WO2021237701A1 - Fast recovery in non-standalone mode wireless communication - Google Patents
Fast recovery in non-standalone mode wireless communication Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021237701A1 WO2021237701A1 PCT/CN2020/093371 CN2020093371W WO2021237701A1 WO 2021237701 A1 WO2021237701 A1 WO 2021237701A1 CN 2020093371 W CN2020093371 W CN 2020093371W WO 2021237701 A1 WO2021237701 A1 WO 2021237701A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W76/00—Connection management
- H04W76/10—Connection setup
- H04W76/19—Connection re-establishment
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W36/00—Hand-off or reselection arrangements
- H04W36/0005—Control or signalling for completing the hand-off
- H04W36/0083—Determination of parameters used for hand-off, e.g. generation or modification of neighbour cell lists
- H04W36/0085—Hand-off measurements
- H04W36/0088—Scheduling hand-off measurements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W36/00—Hand-off or reselection arrangements
- H04W36/0005—Control or signalling for completing the hand-off
- H04W36/0055—Transmission or use of information for re-establishing the radio link
- H04W36/0069—Transmission or use of information for re-establishing the radio link in case of dual connectivity, e.g. decoupled uplink/downlink
- H04W36/00698—Transmission or use of information for re-establishing the radio link in case of dual connectivity, e.g. decoupled uplink/downlink using different RATs
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H04W76/10—Connection setup
- H04W76/15—Setup of multiple wireless link connections
- H04W76/16—Involving different core network technologies, e.g. a packet-switched [PS] bearer in combination with a circuit-switched [CS] bearer
Definitions
- Various aspects described herein generally relate to wireless communication systems, and more particularly, to fast recovery in non-standalone mode wireless communication.
- Wireless communication systems have developed through various generations, including a first-generation analog wireless phone service (1G) , a second-generation (2G) digital wireless phone service (including interim 2.5G and 2.75G networks) , a third-generation (3G) high speed data, Internet-capable wireless service and a fourth-generation (4G) service (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax) .
- 1G first-generation analog wireless phone service
- 2G second-generation
- 3G third-generation
- 4G fourth-generation
- LTE Long Term Evolution
- WiMax Worldwide Interoperability for Mobile communications
- PCS Personal Communications Service
- Examples of known cellular systems include the cellular Analog Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) , and digital cellular systems based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) , Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) , the Global System for Mobile access (GSM) variation of TDMA, etc.
- AMPS cellular Analog Advanced Mobile Phone System
- CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
- FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
- TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
- GSM Global System for Mobile access
- a fifth generation (5G) mobile standard calls for higher data transfer speeds, greater numbers of connections, and better coverage, among other improvements.
- the 5G standard according to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, is designed to provide data rates of several tens of megabits per second to each of tens of thousands of users, with 1 gigabit per second to tens of workers on an office floor. Several hundreds of thousands of simultaneous connections should be supported in order to support large sensor deployments. Consequently, the spectral efficiency of 5G mobile communications should be significantly enhanced compared to the current 4G standard. Furthermore, signaling efficiencies should be enhanced and latency should be substantially reduced compared to current standards.
- NR connectivity or simply NR connectivity, has gained significant commercial traction in recent time.
- UI user interface
- UE user equipment
- the UE may comprise a processor, a memory, and a transceiver.
- the processor, the memory, and/or the transceiver may be configured to determine, subsequent to the UE entering an attenuated signal space, whether the UE has exited the attenuated signal space.
- the UE may be operating in a non-standalone (NSA) mode such that prior to entering the attenuated signal space, the UE is in communication with first and second network nodes of a network.
- the first and second network node may respectively be of first and second RATs.
- the communication with the first network node may be maintained and the communication with the second network node may be dropped.
- the processor, the memory, and/or the transceiver may also be configured to notify the first network node of a third network node of the second RAT when it is determined that the UE has exited the attenuated signal space.
- the processor, the memory, and/or the transceiver may further be configured to establish communication with the third network node subsequent to notifying the first network node.
- the method may comprise determining, subsequent to the UE entering an attenuated signal space, whether the UE has exited the attenuated signal space.
- the UE may be operating in a non-standalone (NSA) mode such that prior to entering the attenuated signal space, the UE is in communication with first and second network nodes of a network.
- the first and second network node may respectively be of first and second RATs. While in the attenuated signal space, the communication with the first network node may be maintained and the communication with the second network node may be dropped.
