) a first targeting moiety directed to a first target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell, and (ii) a second targeting moiety directed to a second target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell; and (b) a nucleic acid encoding at least one paramyxovirus fusion (F) protein.
  • the producer cell further comprises a nucleic acid encoding a second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein that is a variant paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein comprising one or more amino acid substitutions to reduce the native 15 sf-5966708 186152009440 tropism relative to the wild-type paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein not comprising the one or more amino acid substitutions.
  • the cell further comprises a viral nucleic acid(s). In some of any of the provided embodiments, the viral nucleic acid(s) are lentiviral nucleic acids. In some of any of the provided embodiments, the cell is a mammalian cell.
  • the producer cell is selected from the group consisting of CHO cells, BHK cells, MDCK cells, C3H 10T1/2 cells, FLY cells, Psi-2 cells, BOSC 23 cells, PA317 cells, WEHI cells, COS cells, BSC 1 cells, BSC 40 cells, BMT 10 cells, VERO cells, W138 cells, MRC5 cells, A549 cells, HT1080 cells, 293 cells, 293T cells, B-50 cells, 3T3 cells, NIH3T3 cells, HepG2 cells, Saos-2 cells, Huh7 cells, HeLa cells, W163 cells, 211 cells, and 211A cells.
  • the producer cell comprises 293T cells.
  • the viral nucleic acid(s) lacks one or more genes involved in viral replication.
  • the viral nucleic acid comprises a nucleic acid encoding a viral packaging protein selected from one or more of Gag, Pol, Rev and Tat.
  • the viral nucleic acid comprises: one or more of (e.g., all of) the following nucleic acid sequences: 5’ LTR (e.g., comprising U5 and lacking a functional U3 domain), Psi packaging element (Psi), Central polypurine tract (cPPT)/central termination sequence (CTS) (e.g.
  • a method of making a lipid particle comprising: a) providing a producer cell such as any of the provided producer cells; b) culturing the cell under conditions that allow for production of the lipid particle, and c) separating, enriching, or purifying the lipid particle from the cell, thereby making the lipid particle.
  • the lipid particle is a pseudotyped lentiviral vector.
  • a lipid particle produced by any of the provided methods is also provided herein. Also provided herein is a composition comprising any of the provided lipid particles and/or a plurality of any of the provided lipid particles. Provided herein is a method transducing a cell comprising contacting a cell with any of the provided lipid particles and/or compositions. Provided herein is a method of delivering an exogenous agent into a target cell comprising contacting a cell with any of the provided lipid particles and/or compositions with a target cell. [0050] In some of any of the provided embodiments, the contacting is in vitro or ex vivo. In some of any of the provided embodiments, the contacting is in vivo in a subject.
  • the exogenous agent is or encodes a therapeutic agent for treating a disease or condition in the subject.
  • a method of treatment the method comprising administering to a subject any of the provided lipid particles and/or compositions.
  • the exogenous agent is or encodes a membrane protein, optionally a chimeric antigen receptor, for targeting an antigen associated with a disease or condition in the subject.
  • the exogenous agent is for use in gene therapy to correct a genetic deficiency or replaces a deficient or missing gene in the subject.
  • the subject is a human subject.
  • the methods delivery a particle (e.g. a lentiviral particle), including a particle containing an exogenous agent, to a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC).
  • the method further comprises administering to the subject one or more agents that stimulate mobilization of bone marrow cells from the bone marrow to the peripheral blood.
  • the subject has previously been administered one or more agents that stimulate mobilization of bone marrow cells from the bone marrow to the peripheral blood.
  • the one or more agents that stimulate mobilization are selected from the group consisting of stem cell factor (SCF), small molecule VLA-4 inhibitor BI05192, BOP (N-(benzenesulfonyl)-L-prolyl-L-0-(1-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)tyrosine), heparin, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), MGTA-145, and plerixafor (AMD3100).
  • FIG.1A depicts viral vector titer for exemplary tandem CD117 VHH binders and single CD117 VHH binders.
  • Viral titer for vector pseudotyped with a re-targeted tandem fusogen targeting CD117 and a NiV-F protein with and without an additional blinded fusogen ( ⁇ Gm) are shown for both CD117-overexpressing cells (FIG.1B) and CD34+ cells (FIG.1C).
  • FIG.1D shows primary cell transduction for exemplary tandem binders.
  • FIG.2 depicts transduction of CD34+ primary cells via two exemplary CD133 tandem binders.
  • FIGS.3A and 3B show transduction for the indicated fusogens.
  • FIG.3A depicts transduction of SupT1 T cells via two exemplary CD8 tandem binders.
  • FIG.3B depicts transduction of Pan-T cells comparing a single binder to a tandem binder. 17 sf-5966708 186152009440
  • FIG.4A shows an exemplary protocol for assessing transduction efficiency in long-term humanized mice.
  • FIG.4B shows percent transduction in bone marrow compartments using tandem fusogens.
  • a model study design for non-human primates is shown in FIG.5.
  • a lipid particle that contains a fusogen protein on the outer surface of the lipid particle that contains two or more targeting moieties (also termed “tandem fusogen”).
  • the fusogen is embedded in the lipid bilayer of the lipid particle.
  • the fusogen contains a viral envelope attachment protein that is linked to the two or more targeting moieties.
  • the at least two targeting moieties are directed against a target molecule or target molecules on the surface of a cell to thereby retarget the attachment protein to the target molecule or target molecules.
  • the viral envelope attachment protein contains a first targeting moiety directed to a first target molecule and a second targeting moiety directed to a second target molecule. In some embodiments the first and second target molecule are the same. In some embodiments, the first and second target molecule are different.
  • the attachment protein is fused to the two or more targeting moieties in which one or more peptide linkers connect the attachment protein and the two or more targeting moieties. In some embodiments, the fusogen facilitates the fusion of the lipid particle to a plasma cell membrane of one or more target cell.
  • a lipid particle in which a retargeted attachment protein includes at least two targeting moieties directed to a target molecule or target molecules on the surface of the cells and the lipid particle also contains a second attachment protein that is a fusion protein (F protein).
  • the fusogen is composed of a viral attachment protein comprising the two or more targeting moieties and a fusion protein (F protein) that together are a fusogen.
  • the fusogen may be derived from a paramyxovirus.
  • the viral attachment protein is a paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein, such as a G, H or HN protein
  • the F protein is at least one paramyxovirus fusion (F) protein.
  • the attachment protein is a variant attachment protein containing one or more mutations (e.g. amino acid substitutions) to reduce or ablate the native tropism relative to the wild-type virus envelope attachment protein (e.g., paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein) not comprising the one or more mutations.
  • the lipid particle provided herein includes (a) a retargeted attachment protein with (i) a first targeting moiety directed to a first target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell, and (ii) a second targeting moiety directed to a second target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell.
  • the lipid particles such as viral vectors or viral-like particles, contain one or more attachment proteins (e.g., fusogens).
  • the lipid 18 sf-5966708 186152009440 particle e.g. viral vector or viral-like particle, contains an exogenous or overexpressed attachment protein (e.g., fusogen).
  • the attachment protein is disposed in the lipid bilayer.
  • the attachment protein e.g., fusogen
  • the membrane is a plasma cell membrane of a target cell.
  • the lipid particle such as a viral or non-viral vector, comprising the attachment protein (e.g., fusogen) integrates into the membrane into a lipid bilayer of a target cell.
  • the attachment protein e.g., fusogen
  • the attachment protein results in formation of one or more pores between the interior of the non-cell particle and the cytosol of the target cell.
  • the attachment protein e.g., fusogen
  • the attachment protein may include a non-mammalian protein, e.g., a viral protein.
  • a viral fusogen is a Class I viral membrane fusion protein, a Class II viral membrane protein, a Class III viral membrane fusion protein, a viral membrane glycoprotein, or other viral fusion proteins, or a homologue thereof, a fragment thereof, a variant thereof, or a protein fusion comprising one or more proteins or fragments thereof.
  • the lipid particle provided herein includes (a) a retargeted attachment protein comprising a paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein operably fused in tandem with (i) a first targeting moiety directed to a first target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell, and (ii) a second targeting moiety directed to a second target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell; and (b) a paramyxovirus fusion protein.
  • the retargeted attachment protein comprises a variant paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein comprising one or more mutations to reduce native tropism relative to the wild-type paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein not comprising the one or more mutations.
  • the lipid particle further contains a second viral envelope attachment protein embedded in the lipid bilayer of the lipid particle that is not attached to a targeting moiety.
  • the second viral envelope attachment protein is a paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein, such as a G, H or HN protein.
  • the first viral envelope attachment protein and the second viral envelope attachment protein are the same.
  • the second viral envelope attachment protein is a variant paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein comprising one or more mutations to reduce native tropism relative to the wild-type paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein not comprising the one or more mutations. a second envelope attachment protein.
  • the second viral envelope attachment protein is not linked or fused to a non-viral heterologous moiety, such as a targeting moiety.
  • the lipid particle provided herein includes (a) a retargeted attachment protein comprising a first paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein operably fused in tandem with (i) a first targeting moiety directed to a first target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell, and (ii) a 19 sf-5966708 186152009440 second targeting moiety directed to a second target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell; (b) a second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein; and (b) a paramyxovirus fusion protein.
  • the first and second paramyxovirus envelope attachment proteins are the same.
  • each of the first and second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein is a variant paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein comprising one or more mutations to reduce native tropism relative to the wild-type paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein not comprising the one or more mutations.
  • the second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein is not linked or fused to a non-viral heterologous moiety, such as a targeting moiety.
  • the at least two targeting moieties e.g., a first targeting moiety and second targeting moiety, bind a target molecule on the same target cell.
  • the at least two targeting moieties are the same. In some embodiments, the at least two targeting moieties, e.g., a first targeting moiety and a second targeting moiety, are different. In some embodiments, the at least two targeting moieties, e.g., a first targeting moiety and a second targeting moiety, bind to different epitopes of the same target molecule. [0066] In some embodiments, the at least two targeting moieties, e.g., a first targeting moiety and a second targeting moiety, bind to target molecules on the surface of different target cells.
  • Exemplary target cells include cells present in a blood sample from a subject.
  • the cells include a leukocyte component.
  • the target cells include polymorphonuclear cells (also known as PMN, PML, PMNL, or granulocytes),
  • the target cells include lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, T cells (e.g. CD4 or CD8 T cells including cytotoxic T lymphocytes) or B cells.
  • the target cells include hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
  • the retargeted attachment protein comprises a paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein and (i) a first targeting moiety directed to a first target molecule expressed on the surface of a T cell, and (ii) a second targeting moiety directed to a second target molecule expressed on the surface of a T cell.
  • the target molecule on a T cell is CD3, CD4 or CD8.
  • the first and second target molecule are the same.
  • the first and second target molecule is CD3.
  • the first and second target molecule is CD4.
  • the first and second target molecule is CD8.
  • the first targeting moiety and second targeting moiety are the same.
  • the F protein contains an extracellular domain of Hendra virus and a transmembrane/cytoplasmic domain of Nipah virus.
  • the provided lipid particles exhibit advantages over available envelope-pseudotyped particles.
  • VSV-G is the most common envelope glycoprotein used for pseudotyping but its broad tropism is often not ideal or desirable for specific target cell delivery, such as is desired for gene therapy or exogenous protein delivery.
  • envelope proteins may exhibit reduced tropism or may be amenable to linkage to a binding domain for redirected targeting to a desired target cell, the titer of a preparation of lentiviral vectors containing such envelope proteins may be too low to allow for efficient transduction.
  • a fusosome also may include an exogenous agent or a nucleic acid encoding an exogenous agent, which may be present in the lumen of the fusosome.
  • fusosome composition refers to a composition comprising one or more fusosomes.
  • fusogen refers to an agent or molecule that creates an interaction between two membrane enclosed lumens. In embodiments, the fusogen facilitates fusion of the membranes. In other embodiments, the fusogen creates a connection, e.g., a pore, between two lumens (e.g., a lumen of a retroviral vector and a cytoplasm of a target cell).
  • a target cell is a diseased cell, e.g., a cancer cell.
  • the fusogen e.g., re-targeted fusogen leads to preferential delivery of the exogenous agent to a target cell compared to a non-target cell.
  • a “non-target cell” refers to a cell of a type to which it is not desired that a lipid particle delivers an exogenous agent.
  • a non-target cell is a cell of a specific tissue type or class.
  • a non-target cell is a non-diseased cell, e.g., a non-cancerous cell.
  • percent (%) amino acid sequence identity and “homology” with respect to a peptide, polypeptide or antibody sequence are defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that are identical with the amino acid residues in the specific peptide or polypeptide sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN or MEGALIGN (DNASTAR) software.
  • isolated refers to a molecule that has been separated from at least some of the components with which it is typically found in nature or produced.
  • a polypeptide is referred to as “isolated” when it is separated from at least some of the components of the cell in which it was produced.
  • a polypeptide is secreted by a cell after expression, physically separating the supernatant containing the polypeptide from the cell that produced it is considered to be “isolating” the polypeptide.
  • the term “effective amount” as used herein means an amount of a pharmaceutical composition which is sufficient to significantly and positively modify the symptoms and/or conditions to be treated (e.g., provide a positive clinical response).
  • the effective amount of an active ingredient for use in a pharmaceutical composition will vary with the particular condition being treated, the severity of the condition, the duration of treatment, the nature of concurrent therapy, the particular active ingredient(s) being employed, the particular pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient(s) and/or carrier(s) utilized, and like factors with the knowledge and expertise of the attending physician.
  • an “exogenous agent” as used herein with reference to a lipid particle, such as a viral vector refers to an agent that is neither comprised by nor encoded in the corresponding wild-type virus or fusosome made from a corresponding wild-type source cell.
  • the exogenous agent does not naturally exist, such as a protein or nucleic acid that has a sequence that is altered (e.g., by insertion, deletion, or substitution) relative to a naturally occurring protein.
  • the exogenous agent does not naturally exist in the source cell.
  • the exogenous agent exists naturally in the source cell but is exogenous to the virus.
  • the exogenous agent does not naturally exist in the recipient cell.
  • the exogenous agent exists naturally in the recipient cell, but is not present at a desired level or at a desired time.
  • the exogenous agent comprises RNA or protein.
  • a “promoter” refers to a cis- regulatory DNA sequence that, when operably linked to a gene coding sequence, drives transcription of the gene.
  • the promoter may comprise a transcription factor binding sites.
  • a promoter works in concert with one or more enhancers which are distal to the gene.
  • a composition refers to any mixture of two or more products, substances, or compounds, including cells.
  • the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to a material, such as a carrier or diluent, which does not abrogate the biological activity or properties of the compound, and is relatively nontoxic, i.e., the material may be administered to an individual without causing undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.
  • the term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a mixture of at least one compound of the invention with other chemical components, such as carriers, stabilizers, diluents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, and/or excipients.
  • the pharmaceutical composition facilitates administration of the compound to an organism. Multiple techniques of administering a compound exist in the art including, but not limited to, intravenous, oral, aerosol, parenteral, ophthalmic, pulmonary and topical administration.
  • a “disease” or “disorder” as used herein refers to a condition where treatment is needed and/or desired.
  • the terms “treat,” “treating,” or “treatment” refer to ameliorating a disease or disorder, e.g., slowing or arresting or reducing the development of the disease or disorder or reducing at least one of the clinical symptoms thereof.
  • ameliorating a disease or disorder can include obtaining a beneficial or desired clinical result that includes, but is not limited to, any one or more of: alleviation of one or more symptoms, diminishment of extent of disease, preventing or delaying spread (for example, metastasis, for example metastasis to the lung or to the lymph node) of disease, preventing or delaying recurrence of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration of the disease state, inhibiting the disease or progression of the disease, inhibiting or slowing the disease or its progression, arresting its development, and remission (whether partial or total).
  • the terms “individual” and “subject” are used interchangeably herein to refer to an animal; for example a mammal.
  • the term patient includes human and veterinary subjects.
  • methods of treating mammals including, but not limited to, humans, rodents, simians, felines, canines, equines, bovines, porcines, ovines, caprines, mammalian laboratory animals, mammalian farm animals, mammalian sport animals, and mammalian pets.
  • the subject can be male or female and can be any suitable age, including infant, juvenile, adolescent, adult, and geriatric subjects.
  • an “individual” or “subject” refers to an individual or subject in need of treatment for a disease or disorder.
  • the subject to receive the treatment can be a patient, designating the fact that the subject has been identified as having a disorder of relevance to the treatment, or being at adequate risk of contracting the disorder.
  • the subject is a human, such as a human patient.
  • nuclear export sequence (NES) or “nuclear export signal” (NES) refer to a nuclear export signal or other sequence or domain that is present in a protein and capable of 30 sf-5966708 186152009440 targeting the protein for export from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore complex using nuclear transport.
  • a nuclear export domain can be fused (e.g., fused in-frame) with a polypeptide.
  • nuclear localization sequence As used herein, the terms “nuclear localization sequence” (NLS) or “nuclear localization sequence” (NLS) refer to a nuclear localization signal or other sequence or domain that is present in a protein and capable of targeting the protein for import from the cytoplasm to the cell nucleus through the nuclear pore complex using nuclear transport.
  • a nuclear localization can be fused (e.g., fused in-frame) with a polypeptide.
  • LIPID PARTICLES COMPRISING TANDEM FUSOGENS [0117]
  • the lipid particles such as viral vectors or viral-like particles, contain one or more attachment proteins (e.g., fusogens).
  • the lipid particle e.g.
  • the viral vector or viral-like particle contains an exogenous or overexpressed attachment protein (e.g., fusogen).
  • the fusogen is disposed in the lipid bilayer.
  • the fusogen facilitates the fusion of the lipid particle to a membrane.
  • the lipid particle comprises an attachment protein that is retargeted, such as an attachment protein that is linked to at least two targeting moieties, such as a first and second targeting moiety.
  • the attachment protein e.g., fusogen
  • a viral fusogen is a Class I viral membrane fusion protein, a Class II viral membrane protein, a Class III viral membrane fusion protein, a viral membrane glycoprotein, or other viral fusion proteins, or a homologue thereof, a fragment thereof, a variant thereof, or a protein fusion comprising one or more proteins or fragments thereof.
  • Class I viral membrane fusion proteins include, but are not limited to, Baculovirus F protein, e.g., F proteins of the nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) genera, e.g., Spodoptera exigua MNPV (SeMNPV) F protein and Lymantria dispar MNPV (LdMNPV), and paramyxovirus F proteins.
  • NPV nucleopolyhedrovirus
  • SeMNPV Spodoptera exigua MNPV
  • LdMNPV Lymantria dispar MNPV
  • Class II viral membrane proteins include, but are not limited to, tick bone encephalitis E (TBEV E), Semliki Forest Virus E1/E2.
  • Class III viral membrane fusion proteins include, but are not limited to, rhabdovirus G (e.g., fusogenic protein G of the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV-G)), herpesvirus glycoprotein B (e.g., Herpes Simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) gB)), Epstein Barr Virus glycoprotein B (EBV gB), thogotovirus G, baculovirus gp64 (e.g., Autographa California multiple NPV (AcMNPV) gp64), Baboon endogenous retrovirus envelope glycoprotein (BaEV), and Borna disease virus (BDV) glycoprotein (BDV G).
  • rhabdovirus G e.g., fusogenic protein G of the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV-G)
  • herpesvirus glycoprotein B e.g., Herpes Simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) gB)
  • Epstein Barr Virus glycoprotein B gB
  • viral attachment proteins e.g., fusogens that are membrane glycoproteins and viral fusion proteins
  • viral syncytia proteins such as influenza 31 sf-5966708 186152009440 hemagglutinin (HA) or mutants, or fusion proteins thereof
  • human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein HIV-1 ENV
  • gp120 from HIV binding LFA-1 to form lymphocyte syncytium, HIV gp41, HIV gp160, or HIV Trans-Activator of Transcription (TAT)
  • viral glycoprotein VSV-G viral glycoprotein from vesicular stomatitis virus of the Rhabdoviridae family
  • murine leukemia virus (MLV)-10A1 Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus glycoprotein (GaLV); type G glycoproteins in Rabies, Mokola
  • Non-mammalian attachment proteins include viral fusogens, homologues thereof, fragments thereof, and fusion proteins comprising one or more proteins or fragments thereof.
  • Viral fusogens include class I fusogens, class II fusogens, class III fusogens, and class IV fusogens.
  • class I fusogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gp41, have a characteristic post fusion conformation with a signature trimer of ⁇ -helical hairpins with a central coiled-coil structure.
  • Class I viral fusion proteins include proteins having a central post fusion six-helix bundle.
  • Class I viral fusion proteins include influenza HA, parainfluenza F, HIV Env, Ebola GP, hemagglutinins from orthomyxoviruses, F proteins from paramyxoviruses (e.g. Measles, (Katoh et al. BMC Biotechnology 2010, 10:37)), ENV proteins from retroviruses, and fusogens of filoviruses and coronaviruses.
  • class II viral fusogens such as dengue E glycoprotein, have a structural signature of ⁇ - sheets forming an elongated ectodomain that refolds to result in a trimer of hairpins.
  • the class II viral fusogen lacks the central coiled coil.
  • Class II viral fusogen can be found in alphaviruses (e.g., E1 protein) and flaviviruses (e.g., E glycoproteins).
  • Class II viral fusogens include fusogens from Semliki Forest virus, Sinbis, rubella virus, and dengue virus.
  • class III viral fusogens such as the vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein, combine structural signatures found in classes I and II.
  • a class III viral fusogen comprises ⁇ helices (e.g., forming a six-helix bundle to fold back the protein as with class I viral fusogens), and ⁇ sheets with an amphiphilic fusion peptide at its end, reminiscent of class II viral fusogens.
  • Class III viral fusogens can be found in rhabdoviruses and 32 sf-5966708 186152009440 herpesviruses.
  • class IV viral fusogens are fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins (doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600767, Nesbitt, Rae L., "Targeted Intracellular Therapeutic Delivery Using Liposomes Formulated with Multifunctional FAST proteins” (2012). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. Paper 388), which are encoded by nonenveloped reoviruses.
  • the class IV viral fusogens are sufficiently small that they do not form hairpins (doi: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101512-122422, doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2007.12.008).
  • attachment protein e.g., fusogen
  • the attachment protein is any of the fusogenic moieties described in WO2017/182585; WO2022/164935; WO2021/076788; Hamilton et al. bioRxiv 2022.08.24.505004; Nikolic et al.
  • the attachment protein e.g., fusogen
  • the attachment protein is a poxviridae fusogen.
  • the lipid particle comprises an attachment protein that is a first paramyxovirus attachment protein that is retargeted, such as a paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein that is linked to at least two targeting moieties, such as a first and second targeting moiety.
  • the lipid particle further comprises at least one paramyxovirus fusion protein.
  • the paramyxovirus envelope attachment proteins and/or retargeted attachment proteins provided herein exhibit fusogenic activity to a target cell, such as to deliver an exogenous agent or nucleic acid exogenous agent to the target cell.
  • the paramyxovirus attachment protein is or comprises a hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) from a respiratory paramyxovirus.
  • the respiratory paramyxovirus is a Sendai virus.
  • the HN glycoproteins of Sendai viruses function to attach to sialic acids via the HN protein, and to mediate cell fusion for entry to cells via the F (fusion) protein.
  • the paramyxovirus attachment protein is or comprises a HN protein from the murine parainfluenza virus type 1 (See e.g., US Patent No.10704061).
  • the paramyxovirus attachment protein is or comprises a Nipah virus protein G, a measles protein H, a tupaia paramyxovirus H protein, a paramyxovirus G protein, a paramyxovirus H protein, a paramyxovirus HN protein, a Morbillivirus H protein, a respirovirus HN protein, a Sendai HN protein, a rubulavirus HN protein, an avulavirus HN protein, or a derivative thereof.
  • the paramyxovirus attachment protein is or comprises a sequence chosen from Nipah virus G proteins, measles virus H proteins, tupaia paramyxovirus H proteins, paramyxovirus G 33 sf-5966708 186152009440 proteins and H proteins and HN proteins, Hendra virus G proteins, Henipavirus G proteins, Morbillivirus H proteins, respirovirus HN protein, a Sendai virus HN protein, rubulavirus HN proteins, or avulavirus HN proteins, or a derivative thereof, or any combination thereof.
  • the lipid particles provided herein comprise a paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein, a first paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein, and/or a second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein.
  • the paramyxovirus attachment protein is retargeted.
  • the paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein may be an envelope glycoprotein G, H and/or HN of the Paramyxoviridae family.
  • the lipid particles provided herein comprise a first paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein, a second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein, and a third paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein.
  • each of the first, second, and third paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein may independently be an envelope glycoprotein G, H and/or HN of the Paramyxoviridae family.
  • the lipid particles provided herein comprise a first paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein, a second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein, a third paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein, and one or more additional paramyxovirus envelope attachment proteins, such as a fourth paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein, or a fourth and fifth paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein, or a fourth, fifth, and sixth paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein, or beyond.
  • each of the paramyxovirus envelope attachment proteins may independently be an envelope glycoprotein G, H and/or HN of the Paramyxoviridae family.
  • G Proteins [0135] In some embodiments, the paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein, first paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein, and/or second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein and/or the third paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein and/or the fourth paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein and/or the fifth paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein and/or the sixth paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein, and/or any additional paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein is an attachment glycoprotein G (G protein) or biologically active portion thereof.
  • G protein attachment glycoprotein G protein
  • the retargeted attachment protein comprises a first paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein G.
  • the lipid particle comprises a retargeted attachment protein, a first retargeted attachment protein, and/or second retargeted attachment protein exposed on the surface of the targeted lipid particle.
  • the lipid particle further comprises a third retargeted attachment protein exposed on the surface of the targeted lipid particle.
  • the lipid particle further comprises a third retargeted attachment protein and a fourth retargeted attachment protein 34 sf-5966708 186152009440 exposed on the surface of the targeted lipid particle.
  • the lipid particle further comprises a third retargeted attachment protein, a fourth retargeted attachment protein, and a fifth retargeted attachment protein exposed on the surface of the targeted lipid particle.
  • the lipid particle further comprises a third retargeted attachment protein, a fourth retargeted attachment protein, a fifth retargeted attachment protein, and one or more additional retargeted attachment proteins, exposed on the surface of the targeted lipid particle.
  • the retargeted attachment protein is or comprises a paramyxovirus attachment protein, wherein the paramyxovirus attachment protein is an attachment glycoprotein G (G protein) or biologically active portion thereof.
  • the retargeted attachment protein is or comprises a paramyxovirus attachment protein, wherein the paramyxovirus attachment protein is an attachment glycoprotein G (G protein) or biologically active portion thereof, and comprises a targeting moiety directed to a target molecule, e.g., a binding domain or a binding agent, expressed on the surface of a target cell.
  • the envelope attachment G proteins are type II transmembrane glycoproteins containing an N-terminal cytoplasmic tail (e.g. corresponding to amino acids 1-49 of SEQ ID NO:1), a transmembrane domain (e.g. corresponding to amino acids 50-70 of SEQ ID NO:1), and an extracellular domain containing an extracellular stalk (e.g.
  • the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain is within the inner lumen of the lipid bilayer and the C-terminal portion is the extracellular domain that is exposed on the outside of the lipid bilayer. Regions of the stalk in the C-terminal region (e.g. corresponding to amino acids 71-187 of SEQ ID NO: 1) have been shown to be involved in interactions with F protein and triggering of F protein fusion (Liu et al.2015 J of Virology 89:1838).
  • tropism of the G protein is altered by linkage of the G protein or biologically active fragment thereof (e.g. cytoplasmic truncation) to a sdAb variable domain.
  • Fusogenic activity includes the activity of the paramyxovirus fusion protein (e.g., F protein) in conjunction with a G protein to promote or facilitate fusion of two membrane lumens, such as the lumen of the lipid particle provided herein (e.g. having embedded in its lipid bilayer, such as exposed on its surface, at least two G proteins and a F protein), and a cytoplasm of a target cell, e.g. a cell that contains a surface receptor or molecule that is recognized or bound by the G protein.
  • a target cell e.g. a cell that contains a surface receptor or molecule that is recognized or bound by the G protein.
  • Genbank ID includes the Genbank ID of the whole genome sequence of the virus that is the centroid sequence of the cluster.
  • nucleotides of CDS provides the nucleotides corresponding to the CDS of the gene in the whole genome.
  • Full Gene Name provides the full name of the gene including Genbank ID, virus species, strain, and protein name.
  • Sequence provides the amino acid sequence of the gene.
  • #Sequences/Cluster provides the number of sequences that cluster with this centroid sequence.
  • Column 6 provides the SEQ ID numbers for the described sequences.
  • Fusogenic activity includes the activity of the paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein (e.g., G protein) in conjunction with a paramyxovirus fusion protein (e.g., F protein) to promote or facilitate fusion of two membrane lumens, such as the lumen of the targeted lipid particle having embedded in its lipid bilayer a paramyxovirus fusion protein (e.g., F protein) and paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein (e.g., G protein), and a cytoplasm of a target cell, e.g. a cell that contains a surface receptor or molecule that is recognized or bound by the targeted envelope protein.
  • a paramyxovirus fusion protein e.g., F protein
  • a cytoplasm of a target cell e.g. a cell that contains a surface receptor or molecule that is recognized or bound by the targeted envelope protein.
  • the paramyxovirus fusion protein (e.g., F protein) 38 sf-5966708 186152009440 and the paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein (e.g., G protein) are from the same paramyxovirus species (e.g. the same Henipavirus species such as NiV-G and NiV-F).
  • at least one G protein or the functionally active variant or biologically active portion thereof binds to Ephrin B2 or Ephrin B3.
  • the G protein is a variant G protein, such as a truncated G protein as described and retains binding to Ephrin B2 or B3.
  • Reference to retaining binding to Ephrin B2 or B3 includes binding that is similar to the level or degree of binding of the corresponding wild-type G protein, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 561, 562, 563, or 564, such as at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80% or at least 90% of the binding of the wild-type G protein.
  • the paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein, the first paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein, and/or the second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein is a variant G protein that exhibits reduced binding for the native binding partner of a wild- type G protein.
  • the first paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein, and/or the second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein and/or the third paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein is a variant G protein that exhibits reduced binding for the native binding partner of a wild-type G protein.
  • the first paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein, and/or the second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein and/or the third paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein and/or the fourth paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein is a variant G protein that exhibits reduced binding for the native binding partner of a wild- type G protein.
  • the first paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein, and/or the second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein and/or the third paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein and/or the fourth paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein and/or the fifth paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein, and/or one or more additional paramyxovirus envelope attachment proteins is a variant G protein that exhibits reduced binding for the native binding partner of a wild-type G protein.
  • the variant G protein or the biologically active portion thereof is a variant of wild-type NiV-G and exhibits reduced binding to one or both of the native binding partners Ephrin B2 or Ephrin B3.
  • the mutations allow for specific targeting of other desired cell types that are not Ephrin B2 or Ephrin B3.
  • the mutations result in 39 sf-5966708 186152009440 at least the partial inability to bind at least one natural receptor, such has reduce the binding to at least one of Ephrin B2 or Ephrin B3.
  • the mutations described herein interfere with natural receptor recognition.
  • at least one G protein contains one or more amino acid substitutions in a residue that is involved in the interaction with one or both of Ephrin B2 and Ephrin B3.
  • the amino acid substitutions correspond to mutations E501A, W504A, Q530A and E533A with reference to numbering set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.
  • at least one G protein is a variant G protein containing one or more amino acid substitutions selected from the group consisting of E501A, W504A, Q530A and E533A with reference to numbering set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.
  • at least one G protein is a variant G protein that contains one or more amino acid substitutions elected from the group consisting of E501A, W504A, Q530A and E533A with reference to SEQ ID NO:1 and is a biologically active portion thereof containing an N-terminal truncation.
  • lipid particle comprising a paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein that is not retargeted and comprises one or more amino acid substitutions to reduce the native tropism relative to the wild-type paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein not comprising the one or more amino acid substitutions.
  • a paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein is a variant paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein comprising one or more amino acid substitutions to reduce the native tropism relative to the wild-type paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein not comprising the one or more amino acid substitutions.
  • a paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein is a variant paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein comprises one or more amino acid substitutions corresponding to amino acid substitutions selected from the group consisting of E501A, W504A, Q530A and E533A with reference to numbering set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.
  • the NiV-G is a variant NiV-G proteins that contain an altered cytoplasmic tail compared to native NiV-G (e.g. SEQ ID NO:5) that are or can be incorporated into a lipid particle, such as a viral particle, including a lentiviral particle or lentiviral-like particle.
  • the cytoplasmic tail of NiV-G corresponds to amino acids 1-45 of SEQ ID NO:5.
  • the N-terminal methionine of NiV-G, or a variant NiV-G, as described herein can be cleaved and the cytoplasmic tail lacks an initial N-terminal methionine.
  • the cytoplasmic tail of wild-type NiV-G may correspond to amino acids 2-45 of SEQ ID NO:5, and the variant NiV-G protein contains a cytoplasmic tail that is altered compared to amino acids 2-45 of SEQ ID NO:5.
  • the variant NiV-G contains a modified cytoplasmic tail in which the native cytoplasmic tail is truncated or is replaced by a heterologous cytoplasmic tail.
  • a modified cytoplasmic tail in which the native cytoplasmic tail is truncated or is replaced by a heterologous cytoplasmic tail.
  • At least one G protein is a variant G protein that is a functionally active variant or biologically active portion containing one or more amino acid mutations, such as one or more amino acid insertions, deletions, substitutions or truncations.
  • the mutations described herein relate to amino acid insertions, deletions, substitutions or truncations of amino acids compared to a reference G protein sequence.
  • the reference G protein sequence is the wild-type sequence of a G protein or a biologically active portion thereof.
  • At least one functionally active variant or the biologically active portion thereof is a variant of a wild-type Hendra (HeV) virus G protein, a wild-type Nipah (NiV) virus G-protein (NiV- G), a wild-type Cedar (CedPV) virus G-protein, a wild-type Mojiang virus G-protein, a wild-type bat Paramyxovirus G-protein or biologically active portion thereof.
  • the wild-type G protein has the sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 561, 562, 563, or 564.
  • At least one G protein is a variant G protein that is a biologically active portion that is an N-terminally and/or C-terminally truncated fragment of a wild-type Hendra (HeV) virus G protein, a wild-type Nipah (NiV) virus G-protein (NiV-G), a wild-type Cedar (CedPV) virus G-protein, a wild-type Mojiang virus G-protein, a wild-type bat Paramyxovirus G-protein.
  • the truncation is an N-terminal truncation of all or a portion of the cytoplasmic domain.
  • At least one variant G protein is a biologically active portion that is truncated and lacks up to 49 contiguous amino acid residues at or near the N-terminus of the wild-type G protein, such as a wild-type G protein set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 561, 562, 563, or 564.
  • At least one variant G protein is truncated and lacks up to 49 contiguous amino acids, such as up to 49, 48, 47, 46, 45, 44, 43, 42, 41, 40, 30, 38, 37, 36, 35, 34, 33, 32, 31, 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 contiguous amino acids at the N-terminus of the wild-type G protein.
  • at least one G protein is a wild-type Nipah virus G (NiV-G) protein or a Hendra virus G protein, or is a functionally active variant or biologically active portion thereof.
  • At least one G protein is a NiV-G protein that has the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, or is a functional variant or a biologically active portion thereof that has an amino acid sequence having at least at or about 80%, at least at or about 81%, at least at or about 82%, at least at or about 83%, at least at or about 84%, at least at or about 85%, at least at or about 86%, at least at or about 87%, at least at or about 88%, at least at or about 89%, at least at or about 90%, at least at or about 91%, at least at or about 92%, at least at or about 93%, at least at or about 94%, at least at or about 41 sf-5966708 186152009440 95%, at or about 96%, at least at or about 97%, at least at or about 98%, at least at or about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1.
  • the variant NiV-G comprises a modified cytoplasmic tail which comprises a truncated cytoplasmic tail from a glycoprotein from the same Nipah virus.
  • the variant NiV-G contains a modified cytoplasmic tail in which at least a part of the native cytoplasmic tail (e.g. corresponding to amino acids 1-45 of SEQ ID NO:5) is a truncated portion thereof from a glycoprotein from Nipah Virus.
  • the cytoplasmic tail is a truncated portion thereof that is at least 5 amino acids in length.
  • the truncated portion thereof is 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43 or 44 amino acids in length.
  • the variant NiV-G has a cytoplasmic tail that is a truncated NiV-G cytoplasmic tail.
  • the truncated NiV-G cytoplasmic tail has a deletion of up to 40, up to 35, up to 30, up to 29, up to 28, up to 27, up to 26, up to 25, up to 24, up to 23, up to 22, up to 21, up to 20, up to 19, up to 18, up to 17, up to 16, up to 15, or up to 14 contiguous amino acid residues at or near the N-terminus of the wild-type NiV-G cytoplasmic tail set forth in SEQ ID NO: 28.
  • the truncated NiV-G cytoplasmic tail has a deletion of up to 40, up to 35, up to 30, up to 29, up to 28, up to 27, up to 26, up to 25, up to 24, up to 23, up to 22, up to 21, up to 20, up to 19, up to 18, up to 17, up to 16, up to 15, or up to 14 contiguous amino acid residues at or near the N-terminus of the wild-type NiV-G cytoplasmic tail set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • the cytoplasmic tail of NiV-G is set forth in SEQ ID NO:4.
  • the variant NiV-G has a deletion of between 5 and 41 contiguous amino acid residues at or near the N-terminus of the wild-type NiV-G protein cytoplasmic tail set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the variant NiV-G has a deletion of between 26 and 40 contiguous amino acid residues at or near the N-terminus of the wild-type NiV-G protein cytoplasmic tail set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4. [0156] In some embodiments, at least one G protein is a variant NiV-G protein that is a biologically active portion of a wild-type NiV-G. In some embodiments, the biologically active portion is an N-terminally truncated fragment.
  • the variant NiV-G protein is truncated and lacks up to 5 contiguous amino acid residues at or near the N-terminus of the wild- type NiV-G protein, such as compared to wild-type NiV-G set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the variant NiV-G protein is truncated and lacks up to 10 contiguous amino acid residues at or near the N-terminus of the wild-type NiV-G protein, such as compared to wild-type 42 sf-5966708 186152009440 NiV-G set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the variant NiV-G protein is truncated and lacks up to 15 contiguous amino acid residues at or near the N-terminus of the wild-type NiV-G protein, such as compared to wild-type NiV-G set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the variant NiV-G protein is truncated and lacks up to 20 contiguous amino acid residues at or near the N-terminus of the wild-type NiV-G protein, such as compared to wild-type NiV-G set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the variant NiV-G protein is truncated and lacks up to 25 contiguous amino acid residues at or near the N-terminus of the wild-type NiV-G protein, such as compared to wild-type NiV-G set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the variant NiV-G protein is truncated and lacks up to 30 contiguous amino acid residues at or near the N-terminus of the wild-type NiV-G protein, such as compared to wild-type NiV-G set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the variant NiV-G protein is truncated and lacks up to 35 contiguous amino acid residues at or near the N-terminus of the wild-type NiV-G protein, such as compared to wild-type NiV-G set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the variant NiV-G protein also called variant NiV-G contains an N-terminal methionine.
  • the variant NiV-G has a cytoplasmic tail deletion of amino acid residues 2-41, 2-40, 2-39, 2-38, 2-37, 2-36, 2-35, 2-34, 2-33, 2-32, 2-31, 2-30, 2-29, 2-28, 2-27, 2-26, 2- 25, 2-22, 2-21, 2-16, 2-11, or 2-5 of SEQ ID NO:4.
  • the cytoplasmic tail is a truncated portion of the Nipah virus cytoplasmic tail set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 6-28.
  • the cytoplasmic tail is a truncated portion of the Nipah virus cytoplasmic tail set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 6-28 that lacks the N-terminal methionine.
  • the variant NiV-G has a sequence in which the cytoplasmic tail, such as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 6-28, is directly linked to the N-terminus of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the variant NiV-G has a sequence in which the cytoplasmic tail set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 6- 28 is directly linked to the N-terminus of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • the cytoplasmic tail is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, 13, or 19.
  • the variant NiV-G comprises the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO: 211, 220 or 221, or a sequence of amino acids that exhibits at least 85% sequence identity, at least 86% sequence identity, at least 87% sequence identity, at least 88% sequence identity, at least 89% sequence identity, at least 90% sequence identity, at least 91% sequence identity, at least 92% sequence identity, at least 93% sequence identity, at least 94% sequence identity, at least 95% sequence identity, at least 96% sequence identity, at least 97% sequence identity, at least 98% sequence identity, or at least 99% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 211, 220 or 221.
  • the truncated NiV-G cytoplasmic tail is the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO: 211, 220 or 221. 43 sf-5966708 186152009440 [0159]
  • the variant NiV-G comprises a modified cytoplasmic tail which comprises a heterologous cytoplasmic tail or a truncated portion thereof from a glycoprotein from another virus.
  • the other virus is a member of the Kingdom Orthornavirae.
  • the other virus is a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Arenaviridae, or Retroviridae.
  • the other virus is a member of the family Paramyxoviridae.
  • the variant NiV-G contains a modified cytoplasmic tail in which at least a part of the native cytoplasmic tail (e.g. corresponding to amino acids 1-45 of SEQ ID NO:5) is replaced by a heterologous cytoplasmic tail or a truncated portion thereof from a glycoprotein from another virus from another virus or viral-associated protein.
  • the replaced cytoplasmic tail is a heterologous cytoplasmic tail or a truncated portion thereof that is at least 5 amino acids in length.
  • the replaced heterologous cytoplasmic tail or a truncated portion thereof is from or from about 5-180 amino acids in length, such as from or from about 5-150, from or from about 5-100, from or from about 5-75, from or from about 5-50, from or from about 5-40, from or from about 5-30, from or from about 5-20, from or from about 5-10, from or from about 10-150, from or from about 10-100, from or from about 10-75, from or from about 10-50, from or from about 10-40, from or from about 10-30, from or from about 10-20, from or from about 20-150, from or from about 20-100, from or from about 20-75, from or from about 20-50, from or from about 20-40, from or from about 20- 30, from or from about 30-150, from or from about 30-100, from or from about 30-75, from or from about 30-50, from or from about 30-40, from or from about 40-150, from or from about 40-100, from or from about 40-75, from or from about 40-50,
  • the replaced heterologous cytoplasmic tail or a truncated portion thereof is 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 or 40 amino acids in length.
  • the heterologous cytoplasmic tail or the truncated portion thereof is directly linked to the N-terminus of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the heterologous cytoplasmic tail is a cytoplasmic tail or a truncated portion thereof from a glycoprotein from another virus, such as a paramyxovirus, a retrovirus, a filovirus, a rhabdovirus or an arenavirus.
  • the virus is a paramyxovirus other than a Nipah virus.
  • the virus is a measles virus, Bat paramyxovirus, Cedar Virus, Canine Distemper Virus, Sendai virus, Hendra virus, Human Parainfluenza virus, or Newcastle Disease virus.