- the method may also comprise notifying the first network node of a third network node of the second RAT when it is determined that the UE has exited the attenuated signal space.
- the method may further comprise establishing communication with the third network node subsequent to notifying the first network node.
- the UE may comprise means for determining, subsequent to the UE entering an attenuated signal space, whether the UE has exited the attenuated signal space.
- the UE may be operating in a non-standalone (NSA) mode such that prior to entering the attenuated signal space, the UE is in communication with first and second network nodes of a network.
- the first and second network node may respectively be of first and second RATs. While in the attenuated signal space, the communication with the first network node may be maintained and the communication with the second network node may be dropped.
- the UE may also comprise means for notifying the first network node of a third network node of the second RAT when it is determined that the UE has exited the attenuated signal space.
- the UE may further comprise means for establishing communication with the third network node subsequent to notifying the first network node.
- a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions for a user equipment (UE) configured to operate in first and second radio access technologies (RATs) is disclosed.
- the executable instructions may comprise one or more instructions instructing the UE to determine, subsequent to the UE entering an attenuated signal space, whether the UE has exited the attenuated signal space.
- the UE may be operating in a non-standalone (NSA) mode such that prior to entering the attenuated signal space, the UE is in communication with first and second network nodes of a network.
- the first and second network node may respectively be of first and second RATs. While in the attenuated signal space, the communication with the first network node may be maintained and the communication with the second network node may be dropped.
- the executable instructions may also comprise one or more instructions instructing the UE to notify the first network node of a third network node of the second RAT when it is determined that the UE has exited the attenuated signal space.
- the executable instructions may further comprise one or more instructions instructing the UE to establish communication with the third network node subsequent to notifying the first network node.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary wireless communications system in accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosure
- FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of several sample aspects of components that may be employed in wireless communication nodes and configured to support communication in accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosure;
- FIG. 3 illustrates a flow of an example scenario that can occur in which a user equipment capable of communicating in multiple radio access technologies does not recover from loss of service in one of the radio access technologies;
- FIG. 4 illustrates a flow of an example scenario that can occur in which a user equipment capable of communicating in multiple radio access technologies does recover from loss of service in one of the radio access technologies in accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosure
- FIG. 5 illustrates an example utilization of reference signal receive power (RSRP) as a measure of power and/or quality of one or more signals from a network node in accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosure
- FIGS. 6-9 illustrate flow charts of an exemplary method performed by a user equipment capable of communicating in multiple radio access technologies to recover from loss of service in one of the radio access technologies in accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosure
- FIG. 10 illustrates a simplified block diagram of several sample aspects of an apparatus configured to operate in multiple radio access technologies in accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosure.
- various aspects may be described in terms of sequences of actions to be performed by, for example, elements of a computing device.
- Those skilled in the art will recognize that various actions described herein can be performed by specific circuits (e.g., an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) ) , by program instructions being executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both.
- these sequences of actions described herein can be considered to be embodied entirely within any form of non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon a corresponding set of computer instructions that upon execution would cause an associated processor to perform the functionality described herein.
- the various aspects described herein may be embodied in a number of different forms, all of which have been contemplated to be within the scope of the claimed subject matter.
- the corresponding form of any such aspects may be described herein as, for example, “logic configured to” and/or other structural components configured to perform the described action.
- UE user equipment
- base station base station
- RAT Radio Access Technology
- UEs may be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, tracking device, Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc. ) used by a user to communicate over a wireless communications network.
- a UE may be mobile or may (e.g., at certain times) be stationary, and may communicate with a Radio Access Network (RAN) .
- RAN Radio Access Network
- UE may be referred to interchangeably as an “access terminal” or “AT, ” a “client device, ” a “wireless device, ” a “subscriber device, ” a “subscriber terminal, ” a “subscriber station, ” a “user terminal” or UT, a “mobile terminal, ” a “mobile station, ” or variations thereof.
- AT access terminal
- client device a “client device
- wireless device a “subscriber device, ” a “subscriber terminal, ” a “subscriber station, ” a “user terminal” or UT
- UEs can communicate with a core network via a RAN, and through the core network the UEs can be connected with external networks such as the Internet and with other UEs.
- WiFi networks e.g., based on Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11, etc.
- IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
- a base station may operate according to one of several RATs in communication with UEs depending on the network in which it is deployed, and may be alternatively referred to as an Access Point (AP) , a Network Node, a NodeB, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB, eNB) , a general Node B (gNodeB, gNB) , etc.