  • the replaced heterologous cytoplasmic tail is the native cytoplasmic tail or a truncated portion of the native cytoplasmic tail of another virus, such as a truncated portion of the cytoplasmic tail set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 40-166.
  • the variant NiV-G has a sequence in which the heterologous cytoplasmic tail or the truncated portion thereof set forth in any one of SEQ ID 44 sf-5966708 186152009440 NOS: 40-166 is directly linked to the N-terminus of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the variant NiV-G contains mutations in the extracellular domain that reduce or abrogate binding to an Ephrin B2 or B3 corresponding to one or more of E501A, W504A, Q530A and E533A, with numbering of residues as set forth SEQ ID NO:1.
  • the variant NiV-G has a sequence in which the heterologous cytoplasmic tail or the truncated portion thereof set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 40-166 is directly linked to the N-terminus of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • the heterologous cytoplasmic tail or the truncated portion thereof may include any sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 40-166 that lacks the N-terminal methionine.
  • the virus is a retrovirus.
  • the virus may be a baboon endogenous virus (BaEV), Gibbon Ape Leukemia virus (GaLV), murine leukemia virus, or human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1).
  • the replaced heterologous cytoplasmic tail is the native cytoplasmic tail or a truncated portion of the native cytoplasmic tail of another virus, such as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 167-168, 174-177, 179-182, or 185-199.
  • the variant NiV-G has a sequence in which the heterologous cytoplasmic tail or the truncated portion thereof set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 167-168, 174-177, 179-182, or 185-199 is directly linked to the N- terminus of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the variant NiV-G contains mutations in the extracellular domain that reduce or abrogate binding to an Ephrin B2 or B3 corresponding to one or more of E501A, W504A, Q530A and E533A, with numbering of residues as set forth SEQ ID NO:1.
  • the variant NiV-G has a sequence in which the heterologous cytoplasmic tail or the truncated portion thereof set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 167-168, 174-177, 179-182, or 185-199 is directly linked to the N-terminus of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • the heterologous cytoplasmic tail or the truncated portion thereof may include any sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 167-168, 174-177, 179-182, or 185-199 that lacks the N-terminal methionine.
  • the virus is a filovirus.
  • the virus may be an Ebola virus (EboV).
  • the replaced heterologous cytoplasmic tail is the native cytoplasmic tail or a truncated portion of the native cytoplasmic tail of another virus, such as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 172 or 173.
  • the variant NiV-G has a sequence in which the heterologous cytoplasmic tail or the truncated portion thereof set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 172 or 173 is directly linked to the N-terminus of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the variant NiV-G contains mutations in the extracellular domain that reduce or abrogate binding to an Ephrin B2 or B3 corresponding to one or more of E501A, W504A, Q530A and E533A, with numbering of residues as set forth SEQ ID NO:1.
  • the variant NiV-G has a sequence in which the heterologous cytoplasmic tail or the truncated portion thereof set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 45 sf-5966708 186152009440 172 or 173 is directly linked to the N-terminus of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • the heterologous cytoplasmic tail or the truncated portion thereof may include any sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 172 or 173 that lacks the N-terminal methionine.
  • the virus is a rhabdovirus.
  • the virus may be Cocal vesiculovirus (Cocal) or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV).
  • the replaced heterologous cytoplasmic tail is the native cytoplasmic tail or a truncated portion of the native cytoplasmic tail of another virus, such as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 170, 171, 183, or 184.
  • the variant NiV-G has a sequence in which the heterologous cytoplasmic tail or the truncated portion thereof set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 70, 171, 183, or 184 is directly linked to the N-terminus of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the variant NiV-G contains mutations in the extracellular domain that reduce or abrogate binding to an Ephrin B2 or B3 corresponding to one or more of E501A, W504A, Q530A and E533A, with numbering of residues as set forth SEQ ID NO:1.
  • the variant NiV-G has a sequence in which the heterologous cytoplasmic tail or the truncated portion thereof set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 70, 171, 183, or 184 is directly linked to the N-terminus of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • the heterologous cytoplasmic tail or the truncated portion thereof may include any sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 70, 171, 183 or 184 that lacks the N-terminal methionine.
  • the virus is an arenavirus.
  • the virus may be Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV).
  • the replaced heterologous cytoplasmic tail is the native cytoplasmic tail or a truncated portion of the native cytoplasmic tail of another virus, such as set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 178.
  • the variant NiV-G has a sequence in which the heterologous cytoplasmic tail or the truncated portion thereof set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 178 is directly linked to the N-terminus of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the variant NiV-G contains mutations in the extracellular domain that reduce or abrogate binding to an Ephrin B2 or B3 corresponding to one or more of E501A, W504A, Q530A and E533A, with numbering of residues as set forth SEQ ID NO:1.
  • the variant NiV-G has a sequence in which the heterologous cytoplasmic tail or the truncated portion thereof set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 178 is directly linked to the N-terminus of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • the heterologous cytoplasmic tail or the truncated portion thereof may include any sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 178 that lacks the N-terminal methionine.
  • At least one variant NiV-G protein is truncated and lacks up to amino acid 34 at or near the N-terminus of the wild-type NiV-G protein, such as compared to wild- type NiV-G set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the variant NiV-G protein (also 46 sf-5966708 186152009440 called variant NiV-G) contains an N-terminal methionine.
  • the variant NiV-G protein lacks amino acids 2-34 as compared to wild-type NiV-G set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.
  • the NiV-G is set forth in SEQ ID NO:228.
  • At least one G protein has the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO: 228, or is a functionally active variant thereof or a biologically active portion thereof that retains binding and/or fusogenic activity.
  • the functionally active variant comprises an amino acid sequence having at least at or about 80%, at least at or about 85%, at least at or about 90%, at least at or about 91%, at least at or about 92%, at least at or about 93%, at least at or about 94%, at least at or about 95%, at or about 96%, at least at or about 97%, at least at or about 98%, or at least at or about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 228 and retains fusogenic activity in conjunction with a variant NiV-F protein as described.
  • At least one G protein is a variant G protein that comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 228.
  • the variant NiV-G contains a heterologous cytoplasmic tail that is a cytoplasmic tail or a truncated portion thereof from a glycoprotein from CD63.
  • the heterologous cytoplasmic tail replaces at least a part of the native cytoplasmic tail of NiV-G (e.g. corresponding to amino acids 1-45 of SEQ ID NO:5).
  • the heterologous tail is a contiguous sequence of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 N- terminal amino acids of the native cytoplasmic tail of CD63.
  • the native cytoplasmic tail of CD63 is set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 200, 201, or 202.
  • the heterologous cytoplasmic tail is a truncated portion of the CD63 cytoplasmic tail set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 200-205.
  • the variant NiV-G has a sequence in which the heterologous cytoplasmic tail set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 200-205 is directly linked to the N- terminus of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the variant NiV-G has a sequence in which the heterologous cytoplasmic tail set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 200-205 is directly linked to the N-terminus of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. [0169] In some embodiments, the variant NiV-G comprises a modified cytoplasmic tail which comprises a mutated cytoplasmic tail from a glycoprotein from the same Nipah virus.
  • the variant NiV-G contains a modified cytoplasmic tail in which at least a part of the native cytoplasmic tail (e.g. corresponding to amino acids 1-45 of SEQ ID NO:5) is a mutated portion thereof from a glycoprotein from Nipah Virus.
  • the cytoplasmic tail is a mutated portion of the Nipah virus cytoplasmic tail set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 29-38.
  • the truncated NiV-G cytoplasmic tail may include the sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 29-38 that lacks the N-terminal methionine.
  • the variant NiV-G has a sequence in which the cytoplasmic tail set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 29-38 is directly linked to the N-terminus of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the 47 sf-5966708 186152009440 variant NiV-G has a sequence in which the cytoplasmic tail set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 29-38 is directly linked to the N-terminus of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • any of the provided lipid particles may also contain an F protein, such as a NiV-F protein, such as a full-length NiV-F protein or a biologically active portion thereof or a variant thereof.
  • an F protein such as a NiV-F protein, such as a full-length NiV-F protein or a biologically active portion thereof or a variant thereof.
  • viral particles or viral-like particles such as lentiviral particles or lentiviral-like particles, that are pseudotyped with any of the provided variant NiV-G proteins and a NiV-F protein, such as a full-length NiV-F protein or a biologically active portion or a variant thereof.
  • Exemplary NiV-F proteins are further described in Section II.B.
  • the paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein, first paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein and/or second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein is a protein that retains fusogenic activity in conjunction with other retargeted attachment proteins, such as more than one G protein expressed as a multimer on the lipid bi-layer.
  • the first paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein and/or the second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein and/or the third paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein is a protein that retains fusogenic activity in conjunction with other retargeted attachment proteins, such as more than one G protein expressed as a multimer on the lipid bi-layer.
  • the first paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein and/or the second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein and/or the third paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein and/or the fourth paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein is a protein that retains fusogenic activity in conjunction with other retargeted attachment proteins, such as more than one G protein expressed as a multimer on the lipid bi-layer.
  • the first paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein and/or the second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein and/or the third paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein and/or the fourth paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein and/or one or more additional paramyxovirus envelope attachment proteins is a protein that retains fusogenic activity in conjunction with other retargeted attachment proteins, such as more than one G protein expressed as a multimer on the lipid bi-layer.
  • Fusogenic activity includes the activity of the paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein in conjunction with a protein that is a paramyxovirus fusion protein (e.g., an F protein) to promote or facilitate fusion of two membrane lumens, such as the lumen of the targeted lipid particle having embedded in its lipid bilayer at least two paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein and paramyxovirus fusion protein 48 sf-5966708 186152009440 (e.g., F and G proteins), and a cytoplasm of a target cell, e.g. a cell that contains a surface receptor or molecule that is recognized or bound by the targeted envelope protein.
  • a lipid particle e.g.
  • lentiviral vector containing at least two paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein and paramyxovirus fusion protein (e.g., F and G proteins) that is between at or about 10% and at or about 150% or more of the level or degree of binding of a reference lipid particle (e.g. lentiviral vector) that is similar, such as contains the same variant NiV-F, but that contains the corresponding wild-type G protein, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a lipid particle e.g.
  • lentiviral vector that retains fusogenic activity has at least or at least about 10% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity of the reference lipid particle that is similar (such as contains the same variant NiV-F) but that contains the corresponding wild-type G protein, such as at least or at least about 15% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity, at least or at least about 20% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity, at least or at least about 25% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity, at least or at least about 30% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity, at least or at least about 35% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity, at least or at least about 40% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity, at least or at least about 45% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity, at least or at least about 50% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity, at least or at least about 55% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity, at least or at least about 60% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity, at least or at least about
  • Reference to retaining fusogenic activity includes activity of a lipid particle (e.g. lentiviral vector) containing at least two paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein and paramyxovirus fusion protein (e.g., F and G proteins) that is between at or about 10% and at or about 150% or more of the level or degree of binding of a reference lipid particle (e.g. lentiviral vector) that is similar, such as contains the same variant NiV-F, but that contains only one of the provided paramyxovirus envelope attachment proteins (e.g., G proteins).
  • a lipid particle e.g. lentiviral vector
  • a lipid particle e.g. lentiviral vector
  • paramyxovirus fusion protein e.g., F and G proteins
  • lentiviral vector that retains fusogenic activity has at least or at least about 10% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity of the reference lipid particle that is similar (such as contains the same variant NiV-F) but that contains only one of the provided paramyxovirus envelope attachment proteins, such as at least or at least about 15% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity, at least or at least about 20% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity, at least or at least about 25% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity, at least or at least about 49 sf-5966708 186152009440 30% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity, at least or at least about 35% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity, at least or at least about 40% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity, at least or at least about 45% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity, at least or at least about 50% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity, at least or at least about 55% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity, at least or at least about
  • the G protein is a Paramyxovirus G glycoprotein (e.g., variant Paramyxovirus G glycoproteins) comprising one or more amino acid mutations that result in decreased glycosylation of the protein.
  • the one or more amino acid mutations also called deglycosylation mutations, can be one or more amino acid substitutions (also referred to as mutations).
  • the mutant Paramyxovirus G glycoprotein comprises an amino acid substitution at one or more amino acid positions that reduce glycosylation of the G glycoprotein.
  • the one or more amino acid substitutions disrupts an N-linked glycosylation site.
  • the mutant Paramyxovirus G glycoprotein is derived from Morbillivirus (e.g., measles virus (MeV), canine distemper virus, Cetacean morbillivirus, Peste-des-driven-ruminants virus, Phocine distemper virus, Rinderpest virus), Henipavirus (e.g., Hendra (HeV) virus, Nipah (NiV) virus, a Cedar (CedPV) virus, M ⁇ ji ⁇ ng virus, a Langya virus or bat Paramyxovirus).
  • Morbillivirus e.g., measles virus (MeV), canine distemper virus, Cetacean morbillivirus, Peste-des-driven-ruminants virus, Phocine distemper virus, Rinderpest virus
  • Henipavirus e.g., Hendra (HeV) virus, Nipah (NiV) virus, a Cedar (CedPV) virus, M ⁇ j
  • the mutant Paramyxovirus G glycoprotein is a mutant of a Paramyxovirus G glycoprotein derived from Nipah virus or Measles virus. In some embodiments, the mutant Paramyxovirus G protein is a mutant of a paramyxovirus G protein selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 561-564 or a modified Paramyxovirus G glycoprotein derived from any one of 1, 5, 561-564 containing an altered cytoplasmic tail .
  • the mutant Paramyxovirus G protein has a sequence of amino acids that has at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94% or at least 95% to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 5, 561-564 and contains the acid substitution at one or more amino acid positions that reduce glycosylation of the G glycoprotein as provided herein.
  • the mutant Paramyxovirus G protein that has one or more amino acid mutations that result in decreased glycosylation is a mutant of the truncated NiV-G set forth in SEQ ID NO:228.
  • the location of precited glycosylation sites can be determined using the sequence of a protein. For example, N-glycosylation often occurs at sites with the sequence N-X-S/T in which “X” is any amino acid except P.
  • the Paramyxovirus G glycoprotein to which the deglycosylation mutation is made is a NiV-G set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a modified Nipah G glycoprotein (NiV-G) that has an altered cytoplasmic tail compared to native NiV-G (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 1).
  • the variant Paramyxovirus G protein has a sequence of amino acids that has at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94% or at least 95% to SEQ ID NO: 1 and contains the acid substitution at one or more amino acid positions that reduce glycosylation of the G glycoprotein as provided herein.
  • the Paramyxovirus G glycoprotein to which the deglycosylation mutation is made is a NiV-G set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5 or a modified Nipah G glycoprotein (NiV-G) that has an altered cytoplasmic tail compared to native NiV-G (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 1).
  • the variant Paramyxovirus G protein has a sequence of amino acids that has at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94% or at least 95% to SEQ ID NO: 5 and contains the acid substitution at one or more amino acid positions that reduce glycosylation of the G glycoprotein as provided herein.
  • Exemplary modified NiV-G proteins with altered cytoplasmic tails to which the one or more amino acid substitutions for reducing glycosylation can be incorporated are described in Section II.A.1.
  • Amino acid positions for substitutions are described herein with positions “corresponding to” positions of a reference sequence.
  • amino acid substitutions are not limited to being made in only the reference sequence but also can be made in similar sequences by identification of residues that align or correspond with the reference positions. For instance, positions “corresponding to” to positions of a protein in a reference sequence can be identified upon alignment of a similar sequence with the referenced sequence based on structural sequence alignment or using a standard alignment algorithm, such as the GAP algorithm. By aligning the sequences, one skilled in the art can identify corresponding residues, for example, using conserved and identical amino acid residues as guides.
  • amino acid positions for mutations are described herein with reference to the exemplary truncated NiV-G sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:5; however, similar amino acid positions for 51 sf-5966708 186152009440 mutations as described can be made in other modified NiV-G sequences, such as any as described in Section II.A.1, by sequence alignment and identification of the corresponding residues.
  • the one or more amino acid mutations are at positions corresponding to positions 39, 126, 128, 273, 345, 384, 448, and 496 of SEQ ID NO:5.
  • the variant Paramyxovirus G glycoprotein comprises an amino acid mutation at any one of positions 39, 126, 128, 273, 345, 384, 448, and 496 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the variant Paramyxovirus G glycoprotein comprises two or more amino acid mutations at any of positions corresponding to positions 39, 126, 128, 273, 345, 384, 448, and 496 of SEQ ID NO:5., such as mutations at 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, or 8 of the positions. [0182] In some embodiments, the one or more amino acid mutations is at a position corresponding to position 39 of SEQ ID NO:5.
  • the one or more amino acid mutations is at a position corresponding to position 126 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the one or more amino acid mutations is at a position corresponding to position 128 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the one or more amino acid mutations is at a position corresponding to position 273 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the one or more amino acid mutations is at a position corresponding to position 345 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the one or more amino acid mutations is at a position corresponding to position 384 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the one or more amino acid mutations is at a position corresponding to position 448 of SEQ ID NO:5.
  • the one or more amino acid mutations is at a position corresponding to position 496 of SEQ ID NO:5.
  • the native amino acid at the position comprising the amino acid mutation is asparagine or serine.
  • the amino acid mutation is an amino acid substitution.
  • the mutation is an asparagine to glutamine substitution.
  • the mutation is a serine to alanine substitution.
  • the mutation is an asparagine to glutamine substitution at a position corresponding to position 39 (N39Q) of SEQ ID NO:5.
  • the mutation is an asparagine to glutamine substitution at a position corresponding to position 126 (N126Q) of SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the mutation is an asparagine to glutamine substitution at a position corresponding to position 273 (N273Q) of SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the mutation is an asparagine to glutamine substitution at a position corresponding to position 345 (N345Q) of SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the mutation is an asparagine to glutamine substitution at a position corresponding to position 384 (N384Q) of SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • the mutation is an asparagine to glutamine substitution at a position corresponding to position 448 (N448Q) of SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the mutation is an asparagine to glutamine substitution at a position corresponding to position 496 (N496Q) of SEQ ID NO: 5. 52 sf-5966708 186152009440 [0185] In some embodiments, the mutation is a serine to alanine substitution at a position corresponding to position 128 (S128A) of SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • the G glycoprotein is derived from Nipah virus G protein and the one or more amino acid substitutions are at positions corresponding to positions selected from the group consisting of 39, 126, 128, 273, 345, 384, 448, and 496 of SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • the one or more amino acid substitutions are selected from N39Q, N126Q, S128A, N273Q, N345Q, N384Q, N448Q, N496Q or any combination thereof.
  • the G glycoprotein is a mutant NiV- G containing one amino acid substitution from any one of N39Q, N126Q, S128A, N273Q, N345Q, N384Q, N448Q, N496Q. In some embodiments, the G glycoprotein is a mutant NiV-G containing two amino acid substitutions from any two of N39Q, N126Q, S128A, N273Q, N345Q, N384Q, N448Q, N496Q.
  • the G glycoprotein is a mutant NiV-G containing three amino acid substitutions from any three of N39Q, N126Q, S128A, N273Q, N345Q, N384Q, N448Q, N496Q. In some embodiments, the G glycoprotein is a mutant NiV-G containing four amino acid substitutions from any one of N39Q, N126Q, S128A, N273Q, N345Q, N384Q, N448Q, N496Q.
  • the G glycoprotein is a mutant NiV-G containing five amino acid substitutions from any one of N39Q, N126Q, S128A, N273Q, N345Q, N384Q, N448Q, N496Q. In some embodiments, the G glycoprotein is a mutant NiV-G containing six amino acid substitutions from any one of N39Q, N126Q, S128A, N273Q, N345Q, N384Q, N448Q, N496Q.
  • the G glycoprotein is a mutant NiV-G containing seven amino acid substitutions from any one of N39Q, N126Q, S128A, N273Q, N345Q, N384Q, N448Q, N496Q. In some embodiments, the G glycoprotein is a mutant NiV-G containing eight amino acid substitutions from any one of N39Q, N126Q, S128A, N273Q, N345Q, N384Q, N448Q, N496Q.
  • the one or more amino acid substitutions are in the SEQ ID NO:5 or a or a modified Nipah G glycoprotein (NiV-G) that has an altered cytoplasmic tail compared to native NiV-G (e.g., SEQ ID NO:5).
  • the amino acid substitutions are in a modified NiV-G protein described in Section II.A.
  • the amino acid substitutions are in the NiV-G set forth in SEQ ID NO:5.
  • the variant Nipah-G protein comprises at least three amino acid substitutions.
  • the amino acid substitutions are at positions 273, 384, and 496 of SEQ ID NO:5.
  • the amino acid substitutions are at positions 273, 345, and 496 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions are at positions 39, 126, and 128 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions are at positions 39, 273, and 345 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions are at positions 39, 384, and 448 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions are at positions 39, 448, and 496 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions are at positions 39, 128, and 273 of SEQ ID NO:5.
  • the amino acid substitutions are at positions 39, 345, and 384 of 53 sf-5966708 186152009440 SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions are at positions 39, 384, and 448 of SEQ ID NO:5. [0188] In some embodiments, the variant Nipah-G protein comprises at least two amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions are at positions 273, and 496 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions are at positions 345, and 496 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions are at positions 39 and 128 of SEQ ID NO:5.
  • the amino acid substitutions are at positions 39, and 345 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions are at positions 39, and 448 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions are at positions 39 and 496 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions are at positions 39 and 273 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions are at positions 39 and 384 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions are at positions 384 and 448 of SEQ ID NO:5. [0189] In some embodiments, the amino acid substitution is at position 39 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitution is at position 126 of SEQ ID NO:5.
  • the amino acid substitution is at position 128 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitution is at position 273 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitution is at position 345 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitution is at position 384 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitution is at position 448 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitution is at position 496 of SEQ ID NO:5. [0190] In some embodiments, the mutant Nipah-G protein comprises an asparagine to glutamine substitution at position 39 of SEQ ID NO:5.
  • the mutant Nipah-G protein comprises an asparagine to glutamine substitution at position 126 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the mutant Nipah-G protein comprises an asparagine to glutamine substitution at position 273 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the mutant Nipah-G protein comprises an asparagine to glutamine substitution at position 345 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the mutant Nipah-G protein comprises an asparagine to glutamine substitution at position 384 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the mutant Nipah-G protein comprises an asparagine to glutamine substitution at position 448 of SEQ ID NO:5.
  • the mutant Nipah-G protein comprises an asparagine to glutamine substitution at position 496 of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the mutant Nipah-G protein comprises a serine to alanine substitution at position 128 of SEQ ID NO:5. [0191] In some embodiments, the mutant Nipah-G protein comprises the sequence selected from the group consisting of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 640-766, such as any exemplary mutant Nipah-G proteins set forth in Table 2A below. In some embodiments, the mutant Nipah-G protein comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 660.
  • the variant Nipah-G protein comprises the sequence of SEQ 54 sf-5966708 186152009440 ID NO: 663. In some embodiments, the variant Nipah-G protein comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 667.
  • Table 2A Exemplary Mutated Paramyxovirus Nipah G Proteins NiV-G SEQ Position Position Position Position Position Position Position Position Position Position Position (Mutated) ID 39 126 273 345 384 448 496 NO NivG 5 N N N N N N N N N N NivG.690 640 Q N N N N N N N NivG.691 641 N Q N N N N N NivG.693 642 N N Q N N N N N NivG.694 643 N N N N Q N N N NivG.695 644 N N N N N N N N N N NivG.696 645 N N N N N N N N Q N NivG.697 646 N N N N N N N Q NivG.699 647 N N N N Q Q Q N NivG.700 648 N N N Q N Q N NivG.701 649 N N N N Q N N Q NivG.702 650 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Niv
  • the mutant Paramyxovirus G protein has a sequence of amino acids that has at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94% or at least 95% to SEQ ID NO: 769 and contains the acid substitution at one or more amino acid positions that reduce glycosylation of the G glycoprotein as provided herein.
  • the G glycoprotein is derived from Measles virus H (Mev-H) protein and the one or more amino acid substitutions are at positions corresponding to positions selected from the group consisting of 168, 187, 200, 215, 238 of SEQ ID NO: 769.
  • the mutant Mev- H protein comprises at least two amino acid substitutions, such as 2, 3, 4, or 5 substitutions at positions 168, 187, 200, 215, 238 of SEQ ID NO: 769.
  • the Paramyxovirus G glycoprotein to which the deglycosylation mutations is made is a Canine distemper virus H (CDV-H) protein or a modified CDV-H protein that has an altered cytoplasmic tail compared to native CDV-H (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 770).
  • the mutant Paramyxovirus G protein has a sequence of amino acids that has at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94% or at least 95% to SEQ ID NO: 770 and contains the acid substitution at one or more amino acid positions that reduce glycosylation of the G glycoprotein as provided herein.
  • the G glycoprotein is derived from Canine distemper virus H (CDV- H) protein and the one or more amino acid substitutions are at positions corresponding to positions selected from the group consisting of 19, 149, 422 of SEQ ID NO: 770.
  • the variant CDV-H protein comprises at least two amino acid substitutions, such as 2 or 3 substitutions at positions 19, 149, 422 of SEQ ID NO: 770.
  • a paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein such as a G protein (e.g., NiV-G) is further attached or linked in tandem with at least two binding domains that bind to a first and second target molecule respectively to comprise a retargeted attachment protein.
  • lipid particle that includes a targeted paramyxovirus envelope attachment proteins (e.g., a chimeric attachment G protein) containing any of the provided G proteins described above that is attached (e.g., operably fused in tandem) to a first and second binding domain, in which the retargeted attachment protein (e.g., re-targeted G protein) is exposed on the surface of the targeted lipid particle (e.g. lentiviral vector).
  • a targeted paramyxovirus envelope attachment proteins e.g., a chimeric attachment G protein
  • the retargeted attachment protein e.g., re-targeted G protein
  • the lipid particle comprises a retargeted attachment protein comprising (i) a paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein; and (ii) a 58 sf-5966708 186152009440 first targeting moiety directed to a first target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell, and (iii) a second targeting moiety directed to a second target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell.
  • each of the one or more of the paramyxovirus envelope attachment proteins such as a G protein (e.g., NiV-G) is further attached or linked in tandem to a first and a second targeting moiety, e.g., a first and second binding domain or a binding agent, directed to a first and second target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell.
  • the binding domains or binding agents can be individually selected from any binding domain or binding agent described herein, e.g., in Section II.
  • the lipid particle comprises one or more retargeted attachment proteins, wherein each of the one or more retargeted attachment proteins independently comprise: (i) a paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein; and (ii) a first targeting moiety directed to a first target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell, and (iii) a second targeting moiety directed to a second target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell.
  • the targeting moieties can be a binding domain or binding agent, such as any binding domain or any binding agent described herein, e.g., in Section II.
  • the envelope attachment protein is a retargeted attachment protein containing a henipavirus G protein or a biologically active portion thereof.
  • the envelope attachment proteins e.g., G protein
  • the envelope attachment proteins may be retargeted by tandem linkage to a targeting moiety, such as a binding molecule (e.g. antibody or antigen-binding fragment, e.g. sdAb or scFv) that binds to a target cell, such as a retargeted attachment protein.
  • a targeting moiety such as a binding molecule (e.g. antibody or antigen-binding fragment, e.g. sdAb or scFv) that binds to a target cell, such as a retargeted attachment protein.
  • the retargeted attachment protein and paramyxovirus fusion protein together exhibit fusogenic activity to a target cell, such as to deliver an exogenous agent or nucleic acid exogenous agent to the target cell.
  • the lipid particle comprises at least two retargeted attachment proteins comprising paramyxovirus envelope attachment proteins (e.g., G proteins), wherein at least one is retargeted by tandem linkage (e.g., operable fusion in tandem) to a first and a second targeting moiety, such as a binding molecule (e.g. antibody or antigen-binding fragment, e.g.
  • the retargeted attachment protein is retargeted by tandem linkage to a first and second targeting moiety, wherein the targeting moieties are directed to a target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell.
  • the retargeted attachment protein is retargeted by tandem linkage to a first and second targeting moiety, wherein the first and second targeting moiety are directed to the same target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell.
  • the retargeted attachment protein is retargeted by tandem linkage to a first and second targeting moiety, wherein the first and second targeting moiety are directed to a first and second target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell that are different.
  • the targeting one or both of the first target molecule and the second target molecule does not activate or 59 sf-5966708 186152009440 inhibit, induce a phenotype change (for example maturation and/or differentiation), induce proliferation, and/or induce apoptosis of said target cell.
  • the lipid particle comprises at least three retargeted attachment proteins comprising paramyxovirus envelope attachment proteins (e.g., G proteins), wherein at least one is retargeted by tandem linkage to a first and second targeting moiety, such as a binding molecule (e.g. antibody or antigen-binding fragment, e.g. sdAb or scFv) that binds to a target cell.
  • a binding molecule e.g. antibody or antigen-binding fragment, e.g. sdAb or scFv
  • the lipid particle comprises at least three retargeted attachment proteins comprising envelope attachment proteins (e.g., G proteins), wherein at least two are retargeted by tandem linkage to a first and second targeting moiety, such as a binding molecule (e.g.
  • the lipid particle comprises at least three retargeted attachment proteins comprising envelope attachment proteins (e.g., G proteins), wherein at least three are retargeted by tandem linkage to a first and second targeting moiety, such as a binding molecule (e.g. antibody or antigen-binding fragment, e.g. sdAb or scFv) that binds to a target cell.
  • a binding molecule e.g. antibody or antigen-binding fragment, e.g. sdAb or scFv
  • the first, second, and third retargeted attachment proteins are retargeted by tandem linkage to a first and second targeting moiety, wherein the targeting moieties are independently directed to a first and second target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell.
  • the first, second, and third retargeted attachment proteins are retargeted by tandem linkage to a first, second, and third targeting moiety, wherein the first and second targeting moiety, or the second and third targeting moiety, or the first and third targeting moiety, or the first, second, and third target moiety, are directed to the same target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell.
  • the first, second, and third retargeted attachment proteins are retargeted by tandem linkage to a first, second, and third targeting moiety, wherein the first, second, and third targeting moiety are directed to a first, second, and third target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell that are different.
  • the targeting of one, two, or three of the first target molecule, the second target molecule, and the third target molecule does not activate or inhibit, induce a phenotype change (for example maturation and/or differentiation), induce proliferation, and/or induce apoptosis of said target cell.
  • the lipid particle comprises at least four or at least five retargeted attachment proteins comprising paramyxovirus envelope attachment proteins (e.g., G proteins), wherein at least one, at least two, at least three, or at least four is retargeted by tandem linkage to a first and second targeting moiety, such as a binding molecule (e.g. antibody or antigen-binding fragment, e.g. sdAb or scFv) that binds to a target cell.
  • a binding molecule e.g. antibody or antigen-binding fragment, e.g. sdAb or scFv
  • the lipid particle comprises at least four or at least five retargeted attachment proteins comprising envelope attachment proteins (e.g., G proteins), wherein at least two or at least three are retargeted by tandem linkage to a first and second targeting 60 sf-5966708 186152009440 moiety, such as a binding molecule (e.g. antibody or antigen-binding fragment, e.g. sdAb or scFv) that binds to a target cell.
  • a binding molecule e.g. antibody or antigen-binding fragment, e.g. sdAb or scFv
  • the lipid particle comprises at least four or at least five retargeted attachment proteins comprising envelope attachment proteins (e.g., G proteins), wherein at least four or at least five are retargeted by tandem linkage to a targeting moiety, such as a binding molecule (e.g. antibody or antigen-binding fragment, e.g. sdAb or scFv) that binds to a target cell.
  • a targeting moiety such as a binding molecule (e.g. antibody or antigen-binding fragment, e.g. sdAb or scFv) that binds to a target cell.
  • the paramyxovirus retargeted attachment protein is a targeted envelope protein containing a G protein provided herein.
  • the paramyxovirus retargeted attachment protein comprises at least one envelope attachment proteins (e.g., G protein) that is any of those provided in Section II.A, including NiV-G proteins with cytoplasmic domain modifications, truncated NiV-G cytoplasmic tails, or modified NiV-G cytoplasmic tails.
  • G protein envelope attachment proteins
  • the retargeted attachment protein comprises (a) a retargeted attachment protein comprising a first paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein operably fused in tandem with (i) a first targeting moiety directed to a first target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell, and (ii) a second targeting moiety directed to a second target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell.
  • the targeting moiety is a binding domain, such as any of the binding domains or binding agents described herein in Section II.A.2, e.g., a T cell binding domain or an HSC binding domain.
  • the binding domain can be any agent that binds to a cell surface molecule on a target cells.
  • the binding domain can be an antibody or an antibody portion or fragment.
  • the binding domain is a single domain antibody (sdAb).
  • the binding domain is a single chain variable fragment (scFv).
  • the binding domain can be linked directly or indirectly to the G protein.
  • the binding domain is linked to the C-terminus (C-terminal amino acid) of the G protein or the biologically active portion thereof.
  • the linkage can be via a peptide linker, such as a flexible peptide linker.
  • the retargeted attachment protein comprising a first paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein operably fused in tandem with (i) a first targeting moiety directed to a first target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell, and (ii) a second targeting moiety may be modulated to have different binding strengths.
  • scFvs and antibodies with various binding strengths may be used to alter the fusion activity of the retargeted attachment proteins towards cells that display high or low amounts of the target antigen.
  • DARPins with different affinities may be used to alter the fusion activity towards cells that display high or low amounts of the target antigen.
  • Binding domains may also be modulated to target different regions on the target ligand, which will affect the fusion rate with cells displaying the target.
  • the binding domain may comprise a humanized antibody molecule, intact IgA, IgG, IgE or IgM antibody; bi- or multi- specific antibody (e.g., Zybodies®, etc.); antibody fragments such as Fab fragments, Fab’ fragments, F(ab’)2 fragments, Fd’ fragments, Fd fragments, and isolated CDRs 61 sf-5966708 186152009440 or sets thereof; single chain Fvs; polypeptide-Fc fusions; single domain antibodies (e.g., shark single domain antibodies such as IgNAR or fragments thereof); cameloid antibodies; masked antibodies (e.g., Probodies®); Small Modular ImmunoPharmaceuticals (“SMIPsTM”); single chain or Tandem diabodies (TandAb®); VHHs; Anticalins®; Nanobodies
  • a targeting moiety can also include an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof (e.g., Fab, Fab', F(ab')2, Fv fragments, scFv antibody fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv), a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH1 domains, linear antibodies, single domain antibodies such as sdAb (either VL or VH), nanobodies, or camelid VHH domains), an antigen-binding fibronectin type III (Fn3) scaffold such as a fibronectin polypeptide minibody, a ligand, a cytokine, a chemokine, or a T cell receptor (TCRs).
  • an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof e.g., Fab, Fab', F(ab')2, Fv fragments, scFv antibody fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv), a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH
  • the binding domain may comprise a humanized antibody molecule, intact IgA, IgG, IgE or IgM antibody; bi- or multi- specific antibody (e.g., Zybodies®, etc.); antibody fragments such as Fab fragments, Fab’ fragments, F(ab’)2 fragments, Fd’ fragments, Fd fragments, and isolated CDRs or sets thereof; single chain Fvs; polypeptide-Fc fusions; single domain antibodies (e.g., shark single domain antibodies such as IgNAR or fragments thereof); cameloid antibodies; masked antibodies (e.g., Probodies®); Small Modular ImmunoPharmaceuticals (“SMIPsTM”); single chain or Tandem diabodies (TandAb®); VHHs; Anticalins®; Nanobodies®; minibodies; BiTE®s; ankyrin repeat proteins or DARPINs®; Avimers®; DARTs; TCR-like antibodies;, Adnectins®; Affil
  • a targeting moiety can also include an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof (e.g., Fab, Fab', F(ab')2, Fv fragments, scFv antibody fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv), a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH1 domains, linear antibodies, single domain antibodies such as sdAb (either VL or VH), nanobodies, or camelid VHH domains), an antigen-binding fibronectin type III (Fn3) scaffold such as a fibronectin polypeptide minibody or a T cell receptor (TCRs).
  • an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof e.g., Fab, Fab', F(ab')2, Fv fragments, scFv antibody fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv), a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH1 domains, linear antibodies, single domain antibodies such as sdAb (either VL
  • the binding domain does not comprise a ligand, a cytokine, or a chemokine, [0209]
  • the binding domain is a single chain molecule.
  • the binding domain is a single domain antibody.
  • the binding domain is a single chain variable fragment.
  • the binding domain contains an antibody variable sequence (s) that is human or humanized.
  • the binding domain is a single domain antibody.
  • the single domain antibody can be human or humanized.
  • the single domain antibody or portion thereof is naturally occurring.
  • the single domain antibody or portion thereof is synthetic.
  • the single domain antibodies are antibodies whose complementary determining regions are part of a single domain polypeptide.
  • the single domain antibody is a heavy chain only antibody variable domain.
  • the single domain antibody does not include light chains.
  • the heavy chain antibody devoid of light chains is referred to as VHH.
  • the single domain antibody antibodies have a molecular weight of 12-15 kDa.
  • the single domain antibody antibodies include camelid antibodies or shark antibodies.
  • the single domain antibody molecule is derived from antibodies raised in Camelidae species, for example in camel, llama, dromedary, alpaca, vicuna and guanaco.
  • the single domain antibody is referred to as immunoglobulin new antigen receptors (IgNARs) and is derived from cartilaginous fishes.
  • the single domain antibody is generated by splitting dimeric variable domains of human or mouse IgG into monomers and camelizing critical residues.
  • the single domain antibody can be generated from display libraries, e.g., phage display libraries.
  • the display libraries are generated from a VHH repertoire of camelids immunized with various antigens, as described in Arbabi et al., FEBS Letters, 414, 521-526 (1997); Lauwereys et al., EMBO J., 17, 3512-3520 (1998); Decanniere et al., Structure, 7, 361- 370 (1999).
  • the display library is generated comprising antibody fragments of a non-immunized camelid.
  • single domain antibodies a library of human single domain antibodies is synthetically generated by introducing diversity into one or more scaffolds.
  • the binding domain is a single domain antibody (sdAb).
  • the binding domain is a single chain variable fragment (scFv).
  • the binding domain can be linked directly or indirectly to the paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein, first paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein, and/or second paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein (e.g., G protein, and/or retargeted attachment protein).
  • the binding domain is linked to the C- terminus (C-terminal amino acid) of the G protein or the biologically active portion thereof.
  • the linkage can be via a peptide linker, such as a flexible peptide linker.
  • the first and/or second targeting moiety is operably fused in tandem with the paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein.
  • the C-terminus of the binding domain is attached to the C-terminus of the G protein or biologically active portion thereof.
  • the N-terminus of the binding domain is exposed on the exterior surface of the lipid bilayer.
  • the N-terminus of the binding domain binds to a cell surface molecule of a target cell.
  • the binding domain specifically binds to a cell surface molecule present on a target cell.
  • the 63 sf-5966708 186152009440 cell surface molecule is a protein, glycan, lipid or low molecular weight molecule.
  • the binding domain is one of any binding domains as described above.
  • a binding domain (e.g. sdAb or one of any binding domains as described herein) binds to a cell surface antigen of a cell.
  • a cell surface antigen is characteristic of one type of cell.
  • a cell surface antigen is characteristic of more than one type of cell.
  • the cell surface molecule of a target cell is an antigen or portion thereof.
  • the single domain antibody or portion thereof is an antibody having a single monomeric domain antigen binding/recognition domain that is able to bind selectively to a specific antigen.
  • the single domain antibody binds an antigen present on a target cell.
  • Exemplary cells include polymorphonuclear cells (also known as PMN, PML, PMNL, or granulocytes), stem cells, embryonic stem cells, neural stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), human myogenic stem cells, muscle-derived stem cells (MuStem), embryonic stem cells (ES or ESCs), limbal epithelial stem cells, cardio-myogenic stem cells, cardiomyocytes, progenitor cells, immune effector cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, T cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, allogenic cells, resident cardiac cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS), adipose-derived or phenotypic modified stem or progenitor cells, CD133+ cells, aldehyde dehydrogenase-positive cells (ALDH+), umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells, peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs), neurons, neural progen
  • the target cell is a cell of a target tissue.
  • the target tissue can include liver, lungs, heart, spleen, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, testes, ovaries, brain, reproductive organs, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, skeletal muscle, endothelium, inner ear, or eye.
  • the target cell is a muscle cell (e.g., skeletal muscle cell), kidney cell, liver cell (e.g. hepatocyte), or a cardiac cell (e.g. cardiomyocyte).
  • the target cell is a cardiac cell, e.g., a cardiomyocyte (e.g., a quiescent cardiomyocyte), a hepatoblast (e.g., a bile duct hepatoblast), an epithelial cell, a T cell (e.g. a naive T cell), a macrophage (e.g., a tumor infiltrating macrophage), or a fibroblast (e.g., a cardiac fibroblast).
  • a cardiomyocyte e.g., a quiescent cardiomyocyte
  • a hepatoblast e.g., a bile duct hepatoblast
  • an epithelial cell e.g. a T cell
  • a T cell e.g. a naive T cell
  • macrophage e.g., a tumor infiltrating macrophage
  • a fibroblast e.g., a cardiac fibroblast
  • the target cell is a tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte, a T cell, a neoplastic or tumor cell, a virus-infected cell, a stem cell, a central nervous system (CNS) cell, a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), a liver cell or a fully differentiated cell.
  • the target cell is a CD3+ T cell, a CD4+ T cell, a CD8+ T cell, a hepatocyte, a hematopoietic stem cell, a CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell, a CD105+ hematopoietic stem cell, a CD117+ hematopoietic stem cell, a CD105+ endothelial cell, a B cell, a CD20+ B cell, a CD19+ B cell, a cancer cell, a 64 sf-5966708 186152009440 CD133+ cancer cell, an EpCAM+ cancer cell, a CD19+ cancer cell, a Her2/Neu+ cancer cell, a GluA2+ neuron, a GluA4+ neuron, a NKG2D+ natural killer cell, a SLC1A3+ astrocyte, a SLC7A10+ adipocyte, or a CD30+ lung epithelial cell.
  • the target cell is an antigen presenting cell, an MHC class II+ cell, a professional antigen presenting cell, an atypical antigen presenting cell, a macrophage, a dendritic cell, a myeloid dendritic cell, a plasmacyteoid dendritic cell, a CD11c+ cell, a CD11b+ cell, a splenocyte, a B cell, a hepatocyte, a endothelial cell, or a non-cancerous cell).
  • the first and second target molecules are present on the same target cell. In some embodiments, the first and second target molecules are present on different cells.
  • the binding domain (e.g. sdAb) variable domain binds a cell surface molecule or antigen.
  • the cell surface molecule is ASGR1, ASGR2, TM4SF5, CD8, CD4, or low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R).
  • the cell surface molecule is ASGR1.
  • the cell surface molecule is ASGR2.
  • the cell surface molecule is TM4SF5.
  • the cell surface molecule is CD8.
  • the cell surface molecule is CD4.
  • the cell surface molecule is LDL- R.
  • the target cell is a hematopoietic lineage cell.
  • hematopoietic cell includes blood cells, both from the myeloid and the lymphoid lineage.