- AP Access Point
- eNodeB evolved NodeB
- gNodeB general Node B
- gNodeB gNodeB, gNB
- a base station may provide edge node signaling functions while in other systems it may provide additional control and/or network management functions.
- UEs can be embodied by any of a number of types of devices including but not limited to printed circuit (PC) cards, compact flash devices, external or internal modems, wireless or wireline phones, smartphones, tablets, tracking devices, asset tags, and so on.
- a communication link through which UEs can send signals to a RAN is called an uplink channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc. ) .
- a communication link through which the RAN can send signals to UEs is called a downlink or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc. ) .
- traffic channel can refer to either an uplink /reverse or downlink /forward traffic channel.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary wireless communications system 100 according to one or more aspects.
- the wireless communications system 100 which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN) , may include various base stations 102 and various UEs 104.
- the base stations 102 may include macro cells (high power cellular base stations) and/or small cells (low power cellular base stations) .
- the macro cells may include eNodeBs (eNBs) where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to an LTE network, gNodeBs (gNBs) where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to a 5G network, and/or a combination thereof, and the small cells may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.
- the base stations 102 may collectively form a Radio Access Network (RAN) and interface with an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) or Next Generation Core (NGC) through backhaul links.
- EPC Evolved Packet Core
- NRC Next Generation Core
- the base stations 102 may perform functions that relate to one or more of transferring user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity) , inter-cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS) , subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM) , paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages.
- the base stations 102 may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC /NGC) over backhaul links 134, which may be wired or wireless.
- the base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. In an aspect, although not shown in FIG. 1, coverage areas 110 may be subdivided into a plurality of cells (e.g., three) , or sectors, each cell corresponding to a single antenna or array of antennas of a base station 102. As used herein, the term “cell” or “sector” may correspond to one of a plurality of cells of a base station 102, or to the base station 102 itself, depending on the context.
- While neighbor macro cell geographic coverage areas 110 may partially overlap (e.g., in a handover region) , some of the geographic coverage areas 110 may be substantially overlapped by a larger geographic coverage area 110.
- a small cell base station 102' may have a coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the coverage area 110 of one or more macro cell base stations 102.
- a network that includes both small cell and macro cells may be known as a heterogeneous network.
- a heterogeneous network may also include Home eNodeBs (HeNodeBs) and/or Home gNodeBs, which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG) .
- HeNodeBs Home eNodeBs
- CSG closed subscriber group
- the communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and/or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104.
- the communication links 120 may use multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and/or transmit diversity.
- MIMO multiple input multiple output
- the communication links may be through one or more carriers. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or less carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) .
- the wireless communications system 100 may further include a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) 150 in communication with WLAN stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in an unlicensed frequency spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz) .
- WLAN wireless local area network
- AP access point
- the WLAN STAs 152 and/or the WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.
- CCA clear channel assessment
- the small cell base station 102' may operate in a licensed and/or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell base station 102' may employ LTE or 5G technology and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the WLAN AP 150. The small cell base station 102', employing LTE /5G in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and/or increase capacity of the access network. LTE in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-unlicensed (LTE-U) , licensed assisted access (LAA) , or MulteFire.
- LTE-U LTE-unlicensed
- LAA licensed assisted access
- MulteFire MulteFire
- the wireless communications system 100 may further include a mmW base station 180 that may operate in mmW frequencies and/or near mmW frequencies in communication with a UE 182.
- Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the radio frequency (RF) range in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in this band may be referred to as a millimeter wave.
- Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters.
- the super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave.
- the mmW base station 180 may utilize beamforming 184 with the UE 182 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. Further, it will be appreciated that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also transmit using mmW or near mmW and beamforming. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the foregoing illustrations are merely examples and should not be construed to limit the various aspects disclosed herein.
- the wireless communications system 100 may further include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, that connects indirectly to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links.
- D2D device-to-device
- P2P peer-to-peer
- UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of the UEs 104 connected to one of the base stations 102 (e.g., through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain cellular connectivity) and a D2D P2P link 194 with WLAN STA 152 connected to the WLAN AP 150 (through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity) .
- the D2D P2P links 192-194 may be supported with any well-known D2D radio access technology (RAT) , such as LTE Direct (LTE-D) , WiFi Direct (WiFi-D) , Bluetooth, and so on.