  • hematopoietic cell includes both undifferentiated or poorly differentiated cells, such as hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells, and differentiated cells such as T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, or dendritic cells.
  • the hematopoietic cells are hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), CD34+ progenitor cells, in particular peripheral blood CD34+ cells, very early progenitor CD34+ cells, B-cell CD19+ progenitors, myeloid progenitor CD13+ cells, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells, cancer B cells in particular B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (BCLL) cells and marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) B cells, or thymocytes.
  • HSCs hematopoietic stem cells
  • CD34+ progenitor cells in particular peripheral blood CD34+ cells, very early progenitor CD34+ cells, B-cell CD19+ progenitors, myeloid progenitor CD13+ cells, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells, cancer B cells in particular B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (BCLL) cells and marginal zone lymph
  • a hematopoietic cell is a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), which are cells able to replenish all blood cell types and to self-renew.
  • HSC hematopoietic stem cell
  • Hematopoietic stem cells may be in particular defined as cells that keep the levels of myeloid, T cells, and B cells at robustly detectable levels (typically more than 1 % of peripheral blood cells) for 16 weeks when injected into the circulation of a recipient mouse with a depleted hematopoietic system (Schroeder (2010) Cell Stem Cell 6:203-207).
  • the hematopoietic cell is a "CD34+ progenitor cell,” which is a heterogeneous cell population that includes a subpopulation of HSCs, pluripotent stem cells and cells in the early stages of lineage commitment.
  • CD34+ progenitor cells continuously migrate to and from the 65 sf-5966708 186152009440 bone marrow in normal adult animals. They can differentiate to produce all hematopoietic cell lineages found in the circulation.
  • the hematopoietic cell is a very early progenitor CD34+ cell which is a subgroup of CD34+ progenitor cells enriched from HSCs.
  • the hematopoietic cell is a "peripheral blood CD34+ cell”, which is a CD34+ cell present in the blood.
  • the hematopoietic cell is a B cell CD19+ progenitor, which is a population of B-lineage cells that express cell surface CD10, CD34, and CD19.
  • the hematopoietic cell is a myeloid progenitor CD13+ cells, which is a population of myeloid lineage cells that express cell surface CD34 and CD13, and in some cases, also CD33.
  • the target cell is selected from the group consisting of myeloid- lymphoid balanced hematopoietic lineage cells, myeloid-biased hematopoietic lineage cells, lymphoid- biased hematopoietic lineage cells, a platelet-biased hematopoietic lineage cells, a platelet-myeloid- biased hematopoietic lineage cells, a long-term repopulating hematopoietic lineage cells, an intermediate- term repopulating hematopoietic lineage cells, or a short-term repopulating hematopoietic lineage cells.
  • the target cell is selected from monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, erythrocytes, megakaryocytes and platelets. In some embodiments, the target cell is selected from T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells and innate lymphoid cells. [0232] In some embodiments the target cell is an effector cell, e.g., a cell of the immune system that expresses one or more Fc receptors and mediates one or more effector functions.
  • a target cell may include one or more of a monocyte, macrophage, neutrophil, dendritic cell, eosinophil, mast cell, platelet, large granular lymphocyte, Langerhans' cell, natural killer (NK) cell, T lymphocyte (e.g., T cell), a Gamma delta T cell, B lymphocyte (e.g., B cell) and may be from any organism including humans, mice, rats, rabbits, and monkeys.
  • the hematopoietic cell is a T cell.
  • the T cell is a na ⁇ ve T cell.
  • the T cell is a memory T cell.
  • the hematopoietic cell is a B cell.
  • the target cell is a resting B cell, such as a naive or a memory B cell.
  • the target cell is a cancer B cell, such as a B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (BCLL) cell or a marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) B cell.
  • BCLL B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
  • MZL marginal zone lymphoma
  • the target cell is a thymocyte.
  • the target cell is a natural killer (NK) cell.
  • the thymocyte expresses CD4 or CD8. In some embodiments, the thymocyte does not express CD4 or CD8.
  • the natural killer (NK) cell is a cell that expresses CD56.
  • the target cell is a CD3+ T cell, a CD4+ T cell, or a CD8+ T cell. 66 sf-5966708 186152009440 [0237]
  • the target cell is an antigen presenting cell, an MHC class II+ cell, a professional antigen presenting cell, an atypical antigen presenting cell, a macrophage, a dendritic cell, a myeloid dendritic cell, a plasmacyteoid dendritic cell, a CD11c+ cell, a CD11b+ cell, or a B cell.
  • the binding domain (e.g. sdAb) variable domain binds a cell surface molecule or antigen.
  • the cell surface molecule is ASGR1, ASGR2, TM4SF5, CD3, CD8, CD4, CD7, or low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R).
  • the cell surface molecule is ASGR1.
  • the cell surface molecule is ASGR2.
  • the cell surface molecule is TM4SF5.
  • the cell surface molecule is CD3.
  • the cell surface molecule is CD8.
  • the cell surface molecule is CD4.
  • the cell surface molecule is LDL-R.
  • the cell surface molecule is ASCT2, CD105, CD110, CD117, CD133, CD146, CD164, CD34, CD46, CD49f, CD90, EPCR, or ITGA3.
  • the retargeted attachment protein comprises the paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein (e.g., G protein or functionally active variant or biologically active portion thereof) linked directly to the binding domain and/or variable domain thereof.
  • the targeted envelope protein is a fusion protein that has the following structure: (N’-single domain antibody- C’)-(C’-G protein-N’).
  • the retargeted attachment protein comprises the paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein (e.g., G protein or functionally active variant or biologically active portion thereof) linked indirectly via a linker to the binding domain and/or variable domain thereof.
  • the linker is a peptide linker.
  • the linker is a chemical linker.
  • the linker is a peptide linker and the targeted envelope protein is a fusion protein containing the paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein (e.g., G protein or functionally active variant or biologically active portion thereof) linked via a peptide linker to the sdAb variable domain.
  • the targeted envelope protein is a fusion protein that has the following structure: (N’-single domain antibody-C’)-Linker-(C’-G protein-N’).
  • the linker is a polypeptide linker.
  • the polypeptide linker can be a flexible linker or a rigid linker or a combination of both.
  • the linker is a short, medium or long linker.
  • the peptide linker is up to 65 amino acids in length.
  • the peptide linker comprises from or from about 2 to 65 amino acids, 2 to 60 amino acids, 2 to 56 amino acids, 2 to 52 amino acids, 2 to 48 amino acids, 2 to 44 amino acids, 2 to 40 amino acids, 2 to 36 amino acids, 2 to 32 amino acids, 2 to 28 amino acids, 2 to 24 amino acids, 2 to 20 amino acids, 2 to 18 amino acids, 2 to 14 amino acids, 2 to 12 amino acids, 2 to 10 amino acids, 2 to 8 amino acids, 2 to 6 amino acids, 6 to 65 amino acids, 6 to 60 amino acids, 6 to 56 amino acids, 6 to 52 amino acids, 6 to 67 sf-5966708 186152009440 48 amino acids, 6 to 44 amino acids, 6 to 40 amino acids, 6 to 36 amino acids, 6 to 32 amino acids, 6 to 28 amino acids, 6 to 24 amino acids, 6 to 20 amino acids, 6 to 18 amino acids, 6 to 14 amino acids, 6 to 12 amino acids, 6 to 10 amino acids, 6 to 8 amino acids, 8 to 65 amino acids, 8 amino acids, 8 amino acids, 8 amino acids, 6
  • the peptide linker is a polypeptide that is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 68 sf-5966708 186152009440 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, or 65 amino acids in length.
  • the linkers can be naturally-occurring, synthetic or a combination of both.
  • Natural linkers can be either flexible or constrained (e.g., structured) and can be very diverse in amino acid sequence and composition. Their degree of resistance to proteolysis depends on which proteins they originate from and which biological environment these proteins are facing in nature (extracellular, intracellular, prokaryotic, eukaryotic, etc.).
  • the linker is a linker based on peptides found in human proteins. Examples of natural linkers are: (i) KES GSVS SEQL AQFRSLD (see Bird et al. (1988) Science, 242, 423-426), (ii) sequences corresponding to the hinge domain of immunoglobulins devoid of light chains (see Hamers-Casterman et al.
  • linkers for use with anti-albumin domain antibodies are EPKIPQPQPKPQPQPQPKPQPKPEPECTCPKCP and TNEVCKCPKCP.
  • linkers derived from human and camelid hinges are disclosed in EPO656946, incorporated herein by reference.
  • the hinge derived linkers can have variable lengths, for example from 0 to about 50 amino acids, including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1011, 12 ,13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48 or 49 amino acids.
  • Particularly suitable linker polypeptides predominantly include amino acid residues selected from Glycine (Gly), Serine (Ser), Alanine (Ala), and Threonine (Thr).
  • the linker may contain at least 75% (calculated on the basis of the total number of residues present in the peptide linker), such as at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90% of amino acid residues selected from Gly, Ser, Ala, and Thr.
  • the linker may also consist of Gly, Ser, Ala and/or Thr residues only.
  • the linker contains 1-25 glycine residues, 5-20 glycine residues, 5-15 glycine residues, or 8-12 glycine residues.
  • suitable peptide linkers typically contain at least 50% glycine residues, such as at least 75% glycine residues.
  • a peptide linker comprises glycine residues only. In some embodiments, a peptide linker comprises glycine and serine residues only. [0245] In particular embodiments, the linker is a flexible peptide linker. Flexible linkers are designed to adopt no stable secondary structure when connecting two polypeptide moieties, thus allowing a range of conformations in the fusion protein. These linkers are preferably hydrophilic in nature to prevent these from interacting with one or both fused polypeptides. Usually small polar residues such as glycine and serine are prevalent in those linkers in order to increase the flexible and hydrophilic characteristics of the peptide backbone, respectively.
  • linkers are variable and best determined either empirically or with the aid of 3D computing approaches. In general, a preferred linker length will be the smallest compatible with good expression, good solubility and. full recovery of the native functions and structures of interest. Because of their flexible characteristics, flexible linkers may 69 sf-5966708 186152009440 constitute good substrates for endogenous proteases. In general, unless it is a desirable feature flexible linkers are devoid of amino acids such as charged amino acids or large hydrophobic/aromatic which are readily recognized by endogenous proteases with broad substrate specificity. [0246] In some embodiments, these linkers are composed predominately of the amino acids Glycine and Serine, denoted as GS-linkers herein.
  • the linker is 1-20 amino acids, such as 1-20 amino acids predominantly composed of glycine. In some embodiments, the linker is 1-20 amino acids, such as 1-20 amino acids predominantly composed of glycine and serine. In some embodiments, the linker is a flexible peptide linker containing amino acids Glycine and Serine, referred to as GS-linkers. In some embodiments, the peptide linker includes the sequences GS, GGS, GGGGS, GGGGGS or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the polypeptide linker has the sequence (GGS)n, wherein n is 1 to 10. In some embodiments, the polypeptide linker has the sequence (GGGGS)n, wherein n is 1 to 10.
  • the polypeptide linker has the sequence (GGGGGS)n, wherein n is 1 to 6. In some embodiments, the polypeptide linker has or comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 405 (GGGGSGGGGSGGGGS). [0247] In some cases, it may be desirable to provide some rigidity into the peptide linker. This may be accomplished by including proline residues in the amino acid sequence of the peptide linker. Thus, in some embodiments, a linker comprises at least one proline residue in the amino acid sequence of the peptide linker. For example, a peptide linker can have an amino acid sequence wherein at least 25% (e.g., at least 50% or at least 75%) of the amino acid residues are proline residues.
  • the peptide linker comprises proline residues only.
  • a peptide linker comprises at least one cysteine residue, such as one cysteine residue.
  • a linker comprises at least one cysteine residue and amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of Gly, Ser, Ala, and Thr.
  • a linker comprises glycine residues and cysteine residues, such as glycine residues and cysteine residues only. Typically, only one cysteine residue will be included per peptide linker.
  • a specific linker comprising a cysteine residue includes a peptide linker having the amino acid sequence Glym-Cys- Glyn, wherein n and m are each integers from 1-12, e.g., from 3-9, from 4-8, or from 4-7.
  • the linker of the fusion protein is a structured linker. Constrained and/or structured linkers are designed to adopt a stable secondary structure when connecting two polypeptide moieties, thus restricting the range of conformations in the fusion protein. Such linkers usually adopt a helical structure spanning several turns. Again the length of these linkers is variable and best determined either empirically or with the aid of computing approaches.
  • constrained and/or structured linkers maintain the longest distance between each polypeptide of the fusion. This is particularly relevant when both polypeptides have a tendency to form hetero-aggregates.
  • constrained linkers can also be more resistant to proteolytic degradation, 70 sf-5966708 186152009440 thereby offering an advantage when injected in vivo. Examples of constrained linkers are cited in PCT International Publications No: WO 00/24884 (e.g... SSSASASSA, GSPGSPG, or ATTTGSSPGPT), US 6,132,992 (e.g... helical peptide linkers).
  • the structured linker contains the sequence (AP)n or (EAAAK)n, wherein n is 2 to 20, preferably 4 to 10, including but not limited to, AS-(AP)n-GT or AS-(EAAAK)n- GT, wherein n is 2 to 20, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15.
  • the linker comprises the sequences (GGGGA)n, (PGGGS)n, (AGGGS)n or GGS-(EGKSSGSGSESKST)n- GGS, wherein n is 2 to 20, (ADAAP)n (wherein n is 2 to 20), (ADAAP)n-G (wherein n is 2 to 20), (GEPQG)n (wherein n is 2 to 20), (GEPQG)n-G (wherein n is 2 to 20), (AGGEP)n (wherein n is 2 to 20), (AGGEP)n-G (wherein n is 2 to 20), (AGSEP)n (wherein n is 2 to 20), (AGSEP)n-G (wherein n is 2 to 20), (GGGEQ)n (wherein n is 2 to 20), (GGGEQ)n-G (wherein n is 2 to 20).
  • the linker is SSSASASSA, GSPGSPG, ATTTGSSPGPT, ADAAPADAAPG, GEPQGGEPQGG, AGGEPAGGEPG, AGSEPAGSEPG, or GGGEQGGGEQG.
  • the polypeptide linker has or comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 589 (AHHSED). In some embodiments, the polypeptide linker has or comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 590 (EPKTPKPQPQPQPQPQPNPTTE).
  • the retargeted attachment protein comprising a binding domain, a first binding domain, and/or a second binding domain linked to at least one paramyxovirus envelope attachment may comprise an engineered binding domain, such as an artificially generated binding domain.
  • the binding domain may comprise a nanobody, a DARPin, an Aptamer, an Affimer, an Affibody, a Knottin, an Avimer, a Monobody, an Anticalin, a Fynomer.
  • Any engineered binding domain known in art and suitable for the present invention can be used, for example any such binding domain described in Olaleye et al. Biomolecules.2021 Dec; 11(12): 1791. a.
  • the lipid particles disclosed herein comprise one or more retargeted attachment proteins, each independently comprising (i) a paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein; and (ii) a targeting moiety directed to a target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell.
  • the targeting moiety is a T cell binding domain, e.g., a T cell binding agent, such as any of those disclosed herein.
  • the lipid particles disclosed herein include, in some embodiments, one or more T cell binding domains (e.g., a T cell binding agent) that target the viral vector to a T cell.
  • the T cell binding agent binds to a molecule expressed on the surface of the T cell.
  • the cell surface molecule may be a receptor, coreceptor, or a GPI-anchored protein.
  • the T cell binding agent binds CD3, CD4 or CD8. 71 sf-5966708 186152009440 [0255]
  • a T cell binding agent may be fused to or incorporated in a protein fusogen or lipid particle envelope attachment protein (e.g., a retargeted attachment protein).
  • a T cell binding agent may be incorporated into the viral envelope via fusion with a transmembrane domain.
  • the T cell binding agent targets the lipid particle to a T cell.
  • a T cell binding agent may be fused to or incorporated in a protein fusogen or attachment protein, thereby retargeting the lipid particle to a T cell.
  • the T cell binding agent is fused to a protein fusogen or envelope attachment protein that is mutated to reduce binding for the native binding partner of the fusogen or viral envelope protein.
  • the fusogen is or contains a mutant G protein or a biologically active portion thereof that is a mutant of wild-type NiV-G and exhibits reduced binding to one or both of the native binding partners Ephrin B2 or Ephrin B3, including any as described above.
  • a fusogen can be retargeted to display altered tropism.
  • the binding confers re-targeted binding compared to the binding of a wild-type surface glycoprotein protein in which a new or different binding activity is conferred.
  • the binding confers re-targeted binding compared to the binding of a wild-type G protein in which a new or different binding activity is conferred.
  • the fusogen is randomly mutated.
  • the fusogen is rationally mutated.
  • the fusogen is subjected to directed evolution.
  • the fusogen is truncated and only a subset of the peptide is used in the viral vector.
  • amino acid residues in the measles hemagglutinin protein may be mutated to alter the binding properties of the protein, redirecting fusion (doi:10.1038/nbt942, Molecular Therapy vol.16 no. 8, 1427–1436 Aug.2008, doi:10.1038/nbt1060, DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.7.3558–3563.2002, DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.17.8016–8020.2001, doi: 10.1073pnas.0604993103).
  • protein fusogens may be re-targeted by covalently conjugating a T cell binding agent to the attachment protein.
  • the fusogen and T cell binding agent are covalently conjugated by expression of a chimeric protein comprising the fusogen linked to the T cell binding agent (e.g., retargeted attachment protein).
  • the T cell binding agent can include any targeting protein able to confer specific binding to a target molecule expressed on the surface of a T cell.
  • a targeting protein can also include an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof (e.g., Fab, Fab', F(ab')2, Fv fragments, scFv antibody fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv), a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH1 domains, linear antibodies, single domain antibodies such as sdAb (either VL or VH), nanobodies, or camelid VHH domains), an antigen-binding fibronectin type III (Fn3) scaffold such as a fibronectin polypeptide minibody, a ligand, a cytokine, a chemokine, or a T cell receptor (TCRs).
  • an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof e.g., Fab, Fab', F(ab')2, Fv fragments, scFv antibody fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv), a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH
  • the T cell binding agent is an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof.
  • the fusion protein can be engineered to bind the Fc region of an 72 sf-5966708 186152009440 antibody that targets an antigen on a target cell, redirecting the fusion activity towards cells that display the antibody’s target (DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.17.8016–8020.2001, doi:10.1038/nm1192).
  • altered and non-altered fusogens may be displayed on the same retroviral vector or VLP (doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.01.051).
  • a single-chain variable fragment can be conjugated to fusogens to redirect fusion activity towards T cells that display the scFv binding target (doi:10.1038/nbt1060, DOI 10.1182/blood-2012-11-468579, doi:10.1038/nmeth.1514, doi:10.1006/mthe.2002.0550, HUMAN GENE THERAPY 11:817– 826, doi:10.1038/nbt942, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026381, DOI 10.1186/s12896-015-0142-z).
  • DARPin designed ankyrin repeat proteins
  • a single domain antibody e.g., a VHH
  • a VHH can be conjugated to fusogens to redirect fusion activity towards T cells that display the sdAb binding target.
  • receptor ligands and antigens can be conjugated to fusogens to redirect fusion activity towards T cells that display the target receptor (DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2012.054, DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.7.3558–3563.2002).
  • CD3 Binding Agents [0259]
  • the lipid particles disclosed herein comprise one or more retargeted attachment proteins, each independently comprising (i) a paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein; and (ii) a targeting moiety directed to a target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell, wherein the target molecule is CD3.
  • the targeting moiety is a CD3 binding domain, e.g., a CD3 binding agent, such as any of those disclosed herein.
  • the lipid particles disclosed herein include, in some embodiments, one or more CD3 binding agents.
  • a CD3 binding agent may be fused to or incorporated in a retargeted attachment protein.
  • a CD3 binding agent may be incorporated into the lipid particle envelope via fusion with a transmembrane domain.
  • Exemplary CD3 binding agents include antibodies and fragments thereof (e.g., scFv, VHH) that bind to CD3.
  • Such antibodies may be derived from any species, and may be for example, mouse, rabbit, human, humanized, or camelid antibodies.
  • Exemplary antibodies include OKT3, CRIS-7, I2C, blinatumomab, catumaxomab, muromonab-CD3, A-319, AFM11, AMG 199, AMG 211, AMG 424, AMG 427, AMG 562, AMG 564, APVO436, CC-93269, ERY974, GBR1302, GEM333, GEM2PSCA, GNC-035, HPN424, IGM-2323, JNJ-63709178, JNJ-63898081, JNJ-75348780, JNJ-78306358, M701, M802, MGD007, MOR209/ES414, PF-06671008, REGN5459, RO7283420, SAR442257, SAR443216, TNB-383B, TNB- 486, TNB-585, Y
  • binding agents include designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) and binding agents based on fibronectin type III (Fn3) scaffolds.
  • DARPins ankyrin repeat proteins
  • Fn3 fibronectin type III
  • the CD3 binding agent comprises a heavy chain variable (VH) region comprising a CDR-H1, a CDRH-2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:474, 475, and 476 respectively; and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR-L1, a CDR- L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:477, 478, and 479, respectively.
  • VH heavy chain variable
  • the CD3 binding agent comprises a VH region comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 90% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:480, and a VL region comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 90% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:481.
  • the CD3 binding agent comprises a VH region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:480, and a VL region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:481.
  • the CD3 binding agent is an scFv.
  • the CD3 binding agent comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:482.
  • the CD3 binding agent is OKT3.
  • the CD3 binding agent is activating (e.g., the CD3 binding agent activates T cells). In some embodiments, the CD3 binding agent is non-activating (e.g., it does not activate T cells).
  • a CD3 binding agent comprises a humanized antibody molecule, intact IgA, IgG, IgE or IgM antibody; bi- or multi- specific antibody (e.g., Zybodies®, etc.); antibody fragments such as Fab fragments, Fab’ fragments, F(ab’) 2 fragments, Fd’ fragments, Fd fragments, and isolated CDRs or sets thereof; single chain Fvs; polypeptide-Fc fusions; single domain antibodies (e.g., shark single domain antibodies such as IgNAR or fragments thereof); camelid antibodies; masked antibodies (e.g., Probodies®); Small Modular ImmunoPharmaceuticals (“SMIPsTM”); single chain or 74 sf
  • the CD3 binding agent is a peptide.
  • the CD3 binding agent is an antibody, such as a single-chain variable fragment (scFv).
  • the CD3 binding agent is an antibody, such as a single domain antibody.
  • the antibody can be human or humanized.
  • the CD3 binding agent is a VHH.
  • the antibody or portion thereof is naturally occurring.
  • the antibody or portion thereof is synthetic.
  • the antibody can be generated from phage display libraries to have specificity for a desired target ligand.
  • the phage display libraries are generated from a VHH repertoire of camelids immunized with various antigens, as described in Arbabi et al., FEBS Letters, 414, 521-526 (1997); Lauwereys et al., EMBO J., 17, 3512-3520 (1998); Decanniere et al., Structure, 7, 361-370 (1999).
  • the phage display library is generated comprising antibody fragments of a non-immunized camelid.
  • a library of human single domain antibodies is synthetically generated by introducing diversity into one or more scaffolds.
  • the C-terminus of the CD3 binding agent is attached to the C- terminus of the G protein (e.g., fusogen) or biologically active portion thereof.
  • the N-terminus of the CD3 binding agent is exposed on the exterior surface of the lipid bilayer.
  • the CD3 binding agent is the only surface displayed non-viral sequence of the viral vector.
  • the CD3 binding agent is the only membrane bound non-viral sequence of the viral vector.
  • the viral vector does not contain a molecule that engages or stimulates T cells other than the CD3 binding agent.
  • the viral vector contains a non-activating CD3 binding agent.
  • viral vectors may display CD3 binding agents that are not conjugated to protein fusogens in order to redirect the fusion activity towards a cell that is bound by the targeting moiety, or to affect homing.
  • CD4 Binding Agents [0271]
  • the lipid particles disclosed herein comprise one or more retargeted attachment proteins, each independently comprising (i) a paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein; and (ii) a targeting moiety directed to a target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell, wherein the target molecule is CD4.
  • the targeting moiety is a CD4 binding domain, e.g., a CD4 binding agent, such as any of those disclosed herein.
  • the lipid particles disclosed herein include, in some embodiments, one or more CD4 binding agents.
  • a CD4 binding agent may be fused to or incorporated in a protein fusogen or 75 sf-5966708 186152009440 attachment protein.
  • a CD4 binding agent may be incorporated into the lipid particle envelope via fusion with a transmembrane domain.
  • the CD4 binding agent is exposed on the surface of the lipid particle.
  • the CD4 binding agent is fused to a transmembrane domain incorporated in the lipid particle envelope.
  • Exemplary CD4 binding agents include antibodies and fragments thereof (e.g., scFv, VHH) that bind to CD4.
  • Such antibodies may be derived from any species, and may be for example, mouse, rabbit, human, humanized, or camelid antibodies.
  • Exemplary antibodies include ibalizumab, zanolimumab, tregalizumab, priliximab, cedelizumab, clenoliximab, keliximab, and anti-CD4 antibodies disclosed in WO2002102853, WO2004083247, WO2004067554, WO2007109052, WO2008134046, WO2010074266, WO2012113348, WO2013188870, WO2017104735, WO2018035001, WO2018170096, WO2019203497, WO2019236684, WO2020228824, US 5,871,732, US 7,338,658, US 7,722,873, US 8,399,621, US 8,911,728, US 9,005,963,US 9,587,022, US 9,745,552, US provisional application no.63/326,269, US provisional application no.63/341,681; as well as antibodies B486A1, RPA-T4, CE9.1 (Novus
  • binding agents include designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) (e.g., the anti-CD4 DARPin disclosed in WO2017182585) and binding agents based on fibronectin type III (Fn3) scaffolds.
  • DARPins ankyrin repeat proteins
  • Fn3 fibronectin type III
  • protein fusogens or attachment proteins may be re-targeted by mutating amino acid residues in a fusion protein or a targeting protein (e.g. the hemagglutinin (H) protein or G protein).
  • the fusogen e.g.
  • the fusogen is or contains a mutant G protein or a biologically active portion thereof that is a mutant of wild-type NiV-G and exhibits reduced binding to one or both of the native binding partners Ephrin B2 or Ephrin B3, including any as described above.
  • a fusogen can be retargeted to display altered tropism.
  • the binding confers re-targeted binding compared to the binding of a wild-type surface glycoprotein protein in which a new or different binding activity is conferred.
  • the binding confers re-targeted binding compared to the binding of a wild-type G protein in which a new or different binding activity is conferred.
  • the fusogen is randomly mutated.
  • the fusogen is rationally mutated.
  • the fusogen is subjected to directed evolution.
  • the fusogen is truncated and only a subset of the peptide is used 76 sf-5966708 186152009440 in the viral vector.
  • amino acid residues in the measles hemagglutinin protein may be mutated to alter the binding properties of the protein, redirecting fusion (doi:10.1038/nbt942, Molecular Therapy vol.16 no.8, 1427–1436 Aug.2008, doi:10.1038/nbt1060, DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.7.3558–3563.2002, DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.17.8016–8020.2001, doi: 10.1073pnas.0604993103).
  • protein fusogens may be re-targeted by covalently conjugating a CD4 binding agent to the fusion protein or attachment protein (e.g.
  • the fusogen and CD4 binding agent are covalently conjugated by expression of a chimeric protein comprising the fusogen linked to the CD4 binding agent (e.g. retargeted attachment protein).
  • a single-chain variable fragment scFv
  • scFv single-chain variable fragment
  • scFv can be conjugated to fusogens to redirect fusion activity towards cells that display the scFv binding target (doi:10.1038/nbt1060, DOI 10.1182/blood-2012-11-468579, doi:10.1038/nmeth.1514, doi:10.1006/mthe.2002.0550, HUMAN GENE THERAPY 11:817– 826, doi:10.1038/nbt942, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026381, DOI 10.1186/s12896-015-0142-z).
  • DARPin designed ankyrin repeat proteins
  • DARPin can be conjugated to fusogens to redirect fusion activity towards cells that display the DARPin binding target (doi:10.1038/mt.2013.16, doi:10.1038/mt.2010.298, doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500956), as well as combinations of different DARPins (doi:10.1038/mto.2016.3).
  • receptor ligands and antigens can be conjugated to fusogens to redirect fusion activity towards cells that display the target receptor (DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2012.054, DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.7.3558–3563.2002).
  • a targeting protein can also include an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof (e.g., Fab, Fab', F(ab')2, Fv fragments, scFv antibody fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv), a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH1 domains, linear antibodies, single domain antibodies such as sdAb (either VL or VH), nanobodies, or camelid VHH domains), an antigen-binding fibronectin type III (Fn3) scaffold such as a fibronectin polypeptide minibody, a ligand, a cytokine, a chemokine, or a T cell receptor (TCRs).
  • an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof e.g., Fab, Fab', F(ab')2, Fv fragments, scFv antibody fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv), a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH
  • protein fusogens may be re-targeted by non-covalently conjugating a CD4 binding agent to the fusion protein or targeting protein (e.g. retargeted attachment protein)).
  • the fusion protein can be engineered to bind the Fc region of an antibody that targets an antigen on a target cell, redirecting the fusion activity towards cells that display the antibody’s target (DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.17.8016–8020.2001, doi:10.1038/nm1192).
  • altered and non-altered fusogens may be displayed on the same retroviral vector or VLP (doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.01.051).
  • a CD4 binding agent comprises a humanized antibody molecule, intact IgA, IgG, IgE or IgM antibody; bi- or multi- specific antibody (e.g., Zybodies®, etc.); antibody fragments such as Fab fragments, Fab’ fragments, F(ab’) 2 fragments, Fd’ fragments, Fd fragments, and isolated CDRs or sets thereof; single chain Fvs; polypeptide-Fc fusions; single domain antibodies (e.g., 77 sf-5966708 186152009440 shark single domain antibodies such as IgNAR or fragments thereof); camelid antibodies; masked antibodies (e.g., Probodies®); Small Modular ImmunoPharmaceuticals (“SMIPsTM”); single chain or Tandem diabodies (TandAb®); VHHs; Anticalins®; Nanobodies®; minibodies; BiTE®s; ankyrin repeat proteins or DARPINs®; Avimers®
  • the CD4 binding agent is a peptide.
  • the CD4 binding agent is an antibody, such as a single-chain variable fragment (scFv).
  • the CD4 binding agent is an antibody, such as a single domain antibody.
  • the antibody can be human or humanized.
  • the CD4 binding agent is a VHH.
  • the antibody or portion thereof is naturally occurring.
  • the antibody or portion thereof is synthetic.
  • the antibody can be generated from phage display libraries to have specificity for a desired target ligand.
  • the C-terminus of the CD4 binding agent is attached to the C- terminus of the G protein (e.g., fusogen) or biologically active portion thereof.
  • the N-terminus of the CD4 binding agent is exposed on the exterior surface of the lipid bilayer.
  • the CD4 binding agent is the only surface displayed non-viral sequence of the lipid particle.
  • the CD4 binding agent is the only membrane bound non-viral sequence of the lipid particle.
  • the lipid particle does not contain a molecule that engages or stimulates T cells other than the CD4 binding agent.
  • lipid particles may display CD4 binding agents that are not conjugated to protein fusogens in order to redirect the fusion activity towards a cell that is bound by the targeting moiety, or to affect homing.
  • a protein fusogen derived from a virus or organism that do not infect humans does not have a natural fusion targets in patients, and thus has high specificity.
  • the CD4 binding agent is an anti-CD4 antibody or an antigen-binding fragment.
  • the anti-CD4 antibody or antigen-binding fragment is mouse, rabbit, human, or humanized.
  • the antigen- binding fragment is a single chain variable fragment (scFv). In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment is an anti-CD4 scFv. 78 sf-5966708 186152009440 [0285] In some embodiments, the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 260, 261, and 262, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 263, 264, and 265, respectively.
  • the anti- CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 260, 261, and 262, respectively; and a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 263, 264, and 265, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 266, 267, and 268, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 269, 270, and 265, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 266, 267, and 268, respectively; and a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 269, 270, and 265, respectively.
  • the anti- CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 271, 272, and 268, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 269, 270, and 265, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 271, 272, and 268, respectively; and a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 269, 270, and 265, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:273.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:274.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:273; and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:274.
  • the VH and VL are joined by a linker.
  • the linker comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:275.
  • the anti- CD4 scFv comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:276.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 277, 278, and 279, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 280, 281, and 282, respectively.
  • the anti- CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 277, 278, and 279, respectively; and a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 79 sf-5966708 186152009440 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 280, 281, and 282, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 283, 284, and 285, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 286, 287, and 288, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 283, 284, and 285, respectively; and a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 286, 287, and 288, respectively.
  • the anti- CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 289, 290, and 285, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 286, 287, and 282, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 289, 290, and 285, respectively; and a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 286, 287, and 282, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:291.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:292.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:291; and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:292.
  • the VH and VL are joined by a linker.
  • the linker comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:275.
  • the anti- CD4 scFv comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:293.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 294, 295, and 296, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 297, 298, and 299, respectively.
  • the anti- CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 294, 295, and 296, respectively; and a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 297, 298, and 299, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 300, 301, 302, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 303, 304, and 299, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ 80 sf-5966708 186152009440 ID NO: 300, 301, 302, respectively; and a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 303, 304, and 299, respectively.
  • the anti- CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 305, 306, 306, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 303, 304, and 299, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 305, 306, 302, respectively; and a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 224, 225, and 172, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:307.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:308.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:307; and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:308.
  • the VH and VL are joined by a linker.
  • the linker comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:275.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:309.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 310, 311, and 312, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 313, 314, and 315, respectively.
  • the anti- CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 310, 311, and 312, respectively; and a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 313, 314, and 315, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 316, 317, 318, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 319, 320, and 315, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 316, 317, 318, respectively; and a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 319, 320, and 315, respectively.
  • the anti- CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 321, 322, 318, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 319, 321, and 315, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:324.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:323; and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:324.
  • the VH and VL are joined by a linker.
  • the linker comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:275.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:325.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 326, 327, and 328, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 329, 330, and 331, respectively.
  • the anti- CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 326, 327, and 328, respectively; and a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 329, 330, and 331, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 332, 333, and 334, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 335, 336, and 331, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 332, 333, and 334, respectively; and a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 335, 336, and 331, respectively.
  • the anti- CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 337, 338, and 334, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 335, 336, and 331, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 337, 338, and 334, respectively; and a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 335, 336, and 331, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:339.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:340.
  • the anti-CD4 82 sf-5966708 186152009440 scFv comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:339; and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:340.
  • the VH and VL are joined by a linker.
  • the linker comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:275.
  • the anti- CD4 scFv comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:341.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 342, 343, and 344, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 345, 346, and 347, respectively.
  • the anti- CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 342, 343, and 344, respectively; and a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 345, 346, and 347, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 348, 349, and 350, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 351, 352, and 347, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 242, 243, and 244, respectively; and a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 245, 246, and 198, respectively.
  • the anti- CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 353, 354, and 350, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 351, 353, and 347, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 353, 354, and 350, respectively; and a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 351, 352, and 347, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:355.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:356.
  • the anti-CD4 scFv comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:355; and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:356.
  • the VH and VL are joined by a linker.
  • the linker comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:275.
  • the anti- CD4 scFv comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:357.
  • the anti-CD4 antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a single domain antibody.
  • the anti-CD4 antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a camelid (e.g. llama, alpaca, camel) anti-CD4 antibody or antigen-binding fragment (e.g. VHH).
  • the anti-CD4 antibody or antigen-binding fragment is an anti-CD4 VHH.
  • the anti- CD4 VHH comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 358, 359, and 360, respectively.
  • the anti-CD4 VHH comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 361, 362, and 363, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-CD4 VHH comprises a CDR- H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 364, 365, and 363, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-CD4 VHH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:366. iii.
  • the lipid particles disclosed herein comprise one or more retargeted attachment proteins, each independently comprising (i) a paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein; and (ii) a targeting moiety directed to a target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell, wherein the target molecule is CD7.
  • the targeting moiety is a CD7 binding domain, e.g., a CD7 binding agent, such as any of those disclosed herein.
  • the lipid particles disclosed herein include, in some embodiments, one or more CD7 binding agents.
  • a CD7 binding agent may be fused to or incorporated in a protein fusogen or attachment protein.
  • a CD7 binding agent may be incorporated into the lipid particle envelope via fusion with a transmembrane domain.
  • exemplary CD7 binding agents include antibodies and fragments thereof (e.g., scFv, VHH) that bind to CD7.
  • Such antibodies may be derived from any species, and may be for example, mouse, rabbit, human, humanized, or camelid antibodies.
  • Exemplary antibodies include grsinilimab, SPV-T3a and those disclosed in WO2015/184941; US10106609; WO2017/213979; WO2018/098306; WO2019086534; US11447548; WO2019/102234; WO2022/136887; WO2022/136888; WO2020/212710; WO2021/160267; WO2022/095803; WO2022/151851.
  • Further exemplary anti-CD7 binding agents and G proteins are described in U.S. provisional application No.63/172,518, which is incorporated by reference herein.
  • Other exemplary binding agents include designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) and binding agents based on fibronectin type III (Fn3) scaffolds.
  • DARPins ankyrin repeat proteins
  • Fn3 fibronectin type III
  • protein fusogens or attachment proteins may be re-targeted by mutating amino acid residues in a fusion protein or a targeting protein (e.g. retargeted attachment protein).
  • the fusogen e.g. G protein
  • the fusogen is mutated to reduce binding for the native binding partner of the fusogen.
  • the fusogen is or contains a mutant G protein or a biologically active portion thereof that is a mutant of wild-type NiV-G and exhibits reduced 84 sf-5966708 186152009440 binding to one or both of the native binding partners Ephrin B2 or Ephrin B3, including any as described above.
  • a fusogen can be retargeted to display altered tropism.
  • the binding confers re-targeted binding compared to the binding of a wild-type surface glycoprotein protein in which a new or different binding activity is conferred.
  • the binding confers re-targeted binding compared to the binding of a wild-type G protein in which a new or different binding activity is conferred.
  • the fusogen is randomly mutated.
  • the fusogen is rationally mutated.
  • the fusogen is subjected to directed evolution.
  • the fusogen is truncated and only a subset of the peptide is used in the viral vector.
  • amino acid residues in the measles hemagglutinin protein may be mutated to alter the binding properties of the protein, redirecting fusion (doi:10.1038/nbt942, Molecular Therapy vol.16 no.8, 1427–1436 Aug.2008, doi:10.1038/nbt1060, DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.7.3558–3563.2002, DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.17.8016–8020.2001, doi: 10.1073pnas.0604993103).
  • protein fusogens may be re-targeted by covalently conjugating a CD7 binding agent to the fusion protein or attachment protein (e.g. retargeted attachment protein).
  • the fusogen and CD7 binding agent are covalently conjugated by expression of a chimeric protein comprising the fusogen linked to the CD8 binding agent.
  • a single-chain variable fragment can be conjugated to fusogens to redirect fusion activity towards cells that display the scFv binding target (doi:10.1038/nbt1060, DOI 10.1182/blood-2012-11-468579, doi:10.1038/nmeth.1514, doi:10.1006/mthe.2002.0550, HUMAN GENE THERAPY 11:817– 826, doi:10.1038/nbt942, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026381, DOI 10.1186/s12896-015-0142-z).
  • DARPin designed ankyrin repeat proteins
  • DARPin can be conjugated to fusogens to redirect fusion activity towards cells that display the DARPin binding target (doi:10.1038/mt.2013.16, doi:10.1038/mt.2010.298, doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500956), as well as combinations of different DARPins (doi:10.1038/mto.2016.3).
  • receptor ligands and antigens can be conjugated to fusogens to redirect fusion activity towards cells that display the target receptor (DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2012.054, DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.7.3558–3563.2002).
  • a targeting protein can also include an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof (e.g., Fab, Fab', F(ab')2, Fv fragments, scFv antibody fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv), a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH1 domains, linear antibodies, single domain antibodies such as sdAb (either VL or VH), nanobodies, or camelid VHH domains), an antigen-binding fibronectin type III (Fn3) scaffold such as a fibronectin polypeptide minibody, a ligand, a cytokine, a chemokine, or a T cell receptor (TCRs).
  • an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof e.g., Fab, Fab', F(ab')2, Fv fragments, scFv antibody fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv), a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH
  • protein fusogens may be re-targeted by non-covalently conjugating a CD7 binding agent to the fusion protein or targeting protein (e.g. the hemagglutinin protein).
  • the fusion protein can be engineered to bind the Fc region of an antibody that targets an antigen on a 85 sf-5966708 186152009440 target cell, redirecting the fusion activity towards cells that display the antibody’s target (DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.17.8016–8020.2001, doi:10.1038/nm1192).
  • a CD7 binding agent comprises a humanized antibody molecule, intact IgA, IgG, IgE or IgM antibody; bi- or multi- specific antibody (e.g., Zybodies®, etc.); antibody fragments such as Fab fragments, Fab’ fragments, F(ab’) 2 fragments, Fd’ fragments, Fd fragments, and isolated CDRs or sets thereof; single chain Fvs; polypeptide-Fc fusions; single domain antibodies (e.g., shark single domain antibodies such as IgNAR or fragments thereof); cameloid antibodies; masked antibodies (e.g., Probodies®); Small Modular ImmunoPharmaceuticals (“SMIPsTM”); single chain or Tandem diabodies (TandAb®); VHHs; Anticalins®;
  • SMIPsTM Small Modular ImmunoPharmaceuticals
  • the phage display libraries are generated from a VHH repertoire of camelids immunized with various antigens, as described in Arbabi et al., FEBS Letters, 414, 521-526 (1997); Lauwereys et al., EMBO J., 17, 3512-3520 (1998); Decanniere et al., Structure, 7, 361-370 (1999).
  • the phage display library is generated comprising antibody fragments of a non-immunized camelid.
  • a library of human single domain antibodies is synthetically generated by introducing diversity into one or more scaffolds.
  • the C-terminus of the CD7 binding agent is attached to the C- terminus of the G protein (e.g., fusogen) or biologically active portion thereof.
  • the N-terminus of the CD7 binding agent is exposed on the exterior surface of the lipid bilayer.
  • the CD7 binding agent is the only surface displayed non-viral sequence of the viral vector.
  • the CD7 binding agent is the only membrane bound non-viral sequence of the viral vector.
  • the viral vector does not contain a molecule that engages or stimulates T cells other than the CD7 binding agent.
  • viral vectors may display CD7 binding agents that are not conjugated to protein fusogens in order to redirect the fusion activity towards a cell that is bound by the targeting moiety, or to affect homing.
  • CD8 Binding Agents the lipid particles disclosed herein comprise one or more retargeted attachment proteins, each independently comprising (i) a paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein; and (ii) a targeting moiety directed to a target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell, wherein the target molecule is CD8.
  • the targeting moiety is a CD8 binding domain, e.g., a CD8 binding agent, such as any of those disclosed herein.
  • the lipid particles disclosed herein include, in some embodiments, one or more CD8 binding agents.
  • a CD8 binding agent may be fused to or incorporated in a protein fusogen or attachment protein.
  • a CD8 binding agent may be incorporated into the lipid particle envelope via fusion with a transmembrane domain.
  • Exemplary CD8 binding agents include antibodies and fragments thereof (e.g., scFv, VHH) that bind to one or more of CD8 alpha and CD8 beta.
  • Such antibodies may be derived from any species, and may be for example, mouse, rabbit, human, humanized, or camelid antibodies.
  • Exemplary antibodies include those disclosed in WO2014025828, WO2014164553, WO2020069433, WO2015184203, US20160176969, WO2017134306, WO2019032661, WO2020257412, WO2018170096, WO2020060924, US10730944, US20200172620, and the non-human antibodies OKT8; RPA-T8, 12.C7 (Novus); 17D8, 3B5, LT8, RIV11, SP16, YTC182.20, MEM-31, MEM-87, RAVB3, C8/144B (Thermo Fisher); 2ST8.5H7, Bu88, 3C39, Hit8a, SPM548, CA-8, SK1, RPA-T8 (GeneTex); UCHT4 (Absolute Antibody); BW135/80 (Miltenyi); G42-8 (BD
  • the CD8 binding agent comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR- H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 483, 484, and 485, respectively; and a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 486, 487, and 488, respectively.
  • the CD8 binding agent comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:369, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:370.
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • VL light chain variable region
  • the CD8 binding agent comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:489.
  • the CD8 binding agent comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR- H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 490, 491, and 492, respectively; and a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 493, 494, and 495, respectively.
  • the CD8 binding agent comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:371 and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:372.
  • the CD8 binding agent comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:496. [0308] In some embodiments, the CD8 binding agent comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR- H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 497, 498, and 499, respectively; and a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 486, 487, and 500, respectively.
  • the CD8 binding agent comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:373, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:374.
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • VL light chain variable region
  • the CD8 binding agent comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:501.
  • the CD8 binding agent comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR- H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 502, 503, and 504, respectively; and a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 505, 506, and 507, respectively.
  • the CD8 binding agent comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:375, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:376.
  • the CD8 binding agent comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:508. [0310] In some embodiments, the CD8 binding agent comprises a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR- H3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 509, 510, and 511, respectively. In some embodiments, the CD8 binding agent comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:377. In some embodiments, the CD8 binding agent comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:377. [0311] In some embodiments, the CD8 binding agent comprises any CD8 binding agent as described in US 2019/0144885, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
  • the CD8 binding agent is an scFv that contains a VH and VL set forth from any as below, in which the VH and VL are separated by linker.
  • the CD8 binding agent is a VHH having the sequence set forth below.
  • the CD8 binding agent is linked to the C-terminus of a truncated NiV-G set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19 to provide a re- targeted NiV-G.
  • the retargeted NiV-G is pseudotyped on a lentiviral vector with the a NiV-F (e.g. set forth in SEQ ID NO:227).
  • the lentiviral vector further contains a payload gene encoding an anti-CD19 CAR.
  • the anti-CD19 CAR 88 sf-5966708 186152009440 contains an anti-CD19 FMC63 scFv binding domain set forth in SEQ ID NO:239, a CD8 hinge set forth in SEQ ID NO:367, a CD8 transmembrane domain set forth in SEQ ID NO: 368, a 4-1bb signaling domain set forth in SEQ ID NO:248. a CD3zeta signaling domain set forth in SEQ ID NO: 249.
  • the binding confers re-targeted binding compared to the binding of a wild-type G protein in which a new or different binding activity is conferred.
  • the fusogen is randomly mutated.
  • the fusogen is rationally mutated.
  • the fusogen is subjected to directed evolution.
  • the fusogen is truncated and only a subset of the peptide is used in the viral vector.
  • amino acid residues in the measles hemagglutinin protein may be mutated to alter the binding properties of the protein, redirecting fusion (doi:10.1038/nbt942, Molecular Therapy vol.16 no.8, 1427–1436 Aug.2008, doi:10.1038/nbt1060, DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.7.3558–3563.2002, DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.17.8016–8020.2001, doi: 10.1073pnas.0604993103).
  • protein fusogens may be re-targeted by covalently conjugating a CD8 binding agent to the fusion protein or attachment protein (e.g. retargeted attachment protein).
  • the fusogen and CD8 binding agent are covalently conjugated by expression of a chimeric protein comprising the fusogen linked to the CD8 binding agent.
  • a single-chain variable fragment can be conjugated to fusogens to redirect fusion activity towards cells that display the scFv binding target (doi:10.1038/nbt1060, DOI 10.1182/blood-2012-11-468579, doi:10.1038/nmeth.1514, doi:10.1006/mthe.2002.0550, HUMAN GENE THERAPY 11:817– 826, doi:10.1038/nbt942, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026381, DOI 10.1186/s12896-015-0142-z).
  • DARPin designed ankyrin repeat proteins
  • DARPin can be conjugated to fusogens to redirect fusion activity towards cells that display the DARPin binding target (doi:10.1038/mt.2013.16, doi:10.1038/mt.2010.298, doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500956), as well as combinations of different DARPins (doi:10.1038/mto.2016.3).
  • receptor ligands and antigens can be conjugated to fusogens to redirect fusion activity towards cells that display the target receptor (DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2012.054, DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.7.3558–3563.2002).
  • a targeting protein can also include an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof (e.g., Fab, Fab', F(ab')2, Fv fragments, scFv antibody fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv), a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH1 domains, linear antibodies, single domain antibodies such as sdAb (either VL or VH), 90 sf-5966708 186152009440 nanobodies, or camelid VHH domains), an antigen-binding fibronectin type III (Fn3) scaffold such as a fibronectin polypeptide minibody, a ligand, a cytokine, a chemokine, or a T cell receptor (TCRs).
  • an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof e.g., Fab, Fab', F(ab')2, Fv fragments, scFv antibody fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv),
  • protein fusogens may be re-targeted by non-covalently conjugating a CD8 binding agent to the fusion protein or targeting protein (e.g. the hemagglutinin protein).
  • the fusion protein can be engineered to bind the Fc region of an antibody that targets an antigen on a target cell, redirecting the fusion activity towards cells that display the antibody’s target (DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.17.8016–8020.2001, doi:10.1038/nm1192).
  • altered and non- altered fusogens may be displayed on the same retroviral vector or VLP (doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.01.051).
  • a CD8 binding agent comprises a humanized antibody molecule, intact IgA, IgG, IgE or IgM antibody; bi- or multi- specific antibody (e.g., Zybodies®, etc.); antibody fragments such as Fab fragments, Fab’ fragments, F(ab’)2 fragments, Fd’ fragments, Fd fragments, and isolated CDRs or sets thereof; single chain Fvs; polypeptide-Fc fusions; single domain antibodies (e.g., shark single domain antibodies such as IgNAR or fragments thereof); cameloid antibodies; masked antibodies (e.g., Probodies®); Small Modular ImmunoPharmaceuticals (“SMIPsTM”); single chain or Tandem diabodies (TandAb®); VHHs; Anticalins®; Nanobodies®; minibodies; BiTE®s; ankyrin repeat proteins or DARPINs®; Avimers®; DARTs; TCR-like antibodies;, Adnect
  • the CD8 binding agent is a peptide.
  • the CD8 binding agent is an antibody, such as a single-chain variable fragment (scFv).
  • the CD8 binding agent is an antibody, such as a single domain antibody.
  • the CD8 binding agent is a VHH.
  • the antibody can be human or humanized.
  • the antibody or portion thereof is naturally occurring.
  • the antibody or portion thereof is synthetic.
  • the antibody can be generated from phage display libraries to have specificity for a desired target ligand.
  • viral vectors may display CD8 binding agents that are not conjugated to protein fusogens in order to redirect the fusion activity towards a cell that is bound by the targeting moiety, or to affect homing.
  • CD8 binding agents that are not conjugated to protein fusogens in order to redirect the fusion activity towards a cell that is bound by the targeting moiety, or to affect homing.
  • Non-limiting examples of re-targeted fusogens comprising a CD8 binding agent are as described in US 11,535,869, the entire contents of which is incorporated by reference herein.
  • the lipid particles disclosed herein comprise one or more retargeted attachment proteins, each independently comprising (i) a paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein; and (ii) a targeting moiety directed to a target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell.
  • the targeting moiety is an HSC binding domain, e.g., an HSC binding agent, such as any of those disclosed herein.
  • the lipid particles disclosed herein include, in some embodiments, one or more HSC binding domains (e.g., HSC binding agent) that target the viral vector to a cell that is an HSC.
  • the HSC binding agent binds to a molecule expressed on the surface of the HSC.
  • the cell surface molecule may be a receptor, coreceptor, or a GPI-anchored protein.
  • the HSC binding agent binds ASCT2, CD105, CD110, CD117, CD133, CD146, CD164, CD34, CD46, CD49f, CD90, EPCR,or ITGA3.
  • a HSC binding agent may be fused to or incorporated in a protein fusogen or lipid particle envelope attachment protein (e.g., a retargeted attachment protein).
  • a HSC binding agent may be incorporated into the viral envelope via fusion with a transmembrane domain.
  • the HSC binding agent targets the lipid particle to a HSC.
  • a HSC binding agent may be fused to or incorporated in a protein fusogen or attachment protein, thereby retargeting the lipid particle to a HSC.
  • the HSC binding agent for re-targeting is fused to a protein fusogen or envelope attachment protein that is mutated to reduce binding for the native binding partner of the fusogen or viral envelope protein.
  • the fusogen is or contains a mutant G protein or a biologically active portion thereof that is a mutant of wild-type NiV-G and exhibits reduced binding to one or both of the native binding partners Ephrin B2 or Ephrin B3, including any as described above.
  • a fusogen can be retargeted to display altered tropism.
  • the binding confers re-targeted binding compared to the binding of a wild-type surface glycoprotein protein in which a new or different binding 92 sf-5966708 186152009440 activity is conferred.
  • the binding confers re-targeted binding compared to the binding of a wild-type G protein in which a new or different binding activity is conferred.
  • the fusogen is randomly mutated.
  • the fusogen is rationally mutated.
  • the fusogen is subjected to directed evolution.
  • the fusogen is truncated and only a subset of the peptide is used in the viral vector.
  • amino acid residues in the measles hemagglutinin protein may be mutated to alter the binding properties of the protein, redirecting fusion (doi:10.1038/nbt942, Molecular Therapy vol.16 no.8, 1427–1436 Aug.2008, doi:10.1038/nbt1060, DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.7.3558–3563.2002, DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.17.8016– 8020.2001, doi: 10.1073pnas.0604993103).
  • protein fusogens may be re-targeted by covalently conjugating a HSC binding agent to the attachment protein.
  • the fusogen and HSC binding agent are covalently conjugated by expression of a chimeric protein comprising the fusogen linked to the HSC binding agent (e.g., retargeted attachment protein).
  • the HSC binding agent can include any targeting protein able to confer specific binding to a target molecule expressed on the surface of a HSC.
  • a targeting protein can also include an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof (e.g., Fab, Fab', F(ab')2, Fv fragments, scFv antibody fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv), a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH1 domains, linear antibodies, single domain antibodies such as sdAb (either VL or VH), nanobodies, or camelid VHH domains), an antigen-binding fibronectin type III (Fn3) scaffold such as a fibronectin polypeptide minibody, a ligand, a cytokine, a chemokine, or a T cell receptor (TCRs).
  • an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof e.g., Fab, Fab', F(ab')2, Fv fragments, scFv antibody fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv), a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH
  • the HSC binding agent is an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof.
  • the fusion protein can be engineered to bind the Fc region of an antibody that targets an antigen on a target cell, redirecting the fusion activity towards cells that display the antibody’s target (DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.17.8016–8020.2001, doi:10.1038/nm1192).
  • altered and non-altered fusogens may be displayed on the same retroviral vector or VLP (doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.01.051).
  • a single-chain variable fragment can be conjugated to fusogens to redirect fusion activity towards HSCs that display the scFv binding target (doi:10.1038/nbt1060, DOI 10.1182/blood-2012-11-468579, doi:10.1038/nmeth.1514, doi:10.1006/mthe.2002.0550, HUMAN GENE THERAPY 11:817– 826, doi:10.1038/nbt942, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026381, DOI 10.1186/s12896-015-0142-z).
  • DARPin designed ankyrin repeat proteins
  • a single domain antibody e.g., a VHH
  • a VHH can be conjugated to fusogens to redirect fusion activity towards HSCs that display the sdAb binding target.
  • receptor ligands and antigens can be conjugated 93 sf-5966708 186152009440 to fusogens to redirect fusion activity towards HSCs that display the target receptor (DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2012.054, DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.7.3558–3563.2002).
  • the target cell is a CD34+ progenitor cells.
  • the target cell molecule is expressed on at least a subset of CD34+ progenitor cells.
  • the cell surface molecule is expressed on HSCs. In some embodiments, the cell surface molecule is expressed on MPPs.
  • the cell surface molecule is expressed on MLPs. In some embodiments, the cell surface molecule is expressed on ETPs. In some embodiments, the cell surface molecule is expressed on MEPs. In some embodiments, the cell surface molecule is expressed on CMPs. In some embodiments, the cell surface molecule is expressed on GMPs. In some embodiments, the cell surface molecule is expressed on any combination of the foregoing CD34+ progenitor subpopulations. In some embodiments, the cell surface molecule is expressed on HSCs and MPPs. In some embodiments, the cell surface molecule is expressed on myeloid progenitors. In some embodiments, the cell surface molecule is expressed on lymphoid progenitors.
  • the cell surface molecule is expressed on myeloid progenitors. In some embodiments, the cell surface molecule is expressed on HSCs, MPPs, MEPs, CMPs, and GMPs. [0334] In some embodiments, the cell surface molecule is ASCT2. In some embodiments, the target cell is ASCT2+. [0335] In some embodiments, the cell surface molecule is CD105. In some embodiments, the target cell is CD105+. [0336] In some embodiments, the cell surface molecule is CD110. In some embodiments, the target cell is CD110+. [0337] In some embodiments, the cell surface molecule is CD117. In some embodiments, the target cell is CD117+.
  • the ta cell surface molecule is CD90. In some embodiments, the target cell is CD90+. [0345] In some embodiments, the cell surface molecule is EPCR. In some embodiments, the target cell is EPCR+. [0346] In some embodiments, the cell surface molecule is ITGA3. In some embodiments, the target cell is ITGA3+. [0347] In some embodiments, the target molecule is CD133. In some embodiments, the target cell is CD133+. In some embodiments, the targeting agent is an anti-CD133 antibody.
  • Exemplary anti-CD133 antibodies include CART133, AC133, 293C3-SDIE, CMab-43, RW03, 293C3H9 (293C3), and W6B3H10 (W6B3); and anti-CD133 antibodies disclosed in US Patent Nos. US8722858, US9249225, US9624303, US10106623, US10711068, US11098109, US11214628, US11352435, and US11220551; US Patent Application Nos. US20130224202; PCT Application Nos.
  • the lipid particles disclosed herein comprise one or more retargeted attachment proteins, each independently comprising (i) a paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein; and (ii) a targeting moiety directed to a target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell, wherein the target molecule is CD133.
  • the targeting moiety is a CD133 binding domain, e.g., a CD133 binding agent, such as any of those disclosed herein.
  • the lipid particles comprise one or more HSC binding domains that is a CD133 binding agent that targets the viral vector to a cell that is an HSC.
  • the lipid particles comprise two or more HSC binding domains that are each a CD133 binding agent that targets the viral vector to a cell that is an HSC.
  • each of the two or more HSC binding domains that are each a CD133 binding agent bind distinct epitopes of the same target molecule (CD133).
  • the lipid particle comprises two or more, e.g., two, three, four, or five or more, CD133 binding agents.
  • the lipid particle comprises one or more targeting moieties, e.g., HSC binding domains, selected from: (a) a CD133 binding agent comprising a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 536, 537, and 538, respectively, and a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 540, 541, and 542, respectively; (b) a CD133 binding agent comprising a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 545, 546, and 547, respectively, and a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and
  • the lipid particle comprises one or more targeting moieties, e.g., HSC binding domains, selected from: (a) a CD133 binding agent comprising a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 289, 565, and 538, respectively, and a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 540, 541, and 542, respectively; (b) a CD133 binding agent comprising a CDR-H1, a CDR-H2, and a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 566, 567, and 547, respectively, and a CDR-L1, a CDR-L2, and a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 549, 550, and 551, respectively; (c) a CD133 binding agent comprising a
  • the lipid particle comprises one or more, e.g., one, two, three, or more, targeting moieties, e.g., HSC binding domains, independently selected from: (a) a CD133 binding agent comprising a heavy chain variable (VH) region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 535, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto; and a light chain variable (VL) region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 539, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto; (b) a CD133 binding agent comprising a VH region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 544, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%
  • the lipid particle comprises one or more targeting moieties, e.g., HSC binding domains, comprising an amino acid sequence independently selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 516, 525, 534, 543, and 552, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • targeting moieties e.g., HSC binding domains
  • each of the one or more CD133 binding agents is independently an scFv comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 516, 525, 534, 543, and 552, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the lipid particle comprises a first CD133 binding agent that is an scFv comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 516 or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto, and a second CD133 binding agent that is an scFv comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 525 or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the target molecule is CD105. In some embodiments, the target cell is CD105+.
  • the targeting agent is an anti-CD105 antibody.
  • anti-CD105 antibodies include carotuximab, TRC105, huRH105, and TCR205; and anti-CD105 antibodies disclosed in US Patent Nos. US8221753, US8609094, US9150652, US95181212, US9926375, US9944714, US10155820, and US10336831; US Patent Application Nos. US20100098692, US20100196398, US20170007714, and US20220233591; PCT Application Nos.
  • the lipid particles disclosed herein comprise one or more retargeted attachment proteins, each independently comprising (i) a paramyxovirus envelope attachment protein; 97 sf-5966708 186152009440 and (ii) a targeting moiety directed to a target molecule expressed on the surface of a target cell, wherein the target molecule is CD117.
  • the targeting moiety is a CD117 binding domain, e.g., a CD117 binding agent, such as any of those disclosed herein.
  • the target molecule is CD117.
  • the target cell is CD117+.
  • the targeting agent is an anti-CD117 antibody.
  • the lipid particles comprise one or more HSC binding domains that is a CD117 binding agent that targets the viral vector to a cell that is an HSC.
  • the lipid particle comprises one or more targeting moieties, e.g., HSC binding domains, that is a CD117 binding agent comprising an amino acid sequence independently selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 512-515, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 593-639, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising a CDR-H1, a CDR- H2, and a CDR-H3 contained within an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 512-515, 593-639, wherein the target molecule is CD117.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 593, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 594, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 595, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 596, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 597, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 598, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 599, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 600, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% 98 sf-5966708 186152009440 sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 601, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 602, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 603, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 512, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 604, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 605, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 606, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 609, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 610, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 611, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 612, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 613, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 614, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% 99 sf-5966708 186152009440 sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 617, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 618, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 619, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 620, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 353, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 622, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 623, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 624, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 513, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 625, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 626, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 627, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 628, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% 100 sf-5966708 186152009440 sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 629, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 630, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 514, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 631, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 632, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 515, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 635, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 636, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 637, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 638, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 639, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the lipid particle comprises one or more targeting moieties, e.g., HSC binding domains, selected from: (a) a CD117 binding agent comprising a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 512, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 101 sf-5966708 186152009440 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto; (b) a CD117 binding agent comprising a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 513, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto; (c) a CD117 binding agent comprising a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 514, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%,
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 593. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 594. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 595. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 596. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 597. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 598.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 599. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 600. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 601. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 602. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 603. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 512.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 604 In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 605. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 606. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 607. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 608. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 609.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 616. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 617. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 618. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 619. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 620. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 621.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 622. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 623. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 624. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 513. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 625. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 626.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 627. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 628. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 629. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 630. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 514. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 631.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 632. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 633. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 634. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 515. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 635. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 636.
  • the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 637. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 638. In some embodiments, the CD117 binding agent is a VHH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 639.
  • the target molecule is EPCR. In some embodiments, the target cell is EPCR+. In some embodiments, the targeting agent is an anti-EPCR antibody. Exemplary anti-EPCR antibodies include JRK1494, JRK1535; and anti-EPCR antibodies disclosed in US Patent Application 103 sf-5966708 186152009440 Nos.
  • the target molecule is CD34.
  • the target cell is CD34+.
  • the targeting agent is an anti-CD34 antibody.
  • Exemplary anti-CD34 antibodies include h4C8, 9C5; and anti-CD34 antibodies disclosed in US Patent Nos. US8399249, US8927696, and US10106623; US Patent Application Nos. US20090221003, US20130143238, US20100311955, US20130172533, US20170320966, US20170298148, US20180169177, US20190135945; and PCT Application Nos.
  • the target molecule is ASCT2.
  • the target cell is ASCT2+.
  • the targeting agent is an anti-ASCT2 antibody.
  • Exemplary anti-ASCT2 antibodies include idactamab, MEDI7247, KM4008, KM4012, KM4018; and anti-ASCT2 antibodies disclosed in US Patent Nos. US8268592, US8501180, US8945870, US8673592, and US10829554; US Patent Application Nos. US20180273617, US20190367605, US20210024629; and PCT Application Nos. WO2017083451, WO2018089393.
  • the target molecule is CD90. In some embodiments, the target cell is CD90+. In some embodiments, the targeting agent is an anti-CD90 antibody. Exemplary anti-CD90 antibodies include EPR3133, CL1028, CL1040, AF-9, JF10-09, 5E10, 7E1B11; and anti-CD90 antibodies disclosed in US Patent Application No. US20210054068; and PCT Application No. WO2017214050. [0366] In some embodiments, the target molecule is CD164. In some embodiments, the target cell is CD164+. In some embodiments, the targeting agent is an anti-CD164 antibody.
  • Exemplary anti-CD164 antibodies include 67D2, H-4, 32G1, EML2058, 5C5, N6B6, 4B4, and 15-11-14; and anti-CD164 antibodies disclosed in PCT Application No. WO2006002438; and German Patent Nos. DE19727813C1 and DE19727815C1.
  • the target molecule is CD49f.
  • the target cell is CD49f+.
  • the targeting agent is an anti-CD49f antibody.
  • Exemplary anti-CD49f antibodies include CL6957, GoH3, SR45-00, and MP4F10; and anti-CD49f antibodies disclosed in US Patent Nos. US5538725, US10030071; US Patent Application Nos.
  • the target molecule is CD146.
  • the target cell is CD146+.
  • the targeting agent is an anti-CD146 antibody.
  • Exemplary anti-CD146 antibodies include imaprelimab, PRX003, ABX-MA1, huAA98, M2H-1, M2J-1, and JM1-24-3; and anti- CD146 antibodies disclosed in US Patent Nos.
  • Further exemplary targeting agents and corresponding target molecules are described in the table below.
  • the targeting agent can be any described in the referenced associated documents that bind to the associated target molecule.
  • Table 3 Exemplary targeting agents and corresponding target molecules Target Molecule Targeting Agent Associated Company/Institution Documents CD117 (c-Kit) N/A WO2022187050 Biolegend CD117 (c-Kit) Briquilimab (also known US20130288303 Amgen/Jasper Therapeutics as JSP191 or AMG191) US8791249 US20110223165 US8436150 WO2007127317 US7915391 CD117 (c-Kit) CDX-0158 (also known as US20200385483 Celldex KTN0158) US20220010027 US10774146 US20190153094 US20190106510 US10781267 US20190100598 US10793639 US20170158778 US10184007 US20170073422 US10189907 US20160311924 US9605081 WO2015179737 US20170121408 US10239943 WO2015112822 WO2015050959 WO2014018625 US20140065168 US9334332 WO2012103165
  • the lipid particle comprises one or more paramyxovirus fusion (F) proteins.
  • the lipid particle contains an exogenous or overexpressed paramyxovirus fusion (F) protein.
  • the paramyxovirus fusion (F) protein is disposed in the lipid bilayer.
  • the paramyxovirus fusion (F) protein e.g., fusogen
  • the membrane is a plasma cell membrane.
  • the paramyxovirus fusion (F) protein binds a binding partner on a target cell surface.
  • the paramyxovirus fusion (F) protein comprises a protein with a hydrophobic fusion peptide domain.
  • the paramyxovirus fusion (F) protein is or comprises a Nipah virus protein F, a measles virus F protein, a tupaia paramyxovirus F protein, a paramyxovirus F protein, a Hendra virus F protein, a Henipavirus F protein, a Morbillivirus F protein, a respirovirus F protein, a Sendai virus F protein, a rubulavirus F protein, or an avulavirus F protein.
  • the paramyxovirus fusion (F) protein comprises a henipavirus F protein molecule or biologically active portion thereof.
  • the Henipavirus F protein 108 sf-5966708 186152009440 is a Hendra (HeV) virus F protein, a Nipah (NiV) virus F-protein, a Cedar (CedPV) virus F protein, a M ⁇ ji ⁇ ng virus F protein, a Langya virus F protein or a bat Paramyxovirus F protein or a biologically active portion thereof.
  • Table 4 provides non-limiting examples of F proteins.
  • the N- terminal hydrophobic fusion peptide domain of the F protein molecule or biologically active portion thereof is exposed on the outside of lipid bilayer.
  • the paramyxovirus fusion (F) protein is a variant Nipah F protein (NiV-F).
  • the variant NiV-F protein exhibits fusogenic activity.
  • the variant NiV-F facilitates the fusion of the lipid particle (e.g. lentiviral vector) to a membrane.
  • F proteins of henipaviruses, including NiV-F are encoded as F0 precursors containing a signal peptide (e.g. corresponding to amino acid residues 1-26 of the below).
  • the mature F0 (SEQ ID NO:235 lacking the signal peptide, i.e. set forth in SEQ ID NO:256) is transported to the cell surface, then endocytosed and cleaved by cathepsin L (e.g. between amino acids 109-110 of NiV-F corresponding to amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:235) into the mature fusogenic subunits F1 (e.g. corresponding to amino acids 110-546 of NiV-F set forth in SEQ ID NO:235) and F2 (e.g. corresponding to amino acid residues 27-109 of NiV-F set forth in SEQ ID NO:235).
  • cathepsin L e.g. between amino acids 109-110 of NiV-F corresponding to amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:235
  • F1 e.g. corresponding to amino acids 110-546 of NiV-F set forth in SEQ ID NO:235
  • F2 e.g. corresponding to amino acid residues 27-109 of NiV
  • the F1 and F2 subunits are associated by a disulfide bond and recycled back to the cell surface.
  • the F1 subunit contains the fusion peptide domain located at the N terminus of the F1 subunit (e.g. corresponding to amino acids 110-129 of the below e.g. NiV-F set forth in SEQ ID NO:235) where it is able to insert into a cell membrane to drive fusion.
  • fusion activity is blocked by association of the F protein with G protein, until G engages with a target molecule resulting in its disassociation from F and exposure of the fusion peptide to mediate membrane fusion.
  • the sequence and activity of the F protein is highly conserved.
  • the F protein of NiV and HeV viruses share 89% amino acid sequence identity.
  • the henipavirus F proteins exhibit compatibility with G proteins from other species to trigger fusion (Brandel-Tretheway et al. Journal of Virology.2019.93(13):e00577-19).
  • the F protein is heterologous to the G protein, i.e. the F and G protein or biologically active portions are from different henipavirus species.
  • the F protein is from Hendra virus and the G protein is from Nipah virus.
  • the F protein can be a chimeric F protein containing regions of F proteins from different species of Henipavirus.
  • switching a region of amino acid residues of the F protein from one species of Henipavirus to another can result in fusion to the G protein of the species comprising the amino acid insertion.
  • the chimeric F protein contains an extracellular domain from one henipavirus species and a transmembrane and/or cytoplasmic domain from a different henipavirus species.
  • the F protein contains an extracellular domain of Hendra virus and a 109 sf-5966708 186152009440 transmembrane/cytoplasmic domain of Nipah virus.
  • F protein sequences disclosed herein are predominantly disclosed as expressed sequences including an N-terminal signal sequence.
  • N- terminal signal sequences are commonly cleaved co- or post-translationally, the mature protein sequences for all F protein sequences disclosed herein are also contemplated as lacking the N-terminal signal sequence.
  • Table 4 Non-limiting Examples of F Proteins Gen Nucle Full Sequence SEQ ID SEQ ID ban otides Gene NO k ID of Name (without CDS signal sequence) AF0 6618- gb:AF01 MATQEVRLKCLLCGIIVLVLSLEGLGILH 234 255 1714 8258 7149
  • the F protein or the biologically active portion thereof is a wild-type NiV-F protein or a functionally active variant or a biologically active portion thereof.
  • the F protein has the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:234, SEQ ID NO:235, SEQ ID NO:236, SEQ ID NO:237, or SEQ ID NO:238, or is a functionally active variant thereof or a biologically active portion thereof that retains fusogenic activity.
  • the functionally active variant comprises an amino acid sequence having at least at or about 80%, at least at or about 85%, at least at or about 90%, at least at or about 91%, at least at or about 92%, at least at or about 93%, at least at or about 94%, at least at or about 95%, at or about 96%, at least at or about 97%, at least at or about 98%, or at least at or about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:234, SEQ ID NO:235, SEQ ID NO:236, SEQ ID NO:237, or SEQ ID NO:238, and retains fusogenic activity in conjunction with a G protein, such as a variant NiV-G as provided herein.
  • a G protein such as a variant NiV-G as provided herein.
  • the biologically active portion has an amino acid sequence having at least at or about 80%, at least at or about 85%, at least at or about 90%, at least at or about 91%, at least at or about 92%, at least at or about 93%, at least at or about 94%, at least at or about 95%, at or about 96%, at least at or about 97%, at least at or about 98%, or at least at or about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:234, SEQ ID NO:235, SEQ ID NO:236, SEQ ID NO:237, or SEQ ID NO:238.
  • the F protein has the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:255, SEQ ID NO:256, SEQ ID NO:257, SEQ ID NO:258, or SEQ ID NO:259, or is a functionally active variant thereof or a biologically active portion thereof that retains fusogenic activity.
  • the functionally active variant comprises an amino acid sequence having at least at or about 80%, at least at or about 85%, at least at or about 90%, at least at or about 91%, at least at or about 92%, at least at or about 93%, at least at or about 94%, at least at or about 95%, at or about 96%, at 112 sf-5966708 186152009440 least at or about 97%, at least at or about 98%, or at least at or about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:255, SEQ ID NO:256, SEQ ID NO:257, SEQ ID NO:258, or SEQ ID NO:259, and retains fusogenic activity in conjunction with a G protein, such as a variant NiV-G as provided herein.
  • a G protein such as a variant NiV-G as provided herein.
  • the biologically active portion has an amino acid sequence having at least at or about 80%, at least at or about 85%, at least at or about 90%, at least at or about 91%, at least at or about 92%, at least at or about 93%, at least at or about 94%, at least at or about 95%, at or about 96%, at least at or about 97%, at least at or about 98%, or at least at or about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:255, SEQ ID NO:256, SEQ ID NO:257, SEQ ID NO:258, or SEQ ID NO:259.
  • Fusogenic activity includes the activity of the paramyxovirus fusion (F) protein in conjunction with a paramyxovirus envelope protein (e.g., G protein or G proteins) to promote or facilitate fusion of two membrane lumens, such as the lumen of the targeted lipid particle having embedded in its lipid bilayer a henipavirus F and at least two G proteins, and a cytoplasm of a target cell, e.g. a cell that contains a surface receptor or molecule that is recognized or bound by the targeted envelope protein.
  • the F protein and at least one G protein are from the same Henipavirus species (e.g. NiV-G and NiV-F).
  • the F protein and at least one G protein are from different Henipavirus species (e.g. NiV-G and HeV-F).
  • the F protein of the functionally active variant or biologically active portion retains the cleavage site cleaved by cathepsin L (e.g. corresponding to the cleavage site between amino acids 109-110 of SEQ ID NO:235).
  • Reference to retaining fusogenic activity includes activity (in conjunction with a G protein, such as a variant G protein provided herein) that is between at or about 10% and at or about 150% or more of the level or degree of binding of the corresponding wild-type F protein, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:234, SEQ ID NO:235, SEQ ID NO:236, SEQ ID NO:237, or SEQ ID NO:238, SEQ ID NO:255, SEQ ID NO:256, SEQ ID NO:257, SEQ ID NO:258, or SEQ ID NO:259 or a cathepsin L cleaved from thereof containing an F1 and F2 subunit.
  • a G protein such as a variant G protein provided herein
  • the fusogenic activity is at least or at least about 10% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity of the corresponding wild-type F protein, such as at least or at least about 15% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity of the corresponding wild-type F protein, such as at least or at least about 20% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity of the corresponding wild-type F protein, such as at least or at least about 25% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity of the corresponding wild-type F protein, such as at least or at least about 30% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity of the corresponding wild-type F protein, such as at least or at least about 35% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity of the corresponding wild-type F protein, such as at least or at least about 40% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity of the corresponding wild-type F protein, such as at least or at least about 45% of the level or degree of fusogenic activity of the corresponding wild-type F protein, such as at least or at least about 50% of the level
  • the paramyxovirus fusion (F) protein is a mutant F protein that is a functionally active fragment or a biologically active portion containing one or more amino acid mutations, such as one or more amino acid insertions, deletions, substitutions or truncations.
  • the mutations described herein relate to amino acid insertions, deletions, substitutions or truncations of amino acids compared to a reference F protein sequence.
  • the reference F protein sequence is the wild-type sequence of an F protein or a biologically active portion thereof.
  • the mutant F protein or the biologically active portion thereof is a mutant of a wild-type Hendra (Hev) virus F protein, a Nipah (NiV) virus F-protein, a Cedar (CedPV) virus F protein, a Mojiang virus F protein or a bat Paramyxovirus F protein.
  • the wild-type F protein is encoded by a sequence of nucleotides that encodes any one of SEQ ID NO:234, SEQ ID NO:235, SEQ ID NO:236, SEQ ID NO:237, or SEQ ID NO:238, SEQ ID NO:255, SEQ ID NO:256, SEQ ID NO:257, SEQ ID NO:258, or SEQ ID NO:259 or a cathepsin L cleaved from thereof containing an F1 and F2 subunit.
  • the mutant F protein is a biologically active portion that is truncated and lacks up to 22 contiguous amino acid residues at or near the C-terminus of the wild-type F protein, such as a wild-type F protein set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO:234, SEQ ID NO:235, SEQ ID NO:236, SEQ ID NO:237, or SEQ ID NO:238, SEQ ID NO:255, SEQ ID NO:256, SEQ ID NO:257, SEQ ID NO:258, or SEQ ID NO:259.
  • the mutant F protein is truncated and lacks up to 22 contiguous amino acids, such as up to 21, 20, 19, 18 , 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 contiguous amino acids at the C-terminus of the wild-type F protein.
  • the NiV-F, such as a mutant or truncated NiV-F, of a provided lipid particle includes the F0 precursor or a proteolytically cleaved form thereof containing the F1 and F2 114 sf-5966708 186152009440 subunits, such as resulting following proteolytic cleavage at the cleavage site (e.g.
  • the NiV-F such as wild-type NiV-F or a truncated or mutated NiV- F protein, is produced or encoded as an F 0 precursor which then is able to be proteolytically cleaved to result in an F protein containing the F1 and F2 subunit linked by a disulfide bond.
  • a particular sequence (SEQ ID NO) of a NiV-F herein is typically with reference to the F 0 precursor sequence but also is understood to include the proteolytically cleaved form or sequence thereof containing the two cleaved chains, F1 and F2.
  • the NiV-F such as a mutant or truncated NiV-F, contains an F1 subunit corresponding to amino acids 110-546 of NiV-F set forth in SEQ ID NO:235 or truncated or mutant sequence thereof, and an F2 corresponding to amino acid residues 27-109 of NiV-F set forth in SEQ ID NO:235.
  • the mutant F protein is a biologically active portion that is truncated and lacks up to 22 contiguous amino acid residues at or near the C-terminus of the wild-type NiV-F protein, such as a wild-type NiV-F protein set forth in SEQ ID NO:235 or SEQ ID NO:256.
  • the mutant F protein is truncated and lacks up to 22 contiguous amino acids, such as up to 21, 20, 19, 18 , 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 contiguous amino acids at the C- terminus of the wild-type NiV-F protein, such as a wild-type NiV-F protein set forth in SEQ ID NO:235 or SEQ ID NO:256.
  • the mutant F protein contains an F1 subunit and an F2 subunit in which (1) the F1 subunit is truncated and lacks up to 22 contiguous amino acids at or near the C-terminus of the wild-type F1 subunit, such as lacks up to 22 contiguous amino acids at or near the C-terminus of the wild-type F1 subunit corresponding to amino acids 110-546 of NiV-F set forth in SEQ ID NO:235, and (2) the F2 subunit has the sequence corresponding to amino acid residues 27-109 of NiV-F set forth in SEQ ID NO:235.
  • the paramyxovirus fusion (F) protein is a mutant NiV-F protein that is a biologically active portion thereof that comprises a 22 amino acid truncation at or near the C- terminus of the wild-type NiV-F protein (SEQ ID NO:235 or SEQ ID NO:256).
  • the NiV-F protein is encoded by a nucleotide sequence that encodes the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 226.
  • the NiV-F proteins is encoded by a sequence having at least at or about 90%, at least at or about 91%, at least at or about 115 sf-5966708 186152009440 92%, at least at or about 93%, at least at or about 94%, at least at or about 95%, at or about 96%, at least at or about 97%, at least at or about 98%, or at least at or about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 227.
  • the F protein molecule or biologically active portion thereof comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 227.
  • the mutant F protein contains an F1 subunit and an F2 subunit in which (1) the F1 subunit is set forth as amino acids 110-524 of SEQ ID NO:226, and (2) the F2 subunit is set forth as amino acids 27-109 of SEQ ID NO:226. [0387] In some embodiments, the mutant F protein contains an F1 subunit and an F2 subunit in which (1) the F1 subunit is set forth as amino acids 84-498 of SEQ ID NO:227, and (2) the F2 subunit is set forth as amino acids 1-83 of SEQ ID NO:227. C.
  • Polynucleotides comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a retargeted attachment protein. Also provided herein are polynucleotides encoding at least two retargeted attachment proteins. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides comprise a nucleic acid sequence encoding a G protein, F protein, or biologically active portion thereof. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides comprise a nucleic acid sequence encoding a first G protein, and a second G protein, or biologically active portion thereof.
  • the polynucleotides comprise a nucleic acid sequence encoding a first G protein, a second G protein, an F protein, or biologically active portion thereof. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides comprise a nucleic acid sequence encoding a first G protein, a second G protein, a third G protein, an F protein, or biologically active portion thereof. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides comprise a nucleic acid sequence encoding a first G protein, a second G protein, a third G protein, a fourth G protein, an F protein, or biologically active portion thereof.
  • the polynucleotides may include a sequence of nucleotides encoding any of the chimeric attachment described above.
  • the polynucleotide can be a synthetic nucleic acid.
  • expression vector containing any of the provided polynucleotides are also provided. [0389] In some of any embodiments, expression of natural or synthetic nucleic acids is typically achieved by operably linking a nucleic acid encoding the gene of interest to a promoter and incorporating the construct into an expression vector.
  • vectors can be suitable for replication and 116 sf-5966708 186152009440 integration in eukaryotes.
  • cloning vectors contain transcription and translation terminators, initiation sequences, and promoters useful for expression of the desired nucleic acid sequence.
  • a plasmid comprises a promoter suitable for expression in a cell.
  • the polynucleotides contain at least one promoter that is operatively linked to control expression of the targeted retargeted attachment protein and/or G protein and/or F protein. For expression of the retargeted attachment protein, at least one module in each promoter functions to position the start site for RNA synthesis.
  • TATA box In some promoters lacking a TATA box, such as the promoter for the mammalian terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase gene and the promoter for the SV40 genes, a discrete element overlying the start site itself helps to fix the place of initiation.
  • additional promoter elements e.g., enhancers, regulate the frequency of transcriptional initiation.
  • additional promoter elements are located in the region 30-110 bp upstream of the start site, although a number of promoters have recently been shown to contain functional elements downstream of the start site as well.
  • spacing between promoter elements frequently is flexible, so that promoter function is preserved when elements are inverted or moved relative to one another.
  • the thymidine kinase (tk) promoter the spacing between promoter elements can be increased to 50 bp apart before activity begins to decline.
  • individual elements can function either cooperatively or independently to activate transcription.
  • a promoter may be one naturally associated with a gene or polynucleotide sequence, as may be obtained by isolating the 5′ non-coding sequences located upstream of the coding segment and/or exon.
  • an enhancer may be one naturally associated with a polynucleotide sequence, located either downstream or upstream of that sequence.
  • an enhancer may be one naturally associated with a polynucleotide sequence, located either downstream or upstream of that sequence.
  • certain advantages will be gained by positioning the coding polynucleotide segment under the control of a recombinant or heterologous promoter, which refers to a promoter that is not normally associated with a polynucleotide sequence in its natural environment.
  • a recombinant or heterologous enhancer refers also to an enhancer not normally associated with a polynucleotide sequence in its natural environment.
  • promoters or enhancers may include promoters or enhancers of other genes, and promoters or enhancers isolated from any other prokaryotic, viral, or eukaryotic cell, and promoters or enhancers not “naturally occurring,” i.e., containing different elements of different transcriptional regulatory regions, and/or mutations that alter expression.
  • sequences may be produced using recombinant cloning and/or nucleic acid amplification technology, including PCR, in connection with the compositions disclosed herein (U.S. Pat. Nos.4,683,202 and 5,928,906).
  • other constitutive promoter sequences may also be used, including, but not limited to the simian virus 40 (SV40) early promoter, mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter, MoMuLV promoter, an avian leukemia virus promoter, an Epstein-Barr virus immediate early promoter, a Rous sarcoma virus promoter, as well as human gene promoters such as, but not limited to, the actin promoter, the myosin promoter, the hemoglobin promoter, and the creatine kinase promoter.
  • SV40 simian virus 40
  • MMTV mouse mammary tumor virus
  • HSV human immunodeficiency virus
  • LTR long terminal repeat
  • MoMuLV promoter MoMuLV promoter
  • an avian leukemia virus promoter an Epstein-Barr virus immediate early promoter
  • Rous sarcoma virus promoter as well as human gene promoters such
  • the promoter is a promoter associated with T cells (e.g., a T cell promoter). In some embodiments, the promoter is a promoter that drives gene expression in T cells. In some embodiments, the promoter sequence is a T cells promoter sequence capable of driving high levels of expression of any polynucleotide sequence operatively linked thereto. In some embodiments, the promoter is dLck or CD3 ⁇ -promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter is ELAM promoter, hTNFAIP1, hVCAM1, hCCL2, or pA20 promoter. [0395] In some embodiments, the promoter is an inducible promoter.
  • the inducible promoter provides a molecular switch capable of turning on expression of the polynucleotide sequence which it is operatively linked when such expression is desired, or turning off the expression when expression is not desired.
  • inducible promoters comprise metallothionine promoter, a glucocorticoid promoter, a progesterone promoter, and a tetracycline promoter.
  • exogenously controlled inducible promoters can be used to regulate expression of the retargeted attachment protein, the G protein, the F protein, and/or an antigen binding domain such as a single domain antibody (sdAb) variable domain.
  • sdAb single domain antibody
  • radiation-inducible promoters can be used to selectively drive transgene expression in, for example, targeted regions.
  • the location, duration, and level of transgene expression can be regulated by the administration of the exogenous source of induction.
  • expression of the retargeted attachment protein is regulated using a drug-inducible promoter.