- RAT D2D radio access technology
- Any of the base stations 102, 102’ , 180 may send measurement requests (e.g., measurement control order (MCO) ) to the UEs 104, 182, 190, and the UE’s 104, 182, 190 may respond with measurement reports accordingly.
- MCO measurement control order
- FIG. 2 illustrates several sample components (represented by corresponding blocks) that may be incorporated into an apparatus 202 and an apparatus 204 to support the operations as disclosed herein.
- the apparatus 202 may correspond to a UE
- the apparatus 204 may correspond to a network node such as a gNodeB and/or an eNodeB.
- the components may be implemented in different types of apparatuses in different implementations (e.g., in an ASIC, in a System-on-Chip (SoC) , etc. ) .
- the illustrated components may also be incorporated into other apparatuses in a communication system.
- other apparatuses in a system may include components similar to those described to provide similar functionality.
- a given apparatus may contain one or more of the components.
- an apparatus may include multiple transceiver components that enable the apparatus to operate on multiple carriers and/or communicate via different technologies.
- the apparatus 202 and the apparatus 204 each may include at least one wireless communication device (represented by communication devices 208 and 214) for communicating with other nodes via at least one designated RAT (e.g., LTE, NR) .
- Each communication device 208 may include at least one transmitter (represented by transmitter 210) for transmitting and encoding signals (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on) and at least one receiver (represented by receiver 212) for receiving and decoding signals (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on) .
- Each communication device 214 may include at least one transmitter (represented by transmitter 216) for transmitting signals (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on) and at least one receiver (represented by receiver 218) for receiving signals (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on) .
- transmitter 216 for transmitting signals
- receiver 218 for receiving signals (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on) .
- a transmitter and a receiver may comprise an integrated device (e.g., embodied as a transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit of a single communication device) in some implementations, may comprise a separate transmitter device and a separate receiver device in some implementations, or may be embodied in other ways in other implementations.
- a transmitter may include a plurality of antennas, such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus to perform transmit “beamforming, ” as described further herein.
- a receiver may include a plurality of antennas, such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus to perform receive beamforming, as described further herein.
- the transmitter and receiver may share the same plurality of antennas, such that the respective apparatus can only receive or transmit at a given time, not both at the same time.
- a wireless communication device (e.g., one of multiple wireless communication devices) of the apparatus 204 may also comprise a Network Listen Module (NLM) or the like for performing various measurements.
- NLM Network Listen Module
- the apparatus 204 may include at least one communication device (represented by communication device 220) for communicating with other nodes.
- the communication device 220 may comprise a network interface (e.g., one or more network access ports) configured to communicate with one or more network entities via a wire-based or wireless backhaul connection.
- the communication device 220 may be implemented as a transceiver configured to support wire-based or wireless signal communication. This communication may involve, for example, sending and receiving messages, parameters, or other types of information.
- the communication device 220 is shown as comprising transmitter 222 and receiver 224 (e.g., network access ports for transmitting and receiving) .
- the apparatuses 202 and 204 may also include other components used in conjunction with the operations as disclosed herein.
- the apparatus 202 may include a processing system 232 for providing functionality relating to, for example, communication with the network.
- the apparatus 204 may include a processing system 234 for providing functionality relating to, for example, communication with the UEs.
- the processing systems 232 and 234 may include, for example, one or more general purpose processors, multi-core processors, ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs) , field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) , or other programmable logic devices or processing circuitry.
- the apparatuses 202 and 204 may include measurement components 252 and 254 that may be used to obtain channel related measurements.
- the measurement component 252 may measure one or more downlink (DL) signals such as channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) , phase tracking reference signal (PTRS) , primary synchronization signal (PSS) , secondary synchronization signal (SSS) , demodulation reference signal (DMRS) , etc.
- the measurement component 254 may measure one or more uplink (UL) signals such as DMRS, sounding reference signal (SRS) , etc.
- DL downlink
- PTRS phase tracking reference signal
- PSS primary synchronization signal
- SSS secondary synchronization signal
- DMRS demodulation reference signal
- UL uplink
- the apparatuses 202 and 204 may include memory components 238 and 240 (e.g., each including a memory device) , respectively, for maintaining information (e.g., information indicative of reserved resources, thresholds, parameters, and so on) .
- the memory component 238 may comprise a computer-readable medium storing one or more computer-executable instructions for a user equipment (UE) where the one or more instructions instruct the apparatus 202 (e.g., processing system 232 in combination with communications device 208 and/or other aspects of apparatus 202) to perform any of the functions to support operations as described herein.