  • the promoter, enhancer, or transactivator comprises a Lac operator sequence, a tetracycline operator sequence, a galactose operator sequence, a doxycycline operator sequence, a rapamycin operator sequence, a tamoxifen operator sequence, or a hormone-responsive operator sequence, or an analog thereof.
  • the inducible promoter comprises a tetracycline response element (TRE).
  • the inducible promoter 118 sf-5966708 186152009440 comprises an estrogen response element (ERE), which can activate gene expression in the presence of tamoxifen.
  • a drug-inducible element such as a TRE
  • a selected promoter to enhance transcription in the presence of drug, such as doxycycline.
  • the drug-inducible promoter is a small molecule-inducible promoter.
  • Any of the provided polynucleotides can be modified to remove CpG motifs and/or to optimize codons for translation in a particular species, such as human, canine, feline, equine, ovine, bovine, etc. species.
  • the polynucleotides are optimized for human codon usage (i.e., human codon-optimized).
  • the polynucleotides are modified to remove CpG motifs.
  • the provided polynucleotides are modified to remove CpG motifs and are codon-optimized, such as human codon-optimized. Methods of codon optimization and CpG motif detection and modification are well-known. Typically, polynucleotide optimization enhances transgene expression, increases transgene stability and preserves the amino acid sequence of the encoded polypeptide.
  • the expression vector to be introduced into a cell can also contain either a selectable marker gene or a reporter gene or both to facilitate identification and selection of expressing particles, e.g. viral particles.
  • the selectable marker may be carried on a separate piece of DNA and used in a co-transfection procedure. Both selectable markers and reporter genes may be flanked with appropriate regulatory sequences to enable expression in the host cells. Useful selectable markers are known in the art and include, for example, antibiotic-resistance genes, such as neo and the like. [0400] Reporter genes are used for identifying potentially transfected cells and for evaluating the functionality of regulatory sequences. Reporter genes that encode for easily assayable proteins are well known in the art. In general, a reporter gene is a gene that is not present in or expressed by the recipient organism or tissue and that encodes a protein whose expression is manifested by some easily detectable property, e.g., enzymatic activity.
  • Suitable reporter genes may include genes encoding luciferase, beta-galactosidase, chloramphenicol acetyl transferase, secreted alkaline phosphatase, or the green fluorescent protein gene (see, e.g., Ui-Tei et al., 2000, FEBS Lett.479:79-82).
  • Suitable expression systems are well known and may be prepared using well known techniques or obtained commercially. Internal deletion constructs may be generated using unique internal restriction sites or by partial digestion of non-unique restriction sites.
  • Constructs may then be transfected into cells that display high levels of the desired polynucleotide and/or polypeptide expression.
  • the construct with the minimal 5′ flanking region showing the highest level of expression of reporter gene is identified as the promoter.
  • promoter regions may be 119 sf-5966708 186152009440 linked to a reporter gene and used to evaluate agents for the ability to modulate promoter-driven transcription. II.
  • lipid particle comprising a lipid bilayer, a lumen surrounded by the lipid bilayer and a retargeted attachment protein, such as any as described, in which the retargeted attachment protein is embedded within the lipid bilayer.
  • the provided lipid particles preferentially target hematopoietic cells (e.g. T cells), which is mediated by the tropism of the retargeted attachment protein, such as a G protein.
  • the lipid particle may additionally contain an exogenous agent (e.g. therapeutic agent) for delivery to a cell.
  • a lipid particle is introduced to a cell in the subject. Also provided are methods of delivering any of the provided lipid particles to a cell. [0403] In some embodiments, the provided lipid particles exhibit fusogenic activity, which is mediated by the retargeted attachment protein, such as a G protein and/or any of the provided F proteins that facilitates merger or fusion of the two lumens of the lipid particle and the target cell membranes. Thus, among provided lipid particles are fusosomes. In some embodiments, the fusosome comprises a naturally derived bilayer of amphipathic lipids with the retargeted attachment protein as a fusogen.
  • the fusosome comprises (a) a lipid bilayer, (b) a lumen (e.g., comprising cytosol) surrounded by the lipid bilayer; and (c) a fusogen that is exogenous or overexpressed relative to the source cell.
  • the retargeted attachment protein is disposed in the lipid bilayer.
  • the fusosome comprises several different types of lipids, e.g., amphipathic lipids, such as phospholipids [0404]
  • the lipid particle includes a naturally derived bilayer of amphipathic lipids that encloses lumen or cavity.
  • the lipid bilayer is derived from a source cell during a process to produce a lipid-containing particle. Exemplary methods for producing lipid-containing particles are provided in Section I.E.
  • the lipid bilayer includes membrane components of the cell from which the lipid bilayer is produced, e.g., phospholipids, membrane proteins, etc.
  • 120 sf-5966708 186152009440 the lipid bilayer includes a cytosol that includes components found in the cell from which the micro- vesicle is produced, e.g., solutes, proteins, nucleic acids, etc., but not all of the components of a cell, e.g., they lack a nucleus.
  • the lipid bilayer is considered to be exosome-like.
  • the lipid bilayer may vary in size, and in some instances have a diameter ranging from 30 and 300 nm, such as from 30 and 150 nm, and including from 40 to 100 nm.
  • the lipid bilayer is a viral envelope.
  • the viral envelope is obtained from a source cell.
  • the viral envelope is obtained by the viral capsid from the source cell plasma membrane.
  • the lipid bilayer is obtained from a membrane other than the plasma membrane of a host cell.
  • the viral envelope lipid bilayer is embedded with retargeted attachment proteins that are viral proteins, including viral glycoproteins as described herein such as a G protein and, in some aspects, also a F protein.
  • the lipid bilayer includes synthetic lipid complex.
  • the synthetic lipid complex is a liposome.
  • the lipid bilayer is a vesicular structure characterized by a phospholipid bilayer membrane and an inner aqueous medium.
  • the lipid bilayer has multiple lipid layers separated by aqueous medium.
  • the lipid bilayer forms spontaneously when phospholipids are suspended in an excess of aqueous solution.
  • the lipid components undergo self-rearrangement before the formation of closed structures and entrap water and dissolved solutes between the lipid bilayers.
  • a targeted envelope protein and fusogen such as any described above including any that are exogenous or overexpressed relative to the source cell, is disposed in the lipid bilayer.
  • the lipid particle comprises several different types of lipids.
  • the lipids are amphipathic lipids.
  • the amphipathic lipids are phospholipids.
  • the phospholipids comprise phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylserine. In some embodiments, the lipids comprise phospholipids such as phosphocholines and phosphoinositols. In some embodiments, the lipids comprise DMPC, DOPC, and DSPC. [0410] In some embodiments, the bilayer may be comprised of one or more lipids of the same or different type.
  • the source cell comprises a cell selected from HEK293 cells, CHO cells, BHK cells, MDCK cells, C3H 10T1/2 cells, FLY cells, Psi-2 cells, BOSC 23 cells, PA317 cells, WEHI cells, COS cells, BSC 1 cells, BSC 40 cells, BMT 10 cells, VERO cells, W138 cells, MRC5 cells, A549 cells, HT1080 cells, 293 cells, 293T cells, B-50 cells, 3T3 cells, NIH3T3 cells, HepG2 cells, Saos- 2 cells, Huh7 cells, HeLa cells, W163 cells, 211 cells, and 211A cells.
  • HEK293 cells CHO cells, BHK cells, MDCK cells, C3H 10T1/2 cells, FLY cells, Psi-2 cells, BOSC 23 cells, PA317 cells, WEHI cells, COS cells, BSC 1 cells, BSC 40 cells, BMT 10 cells, VERO cells, W138 cells, MRC5 cells, A5
  • the lipid particle can be a viral particle, a virus-like particle, a nanoparticle, a vesicle, an exosome, a dendrimer, a lentivirus, a viral vector, an enucleated cell, a 121 sf-5966708 186152009440 microvesicle, a membrane vesicle, an extracellular membrane vesicle, a plasma membrane vesicle, a giant plasma membrane vesicle, an apoptotic body, a mitoparticle, a pyrenocyte, a lysosome, another membrane enclosed vesicle, or a lentiviral vector, a viral based particle, a virus like particle (VLP) or a cell based particle.
  • VLP virus like particle
  • the lipid particle is virally derived.
  • the lipid particle can be a viral-based particle, such as a viral vector particle (e.g. lentiviral vector particle) or a virus-like particle (e.g. a lentiviral-like particle).
  • the lipid bilayer is a viral envelope.
  • the viral envelope is obtained from a host cell.
  • the viral envelope is obtained by the viral capsid from the source cell plasma membrane.
  • the lipid bilayer is obtained from a membrane other than the plasma membrane of a host cell.
  • the viral envelope lipid bilayer is embedded with viral proteins, including viral glycoproteins.
  • the lipid bilayer includes membrane components of the host cell from which the lipid bilayer is derived, e.g., phospholipids, membrane proteins, etc.
  • the lipid bilayer includes a cytosol that includes components found in the cell from which the vehicle is derived, e.g., solutes, proteins, nucleic acids, etc., but not all of the components of a cell, e.g., lacking a nucleus.
  • the lipid bilayer is considered to be exosome-like.
  • the lipid bilayer may vary in size, and in some instances have a diameter ranging from 30 and 300 nm, such as from 30 and 150 nm, and including from 40 to 100 nm.
  • an exogenous agent such as a polynucleotide or polypeptide
  • a lipid particle may have various properties that facilitate delivery of a payload, such as, e.g., a desired transgene or exogenous agent, to a target cell.
  • the exogenous agent may be a polynucleotide or a polypeptide.
  • a lipid particle provided herein is administered to a subject, e.g., a mammal, e.g., a human.
  • the subject may be at risk of, may have a symptom of, or may be diagnosed with or identified as having, a particular disease or condition.
  • the subject has cancer.
  • the subject has an infectious disease.
  • the lipid particle contains nucleic acid sequences (polynucleotide) encoding an exogenous agent or a polypeptide exogenous agent for treating the disease or condition. 122 sf-5966708 186152009440 [0416]
  • the lipid particles can include spherical particles or can include particles of elongated or irregular shape.
  • a composition of particles can be assessed for one or more features related to their size, including diameter, range of variation thereof above and below an average (mean) or median value of the diameter, coefficient of variation, polydispersity index or other measure of size of particles in a composition.
  • Various methods for particle characterization can be used, including, but not limited to, laser diffraction, dynamic light scattering (DLS; also known as photon correlation spectroscopy) or image analysis, such as microscopy or automated image analysis.
  • the provided lipid particle has a diameter of, or the average (mean) diameter of particles in a composition is, less than about 3 ⁇ m, less than about 2 ⁇ m, less than about 1 ⁇ m, less than about 900 nm, less than about 800 nm, less than about 700 nm, less than about 600 nm, less than about 500 m, less than about 400 nm, less than about 300, less than about 200 nm, less than about 150 nm, less than about 100 nm, less than about 50 nm, or less than about 20 nm.
  • the lipid particle has a diameter of, or the average (mean) diameter of particles in a composition is, less than about 400 nm. In another embodiment, the lipid particle has a diameter of, or the average (mean) diameter of particles in a composition is, less than about 150 nm.
  • the lipid particle has a diameter of, or the average (mean) diameter of particles in a composition is, between at or about 2 ⁇ m and at or about 1 ⁇ m, between at or about 1 ⁇ m and at or about 900 nm, between at or about 900 nm and at or about 800 nm, between at or about 800 and at or about 700 nm, between at or about 700 nm and at or about 600 nm, between at or about 600 nm and at or about 500 nm, between at or about 500 nm and at or about 400 nm, between at or about 400 nm and at or about 300 nm, between at or about 300 nm and at or about 200 nm, between at or about 200 and at or about 100 nm, between at or about 100 and at or about 50 nm, or between at or about 20 nm and at or about 50 nm.
  • the median particle diameter in a composition of particles is between at or about 10 nm and at or about 1000 nM, between at or about 25 nm and at or about 500 nm, between at or about 40 nm and at or about 300 nm, between at or about 50 nm and at or about 250 nm, between at or about 60 nm and at or about 225 nm, between at or about 70 nm and at or about 200 nm, between at or about 80 nm and at or about 175 nm, or between at or about 90 nm and at or about 150 nm.
  • 90% of the lipid particles in a composition fall within 50% of the median diameter of the lipid particles.
  • 90% of the lipid particles in a composition fall within 25% of the median diameter of the lipid particles. In some embodiments, 90% of the lipid particles in a composition fall within 20% of the median diameter. In some embodiments, 90% of the lipid particles in a composition fall within 15% of the median diameter of lipid particles. In some embodiments, 90% of the lipid particles in a composition fall within 10% of the median diameter of the lipid particles. 123 sf-5966708 186152009440 [0421] In some embodiments, 75% of the lipid particles in a composition fall within +/- 2 or +/- 1 St Dev standard deviations (St Dev) of the mean diameter of lipid particles.
  • St Dev St Dev standard deviations
  • the lipid particles have an average hydrodynamic radius, e.g.
  • the lipid particles have an average geometric radius, e.g. as determined by a multi-angle light scattering, of about 100 nm to about two microns. In some embodiments, the lipid particles have an average geometric radius between at or about 2 ⁇ m and at or about 1 ⁇ m, between at or about 1 ⁇ m and at or about 900 nm, between at or about 900 nm and at or about 800 nm, between at or about 800 and at or about 700 nm, between at or about 700 nm and at or about 600 nm, between at or about 600 nm and at or about 500 nm, between at or about 500 nm and at or about 400 nm, between at or about 400 nm and at or about 300 nm, between at or about 300 nm and at or about 200 nm, between at or about 200 and at or about 100 nm, between at or about 100 and at or about 50 nm, or between at or about 20 nm and at or or
  • the coefficient of variation (COV) (i.e. standard deviation divided by the mean) of a composition of lipid particles is less than at or about 30%, less than at or about 25%, less than at or about 20%, less than at or about 15%, less than at or about 10% or less than at or about 5%.
  • COV coefficient of variation
  • provided compositions of lipid particles are characterized by their polydispersity index, which is a measure of the size distribution of the particles wherein values between 1 (maximum dispersion) and 0 (identical size of all of the particles) are possible.
  • compositions of lipid particles provided herein have a polydispersity index of between at or about 0.05 and at or about 0.7, between at or about 0.05 and at or about 0.6, between at or about 0.05 and at or about 0.5, between at or about 0.05 and at or about 0.4, between at or about 0.05 and at or about 0.3, between 124 sf-5966708 186152009440 at or about 0.05 and at or about 0.2, between at or about 0.05 and at or about 0.1, between at or about 0.1 and at or about 0.7, between at or about 0.1 and at or about 0.6, between at or about 0.1 and at or about 0.5, between at or about 0.1 and at or about 0.4, between at or about 0.1 and at or about 0.3, between at or about 0.1 and at or about 0.2, between at or about 0.2 and at or about 0.7, between at or about 0.2 and at or about 0.6, between at or about 0.2 and at or about 0.5, between at or about 0.2 and at or about 0.6, between
  • the polydispersity index is less than at or about 0.05, less than at or about 0.1, less than at or about 0.15, less than at or about 0.2, less than at or about 0.25, less than at or about 0.3, less than at or about 0.4, less than at or about 0.5, less than at or about 0.6 or less than at or about 0.7.
  • lipid particles are known, any of which can be generated in accord with the provided embodiments. Non-limiting examples of lipid particles include any as described in, or contain features as described in, International published PCT Application No.
  • the lipid particle’s bilayer of amphipathic lipids is or comprises the viral envelope.
  • the lipid particle’s bilayer of amphipathic lipids is or comprises lipids derived from a producer cell.
  • the viral envelope may comprise a fusogen, e.g., a fusogen that is endogenous to the virus or a pseudotyped fusogen.
  • the lipid particle’s lumen or cavity comprises a viral nucleic acid, e.g., a retroviral nucleic acid, e.g., a lentiviral nucleic acid.
  • the viral nucleic acid may be a viral genome.
  • the lipid particle further comprises one or more viral non-structural proteins, e.g., in its cavity or lumen.
  • the viral-based particle is or comprises a virus-like particle (VLP).
  • the VLP does not comprise any viral genetic material.
  • the viral- based particle does not contain any virally derived nucleic acids or viral proteins, such as viral structural proteins.
  • Biological methods for introducing an exogenous agent to a host cell include the use of DNA and RNA vectors.
  • DNA and RNA vectors can also be used to house and deliver polynucleotides and polypeptides.
  • Viral vectors and virus like particles, and especially retroviral vectors have become the most widely used method for inserting genes into mammalian, e.g., human cells.
  • Other viral vectors and virus like particles can be derived from lentivirus, poxviruses, herpes simplex virus I, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses, and the like. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos.5,350,674 and 5,585,362.
  • the lipid bilayer is obtained from a membrane other than the plasma membrane of a host cell.
  • the viral particles or virus-like particles envelope lipid bilayer is embedded with retargeted attachment protein or proteins that are viral proteins, including viral glycoproteins, including a G protein and/or an F protein.
  • one or more transducing units of viral particles or virus-like particles are administered to the subject. In some embodiments, at least 1, 10, 100, 1000, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, or 1014, transducing units per kg are administered to the subject.
  • the lipid particle is or comprises a virus or a viral vector, e.g., a retrovirus or retroviral vector, e.g., a lentivirus or lentiviral vector.
  • the virus or viral vector is recombinant.
  • the viral particle may be referred to as a recombinant virus and/or a recombinant viral vector, which are used interchangeably.
  • the lipid particle is a recombinant lentivirus vector particle.
  • a lipid particle comprises a lipid bilayer comprising a retroviral vector comprising an envelope.
  • the bilayer of amphipathic lipids is or comprises the viral envelope.
  • the viral envelope may comprise a fusogen, e.g., retargeted attachment protein fusogen, that is endogenous to the virus or is a pseudotyped fusogen.
  • the viral vector’s lumen or cavity comprises a viral nucleic acid, e.g., a retroviral nucleic acid, e.g., a lentiviral nucleic acid.
  • the viral nucleic acid may be a viral genome.
  • the viral 126 sf-5966708 186152009440 vector may further comprises one or more viral non- structural proteins, e.g., in its cavity or lumen.
  • the virus based vector particles are lentivirus.
  • the lentiviral vector particle is Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1).
  • the viral vector particle is limited in the number of polynucleotides that can be packaged.
  • nucleotides encoding polypeptides to be packaged can be modified such that they retain functional activity with fewer nucleotides in the coding region than that which encodes for the wild-type peptide.
  • the insert size to be packaged i.e., viral genome, or portions thereof; or heterologous polynucleotides as described
  • the insert size to be packaged can be between 500-1000, 1000-2000, 2000-3000, 3000-4000, 4000-5000, 5000-6000, 6000-7000, or 7000-8000 nucleotides in length.
  • the insert can be over 8000 nucleotides, such as 9000, 10,000, or 11,000 nucleotides in length.
  • the viral vector particle such as retroviral vector particle, comprises one or more of gag polyprotein, polymerase (e.g., pol), integrase (e.g., a functional or non-functional variant), protease, and a fusogen.
  • the lipid particle further comprises rev.
  • one or more of the aforesaid proteins are encoded in the retroviral genome (i.e., the insert as described above), and in some embodiments, one or more of the aforesaid proteins are provided in trans, e.g., by a helper cell, helper virus, or helper plasmid.
  • the lipid particle nucleic acid (e.g., retroviral nucleic acid) comprises one or more of the following nucleic acid sequences: 5’ LTR (e.g., comprising U5 and lacking a functional U3 domain), Psi packaging element (Psi, ⁇ ), Central polypurine tract (cPPT) Promoter operatively linked to the payload gene, payload gene (optionally comprising an intron before the open reading frame), Poly A tail sequence, WPRE, and 3’ LTR (e.g., comprising U5 and lacking a functional U3).
  • the lipid particle nucleic acid further comprises a retroviral cis-acting RNA packaging element, and a cPPT/CTS element.
  • the lipid particle packages nucleic acids from host cells carrying one or more viral nucleic acids (e.g. retroviral nucleic acids) during the expression process.
  • the nucleic acids do not encode any genes involved in virus replication.
  • the lipid particle is a virus-based particle, e.g. retrovirus particle such as a lentivirus particle, that is replication defective.
  • the lipid particle is a viral particle that is morphologically indistinguishable from the wild type infectious virus.
  • the viral particle presents the entire viral proteome as an antigen.
  • the viral particle presents only a portion of the proteome as an antigen.
  • the retroviral nucleic acid comprises one or more of (e.g., all of): a 5’ promoter (e.g., to control expression of the entire packaged RNA), a 5’ LTR (e.g., that includes R (polyadenylation tail signal) and/or U5 which includes a primer activation signal), a primer binding site, a psi packaging signal, a RRE element for nuclear export, a promoter directly upstream of the transgene to control transgene expression, a transgene (or other exogenous agent element), a polypurine tract, and a 3’ LTR (e.g., that includes a mutated U3, a R, and U5).
  • a 5’ promoter e.g., to control expression of the entire packaged RNA
  • a 5’ LTR e.g., that includes R (polyadenylation tail signal) and/or U5 which includes
  • the retroviral nucleic acid further comprises one or more of a cPPT, a WPRE, and/or an insulator element.
  • a retrovirus typically replicates by reverse transcription of its genomic RNA into a linear double-stranded DNA copy and subsequently covalently integrates its genomic DNA into a host genome.
  • Illustrative retroviruses suitable for use in particular embodiments include, but are not limited to: Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV), Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MoMSV), Harvey murine sarcoma virus (HaMuSV), murine mammary tumor virus (MuMTV), gibbon ape leukemia virus (GaLV), feline leukemia virus (FLV), spumavirus, Friend murine leukemia virus, Murine Stem Cell Virus (MSCV) and Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV)) and lentivirus.
  • M-MuLV Moloney murine leukemia virus
  • MoMSV Moloney murine sarcoma virus
  • Harvey murine sarcoma virus HaMuSV
  • murine mammary tumor virus MuMTV
  • gibbon ape leukemia virus GaLV
  • feline leukemia virus FLV
  • spumavirus Friend murine leukemia virus
  • MSCV
  • the retrovirus is an Alpharetrovirus. In some embodiments the retrovirus is a Betaretrovirus. In some embodiments the retrovirus is a Deltaretrovirus. In some embodiments the retrovirus is a Lentivirus. In some embodiments the retrovirus is a Spumaretrovirus. In some embodiments the retrovirus is an endogenous retrovirus.
  • Illustrative lentiviruses include, but are not limited to: HIV (human immunodeficiency virus; including HIV type 1, and HIV type 2); visna-maedi virus (VMV) virus; the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV); equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV); feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV); bovine immune deficiency virus (BIV); and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV).
  • HIV based vector backbones i.e., HIV cis-acting sequence elements
  • a viral vector can comprise a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a transfer plasmid) that includes virus-derived nucleic acid elements that typically facilitate transfer of a nucleic acid molecule (e.g. including nucleic acid encoding an exogenous agent) or integration into the genome of a cell or to a viral particle that mediates nucleic acid transfer.
  • Viral vector particles will typically include various viral components and sometimes also host cell components in addition to nucleic acid(s).
  • a viral vector can 128 sf-5966708 186152009440 comprise a virus or viral particle capable of transferring a nucleic acid into a cell (e.g.
  • Viral vectors and transfer plasmids can comprise structural and/or functional genetic elements that are primarily derived from a virus.
  • a retroviral vector can comprise a viral vector or plasmid containing structural and functional genetic elements, or portions thereof, that are primarily derived from a retrovirus.
  • a lentiviral vector can comprise a viral vector or plasmid containing structural and functional genetic elements, or portions thereof, including LTRs that are primarily derived from a lentivirus.
  • a lentiviral vector may comprise a lentiviral transfer plasmid (e.g., as naked DNA) or an infectious lentiviral particle.
  • a lentiviral transfer plasmid e.g., as naked DNA
  • infectious lentiviral particle e.g., as naked DNA
  • elements such as cloning sites, promoters, regulatory elements, heterologous nucleic acids, etc.
  • the sequences of these elements can be present in RNA form in lentiviral particles and can be present in DNA form in DNA plasmids.
  • at least part of one or more protein coding regions that contribute to or are essential for replication may be absent compared to the corresponding wild- type virus. This makes the viral vector replication-defective.
  • the vector is capable of transducing a target non-dividing host cell and/or integrating its genome into a host genome.
  • the structure of a wild-type retrovirus genome often comprises a 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) and a 3' LTR, between or within which are located a packaging signal to enable the genome to be packaged, a primer binding site, integration sites to enable integration into a host cell genome and gag, pol and env genes encoding the packaging components which promote the assembly of viral particles.
  • LTR 5' long terminal repeat
  • 3' LTR between or within which are located a packaging signal to enable the genome to be packaged
  • a primer binding site to enable integration into a host cell genome
  • gag, pol and env genes encoding the packaging components which promote the assembly of viral particles.
  • More complex retroviruses have additional features, such as rev and RRE sequences in HIV, which enable the efficient export of RNA transcripts of the integrated provirus from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of an infected target cell.
  • LTRs long terminal repeats
  • the LTRs are involved in proviral integration and transcription. LTRs also serve as enhancer-promoter sequences and can control the expression of the viral genes. Encapsidation of the retroviral RNAs occurs by virtue of a psi sequence located at the 5' end of the viral genome.
  • the LTRs themselves are typically similar (e.g., identical) sequences that can be divided into three elements, which are called U3, R and U5. U3 is derived from the sequence unique to the 3' end of the RNA.
  • R is derived from a sequence repeated at both ends of the RNA and U5 is derived from the sequence unique to the 5' end of the RNA.
  • the sizes of the three elements can vary considerably among different retroviruses.
  • the site of transcription initiation is typically at the boundary between U3 and R in one LTR and the site of poly (A) addition (termination) is at the boundary between R and U5 in the other LTR.
  • U3 contains most of the transcriptional control elements of the provirus, which 129 sf-5966708 186152009440 include the promoter and multiple enhancer sequences responsive to cellular and in some cases, viral transcriptional activator proteins.
  • Some retroviruses comprise any one or more of the following genes that code for proteins that are involved in the regulation of gene expression: tot, rev, tax and rex.
  • gag encodes the internal structural protein of the virus.
  • Gag protein is proteolytically processed into the mature proteins MA (matrix), CA (capsid) and NC (nucleocapsid).
  • the pol gene encodes the reverse transcriptase (RT), which contains DNA polymerase, associated RNase H and integrase (IN), which mediate replication of the genome.
  • the env gene encodes the surface (SU) glycoprotein and the transmembrane (TM) protein of the virion, which form a complex that interacts specifically with cellular receptor proteins. This interaction promotes infection, e.g., by fusion of the viral membrane with the cell membrane.
  • gag, pol and env may be absent or not functional.
  • the R regions at both ends of the RNA are typically repeated sequences.
  • U5 and U3 represent unique sequences at the 5' and 3' ends of the RNA genome respectively.
  • Retroviruses may also contain additional genes which code for proteins other than gag, pol and env.
  • a recombinant lentiviral vector is a vector with sufficient retroviral genetic information to allow packaging of an RNA genome, in the presence of packaging components, into a viral particle capable of infecting a target cell. Infection of the target cell can comprise reverse transcription and integration into the target cell genome.
  • the RLV typically carries non- viral coding sequences which are to be delivered by the vector to the target cell, such as nucleic acid encoding an exogenous agent as described herein.
  • an RLV is incapable of independent replication to produce infectious retroviral particles within the target cell.
  • the RLV lacks a functional gag-pol and/or env gene and/or other genes involved in replication.
  • the vector may be configured as a split- 130 sf-5966708 186152009440 intron vector, e.g., as described in PCT patent application WO 99/15683, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the lentiviral vector comprises a minimal viral genome, e.g., the viral vector has been manipulated so as to remove the non-essential elements and to retain the essential elements in order to provide the required functionality to infect, transduce and deliver a nucleotide sequence of interest to a target host cell, e.g., as described in WO 98/17815, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • a minimal lentiviral genome may comprise, e.g., (5')R-U5-one or more first nucleotide sequences-U3-R(3') ⁇
  • the plasmid vector used to produce the lentiviral genome within a source cell can also include transcriptional regulatory control sequences operably linked to the lentiviral genome to direct transcription of the genome in a source cell.
  • These regulatory sequences may comprise the natural sequences associated with the transcribed retroviral sequence, e.g., the 5' U3 region, or they may comprise a heterologous promoter such as another viral promoter, for example the CMV promoter.
  • Some lentiviral genomes comprise additional sequences to promote efficient virus production.
  • rev and RRE sequences may be included.
  • codon optimization may be used, e.g., the gene encoding the exogenous agent may be codon optimized, e.g., as described in WO 01/79518, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Alternative sequences which perform a similar or the same function as the rev/RRE system may also be used.
  • a functional analogue of the rev/RRE system is found in the Mason Pfizer monkey virus. This is known as CTE and comprises an RRE-type sequence in the genome which is believed to interact with a factor in the infected cell. The cellular factor can be thought of as a rev analogue.
  • a retroviral nucleic acid e.g., a lentiviral nucleic acid, e.g., a primate or non-primate lentiviral nucleic acid
  • (1) comprises a deleted gag gene wherein the deletion in gag removes one or more nucleotides downstream of about nucleotide 350 or 354 of the gag coding sequence; (2) has one or more accessory genes absent from the retroviral nucleic acid; (3) lacks the tat gene but includes the leader sequence between the end of the 5' LTR and the ATG of gag; and (4) combinations of (1), (2) and (3).
  • the lentiviral vector comprises all of features (1) and (2) and (3). This strategy is described in more detail in WO 99/32646, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • a primate lentivirus minimal system requires none of the HIV/SIV additional genes vif, vpr, vpx, vpu, tat, rev and nef for either vector production or for transduction of dividing and non-dividing cells.
  • an EIAV minimal vector system does not require S2 for either vector production or for transduction of dividing and non dividing cells.
  • sf-5966708 186152009440 The deletion of additional genes may permit vectors to be produced without the genes associated with disease in lentiviral (e.g. HIV) infections. In particular, tat is associated with disease. Secondly, the deletion of additional genes permits the vector to package more heterologous DNA. Thirdly, genes whose function is unknown, such as S2, may be omitted, thus reducing the risk of causing undesired effects. Examples of minimal lentiviral vectors are disclosed in WO 99/32646 and in WO 98/17815.
  • the retroviral nucleic acid is devoid of at least tat and S2 (if it is an EIAV vector system), and possibly also vif, vpr, vpx, vpu and nef. In some embodiments, the retroviral nucleic acid is also devoid of rev, RRE, or both. [0458] In some embodiments the retroviral nucleic acid comprises vpx. The Vpx polypeptide binds to and induces the degradation of the SAMHD1 restriction factor, which degrades free dNTPs in the cytoplasm.
  • the concentration of free dNTPs in the cytoplasm increases as Vpx degrades SAMHD1 and reverse transcription activity is increased, thus facilitating reverse transcription of the retroviral genome and integration into the target cell genome.
  • This codon bias corresponds to a bias in the relative abundance of particular tRNAs in the cell type.
  • codon optimization is found, e.g., in WO 99/41397, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Many viruses, including HIV and other lentiviruses use a large number of rare codons and by changing these to correspond to commonly used mammalian codons, increased expression of the packaging components in mammalian producer cells can be achieved.
  • codon optimization has a number of other advantages.
  • the nucleotide sequences encoding the packaging components may have RNA instability sequences (INS) reduced or eliminated from them.
  • INS RNA instability sequences
  • codon optimization also overcomes the Rev/RRE requirement for export, rendering optimized sequences Rev independent.
  • codon optimization also reduces homologous recombination between different constructs within the vector system (for example between the regions of overlap in the gag-pol and env open reading frames).
  • codon optimization leads to an increase in viral titer and/or improved safety. 132 sf-5966708 186152009440 [0462] In some embodiments, only codons relating to INS are codon optimized.
  • the sequences are codon optimized in their entirety, with the exception of the sequence encompassing the frameshift site of gag-pol.
  • the gag-pol gene comprises two overlapping reading frames encoding the gag-pol proteins. The expression of both proteins depends on a frameshift during translation. This frameshift occurs as a result of ribosome "slippage" during translation. This slippage is thought to be caused at least in part by ribosome-stalling RNA secondary structures. Such secondary structures exist downstream of the frameshift site in the gag-pol gene. For HIV, the region of overlap extends from nucleotide 1222 downstream of the beginning of gag (wherein nucleotide 1 is the A of the gag ATG) to the end of gag (nt 1503).
  • a 281 bp fragment spanning the frameshift site and the overlapping region of the two reading frames is preferably not codon optimized. In some embodiments, retaining this fragment will enable more efficient expression of the gag-pol proteins.
  • the beginning of the overlap is at nt 1262 (where nucleotide 1 is the A of the gag ATG).
  • the end of the overlap is at nt 1461.
  • the wild type sequence may be retained from nt 1156 to 1465.
  • derivations from optimal codon usage may be made, for example, in order to accommodate convenient restriction sites, and conservative amino acid changes may be introduced into the gag-pol proteins.
  • codon optimization is based on codons with poor codon usage in mammalian systems.
  • the third and sometimes the second and third base may be changed.
  • gag-pol sequences can be achieved by a skilled worker.
  • retroviral variants described which can be used as a starting point for generating a codon optimized gag-pol sequence. Lentiviral genomes can be quite variable. For example there are many quasi-species of HIV-I which are still functional. This is also the case for EIAV. These variants may be used to enhance particular parts of the transduction process.
  • HIV-I variants may be found in the HIV databases maintained by Los Alamos National Laboratory. Details of EIAV clones may be found at the NCBI database maintained by the National Institutes of Health. [0467] It is within the level of a skilled artisan to empirically determine appropriate codon optimization of viral sequences.
  • the strategy for codon optimized sequences, including gag-pol sequences can be used in relation to any retrovirus, e.g., EIAV, FIV, BIV, CAEV, VMR, SIV, HIV-I and HIV -2.
  • this method can be used to increase expression of genes from HTLV-I, HTLV-2, HFV, HSRV and human endogenous retroviruses (HERV), MLV and other retroviruses.
  • the retroviral vector comprises a packaging signal that comprises from 255 to 360 nucleotides of gag in vectors that still retain env sequences, or about 40 nucleotides of gag in a 133 sf-5966708 186152009440 particular combination of splice donor mutation, gag and env deletions.
  • the retroviral vector includes a gag sequence which comprises one or more deletions, e.g., the gag sequence comprises about 360 nucleotides derivable from the N-terminus.
  • the retroviral vector, helper cell, helper virus, or helper plasmid may comprise retroviral structural and accessory proteins, for example gag, pol, env, tat, rev, vif, vpr, vpu, vpx, or nef proteins or other retroviral proteins.
  • the retroviral proteins are derived from the same retrovirus.
  • the retroviral proteins are derived from more than one retrovirus, e.g.2, 3, 4, or more retroviruses.
  • the gag and pol coding sequences are generally organized as the Gag- Pol Precursor in native lentivirus.
  • the gag sequence codes for a 55-kD Gag precursor protein, also called p55.
  • the p55 is cleaved by the virally encoded protease (a product of the pol gene) during the process of maturation into four smaller proteins designated MA (matrix [p17]), CA (capsid [p24]), NC (nucleocapsid [p9]), and p6.
  • the pol precursor protein is cleaved away from Gag by a virally encoded protease, and further digested to separate the protease (p10), RT (p50), RNase H (p15), and integrase (p31) activities.
  • the lentiviral vector is integration-deficient.
  • the pol is integrase deficient, such as by encoding due to mutations in the integrase gene.
  • the pol coding sequence can contain an inactivating mutation in the integrase, such as by mutation of one or more of amino acids involved in catalytic activity, i.e. mutation of one or more of aspartic 64, aspartic acid 116 and/or glutamic acid 152.
  • the integrase mutation is a D64V mutation.
  • the mutation in the integrase allows for packaging of viral RNA into a lentivirus.
  • the mutation in the integrase allows for packaging of viral proteins into a lentivirus.
  • the mutation in the integrase reduces the possibility of insertional mutagenesis. In some embodiments, the mutation in the integrase decreases the possibility of generating replication- competent recombinants (RCRs) (Wanisch et al.2009. Mol Ther.1798):1316-1332).
  • RCRs replication- competent recombinants
  • native Gag-Pol sequences can be utilized in a helper vector (e.g., helper plasmid or helper virus), or modifications can be made.
  • These modifications include, chimeric Gag-Pol, where the Gag and Pol sequences are obtained from different viruses (e.g., different species, subspecies, strains, clades, etc.), and/or where the sequences have been modified to improve transcription and/or translation, and/or reduce recombination.
  • viruses e.g., different species, subspecies, strains, clades, etc.
  • the retroviral nucleic acid includes a polynucleotide encoding a 150- 250 (e.g., 168) nucleotide portion of a gag protein that (i) includes a mutated INS1 inhibitory sequence that reduces restriction of nuclear export of RNA relative to wild-type INS1, (ii) contains two nucleotide insertion that results in frame shift and premature termination, and/or (iii) does not include INS2, INS3, and INS4 inhibitory sequences of gag.
  • a 150- 250 e.g., 168) nucleotide portion of a gag protein that (i) includes a mutated INS1 inhibitory sequence that reduces restriction of nuclear export of RNA relative to wild-type INS1, (ii) contains two nucleotide insertion that results in frame shift and premature termination, and/or (iii) does not include INS2, INS3, and INS4 inhibitory sequences of gag.
  • a vector described herein is a hybrid vector that comprises both retroviral (e.g., lentiviral) sequences and non-lentiviral viral sequences.
  • a hybrid vector comprises retroviral e.g., lentiviral, sequences for reverse transcription, replication, integration and/or packaging.
  • retroviral e.g., lentiviral
  • most or all of the viral vector backbone sequences are derived from a lentivirus, e.g., HIV-l.
  • retroviral and/or lentiviral sequences can be used, or combined and numerous substitutions and alterations in certain of the lentiviral sequences may be accommodated without impairing the ability of a transfer vector to perform the functions described herein.
  • a variety of lentiviral vectors are described in Naldini et ah, (l996a, l996b, and 1998); Zufferey et al., (1997); Dull et al., 1998, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,013,516; and 5,994,136, many of which may be adapted to produce a retroviral nucleic acid.
  • LTRs long terminal repeats
  • An LTR typically comprises a domain located at the ends of retroviral nucleic acid which, in their natural sequence context, are direct repeats and contain U3, R and U5 regions. LTRs generally promote the expression of retroviral genes (e.g., promotion, initiation and polyadenylation of gene transcripts) and viral replication.
  • the LTR can comprise numerous regulatory signals including transcriptional control elements, polyadenylation signals and sequences for replication and integration of the viral genome.
  • the viral LTR is typically divided into three regions called U3, R and U5.
  • the U3 region typically contains the enhancer and promoter elements.
  • the U5 region is typically the sequence between the primer binding site and the R region and can contain the polyadenylation sequence.
  • the R (repeat) region can be flanked by the U3 and U5 regions.
  • the LTR is typically composed of U3, R and U5 regions and can appear at both the 5' and 3' ends of the viral genome.
  • adjacent to the 5' LTR are sequences for reverse transcription of the genome (the tRNA primer binding site) and for efficient packaging of viral RNA into particles (the Psi site).
  • a packaging signal can comprise a sequence located within the retroviral genome which mediate insertion of the viral RNA into the viral capsid or particle, see e.g., Clever et al., 1995. J.
  • retroviral nucleic acids comprise modified 5' LTR and/or 3' LTRs. Either or both of the LTR may comprise one or more modifications including, but not limited to, one or more deletions, insertions, or substitutions.
  • Modifications of the 3' LTR are often made to improve the safety of lentiviral or retroviral systems by rendering viruses replication-defective, e.g., virus that is not capable of complete, effective replication such that infective virions are not produced (e.g., replication- defective lentiviral progeny).
  • viruses replication-defective e.g., virus that is not capable of complete, effective replication such that infective virions are not produced (e.g., replication- defective lentiviral progeny).
  • a vector is a self-inactivating (SIN) vector, e.g., replication- defective vector, e.g., retroviral or lentiviral vector, in which the right (3') LTR enhancer- promoter region, known as the U3 region, has been modified (e.g., by deletion or substitution) to prevent viral transcription beyond the first round of viral replication.
  • SI self-inactivating
  • a replication incompetent also referred to herein as replication defective vector particle, that cannot participate in replication in the absence of the packaging cell (i.e., viral vector particles are not produced from the transduced cell).
  • the right (3') LTR U3 region can be used as a template for the left (5') LTR U3 region during viral replication and, thus, absence of the U3 enhancer-promoter inhibits viral replication.
  • the 3' LTR is modified such that the U5 region is removed, altered, or replaced, for example, with an exogenous poly(A) sequence
  • the 3' LTR, the 5' LTR, or both 3' and 5' LTRs may be modified LTRs.
  • Other modifications to the viral vector, i.e., retroviral or lentiviral vector, to render said vector replication incompetent are known in the art.
  • the U3 region of the 5' LTR is replaced with a heterologous promoter to drive transcription of the viral genome during production of viral particles.
  • heterologous promoters include, for example, viral simian virus 40 (SV40) (e.g., early or late), cytomegalovirus (CMV) (e.g., immediate early), Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV), Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV) (thymidine kinase) promoters.
  • SV40 viral simian virus 40
  • CMV cytomegalovirus
  • MoMLV Moloney murine leukemia virus
  • RSV Rous sarcoma virus
  • HSV herpes simplex virus
  • promoters are able to drive high levels of transcription in a Tat- independent manner.
  • the heterologous promoter has additional advantages in controlling the manner in which the viral genome is transcribed.
  • the heterologous promoter can be inducible, such that transcription of all or part of the viral genome will occur only when the induction factors are present.
  • Induction factors include, but are not limited to, one or more chemical compounds or the physiological conditions such as temperature or pH, in which the host cells are cultured.
  • viral vectors comprise a TAR (trans-activation response) element, e.g., located in the R region of lentiviral (e.g., HIV) LTRs. This element interacts with the lentiviral trans-activator (tat) genetic element to enhance viral replication.
  • TAR trans-activation response
  • the R region e.g., the region within retroviral LTRs beginning at the start of the capping group (i.e., the start of transcription) and ending immediately prior to the start of the poly A tract can be flanked by the U3 and U5 regions.
  • the R region plays a role during reverse transcription in the transfer of nascent DNA from one end of the genome to the other.
  • the retroviral nucleic acid can also comprise a FLAP element, e.g., a nucleic acid whose sequence includes the central polypurine tract and central termination sequences (cPPT and CTS) of a retrovirus, e.g., HIV-l or HIV-2.
  • FLAP elements are described in U.S. Pat. No.6,682,907 and in Zennou, et ah, 2000, Cell, 101:173, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.
  • the retroviral or lentiviral vector backbones comprise one or more FLAP elements upstream or downstream of the gene encoding the exogenous agent.
  • a transfer plasmid includes a FLAP element, e.g., a FLAP element derived or isolated from HIV-L [0483]
  • a retroviral or lentiviral nucleic acid comprises one or more export elements, e.g., a cis-acting post-transcriptional regulatory element which regulates the transport of an RNA transcript from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of a cell.
  • export elements include, but are not limited to, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rev response element (RRE) (see e.g., Cullen et al., 1991. J. Virol.65: 1053; and Cullen et al., 1991.
  • RNA export element is placed within the 3' UTR of a gene, and can be inserted as one or multiple copies.
  • expression of heterologous sequences e.g. nucleic acid encoding an exogenous agent
  • expression of heterologous sequences in viral vectors is increased by incorporating one or more of, e.g., all of, posttranscriptional regulatory elements, polyadenylation sites, and transcription termination signals into the vectors.
  • a variety of posttranscriptional regulatory elements can increase expression of a heterologous nucleic acid at the protein, e.g., woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element (WPRE; Zufferey et al., 1999, J. Virol., 73:2886); the posttranscriptional regulatory element present in hepatitis B virus (HPRE) (Huang et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., 5:3864); and the like (Liu et al., 1995, Genes Dev., 9:1766), each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • WPRE woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element
  • HPRE hepatitis B virus
  • a retroviral nucleic acid described herein comprises a posttranscriptional regulatory element such as a WPRE or HPRE [0485] In some embodiments, a retroviral nucleic acid described herein lacks or does not comprise a posttranscriptional regulatory element such as a WPRE or HPRE. [0486] Elements directing the termination and polyadenylation of the heterologous nucleic acid transcripts may be included, e.g., to increases expression of the exogenous agent. Transcription termination signals may be found downstream of the polyadenylation signal. In some embodiments, vectors comprise a polyadenylation sequence 3' of a polynucleotide encoding the exogenous agent.
  • a polyA site may comprise a DNA sequence which directs both the termination and polyadenylation of the nascent RNA transcript by RNA polymerase II.
  • Polyadenylation sequences can promote mRNA stability by addition of a polyA tail to the 3' end of the coding sequence and thus, contribute to increased translational efficiency.
  • Illustrative examples of polyA signals that can be used in a retroviral nucleic acid include AATAAA, ATT AAA, AGTAAA, a bovine growth hormone polyA sequence (BGHpA), a 137 sf-5966708 186152009440 rabbit b-globin polyA sequence (rPgpA), or another suitable heterologous or endogenous polyA sequence.
  • a retroviral or lentiviral vector further comprises one or more insulator elements, e.g., an insulator element described herein.
  • the vectors comprise a promoter operably linked to a polynucleotide encoding an exogenous agent.
  • the vectors may have one or more LTRs, wherein either LTR comprises one or more modifications, such as one or more nucleotide substitutions, additions, or deletions.
  • the vectors may further comprise one of more accessory elements to increase transduction efficiency (e.g., a cPPT/FLAP), viral packaging (e.g., a Psi ( ⁇ ) packaging signal, RRE), and/or other elements that increase exogenous gene expression (e.g., poly (A) sequences), and may optionally comprise a WPRE or HPRE.
  • accessory elements to increase transduction efficiency e.g., a cPPT/FLAP
  • viral packaging e.g., a Psi ( ⁇ ) packaging signal, RRE
  • other elements that increase exogenous gene expression e.g., poly (A) sequences
  • a lentiviral nucleic acid comprises one or more of, e.g., all of, e.g., from 5’ to 3’, a promoter (e.g., CMV), an R sequence (e.g., comprising TAR), a U5 sequence (e.g., for integration), a PBS sequence (e.g., for reverse transcription), a DIS sequence (e.g., for genome dimerization), a psi packaging signal, a partial gag sequence, an RRE sequence (e.g., for nuclear export), a cPPT sequence (e.g., for nuclear import), a promoter to drive expression of the exogenous agent, a gene encoding the exogenous agent, a WPRE sequence (e.g., for efficient transgene expression), a PPT sequence (e.g., for reverse transcription), an R sequence (e.g., for polyadenylation and termination), and a U5 signal (e.g.
  • a promoter e
  • the viral-based particles are viral-like lipid particles (VLPs) that are derived from virus.
  • the viral envelope may comprise a fusogen, e.g., a fusogen that is endogenous to the virus or a pseudotyped fusogen, e.g., a retargeted attachment protein such as a G or F protein described in Section II.
  • the VLPs include those derived from retroviruses or lentiviruses. While VLPs mimic native virion structure, they lack the viral genomic information necessary for independent replication within a host cell. Therefore, in some aspects, VLPs are non-infectious.
  • a VLP does not contain a viral genome.
  • the VLP’s bilayer of amphipathic lipids is or comprises the viral envelope.
  • the lipid particle’s bilayer of amphipathic lipids is or comprises lipids derived from a cell.
  • a VLP contains at least one type of structural protein from a virus. In most cases this protein will form a proteinaceous capsid. In some cases the capsid will also be enveloped in a lipid bilayer originating from the cell from which the assembled VLP has been released (e.g. VLPs comprising a human immunodeficiency virus structural protein such as GAG).
  • the VLP further comprises a targeting moiety as an envelope protein within the lipid bilayer.
  • the vector vehicle particle comprises supramolecular complexes formed by viral proteins that self-assemble into capsids.
  • the vector vehicle particle is a virus-like particle derived from viral capsid proteins.
  • the vector vehicle particle is a virus-like particle derived from viral nucleocapsid proteins.
  • the vector vehicle particle comprises nucleocapsid-derived proteins that retain the property of packaging nucleic acids.
  • the viral-based particles, such as virus-like particles comprises only viral structural glycoproteins among proteins from the viral genome.
  • the vector vehicle particle does not contain a viral genome.
  • the vector vehicle particle packages nucleic acids from host cells during the expression process, such as a nucleic acid encoding an exogenous agent.
  • the nucleic acids do not encode any genes involved in virus replication.
  • the vector vehicle particle is a virus-like particle, e.g. retrovirus-like particle such as a lentivirus-like particle, that is replication defective.
  • the vector vehicle particle is a virus-like particle which comprises a sequence that is devoid of or lacking viral RNA may be the result of removing or eliminating the viral RNA from the sequence.
  • this may be achieved by using an endogenous packaging signal binding site on gag.
  • the endogenous packaging signal binding site is on pol.
  • the RNA which is to be delivered will contain a cognate packaging signal.
  • a heterologous binding domain (which is heterologous to gag) located on the RNA to be delivered, and a cognate binding site located on gag or pol, can be used to ensure packaging of the RNA to be delivered.
  • the heterologous sequence can be non-viral or it can be viral, in which case it may be derived from a different virus.
  • the vector particles can be used to deliver therapeutic RNA, in which case functional integrase and/or reverse transcriptase is not required. In some embodiments, the vector particles can also be used to deliver a therapeutic gene of interest, in which case pol is typically included.
  • the VLP comprises supramolecular complexes formed by viral proteins that self-assemble into capsids. In some embodiments, the VLP is derived from viral capsids. In some embodiments, the VLP is derived from viral nucleocapsids. In some embodiments, the VLP is nucleocapsid-derived and retains the property of packaging nucleic acids. In some embodiments, the VLP includes only viral structural glycoproteins.
  • the VLP does not contain a viral genome.
  • the VLP does not contain a viral genome. 3. Methods of Generating Viral-based Particles [0495] Large scale viral particle production is often useful to achieve a desired viral titer. Viral particles can be produced by transfecting a transfer vector into a packaging cell line that comprises viral 139 sf-5966708 186152009440 structural and/or accessory genes, e.g., gag, pol, env, tat, rev, vif, vpr, vpu, vpx, or nef genes or other retroviral genes. [0496] In some embodiments, viral vector particles may be produced in multiple cell culture systems including bacteria, mammalian cell lines, insect cell lines, yeast and plant cells.
  • elements for the production of a viral vector i.e., a recombinant viral vector such as a replication incompetent lentiviral vector, are included in a packaging cell line or are present on a packaging vector.
  • viral vectors can include packaging elements, rev, gag, and pol, delivered to the packaging cells line via one or more packaging vectors.
  • the packaging vector is an expression vector or viral vector that lacks a packaging signal and comprises a polynucleotide encoding one, two, three, four or more viral structural and/or accessory genes.
  • the packaging vectors are included in a packaging cell, and are introduced into the cell via transfection, transduction or infection.
  • a retroviral, e.g., lentiviral, transfer vector can be introduced into a packaging cell line, via transfection, transduction or infection, to generate a source cell or cell line.
  • the packaging vectors can be introduced into human cells or cell lines by standard methods including, e.g., calcium phosphate transfection, lipofection or electroporation.
  • the packaging vectors are introduced into the cells together with a dominant selectable marker, such as neomycin, hygromycin, puromycin, blastocidin, zeocin, thymidine kinase, DHFR, Gln synthetase or ADA, followed by selection in the presence of the appropriate drug and isolation of clones.
  • a selectable marker gene can be linked physically to genes encoding by the packaging vector, e.g., by IRES or self-cleaving viral peptides.
  • the packaging vector is a packaging plasmid.
  • Producer cell lines include cell lines that do not contain a packaging signal, but do stably or transiently express viral structural proteins and replication enzymes (e.g., gag, pol and env) which can package viral particles.
  • Any suitable cell line can be employed, e.g., mammalian cells, e.g., human cells.
  • Suitable cell lines which can be used include, for example, CHO cells, BHK cells, MDCK cells, C3H 10T1/2 cells, FLY cells, Psi-2 cells, BOSC 23 cells, PA317 cells, WEHI cells, COS cells, BSC 1 cells, BSC 40 cells, BMT 10 cells, VERO cells, W138 cells, MRC5 cells, A549 cells, HT1080 cells, 293 cells, 293T cells, B-50 cells, 3T3 cells, NIH3T3 cells, HepG2 cells, Saos- 2 cells, Huh7 cells, HeLa cells, W163 cells, 211 cells, and 211 A cells.
  • the packaging cells are 293 cells, 293T cells, or A549 cells.
  • a producer cell i.e., a source cell line
  • a cell line which is capable of producing recombinant retroviral particles, comprising a packaging cell line and a transfer vector construct comprising a packaging signal.
  • Methods of preparing viral stock solutions are illustrated by, e.g., Y. Soneoka et al. (1995) Nucl. Acids Res.23:628-633, and N. R. Landau et al. (1992) J. Virol. 140 sf-5966708 186152009440 66:5110-5113, which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • Infectious virus particles may be collected from the packaging cells, e.g., by cell lysis, or collection of the supernatant of the cell culture.
  • the collected virus particles may be enriched or purified.
  • the source cell comprises one or more plasmids coding for viral structural proteins and replication enzymes (e.g., gag, pol and env) which can package viral particles (i.e., a packaging plasmid).
  • the sequences coding for at least two of the gag, pol, and env precursors are on the same plasmid.
  • the sequences coding for the gag, pol, and env precursors are on different plasmids.
  • the sequences coding for the gag, pol, and env precursors have the same expression signal, e.g., promoter. In some embodiments, the sequences coding for the gag, pol, and env precursors have a different expression signal, e.g., different promoters. In some embodiments, expression of the gag, pol, and env precursors is inducible. In some embodiments, the plasmids coding for viral structural proteins and replication enzymes are transfected at the same time or at different times. In some embodiments, the plasmids coding for viral structural proteins and replication enzymes are transfected at the same time or at a different time from the packaging vector.
  • the source cell line comprises one or more stably integrated viral structural genes. In some embodiments expression of the stably integrated viral structural genes is inducible. [0503] In some embodiments, expression of the viral structural genes is regulated at the transcriptional level. In some embodiments, expression of the viral structural genes is regulated at the translational level. In some embodiments, expression of the viral structural genes is regulated at the post- translational level.
  • expression of the viral structural genes is regulated by a tetracycline (Tet)-dependent system, in which a Tet-regulated transcriptional repressor (Tet-R) binds to DNA sequences included in a promoter and represses transcription by steric hindrance (Yao et al, 1998; Jones et al, 2005). Upon addition of doxycycline (dox), Tet-R is released, allowing transcription.
  • Tet-R Tet-regulated transcriptional repressor
  • dox doxycycline
  • Multiple other suitable transcriptional regulatory promoters, transcription factors, and small molecule inducers are suitable to regulate transcription of viral structural genes.
  • the third-generation lentivirus components, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) Rev, Gag/Pol, and an envelope under the control of Tet- regulated promoters and coupled with antibiotic resistance cassettes are separately integrated into the source cell genome.
  • the source cell only has one copy of each of Rev, Gag/Pol, and an envelope protein integrated into the genome.
  • a nucleic acid encoding the exogenous agent e.g., a retroviral nucleic acid encoding the exogenous agent
  • a nucleic acid encoding the exogenous agent is maintained episomally.
  • a nucleic acid encoding the exogenous agent is transfected into the source cell that has stably integrated Rev, Gag/Pol, and an envelope protein in the genome. See, e.g., Milani et al. EMBO Molecular Medicine , 2017, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • a retroviral nucleic acid described herein is unable to undergo reverse transcription. Such a nucleic acid, in embodiments, is able to transiently express an exogenous agent.
  • the retrovirus or VLP may comprise a disabled reverse transcriptase protein, or may not comprise a reverse transcriptase protein.
  • the retroviral nucleic acid comprises a disabled primer binding site (PBS) and/or att site.
  • PBS primer binding site
  • one or more viral accessory genes including rev, tat, vif, nef, vpr, vpu, vpx and S2 or functional equivalents thereof, are disabled or absent from the retroviral nucleic acid.
  • one or more accessory genes selected from S2, rev and tat are disabled or absent from the retroviral nucleic acid.
  • retroviral vector systems typically include viral genomes bearing cis-acting vector sequences for transcription, reverse-transcription, integration, translation and packaging of viral RNA into the viral particles, and (2) producer cells lines which express the trans-acting retroviral gene sequences (e.g., gag, pol and env) needed for production of virus particles.
  • trans-acting retroviral gene sequences e.g., gag, pol and env
  • a virus-like particle which comprises a sequence that is devoid of or lacking viral RNA as described in Section III.A.2 may be the result of removing or eliminating the viral RNA from the sequence.
  • VLPs contain a viral outer envelope made from the host cell (i.e., producer cell or source cell) lipid-bi layer as well as at least one viral structural protein.
  • a viral structural protein refers to any viral protein or fragment thereof which contributes to the structure of the viral core or capsid.
  • expression of the gag precursor protein alone mediates vector assembly and release.
  • gag proteins or fragments thereof have been demonstrated to assemble into structures analogous to viral cores. In one embodiment this may be achieved by using an endogenous packaging signal binding site on gag. Alternatively, the endogenous packaging signal binding site is on pol. In this embodiment, the RNA which is to be delivered will contain a cognate packaging signal. In another embodiment, a heterologous binding domain (which is heterologous to gag) located on the RNA to be delivered, and a cognate binding site located on gag or pol, can be used to ensure packaging of the RNA to be delivered.
  • the heterologous sequence can be non-viral or it can be viral, in which case it may be derived from a different virus.
  • the VLP can be used to deliver therapeutic 142 sf-5966708 186152009440 RNA, in which case functional integrase and/or reverse transcriptase is not required. These VLPs can also be used to deliver a therapeutic gene of interest, in which case pol is typically included.
  • gag-pol are altered, and the packaging signal is replaced with a corresponding packaging signal.
  • the particle can package the RNA with the new packaging signal. The advantage of this approach is that it is possible to package an RNA sequence which is devoid of viral sequence for example, RNAi.
  • An alternative approach is to rely on over-expression of the RNA to be packaged.
  • RNA to be packaged is over-expressed in the absence of any RNA containing a packaging signal. This may result in a significant level of therapeutic RNA being packaged, and that this amount is sufficient to transduce a cell and have a biological effect.
  • a polynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a viral gag protein or retroviral gag and pol proteins, wherein the gag protein or pol protein comprises a heterologous RNA binding domain capable of recognizing a corresponding sequence in an RNA sequence to facilitate packaging of the RNA sequence into a viral vector particle.
  • the heterologous RNA binding domain comprises an RNA binding domain derived from a bacteriophage coat protein, a Rev protein, a protein of the U 1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle, a Nova protein, a TF111 A protein, a TIS 11 protein, a trp RNA-binding attenuation protein (TRAP) or a pseudouridine synthase.
  • the assembly of a viral based vector particle i.e., a VLP
  • the assembly of a viral based vector particle is initiated by binding of the core protein to a unique encapsidation sequence within the viral genome (e.g. UTR with stem-loop structure).
  • the interaction of the core with the encapsidation sequence facilitates oligomerization.
  • the source cell for VLP production comprises one or more plasmids coding for viral structural proteins (e.g., gag, pol) which can package viral particles (i.e., a packaging plasmid).
  • the sequences coding for at least two of the gag and pol precursors are on the same plasmid.
  • the sequences coding for the gag and pol precursors are on different plasmids.
  • the sequences coding for the gag and pol precursors have the same expression signal, e.g., promoter.
  • the sequences coding for the gag and pol precursors have a different expression signal, e.g., different promoters. In some embodiments, expression of the gag and pol precursors is inducible.
  • formation of VLPs or any viral-based particle, such as described above in Section III can be detected by any suitable technique known in the art. Examples of such techniques include, e.g., electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, selective chromatographic separation and/or density gradient centrifugation. 143 sf-5966708 186152009440 B.
  • Exogenous Agent [0517] In some embodiments, the lipid particle as described herein or pharmaceutical composition comprising same described contains an exogenous agent.
  • the lipid particle or pharmaceutical composition comprising same described herein contains a nucleic acid that encodes an exogenous agent.
  • the lipid particle contains the exogenous agent.
  • the lipid particle contains a nucleic acid that encodes an exogenous agent. Reference to the coding sequence of the nucleic acid encoding the exogenous agent also is referred to herein as a payload gene.
  • the exogenous agent or the nucleic acid encoding the exogenous agent are present in the lumen of the lipid particle.
  • the exogenous agent is a protein or a nucleic acid (e.g., a DNA, a chromosome (e.g.
  • the exogenous agent comprises or encodes a membrane protein.
  • the exogenous agent comprises or encodes a therapeutic agent.
  • the therapeutic agent is chosen from one or more of a protein, e.g., an enzyme, a transmembrane protein, a receptor, or an antibody; a nucleic acid, e.g., DNA, a chromosome (e.g. a human artificial chromosome), RNA, mRNA, siRNA, or miRNA; or a small molecule.
  • the lipid particle or pharmaceutical composition delivers to a target cell at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% of the exogenous agent (e.g., an exogenous agent comprising or encoding a therapeutic agent) comprised by the lipid particle.
  • the exogenous agent e.g., an exogenous agent comprising or encoding a therapeutic agent
  • the lipid particle, e.g., fusosome, that contacts, e.g., fuses, with the target cell(s) delivers to the target cell an average of at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% of the exogenous agent (e.g., an exogenous agent comprising or encoding a therapeutic agent) comprised by the lipid particles, e.g., fusosomes, that contact, e.g., fuse, with the target cell(s).
  • the exogenous agent e.g., an exogenous agent comprising or encoding a therapeutic agent
  • the lipid particle composition delivers to a target tissue at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% of the exogenous agent (e.g., an exogenous agent comprising or encoding a therapeutic agent) comprised by the lipid particle compositions.
  • the exogenous agent is not expressed naturally in the cell from which the lipid particle is derived.
  • the exogenous agent is expressed naturally in the cell from which the lipid particle is derived.
  • the exogenous agent is loaded into the lipid particle via expression in the cell from which the lipid particle is derived (e.g.
  • the exogenous is expressed from DNA integrated into the genome or maintained episomally.
  • expression of the exogenous agent is constitutive.
  • expression of the exogenous agent is induced.
  • expression of the exogenous agent is induced 144 sf-5966708 186152009440 immediately prior to generating the lipid particle.
  • expression of the exogenous agent is induced at the same time as expression of the fusogen.
  • the exogenous agent is loaded into the lipid particle via electroporation into the lipid particle itself or into the cell from which the lipid particle is derived.
  • the exogenous agent is loaded into the lipid particle via transfection (e.g., of a DNA or mRNA encoding the exogenous agent) into the lipid particle itself or into the cell from which the lipid particle is derived.
  • the exogenous agent may include one or more nucleic acid sequences, one or more polypeptides, a combination of nucleic acid sequences and/or polypeptides, one or more organelles, and any combination thereof.
  • the exogenous agent may include one or more cellular components.
  • the exogenous agent includes one or more cytosolic and/or nuclear components.
  • the lipid particle contains an exogenous agent that is a nucleic acid or contains a nucleic acid encoding the exogenous agent.
  • the nucleic acid is operatively linked to a “positive target cell-specific regulatory element” (or positive TCSRE).
  • the positive TCSRE is a functional nucleic acid sequence.
  • the positive TCSRE comprises a promoter or enhancer.
  • the TCSRE is a nucleic acid sequence that increases the level of an exogenous agent in a target cell.
  • the positive target cell-specific regulatory element comprises a T cell-specific promoter, a T cell-specific enhancer, a T cell-specific splice site, a T cell-specific site extending half-life of an RNA or protein, a T cell-specific mRNA nuclear export promoting site, a T cell-specific translational enhancing site, or a T cell-specific post-translational modification site.
  • the T cell-specific promoter is a promoter described in Immgen consortium, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, e.g., the T cell-specific promoter is an IL2RA (CD25), LRRC32, FOXP3, or IKZF2 promoter.
  • the T cell-specific promoter or enhancer is a promoter or enhancer described in Schmidl et a , Blood.2014 Apr 24;123(17):e68-78., herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the T cell-specific promoter is a transcriptionally active fragment of any of the foregoing.
  • the T-cell specific promoter is a variant having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to any of the foregoing.
  • the lipid particle contains an exogenous agent that is a nucleic acid or contains a nucleic acid encoding the exogenous agent.
  • the nucleic acid is operatively linked to a “negative target cell-specific regulatory element” (or negative TCSRE).
  • the negative TCSRE is a functional nucleic acid sequence.
  • the negative TCSRE is a miRNA recognition site that causes degradation of inhibition of the lipid particle in a non-target cell.
  • the exogenous agent is operatively linked to a “non-target cell- 145 sf-5966708 186152009440 specific regulatory element” (or NTCSRE).
  • the NTCSRE comprises a nucleic acid sequence that decreases the level of an exogenous agent in a non-target cell compared to in a target cell.
  • the NTCSRE comprises a non-target cell-specific miRNA recognition sequence, non-target cell-specific protease recognition site, non-target cell-specific ubiquitin ligase site, non-target cell-specific transcriptional repression site, or non-target cell-specific epigenetic repression site.
  • the NTCSRE comprises a tissue-specific miRNA recognition sequence, tissue-specific protease recognition site, tissue-specific ubiquitin ligase site, tissue-specific transcriptional repression site, or tissue-specific epigenetic repression site.
  • the NTCSRE is situated or encoded within a transcribed region encoding the exogenous agent, optionally wherein an RNA produced by the transcribed region comprises the miRNA recognition sequence within a UTR or coding region.
  • the exogenous agent may include a nucleic acid.
  • the exogenous agent may comprise RNA to enhance expression of an endogenous protein, or a siRNA or miRNA that inhibits protein expression of an endogenous protein.
  • the endogenous protein may modulate structure or function in the target cells.
  • the exogenous agent may include a nucleic acid encoding an engineered protein that modulates structure or function in the target cells.
  • the exogenous agent is a nucleic acid that targets a transcriptional activator that modulate structure or function in the target cells
  • a lipid particle described herein comprises a nucleic acid, e.g., RNA or DNA.
  • the nucleic acid is, comprises, or consists of one or more natural nucleic acid residues.
  • the nucleic acid is, comprises, or consists of one or more nucleic acid analogs.
  • the nucleic acid has a nucleotide sequence that encodes a functional gene product such as an RNA or protein.
  • the nucleic acid includes one or more introns.
  • the nucleic acid is partly or wholly single stranded; in some embodiments, the nucleic acid is partly or wholly double stranded. In some embodiments the nucleic acid has a nucleotide sequence comprising at least one element that encodes, or is the complement of a sequence that encodes, a polypeptide.
  • the nucleic acid may include variants, e.g., having an overall sequence identity with a reference nucleic acid of at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, or 99%.
  • a variant nucleic acid does not share at least one characteristic sequence element with a reference nucleic acid. In some embodiments, a variant nucleic acid shares one or more of the biological activities of the reference nucleic acid. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid variant has a nucleic acid sequence that is identical to that of the reference but for a small number of sequence alterations at particular positions. In some embodiments, fewer than about 20%, about 15%, about 10%, about 9%, about 8%, about 7%, about 6%, about 5%, about 4%, about 3%, or about 2% of the residues in a variant are substituted, inserted, or deleted, as compared to the reference.
  • a variant nucleic acid comprises about 10, about 9, about 8, about 7, about 6, about 5, about 4, about 3, about 2, or about 1 substituted residue as compared to a reference.
  • a variant nucleic acid comprises a very small number (e.g., fewer than about 5, about 4, about 3, about 2, or about 1) number of substituted, inserted, or deleted, functional residues that participate in a particular biological activity relative to the reference.
  • a variant nucleic acid comprises not more than about 15, about 12, about 9, about 3, or about 1 addition or deletion, and, in some embodiments, comprises no additions or deletions, as compared to the reference.
  • a variant nucleic acid comprises fewer than about 27, about 24, about 21, about 18, about 15, about 12, about 9, about 6, about 3, or fewer than about 9, about 6, about 3, or about 2 additions or deletions as compared to the reference.
  • the exogenous agent includes a nucleic acid, e.g., DNA, nDNA (nuclear DNA), mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA), protein coding DNA, gene, operon, chromosome, genome, transposon, retrotransposon, viral genome, intron, exon, modified DNA, mRNA (messenger RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA), modified RNA, microRNA, siRNA (small interfering RNA), tmRNA (transfer messenger RNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA), mtRNA (mitochondrial RNA), snRNA (small nuclear RNA), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), SmY RNA (mRNA trans-splicing RNA, RNA trans-splicing
  • the nucleic acid is a wild-type nucleic acid.
  • the protein is a mutant nucleic acid.
  • the nucleic acid is a fusion or chimera of multiple nucleic acid sequences 147 sf-5966708 186152009440 [0528]
  • the nucleic acid encodes one or more (e.g. two or more) inhibitory RNA molecules directed against one or more RNA targets.
  • An inhibitory RNA molecule can be, e.g., a miRNA or an shRNA.
  • the inhibitory RNA molecules are miR-l55.
  • a retroviral vector described herein encodes two or more inhibitory RNA molecules directed against one or more RNA targets. Two or more inhibitory RNA molecules, in some embodiments, can be directed against different targets. In other embodiments, the two or more inhibitory RNA molecules are directed against the same target.
  • the exogenous agent comprises a shRNA.
  • a shRNA short hairpin RNA
  • shRNA constructs can comprise a nucleotide sequence identical to a portion, of either coding or non-coding sequence, of a target gene.
  • RNA sequences with insertions, deletions, and single point mutations relative to the target sequence can also be used. Greater than 90% sequence identity, or even 100% sequence identity, between the inhibitory RNA and the portion of the target gene can be used.
  • the length of the duplex-forming portion of an shRNA is at least 20, 21, or 22 nucleotides in length, e.g., corresponding in size to RNA products produced by Dicer-dependent cleavage.
  • the shRNA construct is at least 25, 50, 100, 200, 300 or 400 bases in length.
  • the shRNA construct is 400-800 bases in length.
  • shRNA constructs are highly tolerant of variation in loop sequence and loop size.
  • a retroviral vector that encodes an siRNA, an miRNA, an shRNA, or a ribozyme comprises one or more regulatory sequences, such as, for example, a strong constitutive pol III, e.g., human U6 snRNA promoter, the mouse U6 snRNA promoter, the human and mouse H l RNA promoter and the human tRNA-val promoter, or a strong constitutive pol II promoter.
  • a. Polypeptides [0529]
  • the lipid particle contains a nucleic acid that encodes a protein exogenous agent (also referred to as a “payload gene encoding an exogenous agent.”).
  • a lipid particle described herein comprises an exogenous agent which is or comprises a protein.
  • the protein may include moieties other than amino acids (e.g., may be glycoproteins, proteoglycans, etc.) and/or may be otherwise processed or modified.
  • the protein can sometimes include more than one polypeptide chain, for example linked by one or more disulfide bonds or associated by other means.
  • the protein may contain L-amino acids, D-amino acids, or both and may contain any of a variety of amino acid modifications or analogs.
  • proteins may comprise natural amino acids, non-natural amino acids, synthetic amino acids, and combinations thereof.
  • proteins are antibodies, antibody fragments, biologically active portions thereof, and/or characteristic portions thereof.
  • a polypeptide may include its variants, e.g., having an overall sequence identity with a reference polypeptide of at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, or 99%.
  • a variant polypeptide does not share at least one characteristic sequence element with a reference polypeptide.
  • a variant polypeptide shares one or more of the biological activities of the reference polypeptide.
  • a polypeptide variant has an amino acid sequence that is identical to that of the reference but for a small number of sequence alterations at particular positions. In some embodiments, fewer than about 20%, about 15%, about 10%, about 9%, about 8%, about 7%, about 6%, about 5%, about 4%, about 3%, or about 2% of the residues in a variant are substituted, inserted, or deleted, as compared to the reference. In some embodiments, a variant polypeptide comprises about 10, about 9, about 8, about 7, about 6, about 5, about 4, about 3, about 2, or about 1 substituted residue as compared to a reference.
  • a variant polypeptide comprises a very small number (e.g., fewer than about 5, about 4, about 3, about 2, or about 1) number of substituted, inserted, or deleted, functional that participate in a particular biological activity relative to the reference. In some embodiments, a variant polypeptide comprises not more than about 5, about 4, about 3, about 2, or about 1 addition or deletion, and, in some embodiments, comprises no additions or deletions, as compared to the reference. In some embodiments, a variant polypeptide comprises fewer than about 25, about 20, about 19, about 18, about 17, about 16, about 15, about 14, about 13, about 10, about 9, about 8, about 7, about 6, and commonly fewer than about 5, about 4, about 3, or about 2 additions or deletions as compared to the reference.
  • the protein includes a polypeptide, e.g., enzymes, structural polypeptides, signaling polypeptides, regulatory polypeptides, transport polypeptides, sensory polypeptides, motor polypeptides, defense polypeptides, storage polypeptides, transcription factors, antibodies, cytokines, hormones, catabolic polypeptides, anabolic polypeptides, proteolytic polypeptides, metabolic polypeptides, kinases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases, enzyme modulator polypeptides, protein binding polypeptides, lipid binding polypeptides, membrane fusion polypeptides, cell differentiation polypeptides, epigenetic polypeptides, cell death polypeptides, nuclear transport polypeptides, nucleic acid binding polypeptides, reprogramming polypeptides, DNA editing polypeptides, DNA repair polypeptides, DNA recombination polypeptides, transposase polypeptides
  • the protein targets a protein in the cell for degradation. In some embodiments, the protein targets a protein in the cell for degradation by localizing the protein to the proteasome. In some embodiments, the protein is a wild-type protein. In some embodiments, the protein is a mutant protein.
  • Exemplary protein exogenous agents are described in the following subsections. In some embodiments, a lipid particle provided herein can include any of such exogenous agents.
  • a lipid particle contains a nucleic acid encoding any of such exogenous agents.
  • the exogenous agent comprises a cytosolic protein, e.g., a protein that is produced in the recipient cell and localizes to the recipient cell cytoplasm.
  • the exogenous agent comprises a secreted protein, e.g., a protein that is produced and secreted by the recipient cell.
  • the exogenous agent comprises a nuclear protein, e.g., a protein that is produced in the recipient cell and is imported to the nucleus of the recipient cell.
  • the exogenous agent comprises an organellar protein (e.g., a mitochondrial protein), e.g., a protein that is produced in the recipient cell and is imported into an organelle (e.g., a mitochondrial) of the recipient cell.
  • the protein is a wild-type protein or a mutant protein.
  • the protein is a fusion or chimeric protein.
  • the exogenous agent comprises a membrane protein.
  • the membrane protein comprises a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), a T cell receptor, an integrin, an ion channel, a pore forming protein, a Toll-Like Receptor, an interleukin receptor, a cell adhesion protein, or a transport protein.
  • CARs Chimeric Antigen Receptors
  • the payload gene may comprise an exogenous polynucleotide encoding a CAR.
  • CARs also known as chimeric immunoreceptors, chimeric T cell receptors, or artificial T cell receptors
  • the receptors are chimeric because they combine both antigen-binding and T cell activating functions into a single receptor.
  • the polycistronic vector of the present disclosure may be used to express one or more CARs in a host cell (e.g., a T cell) for use in cell- based therapies against various target antigens.
  • the CARs expressed by the one or more expression cassettes may be the same or different.
  • the CAR may comprise an extracellular binding domain (also referred to as a “binder”) that specifically binds a target antigen, a transmembrane 150 sf-5966708 186152009440 domain, and an intracellular signaling domain.
  • the CAR may further comprise one or more additional elements, including one or more signal peptides, one or more extracellular hinge domains, and/or one or more intracellular costimulatory domains. Domains may be directly adjacent to one another, or there may be one or more amino acids linking the domains.
  • the nucleotide sequence encoding a CAR may be derived from a mammalian sequence, for example, a mouse sequence, a primate sequence, a human sequence, or combinations thereof. In the cases where the nucleotide sequence encoding a CAR is non-human, the sequence of the CAR may be humanized.
  • the nucleotide sequence encoding a CAR may also be codon-optimized for expression in a mammalian cell, for example, a human cell.
  • the nucleotide sequence encoding a CAR may be at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to any of the nucleotide sequences disclosed herein.
  • the sequence variations may be due to codon-optimization, humanization, restriction enzyme-based cloning scars, and/or additional amino acid residues linking the functional domains, etc.
  • the CAR may comprise a signal peptide at the N-terminus.
  • signal peptides include CD8 ⁇ signal peptide, IgK signal peptide, and granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor subunit alpha (GMCSFR- ⁇ , also known as colony stimulating factor 2 receptor subunit alpha (CSF2RA)) signal peptide, and variants thereof, the amino acid sequences of which are provided in Table 5 below. Table 5.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the CAR may comprise one or more antibodies specific to one target antigen or multiple target antigens.
  • the antibody may be an antibody fragment, for example, an scFv, or a single-domain antibody fragment, for example, a VHH.
  • the scFv may comprise a heavy chain variable region (VH) and a light chain variable region (VL) of an antibody connected by a linker.
  • the VH and the VL may be connected in either order, i.e., V H -linker-V L or V L -linker-V H .
  • linkers include Whitlow linker, (G 4 S) n (n can be a positive integer, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc.) linker, and variants thereof.
  • the antigen may be an antigen that is exclusively or preferentially expressed on tumor cells, or an antigen that is characteristic of an autoimmune or inflammatory disease.
  • target antigens include, but are not limited to, CD5, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD23, CD30, CD70, Kappa, Lambda, 151 sf-5966708 186152009440 and B cell maturation agent (BCMA), G-protein coupled receptor family C group 5 member D (GPRC5D) (associated with leukemias); CS1/SLAMF7, CD38, CD138, GPRC5D, TACI, and BCMA (associated with myelomas); GD2, HER2, EGFR, EGFRvIII, B7H3, PSMA, PSCA, CAIX, CD171, CEA, CSPG4, EPHA2, FAP, FR ⁇ , IL-13R ⁇ , Mesothelin, MUC1, MUC16, and ROR1 (associated with solid tumors).
  • BCMA B cell maturation agent
  • GPRC5D G-protein coupled receptor family C group 5 member D
  • the extracellular binding domain of the CAR can be codon- optimized for expression in a host cell or have variant sequences to increase functions of the extracellular binding domain.
  • the CAR may comprise a hinge domain, also referred to as a spacer.
  • the terms “hinge” and “spacer” may be used interchangeably in the present disclosure.
  • Non-limiting examples of hinge domains include CD8 ⁇ hinge domain, CD28 hinge domain, IgG4 hinge domain, IgG4 hinge-CH2-CH3 domain, and variants thereof, the amino acid sequences of which are provided in Table 6 below. Table 6.
  • hinge domains SEQ ID Sequence Description NO: 381 TTTPAPRPPTPAPTIASQPLSLRPEACRPAAGGAVH CD8 ⁇ hinge domain TRGLDFACD 382 IEVMYPPPYLDNEKSNGTIIHVKGKHLCPSPLFPGP CD28 hinge domain SKP 383 AAAIEVMYPPPYLDNEKSNGTIIHVKGKHLCPSPLF CD28 hinge domain PGPSKP 384 ESKYGPPCPPCP IgG4 hinge domain 385 ESKYGPPCPSCP IgG4 hinge domain 386 ESKYGPPCPPCPAPEFLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISR IgG4 hinge-CH2-CH3 TPEVTCVVVDVSQEDPEVQFNWYVDGVEVHNAK domain TKPREEQFNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCK VSNKGLPSSIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSQEEM TKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIA
  • the transmembrane domain may comprise a transmembrane region of CD8 ⁇ , CD8 ⁇ , 4- 1BB/CD137, CD28, CD34, CD4, Fc ⁇ RI ⁇ , CD16, OX40/CD134, CD3 ⁇ , CD3 ⁇ , CD3 ⁇ , CD3 ⁇ , TCR ⁇ , TCR ⁇ , TCR ⁇ , CD32, CD64, CD64, CD45, CD5, CD9, CD22, CD37, CD80, CD86, CD40, 152 sf-5966708 186152009440 CD40L/CD154, VEGFR2, FAS, and FGFR2B, or a functional variant thereof, including the human versions of each of these sequences.
  • the intracellular signaling domain and/or intracellular costimulatory domain of the CAR may comprise one or more signaling domains selected from B7-1/CD80, B7- 2/CD86, B7-H1/PD-L1, B7-H2, B7-H3, B7-H4, B7-H6, B7-H7, BTLA/CD272, CD28, CTLA-4, Gi24/VISTA/B7-H5, ICOS/CD278, PD-1, PD-L2/B
  • the intracellular signaling domain and/or intracellular costimulatory domain comprises one or more signaling domains selected from a CD3 ⁇ domain, an ITAM, a CD28 domain, 4-1BB domain, or a functional variant thereof.
  • Table 8 provides the amino acid sequences of a few exemplary intracellular costimulatory and/or signaling domains.
  • the CD3 ⁇ signaling domain of SEQ ID NO:392 may have a mutation, e.g., a glutamine (Q) to lysine (K) mutation, at amino acid position 14 (see SEQ ID NO:393). 153 sf-5966708 186152009440 Table 8.
  • sequences of intracellular costimulatory and/or signaling domains SEQ ID Sequence Description NO: KRGRKKLLYIFKQPFMRPVQTTQEEDGCSCR 4-1BB costimulatory domain 390 FPEEEEGGCEL RSKRSRLLHSDYMNMTPRRPGPTRKHYQPY CD28 costimulatory domain 391 APPRDFAAYRS RVKFSRSADAPAYQQGQNQLYNELNLGRRE CD3 ⁇ signaling domain EYDVLDKRRGRDPEMGGKPRRKNPQEGLYN ELQKDKMAEAYSEIGMKGERRRGKGHDGLY 392 QGLSTATKDTYDALHMQALPPR RVKFSRSADAPAYKQGQNQLYNELNLGRRE CD3 ⁇ signaling domain (with Q EYDVLDKRRGRDPEMGGKPRRKNPQEGLYN to K mutation at position 14) ELQKDKMAEAYSEIGMKGERRRGKGHDGLY 393 QGLSTATKD
  • the two or more CARs may comprise different signal peptides, extracellular binding domains, hinge domains, transmembrane domains, costimulatory domains, and/or intracellular signaling domains, in order to minimize the risk of recombination due to sequence similarities.
  • the two or more CARs may comprise the same domains. In the cases where the same domain(s) and/or backbone are used, it is optional to introduce codon divergence at the nucleotide sequence level to minimize the risk of recombination.
  • the CAR is a CD19 CAR (“CD19-CAR”), and in these embodiments, the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a CD19 CAR.
  • the CD19 CAR may comprise a signal peptide, an extracellular binding domain that specifically binds CD19, a hinge domain, a transmembrane domain, an intracellular costimulatory domain, and/or an intracellular signaling domain in tandem.
  • the signal peptide of the CD19 CAR comprises a CD8 ⁇ signal peptide.
  • the CD8 ⁇ signal peptide comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:378 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO: 378.
  • the signal peptide comprises an IgK signal peptide.
  • the IgK signal peptide comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:379 or an amino acid sequence 154 sf-5966708 186152009440 that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO: 379.
  • the signal peptide comprises a GMCSFR- ⁇ or CSF2RA signal peptide.
  • the GMCSFR- ⁇ or CSF2RA signal peptide comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:380 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO: 380.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the CD19 CAR is specific to CD19, for example, human CD19.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the CD19 CAR can be codon- optimized for expression in a host cell or to have variant sequences to increase functions of the extracellular binding domain.
  • the extracellular binding domain comprises an immunogenically active portion of an immunoglobulin molecule, for example, an scFv.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the CD19 CAR comprises an scFv derived from the FMC63 monoclonal antibody (FMC63), which comprises the heavy chain variable region (VH) and the light chain variable region (VL) of FMC63 connected by a linker.
  • FMC63 and the derived scFv have been described in Nicholson et al., Mol. Immun.34(16-17):1157-1165 (1997) and PCT Application Publication No. WO2018/213337, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated by reference herein.
  • the amino acid sequences of the entire FMC63-derived scFv (also referred to as FMC63 scFv) and its different portions are provided in Table 9 below.
  • the CD19-specific scFv comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:394, 395, or 400, or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:40, 41, or 46.
  • the CD19-specific scFv may comprise one or more CDRs having amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 42-44 and 48-50. In some embodiments, the CD19-specific scFv may comprise a light chain with one or more CDRs having amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 396-398. In some embodiments, the CD19-specific scFv may comprise a heavy chain with one or more CDRs having amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 402-404.
  • the CD19- specific scFv may comprise one or more CDRs comprising one or more amino acid substitutions, or comprising a sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical), to any of the sequences identified.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the CD19 CAR comprises or consists of the one or more CDRs as described herein.
  • the linker linking the V H and the V L portions of the scFv is a Whitlow linker having an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:399.
  • the Whitlow 155 sf-5966708 186152009440 linker may be replaced by a different linker, for example, a 3xG 4 S linker having an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:405, which gives rise to a different FMC63-derived scFv having an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:404.
  • the CD19-specific scFv comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:404 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:404.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the CD19 CAR can comprise or consist of the V H , the V L , and/or one or more CDRs of any of the antibodies.
  • the hinge domain of the CD19 CAR comprises a CD8 ⁇ hinge domain, for example, a human CD8 ⁇ hinge domain.
  • the CD8 ⁇ hinge domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:381 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:381.
  • the hinge domain comprises a CD28 hinge domain, for example, a human CD28 hinge domain.
  • the CD28 hinge domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:382 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:382.
  • the CD28 hinge domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:383 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:383.
  • the hinge domain comprises an IgG4 hinge domain, for example, a human IgG4 hinge domain.
  • the IgG4 hinge domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:384 or SEQ ID NO:385, or an 157 sf-5966708 186152009440 amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:384 or SEQ ID NO:385.
  • the hinge domain comprises a IgG4 hinge-Ch2-Ch3 domain, for example, a human IgG4 hinge-Ch2-Ch3 domain.
  • the IgG4 hinge-Ch2-Ch3 domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:386 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:386.
  • the transmembrane domain of the CD19 CAR comprises a CD8 ⁇ transmembrane domain, for example, a human CD8 ⁇ transmembrane domain.
  • the CD8 ⁇ transmembrane domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:387 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:387.