- UE user equipment
- the apparatuses 202 and 204 may include user interface devices 244 and 246, respectively, for providing indications (e.g., audible and/or visual indications) to a user and/or for receiving user input (e.g., upon user actuation of a sensing device such a keypad, a touch screen, a microphone, and so on) .
- the apparatus 202 may include a timer 256, which may be configured to measure or otherwise determine one or more time durations.
- apparatuses 202 and 204 are shown in FIG. 2 as including various components that may be configured according to the various examples described herein. It will be appreciated, however, that the illustrated blocks may have different functionality in different designs.
- the components of FIG. 2 may be implemented in various ways.
- the components of FIG. 2 may be implemented in one or more circuits such as, for example, one or more processors and/or one or more ASICs (which may include one or more processors) .
- each circuit may use and/or incorporate at least one memory component for storing information or executable code used by the circuit to provide this functionality.
- some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 208, 232, 238, 244, 252 and 256 may be implemented by processor and memory component (s) of the apparatus 202 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and/or by appropriate configuration of processor components) .
- processor and memory component (s) of the apparatus 204 may be implemented by processor and memory component (s) of the apparatus 204 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and/or by appropriate configuration of processor components) .
- the apparatus 202 may transmit and receive messages via a wireless link 260 with the apparatus 204, the messages including information related to various types of communication (e.g., voice, data, multimedia services, associated control signaling, etc. ) .
- the wireless link 260 may operate over a communication medium of interest, shown by way of example in FIG. 2 as the medium 262, which may be shared with other communications as well as other RATs.
- a medium of this type may be composed of one or more frequency, time, and/or space communication resources (e.g., encompassing one or more channels across one or more carriers) associated with communication between one or more transmitter /receiver pairs, such as the apparatus 204 and the apparatus 202 for the medium 262.
- the apparatus 202 and the apparatus 204 may operate via the wireless link 260 according to one or more radio access types, such as LTE, LTE-U, or NR, depending on the network in which they are deployed.
- These networks may include, for example, different variants of CDMA networks (e.g., LTE networks, NR networks, etc. ) , TDMA networks, FDMA networks, Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) networks, Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) networks, and so on.
- a UE may be capable of operating in multiple radio access technologies (RATs) .
- RATs radio access technologies
- a UE may be capable of operating in a first RAT (e.g., LTE) and in a second RAT (e.g., NR) .
- first and second RATs may be any of the RATs currently known (e.g., WiMax, CDMA, WCDMA, UTRA, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) , GSM, FDMA, GSM, TDMA, etc. ) .
- a UE may be may be capable of operating in multiple RATs at the same time.
- a UE that can operate in both LTE and NR simultaneously is an E-UTRA-New Radio Dual Connectivity (ENDC) capable UE.
- ENDC is an example of Multi-RAT DC (MRDC) capability.
- MRDC Multi-RAT DC
- an MRDC capable UE when operating in two RATs, it may be communicating with a network node (e.g., base station, eNodeB, eNB, etc. ) of a first RAT (e.g., LTE) and with a network node (e.g., base station, gNodeB, gNB, etc. ) of a second RAT (e.g., NR) .
- a network node e.g., base station, eNodeB, eNB, etc.
- a network node e.g., base station, gNodeB, gNB, etc.
- the UE may be capable of operating in a standalone (SA) or in a non-standalone (NSA) mode within a given RAT.
- SA standalone
- NSA non-standalone
- the UE may be able to exchange both control and data plane information with the network node and/or the core network of the given RAT (e.g., NR) .
- the UE may be communicating with network nodes of the first and second RATs.
- the UE can exchange data plane information with the network nodes of both the first RAT (e.g., LTE) and the second RAT (e.g., NR) .
- the control plane information is exchanged only with the network node of the first RAT (e.g., LTE) .
- a UE may be connected to an LTE anchoring cell and also to an NR cell to send and/or receive data from the NSA network.
- the UE may be in a space in which wireless signals are attenuated.
- the user may be in an elevator, an underground garage, a tunnel, etc.
- An open space may also qualify as an attenuated signal space if the space is such that LTE signals are available but NR signals are too attenuated to be of use.
- the NR signals may be attenuated to the point where NR communication is not possible.
- the LTE signals although attenuated in strength–may still be sufficient to provide communication services. In such circumstances, the UE may work in pure LTE mode to send/receive data from the network.