  • the transmembrane domain comprises a CD28 transmembrane domain, for example, a human CD28 transmembrane domain.
  • the CD28 transmembrane domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:388 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:388.
  • the CD28 transmembrane domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:389 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:389.
  • the intracellular costimulatory domain of the CD19 CAR comprises a 4-1BB costimulatory domain. 4-1BB, also known as CD137, transmits a potent costimulatory signal to T cells, promoting differentiation and enhancing long-term survival of T lymphocytes.
  • the 4-1BB costimulatory domain is human.
  • the 4-1BB costimulatory domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:390 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:390.
  • the intracellular costimulatory domain comprises a CD28 costimulatory domain.
  • CD28 is another co-stimulatory molecule on T cells.
  • the CD28 costimulatory domain is human.
  • the CD28 costimulatory domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:391 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 158 sf-5966708 186152009440 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:391.
  • the intracellular costimulatory domain of the CD19 CAR comprises a 4-1BB costimulatory domain and a CD28 costimulatory domain as described.
  • the intracellular signaling domain of the CD19 CAR comprises a CD3 zeta ( ⁇ ) signaling domain.
  • CD3 ⁇ associates with T cell receptors (TCRs) to produce a signal and contains immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs).
  • TCRs T cell receptors
  • ITAMs immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs
  • the CD3 ⁇ signaling domain refers to amino acid residues from the cytoplasmic domain of the zeta chain that are sufficient to functionally transmit an initial signal necessary for T cell activation.
  • the CD3 ⁇ signaling domain is human.
  • the CD3 ⁇ signaling domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:392 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:392.
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a CD19 CAR, including, for example, a CD19 CAR comprising the CD19-specific scFv having sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:394 or SEQ ID NO:395, the CD8 ⁇ hinge domain of SEQ ID NO:381, the CD8 ⁇ transmembrane domain of SEQ ID NO:387, the 4-1BB costimulatory domain of SEQ ID NO:390, the CD3 ⁇ signaling domain of SEQ ID NO:392, and/or variants (i.e., having a sequence that is at least 80% identical, for example, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99 identical to the disclosed sequence) thereof.
  • a CD19 CAR comprising the CD19-specific scFv having sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:394 or SEQ ID NO:395,
  • the CD19 CAR may additionally comprise a signal peptide (e.g., a CD8 ⁇ signal peptide) as described.
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a CD19 CAR, including, for example, a CD19 CAR comprising the CD19-specific scFv having sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:394 or SEQ ID NO:395, the IgG4 hinge domain of SEQ ID NO:384 or SEQ ID NO:385, the CD28 transmembrane domain of SEQ ID NO:388, the 4-1BB costimulatory domain of SEQ ID NO:390, the CD3 ⁇ signaling domain of SEQ ID NO:392, and/or variants (i.e., having a sequence that is at least 80% identical, for example, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 9
  • the CD19 CAR may additionally comprise a signal peptide (e.g., a CD8 ⁇ signal peptide) as described.
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a CD19 CAR, including, for example, a CD19 CAR comprising the CD19-specific scFv having sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:394 or SEQ ID NO:395, the CD28 hinge domain of SEQ ID NO:383, the CD28 transmembrane domain of SEQ ID NO:388, the CD28 costimulatory domain of SEQ ID NO:391, the CD3 ⁇ signaling domain of SEQ ID NO:392, and/or 159 sf-5966708 186152009440 variants (i.e., having a sequence that is at least 80% identical, for example, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at
  • the CD19 CAR may additionally comprise a signal peptide (e.g., a CD8 ⁇ signal peptide) as described.
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a CD19 CAR as set forth in SEQ ID NO:406 or is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:406 (see Table 11).
  • the encoded CD19 CAR has a corresponding amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:407 or is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:407, with the following components: CD8 ⁇ signal peptide, FMC63 scFv (VL-Whitlow linker-VH), CD8 ⁇ hinge domain, CD8 ⁇ transmembrane domain, 4-1BB costimulatory domain, and CD3 ⁇ signaling domain.
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a commercially available embodiment of CD19 CAR.
  • CD19 CARs expressed and/or encoded by T cells include tisagenlecleucel, lisocabtagene maraleucel, axicabtagene ciloleucel, and brexucabtagene autoleucel.
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding tisagenlecleucel or portions thereof.
  • Tisagenlecleucel comprises a CD19 CAR with the following components: CD8 ⁇ signal peptide, FMC63 scFv (VL-3xG4S linker-VH), CD8 ⁇ hinge domain, CD8 ⁇ transmembrane domain, 4-1BB costimulatory domain, and CD3 ⁇ signaling domain.
  • the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the CD19 CAR in tisagenlecleucel are provided in Table 10, with annotations of the sequences provided in Table 11.
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding lisocabtagene maraleucel or portions thereof.
  • Lisocabtagene maraleucel comprises a CD19 CAR with the following components: GMCSFR- ⁇ or CSF2RA signal peptide, FMC63 scFv (V L -Whitlow linker-V H ), IgG4 hinge domain, CD28 transmembrane domain, 4- 1BB costimulatory domain, and CD3 ⁇ signaling domain.
  • the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the CD19 CAR in lisocabtagene maraleucel are provided in Table 10, with annotations of the sequences provided in Table 12.
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding axicabtagene ciloleucel or portions thereof.
  • Axicabtagene ciloleucel comprises a CD19 CAR with the following components: GMCSFR- ⁇ or CSF2RA signal 160 sf-5966708 186152009440 peptide, FMC63 scFv (V L -Whitlow linker-V H ), CD28 hinge domain, CD28 transmembrane domain, CD28 costimulatory domain, and CD3 ⁇ signaling domain.
  • the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the CD19 CAR in axicabtagene ciloleucel are provided in Table 10, with annotations of the sequences provided in Table 13.
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding brexucabtagene autoleucel or portions thereof.
  • Brexucabtagene autoleucel comprises a CD19 CAR with the following components: GMCSFR- ⁇ signal peptide, FMC63 scFv, CD28 hinge domain, CD28 transmembrane domain, CD28 costimulatory domain, and CD3 ⁇ signaling domain.
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a CD19 CAR as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 408, 410, or 412, or is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 408, 410, or 412.
  • the encoded CD19 CAR has a corresponding amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 409, 411, or 413, respectively, or is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO: 409, 411, or 413, respectively.
  • Table 10 10.
  • CD19 CARs SEQ ID NO: Sequence Description atggccttaccagtgaccgccttgctcctgccgctggccttgctgctccac
  • CD19 CARs SEQ ID NO: Sequence Description gaaaggcgagcgccggaggggcaaggggcacgatggcctttaccagg gtctcagtacagccaccaaggacacctacgacgcccttcacatgcaggc cctgcccctcgc MALPVTALLLPLALLLHAARPDIQMTQTTSSLS Tisagenlecleucel ASLGDRVTISCRASQDISKYLNWYQQKPDGTV CD19 CAR amino KLLIYHTSRLHSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDYSLTISNL acid sequence EQEDIATYFCQQGNTLPYTFGGGTKLEITGGGG SGGGGSGGGGSEVKLQESGPGLVAPSQSLSVT CTVSGVSLPDYGVSWIRQPPRKGLEWLGVIWG SETTYYNSALKSRLTIIKDNSKSQVFLKMNSLQ TDDTAIYY
  • CD19 CARs SEQ ID NO: Sequence Description MLLLVTSLLLCELPHPAFLLIPDIQMTQTTSSLS Lisocabtagene ASLGDRVTISCRASQDISKYLNWYQQKPDGTV maraleucel CD19 KLLIYHTSRLHSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDYSLTISNL CAR amino acid EQEDIATYFCQQGNTLPYTFGGGTKLEITGSTS sequence GSGKPGSGEGSTKGEVKLQESGPGLVAPSQSLS VTCTVSGVSLPDYGVSWIRQPPRKGLEWLGVI WGSETTYYNSALKSRLTIIKDNSKSQVFLKMNS LQTDDTAIYYCAKHYYYGGSYAMDYWGQGT SVTVSSESKYGPPCPPCPMFWVLVVVGGVLAC YSLLVTVAFIIFWVKRGRKKLLYIFKQPFMRPV QTTQEEDGCSCRFPEEEEEEGGCELRVKFSRSADA PA
  • CD19 CARs SEQ ID NO: Sequence Description GSGKPGSGEGSTKGEVKLQESGPGLVAPSQSLS CAR amino acid VTCTVSGVSLPDYGVSWIRQPPRKGLEWLGVI sequence WGSETTYYNSALKSRLTIIKDNSKSQVFLKMNS LQTDDTAIYYCAKHYYYGGSYAMDYWGQGT SVTVSSAAAIEVMYPPPYLDNEKSNGTIIHVKG KHLCPSPLFPGPSKPFWVLVVVGGVLACYSLL VTVAFIIFWVRSKRSRLLHSDYMNMTPRRPGPT RKHYQPYAPPRDFAAYRSRVKFSRSADAPAYQ QGQNQLYNELNLGRREEYDVLDKRRGRDPEM GGKPRRKNPQEGLYNELQKDKMAEAYSEIGM KGERRRGKGHDGLYQGLSTATKDTYDALHMQ ALPPR Table 11.
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding CD19 CAR as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 408, 410, or 412, or at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%,
  • the encoded CD19 CAR has a corresponding amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 409, 411, or 412, respectively, is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO: 409, 411, or 412, respectively. 2) CD20 CAR [0563]
  • the CAR is a CD20 CAR (“CD20-CAR”), and in these embodiments, the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a CD20 CAR.
  • CD20 is an antigen found on the surface of B cells as early at the pro-B phase and progressively at increasing levels until B cell maturity, as well as on the cells of most B-cell neoplasms. CD20 positive cells are also sometimes found in cases of Hodgkin’s disease, myeloma, and thymoma.
  • the CD20 CAR may comprise a signal peptide, an extracellular binding domain that specifically binds CD20, a hinge domain, a transmembrane domain, an intracellular costimulatory domain, and/or an intracellular signaling domain in tandem.
  • the signal peptide of the CD20 CAR comprises a CD8 ⁇ signal peptide.
  • the IgK signal peptide comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:379 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ 166 sf-5966708 186152009440 ID NO:379.
  • the signal peptide comprises a GMCSFR- ⁇ or CSF2RA signal peptide.
  • the GMCSFR- ⁇ or CSF2RA signal peptide comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:380 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:380.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the CD20 CAR is specific to CD20, for example, human CD20.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the CD20 CAR can be codon- optimized for expression in a host cell or to have variant sequences to increase functions of the extracellular binding domain.
  • the extracellular binding domain comprises an immunogenically active portion of an immunoglobulin molecule, for example, an scFv.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the CD20 CAR is derived from an antibody specific to CD20, including, for example, Leu16, IF5, 1.5.3, rituximab, obinutuzumab, ibritumomab, ofatumumab, tositumumab, odronextamab, veltuzumab, ublituximab, and ocrelizumab.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the CD20 CAR can comprise or consist of the VH, the VL, and/or one or more CDRs of any of the antibodies.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the CD20 CAR comprises an scFv derived from the Leu16 monoclonal antibody, which comprises the heavy chain variable region (VH) and the light chain variable region (VL) of Leu16 connected by a linker. See Wu et al., Protein Engineering.14(12):1025-1033 (2001).
  • the linker is a 3xG4S linker. In other embodiments, the linker is a Whitlow linker as described herein.
  • the amino acid sequences of different portions of the entire Leu16-derived scFv (also referred to as Leu16 scFv) and its different portions are provided in Table 14 below.
  • the CD20-specific scFv comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:414, 415, or 419, or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:414, 415, or 419
  • the CD20-specific scFv may comprise one or more CDRs having amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 416-418, 420, 421, and 422.
  • the CD20-specific scFv may comprise a light chain with one or more CDRs having amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 416-418. In some embodiments, the CD20- specific scFv may comprise a heavy chain with one or more CDRs having amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 420, 421, and 422.
  • the CD20-specific scFv may comprise one or more CDRs comprising one or more amino acid substitutions, or comprising a sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical), to any of the sequences identified.
  • 167 sf-5966708 186152009440 the extracellular binding domain of the CD20 CAR comprises or consists of the one or more CDRs as described herein. Table 14.
  • the CD8 ⁇ hinge domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:378 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:378.
  • the hinge domain comprises a CD28 hinge domain, for example, a human CD28 hinge domain.
  • the CD28 hinge domain comprises or consists of an amino acid 168 sf-5966708 186152009440 sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:382 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:382.
  • the hinge domain comprises an IgG4 hinge domain, for example, a human IgG4 hinge domain.
  • the IgG4 hinge domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:384 or SEQ ID NO:385, or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:384 or SEQ ID NO:385.
  • the hinge domain comprises a IgG4 hinge-Ch2-Ch3 domain, for example, a human IgG4 hinge-Ch2-Ch3 domain.
  • the IgG4 hinge-Ch2-Ch3 domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:386 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:386.
  • the transmembrane domain of the CD20 CAR comprises a CD8 ⁇ transmembrane domain, for example, a human CD8 ⁇ transmembrane domain.
  • the CD8 ⁇ transmembrane domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:387 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:387.
  • the transmembrane domain comprises a CD28 transmembrane domain, for example, a human CD28 transmembrane domain.
  • the CD28 transmembrane domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:388 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:388.
  • the intracellular costimulatory domain of the CD20 CAR comprises a 4-1BB costimulatory domain, for example, a human 4-1BB costimulatory domain.
  • the 4-1BB costimulatory domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:390 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:390.
  • the intracellular costimulatory domain comprises a CD28 costimulatory domain, for example, a human CD28 costimulatory domain.
  • the CD28 costimulatory domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:391 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:391.
  • the intracellular signaling domain of the CD20 CAR comprises a CD3 zeta ( ⁇ ) signaling domain, for example, a human CD3 ⁇ signaling domain.
  • the CD3 ⁇ signaling domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:392 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:392.
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a CD20 CAR, including, for example, a CD20 CAR comprising the CD20-specific scFv having sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:414, the CD8 ⁇ hinge domain of SEQ ID NO:381, the CD8 ⁇ transmembrane domain of SEQ ID NO:387, the 4-1BB costimulatory domain of SEQ ID NO:390, the CD3 ⁇ signaling domain of SEQ ID NO:392, and/or variants (i.e., having a sequence that is at least 80% identical, for example, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99 identical to the disclosed sequence) thereof.
  • a CD20 CAR comprising the CD20-specific scFv having sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:414, the CD8 ⁇ hinge domain of SEQ ID NO:381, the CD
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a CD20 CAR, including, for example, a CD20 CAR comprising the CD20-specific scFv having sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:414, the CD28 hinge domain of SEQ ID NO:381, the CD8 ⁇ transmembrane domain of SEQ ID NO:387, the 4-1BB costimulatory domain of SEQ ID NO:390, the CD3 ⁇ signaling domain of SEQ ID NO:392, and/or variants (i.e., having a sequence that is at least 80% identical, for example, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99 identical to the disclosed sequence) thereof.
  • a CD20 CAR comprising the CD20-specific scFv having sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:414, the CD28 hinge domain of SEQ ID NO:381, the CD8 ⁇
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a CD20 CAR, including, for example, a CD20 CAR comprising the CD20-specific scFv having sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:414, the CD8 ⁇ hinge domain of SEQ ID NO:387, the CD28 transmembrane domain of SEQ ID NO:389, the 4-1BB costimulatory domain of SEQ ID NO:390, the CD3 ⁇ signaling domain of SEQ ID NO:392, and/or variants (i.e., having a sequence that is at least 80% identical, for example, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99 identical to the disclosed sequence) thereof.
  • a CD20 CAR comprising the CD20-specific scFv having sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:414, the CD8 ⁇ hinge domain of SEQ ID NO:387, the
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a CD20 CAR, including, for example, a CD20 CAR comprising the CD20-specific scFv having sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:414, the CD28 hinge domain of SEQ ID NO:382, the CD28 transmembrane domain of SEQ ID NO:388, the 4-1BB costimulatory domain of SEQ ID NO:390, the CD3 ⁇ signaling domain of SEQ ID NO:392, and/or variants (i.e., having a sequence that is at least 80% identical, for example, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99 identical to the disclosed sequence) thereof.
  • a CD20 CAR comprising the CD20-specific scFv having sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:414, the CD28 hinge domain of SEQ ID NO:382, the CD28 transmembr
  • the CAR is a CD22 CAR (“CD22-CAR”)
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a CD22 CAR.
  • CD22 which is a transmembrane protein found mostly on the surface of mature B cells that functions as an inhibitory receptor for B cell receptor (BCR) signaling.
  • CD22 is expressed in 60-70% of B cell lymphomas and leukemias (e.g., B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), and Burkitt's lymphoma) and is not present on the cell surface in early stages of B cell development or on stem cells.
  • the CD22 CAR may comprise a signal peptide, an extracellular binding domain that specifically binds CD22, a hinge domain, a transmembrane domain, an intracellular costimulatory domain, and/or an intracellular signaling domain in tandem.
  • the signal peptide of the CD22 CAR comprises a CD8 ⁇ signal peptide.
  • the CD8 ⁇ signal peptide comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:450 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:450.
  • the signal peptide comprises an IgK signal peptide.
  • the IgK signal peptide comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:379 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ 171 sf-5966708 186152009440 ID NO:379.
  • the signal peptide comprises a GMCSFR- ⁇ or CSF2RA signal peptide.
  • the extracellular binding domain comprises an immunogenically active portion of an immunoglobulin molecule, for example, an scFv.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the CD22 CAR is derived from an antibody specific to CD22, including, for example, SM03, inotuzumab, epratuzumab, moxetumomab, and pinatuzumab.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the CD22 CAR can comprise or consist of the VH, the VL, and/or one or more CDRs of any of the antibodies.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the CD22 CAR comprises an scFv derived from the m971 monoclonal antibody (m971), which comprises the heavy chain variable region (VH) and the light chain variable region (VL) of m971 connected by a linker.
  • the linker is a 3xG4S linker.
  • the Whitlow linker may be used instead.
  • the amino acid sequences of the entire m971-derived scFv (also referred to as m971 scFv) and its different portions are provided in Table 15 below.
  • the CD22-specific scFv comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:423 or 432, or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:423 or 432.
  • the CD22-specific scFv may comprise one or more CDRs having amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 425-427 and 429- 431, and 434-436, and 438-440.
  • the CD22-specific scFv may comprise a heavy chain with one or more CDRs having amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 425-427 or 434- 436. In some embodiments, the CD22-specific scFv may comprise a light chain with one or more CDRs having amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 429-431 or 438-440.
  • the CD22-specific scFv may comprise one or more CDRs comprising one or more amino acid substitutions, or comprising a sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical), to any of the sequences identified.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the CD22 CAR comprises or consists of the one or more CDRs as described herein.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the CD22 CAR comprises an scFv derived from m971-L7, which is an affinity matured variant of m971 with significantly improved CD22 binding affinity compared to the parental antibody m971 (improved from about 2 nM to less than 50 pM).
  • the scFv derived from m971-L7 comprises the V H and the V L of m971- L7 connected by a 3xG 4 S linker. In other embodiments, the Whitlow linker may be used instead.
  • the amino acid sequences of the entire m971-L7-derived scFv (also referred to as m971-L7 scFv) and its different portions are provided in Table 15 below.
  • the CD22-specific scFv comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:423 or 432, or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:423, or 432.
  • the CD22-specific scFv may comprise one or more CDRs comprising one or more amino acid substitutions, or comprising a sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical), to any of the sequences identified.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the CD22 CAR comprises or consists of the one or more CDRs as described herein. Table 15.
  • Immunotoxins BL22 and HA22 are therapeutic agents that comprise an scFv specific for CD22 fused to a bacterial toxin, and thus can bind to the surface of the cancer cells that 174 sf-5966708 186152009440 express CD22 and kill the cancer cells.
  • BL22 comprises a dsFv of an anti-CD22 antibody, RFB4, fused to a 38-kDa truncated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (Bang et al., Clin. Cancer Res., 11:1545-50 (2005)).
  • HA22 (CAT8015, moxetumomab pasudotox) is a mutated, higher affinity version of BL22 (Ho et al., J. Biol. Chem., 280(1): 607-17 (2005)).
  • Suitable sequences of antigen binding domains of HA22 and BL22 specific to CD22 are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Patent Nos.7,541,034; 7,355,012; and 7,982,011, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • the hinge domain of the CD22 CAR comprises a CD8 ⁇ hinge domain, for example, a human CD8 ⁇ hinge domain.
  • the CD8 ⁇ hinge domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:381 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:381.
  • the hinge domain comprises a CD28 hinge domain, for example, a human CD28 hinge domain.
  • the CD28 hinge domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:382 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:381.
  • the hinge domain comprises an IgG4 hinge domain, for example, a human IgG4 hinge domain.
  • the IgG4 hinge domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:384 or SEQ ID NO:385, or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:384 or SEQ ID NO:385.
  • the hinge domain comprises a IgG4 hinge-Ch2-Ch3 domain, for example, a human IgG4 hinge-Ch2-Ch3 domain.
  • the IgG4 hinge-Ch2-Ch3 domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:386 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:386.
  • the transmembrane domain of the CD22 CAR comprises a CD8 ⁇ transmembrane domain, for example, a human CD8 ⁇ transmembrane domain.
  • the CD8 ⁇ transmembrane domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:387 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:387.
  • the transmembrane domain comprises a CD28 transmembrane domain, for example, a human CD28 transmembrane domain.
  • the CD28 transmembrane domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:388 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at 175 sf-5966708 186152009440 least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:388.
  • the intracellular costimulatory domain of the CD22 CAR comprises a 4-1BB costimulatory domain, for example, a human 4-1BB costimulatory domain.
  • the 4-1BB costimulatory domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:390 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:390.
  • the intracellular costimulatory domain comprises a CD28 costimulatory domain, for example, a human CD28 costimulatory domain.
  • the CD28 costimulatory domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:391 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:391.
  • the intracellular signaling domain of the CD22 CAR comprises a CD3 zeta ( ⁇ ) signaling domain, for example, a human CD3 ⁇ signaling domain.
  • the CD3 ⁇ signaling domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:392 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:392.
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a CD22 CAR, including, for example, a CD22 CAR comprising the CD22-specific scFv having sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:423 or SEQ ID NO:432, the CD8 ⁇ hinge domain of SEQ ID NO:381, the CD8 ⁇ transmembrane domain of SEQ ID NO:387, the 4-1BB costimulatory domain of SEQ ID NO:390, the CD3 ⁇ signaling domain of SEQ ID NO:392, and/or variants (i.e., having a sequence that is at least 80% identical, for example, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99 identical to the disclosed sequence) thereof.
  • a CD22 CAR comprising the CD22-specific scFv having sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:423 or SEQ ID NO:432,
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a CD22 CAR, including, for example, a CD22 CAR comprising the CD22-specific scFv having sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:423 or SEQ ID NO:432, the CD28 hinge domain of SEQ ID NO:382, the CD8 ⁇ transmembrane domain of SEQ ID NO:387, the 4-1BB costimulatory domain of SEQ ID NO:390, the CD3 ⁇ signaling domain of SEQ ID NO:392, and/or variants (i.e., having a sequence that is at least 80% identical, for example, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99 identical to the disclosed sequence) thereof.
  • a CD22 CAR comprising the CD22-specific scFv having sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:423 or SEQ ID NO:432, the
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a CD22 CAR, including, for example, a CD22 CAR comprising the CD22-specific scFv having sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:423 or SEQ ID NO:432, the IgG4 hinge domain of SEQ ID NO:384 or SEQ ID NO:385, the CD8 ⁇ transmembrane domain of SEQ ID NO:387, the 4-1BB costimulatory domain of SEQ ID NO:390, the CD3 ⁇ signaling domain of SEQ ID NO:392, and/or variants (i.e., having a sequence that is at least 80% identical, for example, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99 identical to the disclosed sequence) thereof.
  • a CD22 CAR comprising the CD22-specific scFv having sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:4
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a CD22 CAR, including, for example, a CD22 CAR comprising the CD22-specific scFv having sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:423 or SEQ ID NO:432, the CD8 ⁇ hinge domain of SEQ ID NO:381, the CD28 transmembrane domain of SEQ ID NO:389, the 4-1BB costimulatory domain of SEQ ID NO:390, the CD3 ⁇ signaling domain of SEQ ID NO:391, and/or variants (i.e., having a sequence that is at least 80% identical, for example, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99 identical to the disclosed sequence) thereof.
  • a CD22 CAR comprising the CD22-specific scFv having sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:423 or SEQ ID NO:432, the
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a CD22 CAR, including, for example, a CD22 CAR comprising the CD22-specific scFv having sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:423 or SEQ ID NO:432, the CD28 hinge domain of SEQ ID NO:383, the CD28 transmembrane domain of SEQ ID NO:389, the 4-1BB costimulatory domain of SEQ ID NO:390, the CD3 ⁇ signaling domain of SEQ ID NO:392, and/or variants (i.e., having a sequence that is at least 80% identical, for example, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99 identical to the disclosed sequence) thereof.
  • a CD22 CAR comprising the CD22-specific scFv having sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:423 or SEQ ID NO:432, the CD
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a CD22 CAR, including, for example, a CD22 CAR comprising the CD22-specific scFv having sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:423 or SEQ ID NO:432, the IgG4 hinge domain of SEQ ID NO:384 or SEQ ID NO:385, the CD28 transmembrane domain of SEQ ID NO:388, the 4-1BB costimulatory domain of SEQ ID NO:390, the CD3 ⁇ signaling domain of SEQ ID NO:392, and/or variants (i.e., having a sequence that is at least 80% identical, for example, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99 identical to the disclosed sequence) thereof.
  • a CD22 CAR comprising the CD22-specific scFv having sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:423 or
  • the CAR is a BCMA CAR (“BCMA-CAR”)
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide 177 sf-5966708 186152009440 sequence encoding a BCMA CAR.
  • BCMA is a tumor necrosis family receptor (TNFR) member expressed on cells of the B cell lineage, with the highest expression on terminally differentiated B cells or mature B lymphocytes. BCMA is involved in mediating the survival of plasma cells for maintaining long-term humoral immunity.
  • TNFR tumor necrosis family receptor
  • the CD8 ⁇ signal peptide comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:378 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:378.
  • the signal peptide comprises an IgK signal peptide.
  • the IgK signal peptide comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:379 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:379.
  • the signal peptide comprises a GMCSFR- ⁇ or CSF2RA signal peptide.
  • the GMCSFR- ⁇ or CSF2RA signal peptide comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:380 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:380.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the BCMA CAR is specific to BCMA, for example, human BCMA.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the BCMA CAR can be codon-optimized for expression in a host cell or to have variant sequences to increase functions of the extracellular binding domain.
  • the extracellular binding domain comprises an immunogenically active portion of an immunoglobulin molecule, for example, an scFv.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the BCMA CAR is derived from an antibody specific to BCMA, including, for example, belantamab, erlanatamab, teclistamab, LCAR-B38M, and ciltacabtagene.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the BCMA CAR can comprise or consist of the V H , the V L , and/or one or more CDRs of any of the antibodies.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the BCMA CAR comprises an scFv derived from C11D5.3, a murine monoclonal antibody as described in Carpenter et al., Clin. Cancer Res.19(8):2048-2060 (2013). See also PCT Application Publication No. WO2010/104949.
  • the 178 sf-5966708 186152009440 C11D5.3-derived scFv may comprise the heavy chain variable region (V H ) and the light chain variable region (V L ) of C11D5.3 connected by the Whitlow linker, the amino acid sequences of which is provided in Table 17 below.
  • the BCMA-specific extracellular binding domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:441, 450, or 463, or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:441, 450, or 463.
  • the BCMA-specific extracellular binding domain may comprise one or more CDRs having amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 443- 445, 447-449, 452-454, 456-458, 460-432, 465-467 and 469-471.
  • the BCMA- specific extracellular binding domain may comprise a light chain with one or more CDRs having amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 443-445, 452-454, 465-467.
  • the BCMA-specific extracellular binding domain may comprise a heavy chain with one or more CDRs having amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 447-449, 456-458, 469-471.
  • the BCMA-specific scFv may comprise one or more CDRs comprising one or more amino acid substitutions, or comprising a sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical), to any of the sequences identified.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the BCMA CAR comprises or consists of the one or more CDRs as described herein.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the BCMA CAR comprises an scFv derived from another murine monoclonal antibody, C12A3.2, as described in Carpenter et al., Clin. Cancer Res.19(8):2048-2060 (2013) and PCT Application Publication No. WO2010/104949, the amino acid sequence of which is also provided in Table 16 below.
  • the BCMA-specific extracellular binding domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:441, 450459,, or 463, or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO: 441, 450459,, or 463.
  • the BCMA-specific scFv may comprise one or more CDRs comprising one or more amino acid substitutions, or comprising a sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical), to any of the sequences identified.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the BCMA CAR comprises or consists of the one or more CDRs as described herein.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the BCMA CAR comprises a murine monoclonal antibody with high specificity to human BCMA, referred to as BB2121 in Friedman et al., Hum. Gene Ther.29(5):585-601 (2016)). See also, PCT Application Publication No. WO2012163805. 179 sf-5966708 186152009440 [0602]
  • the extracellular binding domain of the BCMA CAR comprises single variable fragments of two heavy chains (VHH) that can bind to two epitopes of BCMA as described in Zhao et al., J. Hematol. Oncol.11(1):141 (2016), also referred to as LCAR-B38M.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the BCMA CAR comprises a fully human heavy-chain variable domain (FHVH) as described in Lam et al., Nat. Commun.11(1):283 (2020), also referred to as FHVH33.
  • FHVH33 a fully human heavy-chain variable domain as described in Lam et al., Nat. Commun.11(1):283 (2020), also referred to as FHVH33.
  • FHVH33 fully human heavy-chain variable domain
  • the BCMA-specific extracellular binding domain may comprise one or more CDRs comprising one or more amino acid substitutions, or comprising a sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical), to any of the sequences identified.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the BCMA CAR comprises or consists of the one or more CDRs as described herein.
  • the extracellular binding domain of the BCMA CAR comprises an scFv derived from CT103A (or CAR0085) as described in U.S.
  • the BCMA-specific extracellular binding domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:463, 464, or 468, or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO: 463, 464, or 468.
  • the BCMA-specific extracellular binding domain may comprise one or more CDRs having amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 465-497 and 469-471. In some embodiments, the BCMA-specific extracellular binding domain may comprise a light chain with one or more CDRs having amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 465-497. In some embodiments, the BCMA-specific extracellular binding domain may comprise a heavy chain with one or more CDRs having amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 469-471.
  • the BCMA-specific scFv may comprise one or more CDRs comprising one or more amino acid substitutions, or comprising a sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical), to any of the sequences identified.
  • 180 sf-5966708 186152009440 the extracellular binding domain of the BCMA CAR comprises or consists of the one or more CDRs as described herein.
  • sequences of anti-BCMA binder and components SEQ ID NO: Amino Acid Sequence Description GRFAFSVETSASTAYLVINNLKDEDTAS YFCSNDYLYSLDFWGQGTALTVSS 451 DIVLTQSPPSLAMSLGKRATISCRASESV Anti-BCMA C12A3.2 TILGSHLIYWYQQKPGQPPTLLIQLASN scFv light chain variable VQTGVPARFSGSGSRTDFTLTIDPVEED region DVAVYYCLQSRTIPRTFGGGTKLEIK 452 RASESVTILGSHLIY Anti-BCMA C12A3.2 scFv light chain CDR1 453 LASNVQT Anti-BCMA C12A3.2 scFv light chain CDR2 454 LQSRTIPRT Anti-BCMA C12A3.2 scFv light chain CDR3 455 QIQLVQSGPELKKPGETVKISCKASGYT Anti-BCMA C12A3.2 FRHYSMNWVKQAPG
  • the CD8 ⁇ hinge domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:381 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:381.
  • the hinge domain comprises a CD28 hinge domain, for example, a human CD28 hinge domain.
  • the CD28 hinge domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:382 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:382.
  • the hinge domain comprises an IgG4 hinge domain, for example, a human IgG4 hinge domain.
  • the IgG4 hinge domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:384 or SEQ ID NO:385, or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:384 or SEQ ID NO:385.
  • the hinge domain comprises a IgG4 hinge-Ch2-Ch3 domain, for 183 sf-5966708 186152009440 example, a human IgG4 hinge-Ch2-Ch3 domain.
  • the IgG4 hinge-Ch2-Ch3 domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:386 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:386.
  • the transmembrane domain of the BCMA CAR comprises a CD8 ⁇ transmembrane domain, for example, a human CD8 ⁇ transmembrane domain.
  • the CD28 transmembrane domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:388 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:388.
  • the intracellular costimulatory domain of the BCMA CAR comprises a 4-1BB costimulatory domain, for example, a human 4-1BB costimulatory domain.
  • the 4-1BB costimulatory domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:390 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:390.
  • the intracellular costimulatory domain comprises a CD28 costimulatory domain, for example, a human CD28 costimulatory domain.
  • the CD28 costimulatory domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:391 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:391.
  • the intracellular signaling domain of the BCMA CAR comprises a CD3 zeta ( ⁇ ) signaling domain, for example, a human CD3 ⁇ signaling domain.
  • the CD3 ⁇ signaling domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:392 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:392.
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a BCMA CAR, including, for example, a BCMA CAR 184 sf-5966708 186152009440 comprising any of the BCMA-specific extracellular binding domains as described, the CD8 ⁇ hinge domain of SEQ ID NO:381, the CD8 ⁇ transmembrane domain of SEQ ID NO:387, the 4-1BB costimulatory domain of SEQ ID NO:390, the CD3 ⁇ signaling domain of SEQ ID NO:392, and/or variants (i.e., having a sequence that is at least 80% identical, for example, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99 identical to the disclosed sequence) thereof.
  • a BCMA CAR 184 sf-5966708 186152009440 comprising any of the BCMA-specific extracellular binding domains as described
  • the BCMA CAR may additionally comprise a signal peptide (e.g., a CD8 ⁇ signal peptide) as described.
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a BCMA CAR, including, for example, a BCMA CAR comprising any of the BCMA-specific extracellular binding domains as described, the CD8 ⁇ hinge domain of SEQ ID NO:381, the CD8 ⁇ transmembrane domain of SEQ ID NO:387, the CD28 costimulatory domain of SEQ ID NO:391, the CD3 ⁇ signaling domain of SEQ ID NO:392, and/or variants (i.e., having a sequence that is at least 80% identical, for example, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99 identical to the disclosed sequence) thereof.
  • the BCMA CAR may additionally comprise a signal peptide as described.
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a BCMA CAR as set forth in SEQ ID NO:406 or is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:406 (see Table 17).
  • the encoded BCMA CAR has a corresponding amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:407 or is at least 80% identical (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth in of SEQ ID NO:407, with the following components: CD8 ⁇ signal peptide, CT103A scFv (VL-Whitlow linker-VH), CD8 ⁇ hinge domain, CD8 ⁇ transmembrane domain, 4-1BB costimulatory domain, and CD3 ⁇ signaling domain.
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a commercially available embodiment of BCMA CAR, including, for example, idecabtagene vicleucel (ide-cel, also called bb2121).
  • the polycistronic vector comprises an expression cassette that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding idecabtagene vicleucel or portions thereof.
  • Idecabtagene vicleucel comprises a BCMA CAR with the following components: the BB2121 binder, CD8 ⁇ hinge domain, CD8 ⁇ transmembrane domain, 4-1BB costimulatory domain, and CD3 ⁇ signaling domain.
  • BCMA CARs SEQ ID NO: Sequence Description atggccttaccagtgaccgccttgctcctgccgctggccttgctgctcca Exemplary BCMA cgccgccaggccggacatccagatgacccagtctccatccctcctgtct CAR nucleotide gcatctgtaggagacagagtcaccatcacttgccgggcaagtcagagc sequence attagcagctatttaaattggtatcagcagaaaccagggaaagcccctaa gctcctgatctatgctgcatccagtttgcaaagtggggtcccatcaaggtt cagtggcagtggatctgggacagatttcactctcaccatcag
  • the exogenous agent is or comprises a genome editing technology.
  • the exogenous agent is or comprises a heterologous protein that is associated with a genome editing technology. Any of a variety of agents associated with gene editing technologies can be included as the exogenous agent and/or heterologous protein, such as for delivery of gene editing machinery to a cell.
  • the gene editing technology can include systems involving nuclease, nickase, homing, integrase, transposase, recombinase, and/or reverse transcriptase activity.
  • the gene editing technologies can be used for knock-out or knock-down of genes.
  • the gene-editing technologies can be used for knock-in or integration of DNA into a region of the genome.
  • the exogenous agent and/or heterologous protein mediates single-strand breaks (SSB).
  • the exogenous agent and/or heterologous protein mediates double-strand breaks (DSB), including in connection with non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) or homology-directed repair (HDR).
  • NHEJ non-homologous end-joining
  • HDR homology-directed repair
  • the exogenous agent and/or heterologous protein does not mediate SSB.
  • the exogenous agent and/or heterologous protein does not mediate DSB.
  • the exogenous agent and/or heterologous protein can be used for DNA base editing or prime-editing. In some embodiments, the exogenous agent and/or heterologous protein can be used for Programmable Addition via Site-specific Targeting Elements (PASTE). In some embodiments, the payload agent is a programmable DNA-binding polypeptide. [0615] In some embodiments, the exogenous agent is a programmable DNA-binding polypeptide and/or nuclease for use in gene editing methods.
  • the nuclease is a zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription-activator like effector nucleases (TALENs), or a CRISPR-associated protein- nuclease (Cas).
  • the programmable DNA-binding polypeptide is a CRISPR-associated protein- nuclease (Cas).
  • the Cas protein is selected from the group consisting of Cas3, Cas9, Cas10, Cas12, and Cas13.
  • the Cas is a Cas12a (also known as cpf1) from a Prevotella, Francisella novicida, Acidaminococcus sp., Lachnospiraceae bacterium, or Francisella bacteria.
  • the Cas is Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes.
  • the Cas is Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas).
  • the Cas9 is from Staphylococcus aureus (SaCas9).
  • the Cas9 is from Neisseria meningitidis (NmeCas9).
  • the Cas9 is from Campylobacter jejuni (CjCas9). In some embodiments, the Cas9 is from Streptococcus thermophilis (StCas9). In some embodiments, the Cas is a Cas12a (also known as Cpf1) from a Prevotella or Francisella bacteria, or the Cas is a Cas12b from a Bacillus, optionally Bacillus hisashii. In some embodiments, the Cas is a Cas12a (also known as cpf1) from a Prevotella, Francisella novicida, Acidaminococcus sp., Lachnospiraceae bacterium, or Francisella bacteria.
  • CjCas9 Campylobacter jejuni
  • StCas9 Streptococcus thermophilis
  • the Cas is a Cas12a (also known as Cpf1) from a Prevotella or Francisella bacteria, or the Cas is a Cas12b from
  • the nuclease is MAD7 or CasX.
  • the Cas is a Cas3, Cas13, CasMini, or any other Cas protein known in the art. See for 187 sf-5966708 186152009440 example, Wang et al., Biosensors and Bioelectronics (165) 1: 2020, and Wu et al. Nature Reviews Chemistry (4) 441: 2020).
  • the Cas9 nuclease can, in some embodiments, be a Cas9 or functional fragment thereof from any bacterial species. See, e.g., Makarova et al. Nature Reviews, Microbiology, 9: 467-477 (2011), including supplemental information, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • delivery of the nuclease is by a provided vector encoding the programmable DNA-binding polypeptide and/or the nuclease (e.g. Cas). In some embodiments, delivery of the programmable DNA-binding polypeptide and/or the nuclease is by a provided vector comprising an RNA encoding the programmable DNA-binding polypeptide and/or nuclease (e.g. Cas, Cas nickase, catalytically inactive Cas).
  • a provided vector encoding the programmable DNA-binding polypeptide and/or the nuclease (e.g. Cas, Cas nickase, catalytically inactive Cas).
  • delivery of the programmable DNA-binding polypeptide and/or nuclease is by a provided VLP comprising an RNA encoding the programmable DNA-binding polypeptide and/or nuclease (e.g. Cas , Cas nickase, catalytically inactive Cas).
  • the Cas is a catalytically active Cas.
  • the Cas is a catalytically inactive Cas (also known as a dead Cas, dCas) that is a Cas that contains one or more mutations that inactivates the catalytic activity of the domain.
  • the Cas is a Cas nickase.
  • the provided viral vector particles contain a nuclease protein and the programmable DNA-binding polypeptide and/or nuclease protein is directly delivered to a target cell.
  • Methods of delivering a programmable DNA-binding polypeptide and/or nuclease protein include those as described, for example, in Cai et al. Elife, 2014, 3:e01911 and International patent publication No. WO2017068077.
  • provided viral vector particles comprise one or more Cas protein(s), such as Cas9.
  • the programmable DNA-binding polypeptide and/or nuclease protein e.g.
  • Cas such as Cas 9
  • Cas is engineered as a chimeric nuclease protein with a viral structural protein (e.g. GAG) for packaging into the viral vector particle (e.g. lentiviral vector particle).
  • a chimeric Cas9-protein fusion with the structural GAG protein can be packaged inside a lentiviral vector particle.
  • the fusion protein is a cleavable fusion protein between (i) a viral structural protein (e.g. GAG) and (ii) a nuclease protein (e.g. Cas protein, such as Cas 9).
  • the cleavable fusion protein comprising a viral structural protein (e.g.
  • a GAG protein e.g. an MLV-gag or an HIV-gag
  • a programmable DNA-binding protein and/or nuclease protein e.g. Cas protein (e.g. any of the Cas proteins described herein)
  • the NES facilitates localization of the fusion protein to the cytosol.
  • the cleavable fusion protein includes at least one NES sequences (e.g. 2 or more, 3 or more, 4 or more, or 5 or more NES sequences).
  • one or more NES sequences (2 or more, 3 or more, 4 or more, or 5 or more NES sequences) are positioned at or near (e.g., within 50 amino acids of) the N-terminus and/or the C- terminus of the cleavable fusion protein.
  • the cleavable fusion protein includes an NES sequence is positioned at the N-terminus and an NES sequence is positioned at the C-terminus of the fusion protein.
  • the cleavable fusion protein includes at least one NES sequences (e.g.
  • the cleavable fusion protein includes an NES sequence is positioned at the N-terminus and/or an NES sequence is positioned at the C-terminus of the programmable DNA-binding protein and/or nuclease protein.
  • the cleavable fusion protein comprising a viral structural protein (e.g. a GAG protein (e.g.
  • a programmable DNA-binding protein and/or nuclease protein e.g. Cas protein (e.g. any of the Cas proteins described herein)
  • a nuclear localization signal includes a nuclear localization signal (NLS).
  • the NLS facilitates delivery of the fusion protein, or a therapeutic polypeptide (or polynucleotide encoding the therapeutic polypeptide) released from the fusion protein (for instance, a polypeptide (or polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide) released from the fusion protein following cleavage of the cleavable linker), into the nucleus of a target cell.
  • the cleavable fusion protein includes at least one NLS sequences (e.g. 2 or more, 3 or more, 4 or more, or 5 or more NLS sequences). In some embodiments, one or more NLS sequences (2 or more, 3 or more, 4 or more, or 5 or more NLS sequences) are positioned at or near (e.g., within 50 amino acids of) the N-terminus and/or the C- terminus of the cleavable fusion protein. In one embodiment, the cleavable fusion protein includes an NLS sequence is positioned at the N-terminus and an NLS sequence is positioned at the C-terminus of the fusion protein.
  • NLS sequences e.g. 2 or more, 3 or more, 4 or more, or 5 or more NLS sequences
  • the cleavable fusion protein includes at least one NLS sequences (e.g. 2 or more, 3 or more, 4 or more, or 5 or more NLS sequences) positioned at or near (e.g., within 50 amino acids of) the N-terminus and/or the C- terminus of the programmable DNA-binding protein and/or nuclease protein.
  • the cleavable fusion protein includes an NLS sequence is positioned at the N-terminus and/or an NLS sequence is positioned at the C-terminus of the nuclease protein.
  • the cleavable fusion protein comprises one NES sequence and one NLS sequences.
  • the viral structural protein, the NES sequence, NLS sequence, and the therapeutic polypeptide are positioned from N-terminus to C-terminus as follows: viral structural protein-NES-NLS- therapeutic polypeptide or viral structural protein-NES-therapeutic polypeptide-NLS.
  • the viral structural protein, the NES sequences, NLS sequence, and the therapeutic polypeptide sequence are positioned from N- terminus to C-terminus as follows: viral structural protein- NES n -NLS-therapeutic polypeptide or viral structural protein-NES n -therapeutic polypeptide-NLS, where 189 sf-5966708 186152009440 n is equal to or greater than 2.
  • the cleavable linker is located before the therapeutic polypeptide (e.g., before an NLS that immediately precedes the therapeutic polypeptide).
  • the cleavable fusion protein comprises one NES sequence and two NLS sequences.
  • the viral structural protein, the NES sequence, NLS sequences, and the therapeutic polypeptide are positioned from N-terminus to C-terminus as follows: viral structural protein-NES-NLS- therapeutic polypeptide-NLS.
  • the viral structural protein, the NES sequences, NLS sequences, and the therapeutic polypeptide sequence are positioned from N- terminus to C-terminus as follows: viral structural protein-NES n -NLS-therapeutic polypeptide-NLS, where n is equal to or greater than 2.
  • the cleavable linker is located before the therapeutic polypeptide (e.g., before an NLS that immediately precedes the therapeutic polypeptide).
  • the cleavable fusion protein comprises from N-terminus to C-terminus: viral structural protein-NES- cleavable linker-NLS-therapeutic polypeptide-NLS.
  • the cleavable fusion protein has a configuration selected from: gag- cleavage site-NLS-therapeutic polypeptide (e.g. a Cas protein)-NLS; gag-NES(3x)-cleavage site-NLS- therapeutic polypeptide (e.g.
  • the Cas is wild-type Cas9, which can site-specifically cleave double- stranded DNA, resulting in the activation of the double-strand break (DSB) repair machinery.
  • DSBs can be repaired by the cellular Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) pathway (Overballe-Petersen et al., 2013, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, Vol.110: 19860-19865), resulting in insertions and/or deletions (indels) which disrupt the targeted locus.
  • NHEJ Non-Homologous End Joining
  • the DSB may be repaired by the homology-directed repair (HDR) pathway allowing for precise replacement mutations to be made (Overballe- Petersen et al., 2013, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, Vol.110: 19860-19865; Gong et al., 2005, Nat. Struct Mol Biol, Vol.12: 304-312).
  • HDR homology-directed repair
  • the Cas is mutant form, known as Cas9 D10A, with only nickase activity. This means that Cas9D10A cleaves only one DNA strand, and does not activate NHEJ.
  • the Cas is a nuclease-deficient Cas9 (Qi et al., 2013 Cell, Vol.152: 1173-1183).
  • mutations H840A in the HNH domain and D10A in the RuvC domain inactivate cleavage activity, but do not prevent DNA binding. Therefore, this variant can be used to target in a sequence-specific manner any region of the genome without cleavage.
  • dCas9 can be used either as a gene silencing or activation tools.
  • the Cas protein comprises one or more mutations such that the Cas protein is converted into a nickase that is able to cleave only one strand of a double stranded DNA molecule (e.g., a SSB).
  • Cas9 which is normally capable of inducing a double strand break, can be converted into a Cas9 nickase, which is capable of inducing a single strand break, by mutating one of two Cas9 catalytic domains: the RuvC domain, which comprises the RuvC I, RuvC II, and RuvC III motifs, or the NHN domain.
  • the Cas protein comprises one or more mutations in the RuvC catalytic domain or the HNH catalytic domain.
  • the genome-modifying protein is a recombinant nuclease that has been modified to have nickase activity.
  • the recombinant nuclease cleaves the strand to which the guide RNA, e.g., sgRNA, hybridizes, but does not cleave the strand that is complementary to the strand to which the guide RNA, e.g., sgRNA, hybridizes. In some embodiments, the recombinant nuclease does not cleave the strand to which the guide RNA, e.g., sgRNA, hybridizes, but does cleave the strand that is complementary to the strand to which the guide RNA, e.g., sgRNA, hybridizes.
  • the Cas protein is selected from the group consisting of Cas3, Cas4, Cas5, Cas8a, Cas8b, Cas8c, Cas9, Cas10, Cas12, Cas12a (Cpf1), Cas12b (C2c1), Cas12c (C2c3), Cas12d (CasY), Cas12e (CasX), Cas12f (C2c10), Cas12g, Cas12h, Cas12i, Cas12k (C2c5), Cas13, Cas13a (C2c2), Cas13b, Cas13c, Cas13d, C2c4, C2c8, C2c9, Cmr5, Cse1, Cse2, Csf1, Csm2, Csn2, Csx10, Csx11, Csy1, Csy2, Csy3, and Mad7.
  • the Cas protein is Cas9.
  • the Cas9 is from a bacteria selected from the group consisting of Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria meningitides, Campylobacter jejuni, and Streptococcus thermophilis.
  • the Cas9 is from Streptococcus pyogenes.
  • the Cas9 is from Streptococcus pyogenes and comprises one or more mutations in the RuvC I, RuvC II, or RuvC III motifs.
  • the Cas9 is from Streptococcus pyogenes and comprises a D10A mutation in the RuvC I motif. In some embodiments, the Cas9 is from Streptococcus pyogenes and comprises one or more mutations in the HNH catalytic domain. In some embodiments, the Cas9 is from Streptococcus pyogenes and comprises one or more mutations in the HNH catalytic domain selected from the group consisting of H840A, H854A, and H863A. In some embodiments, the Cas9 is from Streptococcus pyogenes and comprises a H840A mutation in the HNH catalytic domain.
  • the Cas9 is from Streptococcus pyogenes and comprises a mutation selected from the group consisting of D10A, H840A, H854A, and H863A.
  • the Cas protein is selected from the group consisting of Cas3, Cas9, Cas10, Cas12, and Cas13.
  • the nuclease is a Cas nuclease, such as Cas9. In 191 sf-5966708 186152009440 some embodiments, delivery of the CRISPR/Cas can be used to introduce single point mutations (deletions or insertions) in a particular target gene, via a single gRNA.
  • the guide RNA binds to the recombinant nuclease and targets the recombinant nuclease to a specific location within the target gene such as at a location within the sense strand or the antisense strand of the target gene that is or includes the cleavage site.
  • the recombinant nuclease is a Cas protein from any bacterial species, or is a functional fragment thereof.
  • the Cas protein is Cas9 nuclease. Cas9 can, in some embodiments, be a Cas9 or functional fragment thereof from any bacterial species.
  • the Cas9 is from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9). In some embodiments, the Cas9 is from Staphylococcus aureus (SaCas9). In some embodiments, the Cas9 is from Neisseria meningitidis (NmeCas9). In some embodiments, the Cas9 is from Campylobacter jejuni (CjCas9). In some embodiments, the Cas9 is from Streptococcus thermophilis (StCas9).
  • the Cas9 is from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) and comprises one or more mutations in the RuvC catalytic domain or the HNH catalytic domain. In some embodiments, the one or more mutations in the RuvC catalytic domain or the HNH catalytic domain inactivates the catalytic activity of the domain. In some embodiments, the recombinant nuclease has RuvC activity but does not have HNH activity. In some embodiments, the recombinant nuclease does not have RuvC activity but does have HNH activity.
  • the Cas9 is from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) and comprises one or more mutations selected from the group consisting of D10A, H840A, H854A, and H863A. In some embodiments, the Cas9 is from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) and comprises one or more mutations in the RuvC I, RuvC II, or RuvC III motifs. In some embodiments, the Cas9 is from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) and comprises a mutation in the RuvC I motif.
  • the Cas9 is from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) and comprises a D10A mutation in the RuvC I motif. In some embodiments, the Cas9 is from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) and comprises one or more mutations in the HNH catalytic domain. In some embodiments, the one or more mutations in the HNH catalytic domain is selected from the group consisting of H840A, H854A, and H863A. In some embodiments, the Cas9 is from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) and comprises a H840A mutation in the HNH catalytic domain.
  • the Cas9 is from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) and comprises a H840A mutation. In 192 sf-5966708 186152009440 some embodiments, the Cas9 is from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) and comprises a D10A mutation. In some embodiments, the Cas9 is from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) and comprises one or more mutations selected from the group consisting of N497A, R661A, Q695A, and Q926A.
  • the Cas9 is from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) and comprises one or more mutations selected from the group consisting of R780A, K810A, K855A, H982A, K1003A, R1060A, and K848A. In some embodiments, the Cas9 is from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) and comprises one or more mutations selected from the group consisting of N692A, M694A, Q695A, and H698A.
  • the Cas9 is from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) and comprises one or more mutations selected from the group consisting of M495V, Y515N, K526E, and R661Q. In some embodiments, the Cas9 is from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) and comprises one or more mutations selected from the group consisting of F539S, M763I, and K890N.
  • the Cas9 is from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) and comprises one or more mutations selected from the group consisting of E480K, E543D, E1219V, A262T, S409I, M694I, E108G, S217A. [0632] In some embodiments, the Cas9 is from Streptococcus pyogenes (SaCas9). In some embodiments, the SaCas9 is wild type SaCas9. In some embodiments, the SaCas9 comprises one or more mutations in REC3 domain. In some embodiments, the SaCas9 comprises one or more mutations in REC1 domain.
  • the SaCas9 comprises one or more mutations selected from the group consisting of N260D, N260Q, N260E, Q414A, Q414L. In some embodiments, the SaCas9 comprises one or more mutations in the recognition lobe. In some embodiments, the SaCas9 comprises one or more mutations selected from the group consisting of R245A, N413A, N419A. In some embodiments, the SaCas9 comprises one or more mutations in the RuvC-III domain. In some embodiments, the SaCas9 comprises a R654A mutation. [0633] In some embodiments, the Cas protein is Cas12. In some embodiments, the Cas protein is Cas12a (i.e.
  • the Cas12a is from the group consisting of Francisella novicida U112 (FnCas12a), Acidaminococcus sp. BV3L6 (AsCas12a), Moraxella bovoculi AAX11_00205 (Mb3Cas12a), Lachnospiraceae bacterium ND2006 (LbCas12a), Thiomicrospira sp. Xs5 (TsCas12a), Moraxella bovoculi AAX08_00205 (Mb2Cas12a), and Butyrivibrio sp. NC3005 (BsCas12a).
  • the Cas12a recognizes a T-rich 5’ protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). In some embodiments, the Cas12a processes its own crRNA without requiring a transactivating crRNA (tracrRNA). In some embodiments, the Cas12a processes both RNase and DNase activity. In some embodiments, the Cas12a is a split Cas12a platform, consisting of N-terminal and C-terminal fragments of Cas12a. In some embodiments, the split Cas12a platform is from Lachnospiraceae bacterium.
  • the particles containing a Cas nuclease further comprise one or more CRISPR-Cas system guide RNA(s) for targeting a desired target gene.
  • the CRISPR guide RNAs are efficiently encapsulated in the CAS-containing particles.
  • the provided particles e.g., lentiviral particles
  • the lipid particle further comprises a polynucleotide per se, i.e. a polynucleotide that does not encode for a heterologous protein.
  • a lipid particle may comprise a guide RNA (gRNA), such as a single guide RNA (sgRNA).
  • gRNA guide RNA
  • sgRNA single guide RNA
  • the one or more agent(s) comprise, or are used in combination with, a guide RNA, e.g., single guide RNA (sgRNA), for inducing a DSB at the cleavage site.
  • the one or more agent(s) comprise, or are used in combination with, more than one guide RNA, e.g., a first sgRNA and a second sgRNA, for inducing a DSB at the cleavage site through a SSB on each strand.
  • the one or more agent(s) e.g., the heterologous protein
  • a donor template e.g., a single-stranded DNA oligonucleotide (ssODN)
  • the one or more agent(s) can be used in combination with a donor template, e.g., an ssODN, and a guide RNA, e.g., a sgRNA, for HDR-mediated integration of the donor template into the target gene, such as at the targeting sequence.
  • a donor template e.g., an ssODN
  • a guide RNA e.g., a sgRNA
  • the one or more agent(s) can be used in combination with a donor template, e.g., an ssODN, and a first guide RNA, e.g., a first sgRNA, and a second guide RNA, e.g., a second sgRNA, for HDR-mediated integration of the donor template into the target gene, such as at the targeting sequence.
  • a donor template e.g., an ssODN
  • a first guide RNA e.g., a first sgRNA
  • a second guide RNA e.g., a second sgRNA
  • the genome-modifying agent is a Cas protein, such as Cas9.
  • delivery of the CRISPR/Cas can be used to introduce single point mutations (deletions or insertions) in a particular target gene, via a single gRNA.
  • a pair of gRNA-directed Cas9 nucleases instead, it is also possible to induce large deletions or genomic rearrangements, such as inversions or translocations.
  • a dCas9 version of the CRISPR/Cas9 system can be used to target protein domains for transcriptional regulation, epigenetic modification, and microscopic visualization of specific genome loci.
  • the genome-modifying agent e.g., Cas9
  • a guide RNA e.g., sgRNA
  • PAM Protospacer Adjacent Motif
  • a guide RNA e.g., sgRNA
  • sgRNA is any nucleotide sequence comprising a sequence, e.g., a crRNA sequence, that has sufficient complementarity with a target gene sequence to hybridize with the target gene sequence at the cleavage site and direct sequence-specific binding of the recombinant nuclease to a portion of the target gene that includes the cleavage site.
  • cleavage site is situated at a site within the target gene that is homologous to the sequence of the guide RNA, e.g., sgRNA. In some embodiments, the cleavage site is situated approximately 3 nucleotides upstream of the PAM sequence.
  • the cleavage site is situated approximately 3 nucleotides upstream of the juncture between the guide RNA and the PAM sequence. In some embodiments, the cleavage site is situated 3 nucleotides upstream of the PAM sequence. In some embodiments, the cleavage site is situated 4 nucleotides upstream of the PAM sequence.
  • the one or more agent(s) e.g., one or more exogenous agent and/or heterologous protein
  • capable of inducing a DSB comprise a fusion protein comprising a DNA binding domain and a DNA cleavage domain. In some embodiments, the DNA cleavage domain is or comprises a recombinant nuclease.
  • the fusion protein is a TALEN comprising a DNA binding domain and a DNA cleavage domain.
  • the DNA binding domain is a transcription activator-like (TAL) effector DNA binding domain.
  • the TAL effector DNA binding domain is from Xanthomonas bacteria.
  • the DNA cleavage domain is a Fokl nuclease domain.
  • the TAL effector DNA binding domain is engineered to target a specific target sequence, e.g., a portion of a target gene that includes a cleavage site.
  • the fusion protein is a zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) comprising a zinc finger DNA binding domain and a DNA cleavage domain.
  • ZFN zinc finger nuclease
  • the DNA cleavage domain is a Fokl nuclease domain.
  • the zinc finger DNA binding domain is engineered to target a specific target sequence, e.g., a portion of a target gene, that includes a cleavage site, such as the targeting sequence.
  • the provided lipid particles can be for use in a method to deliver an exogenous agent which involves introducing, into a cell, one or more agent(s) (e.g., one or more exogenous agent and/or heterologous protein) capable of inducing a SSB at a cleavage site within the sense strand and a SSB at a cleavage site within the antisense strand of an endogenous target gene in the cell.
  • agent(s) e.g., one or more exogenous agent and/or heterologous protein
  • the cleavage site in the sense strand is less than 400, less than 350, less than 300, less than 250, less than 200, less than 175, less than 150, less than 125, less than 100, less than 90, less than 80, less than 75, less than 70, less than 65, less than 60, less than 55, less than 50, less than 45, less than 40, or less than 35 nucleotides from the nucleotide that is complementary to the cleavage site in the antisense strand.
  • the cleavage site in the antisense strand is less than 400, less than 350, less than 300, less than 250, less than 200, less than 175, less than 150, less 195 sf-5966708 186152009440 than 125, less than 100, less than 90, less than 80, less than 75, less than 70, less than 65, less than 60, less than 55, less than 50, less than 45, less than 40, or less than 35 nucleotides from the nucleotide that is complementary to the cleavage site in the sense strand.
  • the cleavage site in the sense strand is between 20 and 400, 20 and 350, 20 and 300, 20 and 250, 20 and 200, 20 and 150, 20 and 125, 20 and 100, 20 and 90, 20 and 80, 20 and 70, 30 and 400, 30 and 350, 30 and 300, 30 and 250, 30 and 200, 30 and 150, 30 and 125, 30 and 100, 30 and 90, 30 and 80, 30 and 70, 40 and 400, 40 and 350, 40 and 300, 40 and 250, 40 and 200, 40 and 150, 40 and 125, 40 and 100, 40 and 90, 40 and 80, or 40 and 70 nucleotides from the nucleotide that is complementary to the cleavage site in the antisense strand.
  • the cleavage site in the antisense strand is between 20 and 400, 20 and 350, 20 and 300, 20 and 250, 20 and 200, 20 and 150, 20 and 125, 20 and 100, 20 and 90, 20 and 80, 20 and 70, 30 and 400, 30 and 350, 30 and 300, 30 and 250, 30 and 200, 30 and 150, 30 and 125, 30 and 100, 30 and 90, 30 and 80, 30 and 70, 40 and 400, 40 and 350, 40 and 300, 40 and 250, 40 and 200, 40 and 150, 40 and 125, 40 and 100, 40 and 90, 40 and 80, or 40 and 70 nucleotides from the nucleotide that is complementary to the cleavage site in the sense strand.
  • the one or more agent(s) e.g., one or more exogenous agent and/or heterologous protein
  • the one or more agent(s) capable of inducing a SSB at a cleavage site within the sense strand and a SSB at a cleavage site within the antisense strand comprise a recombinant nuclease.
  • the recombinant nuclease includes a recombinant nuclease that induces the SSB in the sense strand, and a recombinant nuclease that induced the SSB in the antisense strand, and both of which recombinant nucleases are referred to as the recombinant nuclease.
  • the method involves introducing, into a cell, one or more agent(s) (e.g., the one or more exogenous agent and/or heterologous protein) comprising a recombinant nuclease for inducing a SSB at a cleavage site in the sense strand and a SSB at a cleavage site in the antisense strand within an endogenous target gene in the cell.
  • agent(s) e.g., the one or more exogenous agent and/or heterologous protein
  • the recombinant nuclease induces a SSB in the antisense strand a SSB in the sense strand
  • this includes situations where two of the same recombinant nuclease is used, such that one of the recombinant nuclease induces the SSB in the sense strand and the other recombinant nuclease induces the SSB in the antisense strand.
  • the recombinant nuclease that induces the SSB lacks the ability to induce a DSB by cleaving both strands of double stranded DNA.
  • the one or more agent(s) capable of inducing a SSB comprise a recombinant nuclease and a first guide RNA, e.g., a first sgRNA, and a second guide RNA, e.g., a second sgRNA.
  • the genome-modifying agent is a Cas protein, a transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), or a zinc finger nuclease (ZFN).
  • the 196 sf-5966708 186152009440 recombinant nuclease is a Cas nuclease.
  • the recombinant nuclease is a TALEN. In some embodiments, the recombinant nuclease is a ZFN.
  • the one or more agent(s) capable of inducing a SSB at a cleavage site within the sense strand and a SSB at a cleavage site within the antisense strand comprise a fusion protein comprising a DNA binding domain and a DNA cleavage domain.
  • the DNA cleavage domain is or comprises a recombinant nuclease.
  • the fusion protein is a TALEN comprising a DNA binding domain and a DNA cleavage domain.
  • the DNA binding domain is a transcription activator-like (TAL) effector DNA binding domain.
  • the TAL effector DNA binding domain is from Xanthomonas bacteria.
  • the DNA cleavage domain is a Fokl nuclease domain.
  • the TAL effector DNA binding domain is engineered to target a specific target sequence, e.g., a portion of a target gene that includes a cleavage site.
  • the fusion protein is a zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) comprising a zinc finger DNA binding domain and a DNA cleavage domain.
  • the DNA cleavage domain is a Fokl nuclease domain.
  • the zinc finger DNA binding domain is engineered to target a specific target sequence, e.g., a portion of a target gene that includes a cleavage site, such as the targeting sequence.
  • the one or more agent(s) capable of inducing a SSB at a cleavage site within the sense strand and a SSB at a cleavage site within the antisense strand involve use of the CRISPR/Cas gene editing system.
  • the one or more agent(s) comprise a recombinant nuclease.
  • the genome-modifying agent is a Cas protein.
  • the Cas protein comprises one or more mutations such that the Cas protein is converted into a nickase that lacks the ability to cleave both strands of a double stranded DNA molecule. In some embodiments, the Cas protein comprises one or more mutations such that the Cas protein is converted into a nickase that is able to cleave only one strand of a double stranded DNA molecule.
  • Cas9 which is normally capable of inducing a double strand break, can be converted into a Cas9 nickase, which is capable of inducing a single strand break, by mutating one of two Cas9 catalytic domains: the RuvC domain, which comprises the RuvC I, RuvC II, and RuvC III motifs, or the NHN domain.
  • the Cas protein comprises one or more mutations in the RuvC catalytic domain or the HNH catalytic domain.
  • the genome-modifying protein is a recombinant nuclease that has been modified to have nickase activity.
  • the recombinant nuclease cleaves the strand to which the guide RNA, e.g., sgRNA, hybridizes, but does not cleave the strand that is complementary to the strand to which the guide RNA, e.g., sgRNA, hybridizes. In some embodiments, the recombinant nuclease does not cleave the strand to which the guide RNA, e.g., sgRNA, hybridizes, 197 sf-5966708 186152009440 but does cleave the strand that is complementary to the strand to which the guide RNA, e.g., sgRNA, hybridizes.
  • the lipid particle further comprises a guide RNA (gRNA), such as a single guide RNA (sgRNA).
  • gRNA guide RNA
  • the heterologous agent comprises a guide RNA (gRNA).
  • gRNA is a single guide RNA (sgRNA).
  • the genome-modifying protein e.g., Cas9
  • a guide RNA e.g., a first guide RNA, such as a first sgRNA, or a second guide RNA, such as a second sgRNA, that hybridizes to a DNA sequence on the sense strand or the antisense strand that immediately precedes a Protospacer Adjacent Motif (PAM) sequence.
  • a guide RNA e.g., a first guide RNA, such as a first sgRNA, or a second guide RNA, such as a second sgRNA, that hybridizes to a DNA sequence on the sense strand or the antisense strand that immediately precedes a Protospacer Adjacent Motif (PAM) sequence.
  • PAM Protospacer Adjacent Motif
  • the genome-modifying agent e.g., Cas9
  • a first guide RNA e.g., first sgRNA
  • a second guide RNA e.g., second sgRNA
  • the first guide RNA e.g., first sgNA
  • the recombinant nuclease e.g., Cas9
  • the first guide RNA, e.g., first sgNA, that is specific to the antisense strand of a target gene of interest is used to target the recombinant nuclease, e.g., Cas9, to induce a SSB at a cleavage site within the antisense strand of the target gene.
  • the second guide RNA e.g., second sgNA
  • the second guide RNA that is specific to the sense strand of a target gene of interest used to target the recombinant nuclease, e.g., Cas9, to induce a SSB at a cleavage site within the sense strand of the target gene.
  • the second guide RNA, e.g., second sgNA, that is specific to the antisense strand of a target gene of interest is used to target the recombinant nuclease, e.g., Cas9, to induce a SSB at a cleavage site within the antisense strand of the target gene.
  • the first guide RNA e.g., first sgNA
  • the recombinant nuclease e.g., Cas9
  • the second guide RNA e.g., second sgNA
  • the recombinant nuclease e.g., Cas9
  • the first guide RNA e.g., first sgNA
  • the recombinant nuclease e.g., Cas9
  • the second guide RNA e.g., second 198 sf-5966708 186152009440 sgNA
  • the recombinant nuclease e.g., Cas9
  • a guide RNA e.g., a first guide RNA, such as a first sgRNA, or a second guide RNA, such as a second sgRNA
  • a guide RNA is any nucleotide sequence comprising a sequence, e.g., a crRNA sequence, that has sufficient complementarity with a target gene sequence to hybridize with the target gene sequence at the cleavage site and direct sequence-specific binding of the recombinant nuclease to a portion of the target gene that includes the cleavage site.
  • cleavage site is situated at a site within the target gene that is homologous to a sequence comprised within the guide RNA, e.g., sgRNA.
  • the cleavage site of the sense strand is situated at a site within the sense strand of the target gene that is homologous to a sequence comprised within the first guide RNA, e.g., the first sgRNA.
  • the cleavage site of the antisense strand is situated at a site within the antisense strand of the target gene that is homologous to a sequence comprised within the first guide RNA, e.g., the first sgRNA.
  • the cleavage site of the sense strand is situated at a site within the sense strand of the target gene that is homologous to a sequence comprised within the second guide RNA, e.g., the second sgRNA.
  • the cleavage site of the antisense strand is situated at a site within the antisense strand of the target gene that is homologous to a sequence comprised within the second guide RNA, e.g., the second sgRNA.
  • the cleavage site of the sense strand is situated at a site within the sense strand of the target gene that is homologous to a sequence comprised within the first guide RNA, e.g., the first sgRNA; and the cleavage site of the antisense strand is situated at a site within the antisense strand of the target gene that is homologous to a sequence comprised within the second guide RNA, e.g., the second sgRNA.
  • the cleavage site of the antisense strand is situated at a site within the antisense strand of the target gene that is homologous to a sequence comprised within the first guide RNA, e.g., the first sgRNA; and the cleavage site of the sense strand is situated at a site within the sense strand of the target gene that is homologous to a sequence comprised within the second guide RNA, e.g., the second sgRNA.
  • the cleavage site of the antisense strand is situated at a site within the antisense strand of the target gene that is homologous to a sequence comprised within the second guide RNA, e.g., the second sgRNA; and the cleavage site of the sense strand is situated at a site within the sense strand of the target gene that is homologous to a sequence comprised within the first guide RNA, e.g., the first sgRNA.
  • the sense strand comprises the targeting sequence, and the targeting sequence includes the SNP and a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence.
  • the sense strand comprises the targeting sequence, and the targeting sequence includes the SNP and a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence; and the antisense strand comprises a sequence that is complementary to the targeting sequence and includes a PAM sequence.
  • the antisense strand comprises the targeting sequence, and the targeting sequence includes the SNP and a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence.
  • the antisense strand comprises the targeting sequence, and the targeting sequence includes the SNP and a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence; and the sense strand comprises a sequence that is complementary to the targeting sequence and includes a PAM sequence.
  • the cleavage site on the sense strand and/or the antisense strand is situated approximately 3 nucleotides upstream of the PAM sequence. In some embodiments, the cleavage site on the sense strand and/or the antisense strand is situated approximately 3 nucleotides upstream of the juncture between the guide RNA and the PAM sequence. In some embodiments, the cleavage site on the sense strand and/or the antisense strand is situated 3 nucleotides upstream of the PAM sequence. In some embodiments, the cleavage site on the sense strand and/or the antisense strand is situated 4 nucleotides upstream of the PAM sequence.
  • the PAM sequence that is recognized by a recombinant nuclease is in the sense strand. In some embodiments, the PAM sequence that is recognized by a recombinant nuclease is in the antisense strand. In some embodiments, the PAM sequence that is recognized by a recombinant nuclease is in the sense strand and is in the antisense strand. In some embodiments, the PAM sequence on the sense strand and the PAM sequence on the antisense strand are outwardly facing. In some embodiments, the PAM sequence on the sense strand and the PAM sequence on the antisense strand comprise the same nucleic acid sequence, which can be any PAM sequence disclosed herein.
  • the PAM sequence on the sense strand and the PAM sequence on the antisense strand each comprise a different nucleic acid sequence, each of which can be any of the PAM sequences disclosed herein.
  • the PAM sequence that is recognized by a recombinant nuclease e.g., Cas9
  • Methods for designing guide RNAs, e.g., sgRNAs, and their exemplary targeting sequences, e.g., crRNA sequences can include those described in, e.g., International PCT Pub. Nos.
  • RNA is an RNA molecule, it will comprise the base uracil (U), while any DNA encoding the guide RNA molecule will comprise the base thymine (T).
  • the guide RNA e.g., sgRNA, comprises a CRISPR targeting RNA sequence (crRNA) and a trans-activating crRNA sequence (tracrRNA).
  • the first guide RNA, e.g., the first sgRNA, and the second guide 200 sf-5966708 186152009440 RNA, e.g., the second sgRNA each comprise a crRNA and a tracrRNA.
  • the guide RNA, e.g., sgRNA is an RNA comprising, from 5’ to 3’: a crRNA sequence and a tracrRNA sequence.
  • each of the first guide RNA, e.g., first sgRNA, and the second guide RNA, e.g., second sgRNA is an RNA comprising, from 5’ to 3’: a crRNA sequence and a tracrRNA sequence.
  • the portion of the target gene that includes the cleavage site is a portion of the antisense strand of the target gene that includes the cleavage site.
  • the sgRNA comprises a crRNA sequence that is homologous to a sequence in the target gene that includes the cleavage site.
  • the first sgRNA comprises a crRNA sequence that is homologous to a sequence in the sense strand of the target gene that includes the cleavage site; and/or the second sgRNA comprises a crRNA sequence that is homologous to a sequence in the antisense strand of the target gene that includes the cleavage site.
  • the first sgRNA comprises a crRNA sequence that is homologous to a sequence in the antisense strand of the target gene that includes the cleavage site; and/or the second sgRNA comprises a crRNA sequence that is homologous to a sequence in the sense strand of the target gene that includes the cleavage site.
  • the crRNA sequence has 100% sequence identity to a sequence in the target gene that includes the cleavage site.
  • the crRNA sequence of the first sgRNA has 100% sequence identity to a sequence in the sense strand of the target gene that includes the cleavage site; and/or the crRNA sequence of the second sgRNA has 100% sequence identity to a sequence in the antisense strand of the target gene that includes the cleavage site. In some embodiments, the crRNA sequence of the first sgRNA has 100% sequence identity to a sequence in the antisense strand of the target gene that includes the cleavage site; and/or the crRNA sequence of the second sgRNA has 100% sequence identity to a sequence in the sense strand of the target gene that includes the cleavage site.
  • crRNA sequences can be found, e.g., in Fu Y et al., Nat Biotechnol 2014 (doi: 10.1038/nbt.2808) and Sternberg SH et al., Nature 2014 (doi: 201 sf-5966708 186152009440 10.1038/nature13011). Examples of the placement of crRNA sequences within the guide RNA, e.g., sgRNA, structure include those described in WO2015/161276, e.g., in FIGS.1A-1G therein. [0666] Reference to “the crRNA” is to be understood as also including reference to the crRNA of the first sgRNA and the crRNA of the second sgRNA, each independently.
  • the crRNA is to be understood as independently referring to embodiments of (i) the crRNA, (ii) the crRNA of the first sgRNA, and (iii) the crRNA of the second sgRNA.
  • the crRNA is 15-27 nucleotides in length, i.e., the crRNA is 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, or 27 nucleotides in length.
  • the crRNA is 18-22 nucleotides in length.
  • the crRNA is 19-21 nucleotides in length.
  • the crRNA is 20 nucleotides in length.
  • the crRNA is homologous to a portion of a target gene that includes the cleavage site. In some embodiments, the crRNA is homologous to a portion of the sense strand of the target gene that includes the cleavage site. In some embodiments, the crRNA is homologous to a portion of the antisense strand of the target gene that includes the cleavage site. In some embodiments, the crRNA of the first sgRNA is homologous to a portion of the sense strand of the target gene that includes the cleavage site; and the crRNA of the second sgRNA is homologous to a portion of the antisense strand of the target gene that includes the cleavage site.
  • the crRNA is homologous to a portion of the antisense strand of a target gene that includes the cleavage site. In some embodiments, the crRNA is homologous to a portion of the sense strand of the target gene that includes the cleavage site. In some embodiments, the crRNA of the first sgRNA is homologous to a portion of the antisense strand of the target gene that includes the cleavage site; and the crRNA of the second sgRNA is homologous to a portion of the sense strand of the target gene that includes the cleavage site.
  • the crRNA is homologous to a portion of a target gene that includes the cleavage site, and is 15-27 nucleotides in length, i.e., the crRNA is 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, or 27 nucleotides in length.
  • the portion of the target gene that includes the cleavage site is on the sense strand.
  • the portion of the target gene that includes the cleavage site is on the antisense strand.
  • the crRNA is homologous to a portion, i.e., sequence, in the sense strand or the antisense strand of the target gene that includes the cleavage site and is immediately upstream of the PAM sequence.
  • the tracrRNA sequence may be or comprise any sequence for tracrRNA that is used in any CRISPR/Cas9 system known in the art. Reference to “the tracrRNA” is to be understood as also including reference to the tracrRNA of the first sgRNA and the tracrRNA of the second sgRNA, each independently.
  • the tracrRNA is to be understood 202 sf-5966708 186152009440 as independently referring to embodiments of (i) the tracrRNA, (ii) the tracrRNA of the first sgRNA, and (iii) the tracrRNA of the second sgRNA.
  • Exemplary CRISPR/Cas9 systems, sgRNA, crRNA, and tracrRNA, and their manufacturing process and use include those described in, e.g., International PCT Pub. Nos. WO2015/161276, WO2017/193107 and WO2017/093969, and those described in, e.g., U.S.
  • the heterologous protein is associated with base editing.
  • Base editors are typically fusions of a Cas (“CRISPR-associated”) domain and a nucleobase modification domain (e.g., a natural or evolved deaminase, such as a cytidine deaminase that include APOBEC1 (“apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide 1”), CDA (“cytidine deaminase”), and AID (“activation-induced cytidine deaminase”)) domains.
  • base editors may also include proteins or domains that alter cellular DNA repair processes to increase the efficiency and/or stability of the resulting single-nucleotide change.
  • base editors include cytidine base editors (e.g., BE4) that convert target C•G to T•A and adenine base editors (e.g., ABE7.10) that convert target A•T to G•C.
  • Cas9-targeted deamination was first demonstrated in connection with a Base Editor (BE) system designed to induce base changes without introducing double-strand DNA breaks.
  • Further Rat deaminase APOBEC1 (rAPOBEC1) fused to deactivated Cas9 (dCas9) was used to successfully convert cytidines to thymidines upstream of the PAM of the sgRNA.
  • this first BE system was optimized by changing the dCas9 to a “nickase” Cas9 D10A, which nicks the strand opposite the deaminated cytidine. Without being bound by theory, this is expected to initiate long-patch base excision repair (BER), where the deaminated strand is preferentially used to template the repair to produce a U:A base pair, which is then converted to T:A during DNA replication.
  • the exogenous agent and/or heterologous protein is or encodes a base editor (e.g., a nucleobase editor).
  • the exogenous agent and/or heterologous protein is a nucleobase editor containing a first DNA binding protein domain that is catalytically inactive, a domain having base editing activity, and a second DNA binding protein domain having nickase activity, where the DNA binding protein domains are expressed on a single fusion protein or are expressed separately (e.g., on separate expression vectors).
  • the base editor is a fusion protein comprising a domain having base editing activity (e.g., cytidine deaminase or adenosine deaminase), and two nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein domains (napDNAbp), a first comprising nickase activity and a second napDNAbp that is catalytically inactive, wherein at least the 203 sf-5966708 186152009440 two napDNAbp are joined by a linker.
  • base editing activity e.g., cytidine deaminase or adenosine deaminase
  • napDNAbp nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein domains
  • the base editor is a fusion protein that comprises a DNA domain of a CRISPR-Cas (e.g., Cas9) having nickase activity (nCas; nCas9), a catalytically inactive domain of a CRISPR-Cas protein (e.g., Cas9) having nucleic acid programmable DNA binding activity (dCas; e.g., dCas9), and a deaminase domain, wherein the dCas is joined to the nCas by a linker, and the dCas is immediately adjacent to the deaminase domain.
  • a CRISPR-Cas e.g., Cas9 having nickase activity
  • dCas e.g., Cas9 having nucleic acid programmable DNA binding activity
  • dCas deaminase domain
  • the base editor is a adenine-to-thymine or “ATBE” (or thymine-to-adenine or “TABE”) transversion base editors.
  • ATBE adenine-to-thymine
  • TABE thymine-to-adenine transversion base editors.
  • Exemplary base editor and base editor systems include any as described in patent publication Nos. US20220127622, US20210079366, US20200248169, US20210093667, US20210071163, WO2020181202, WO2021158921, WO2019126709, WO2020181178, WO2020181195, WO2020214842, WO2020181193, which are hereby incorporated in their entirety.
  • the exogenous agent and/or heterologous protein is one for use in target-primed reverse transcription (TPRT) or “prime editing”.
  • TPRT target-primed reverse transcription
  • prime editing mediates targeted insertions, deletions, all 12 possible base-to-base conversions, and combinations thereof in human cells without requiring DSBs or donor DNA templates.
  • Prime editing is a genome editing method that directly writes new genetic information into a specified DNA site using a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (“napDNAbp”) working in association with a polymerase (i.e., in the form of a fusion protein or otherwise provided in trans with the napDNAbp), wherein the prime editing system is programmed with a prime editing (PE) guide RNA (“PEgRNA”) that both specifies the target site and templates the synthesis of the desired edit in the form of a replacement DNA strand by way of an extension (either DNA or RNA) engineered onto a guide RNA (e.g., at the 5 ⁇ or 3 ⁇ end, or at an internal portion of a guide RNA).
  • PE prime editing
  • PEgRNA prime editing guide RNA
  • the replacement strand containing the desired edit (e.g., a single nucleobase substitution) shares the same sequence as the endogenous strand of the target site to be edited (with the exception that it includes the desired edit).
  • the endogenous strand of the target site is replaced by the newly synthesized replacement strand containing the desired edit.
  • prime editing may be thought of as a “search-and- replace” genome editing technology since the prime editors search and locate the desired target site to be edited, and encode a replacement strand containing a desired edit which is installed in place of the corresponding target site endogenous DNA strand at the same time.
  • prime editing can be adapted for conducting precision CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing in order to bypass double stranded breaks.
  • the heterologous protein is or encodes for a Cas protein-reverse transcriptase fusions or related systems to target a specific DNA sequence with a guide RNA, generate a single strand nick at the target site, and use the nicked DNA as a primer for reverse transcription of an engineered reverse transcriptase template that is integrated with the guide RNA.
  • the prime editor protein is paired with two prime editing guide RNAs (pegRNAs) that template the synthesis of complementary DNA flaps on opposing strands of genomic 204 sf-5966708 186152009440 DNA, resulting in the replacement of endogenous DNA sequence between the PE-induced nick sites with pegRNA-encoded sequences.
  • pegRNAs prime editing guide RNAs
  • the exogenous agent and/or heterologous protein is or encodes for a primer editor that is a reverse transcriptase, or any DNA polymerase known in the art.
  • the prime editor may comprise Cas9 (or an equivalent napDNAbp) which is programmed to target a DNA sequence by associating it with a specialized guide RNA (i.e., PEgRNA) containing a spacer sequence that anneals to a complementary protospacer in the target DNA.
  • a specialized guide RNA i.e., PEgRNA
  • Such methods include any disclosed in Anzalone et al., (doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1711-4), or in PCT publication Nos. WO2020191248, WO2021226558, or WO2022067130, which are hereby incorporated in their entirety.
  • the exogenous agent and/or heterologous protein is for use in Programmable Addition via Site-specific Targeting Elements (PASTE).
  • PASTE is platform in which genomic insertion is directed via a CRISPR-Cas9 nickase fused to both a reverse transcriptase and serine integrase.
  • CRISPR-Cas9 nickase fused to both a reverse transcriptase and serine integrase.
  • PASTE does not generate double stranded breaks, but allowed for integration of sequences as large as ⁇ 36 kb.
  • the serine integrase can be any known in the art.
  • the serine integrase has sufficient orthogonality such that PASTE can be used for multiplexed gene integration, simultaneously integrating at least two different genes at least two genomic loci.
  • PASTE has editing efficiencies comparable to or better than those of homology directed repair or non-homologous end joining based integration, with activity in nondividing cells and fewer detectable off-target events.
  • the exogenous agent and/or heterologous protein is or encodes one or more polypeptides having an activity selected from the group consisting of: nuclease activity (e.g., programmable nuclease activity); nickase activity (e.g., programmable nickase activity); homing activity (e.g., programmable DNA binding activity); nucleic acid polymerase activity (e.g., DNA polymerase or RNA polymerase activity); integrase activity; recombinase activity; or base editing activity (e.g., cytidine deaminase or adenosine deaminase activity).
  • nuclease activity e.g., programmable nuclease activity
  • nickase activity e.g., programmable nickase activity
  • homing activity e.g., programmable DNA binding activity
  • nucleic acid polymerase activity e.g., DNA
  • delivery of the nuclease is by a provided vector encoding the nuclease (e.g. Cas).
  • the provided lipid particles contain a nuclease protein and the nuclease protein is directly delivered to a target cell.
  • Methods of delivering a nuclease protein include those as described, for example, in Cai et al. Elife, 2014, 3:e01911 and International patent publication No. WO2017068077.
  • provided lipid particles comprise one or more Cas protein(s), such as Cas9.
  • the nuclease protein e.g.
  • Cas such as Cas 9
  • a chimeric nuclease protein with a viral structural protein (e.g. GAG) for packaging into the lipid particle (e.g. lentiviral vector particle, VLP, or gesicle).
  • a viral structural protein e.g. GAG
  • a chimeric Cas9-protein fusion with the 205 sf-5966708 186152009440 structural GAG protein can be packaged inside a lipid particle.
  • the fusion protein is a cleavable fusion protein between (i) a viral structural protein (e.g. GAG) and (ii) a nuclease protein (e.g. Cas protein, such as Cas9).

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des particules lipidiques contenant au moins deux protéines de fixation dérivées d'une protéine de fixation d'enveloppe de paramyxovirus et au moins une protéine de fusion de paramyxovirus (F). L'invention concerne également des particules lipidiques qui sont des vecteurs viraux, tels que des vecteurs lentiviraux ou des particules de type lentiviral. La présente invention concerne également des cellules productrices et des compositions contenant de telles particules lipidiques, ainsi que des procédés de fabrication et d'utilisation des particules lipidiques.
PCT/US2024/030619 2023-05-23 2024-05-22 Fusogènes en tandem et particules lipidiques associées WO2024243340A1 (fr)

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