- scenario 300 An example flow of such a scenario is illustrated in FIG. 3.
- the sequence in scenario 300 is as follows:
- UE is registered to network in NSA mode.
- UE is registered to an LTE anchoring cell (e.g., to eNodeB) ;
- Network e.g., eNodeB
- MCO NR measurement control order
- UE measures its surroundings in accordance with NR MCO
- UE provides NR measurement report:
- measurement report includes measurements of one or more NR cells (e.g., gNodeBs) ;
- Network sends RRCConnectionReconfiguration message (e.g., through eNodeB) to UE to add NR cell;
- UE receives NR service from NR cell:
- ⁇ UE is also connected to LTE cell when in NSA mode;
- UE enters an attenuated signal space (e.g., elevator, garage, tunnel, etc. ) , and thus loses NR service;
- an attenuated signal space e.g., elevator, garage, tunnel, etc.
- the UE Since the UE is mobile, it is very likely that the UE will move out of the attenuated signal space eventually. For example, the user will exit the elevator, drive out of the garage, exit the tunnel, to spaces with more dense distribution of cells, etc. When the UE leaves the attenuated space, sufficiently strong NR signals may be available. Unfortunately, the UE will not make NR measurements again since the measurement control has been removed by the network side. Thus, the UE will remain working purely in LTE mode even when higher performing NR services may be available.
- the proposed automatic recovery mechanism may enable an MRDC (e.g., ENDC) capable UE to detect or otherwise determine whether or not it is out of the attenuated space.
- MRDC e.g., ENDC
- the UE may trigger the network to issue a new NR measurement control order to search for appropriate NR cells so that NR services may be restored.
- FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a scenario 400 in which the proposed automatic recovery mechanism is incorporated into a UE.
- the UE is multi-RAT capable.
- the UE may be an ENDC UE.
- the sequence above the dashed box is the same as the sequence of scenario 300 described above with respect to FIG. 3.
- An example of a proposed recovery sequence (within the dashed box) may be as follows:
- A. UE determines whether it has exited the attenuated signal space
- TAU tracking area update
- network sends NR MCO
- E. UE measures its surroundings in accordance with NR MCO
- F. UE provides NR measurement report:
- measurement report includes measurements of one or more NR cells
- Network sends RRCConnectionReconfiguration message (e.g., through eNodeB) to UE to add NR cell;
- SCG secondary cell group
- network can send RRCConnectionReconfiguration message to UE to add the NR cell;
- UE receives NR service from NR cell (same or different from NR cell of sequence #7 of FIG. 3) .
- step A recall that in the attenuated signal space, the LTE signals from the eNodeB may be attenuated, but are still detectable by the UE. Later, if the UE detects that the signals from the eNodeB are noticeably better, then the UE may determine that it has exited the attenuated signal space.
- power and/or qualities of one or more signals from the eNodeB may be used as a proxy to detect or otherwise determine whether the UE has exited the attenuated signal space.
- the UE may measure the LTE signals from the eNodeB over different time frames, and determine the signal power and/or quality (referred to as signal_PQ for convenience) over each of the different time frames. If the signal_PQ of a later time frame is substantially better than the signal_PQ of an earlier time frame, it may be determined that the UE has exited the attenuated signal space. This may be expressed mathematically as follows:
- signal_PQ n represents the signal_PQ at a later time frame n
- signal_PQ m represents the signal_PQ at an earlier time frame m, i.e., n > m.
- signal_PQ_delta represents a minimum difference threshold.
- each time frame may represent a window of time of some duration, e.g., 5 sec, which may be counted by a timer such as a PQ_timer. It can be that within a particular time frame (e.g., in time frame m and/or n) , multiple measurements may be made of the signals from the first network node. In these instances, the measurements may be averaged and the averaged result may be taken to represent the signal_PQ of the time frame.
- the signal_PQs and signal_PQ_deltas may be based on combination of the following characteristics of the measured signals from the eNodeB: reference signal received powers (RSRP) , reference signal received quality (RSRQ) , reference signal strength indicator (RSSI) , signal-to-noise-ratios (SNR) , signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratios (SINR) , etc. This is not necessarily exhaustive, i.e., other characteristics may also be used.
- FIG. 5 is provided in which RSRP is utilized as an example of power and/or quality of signals.
- RSRP is utilized as an example of power and/or quality of signals.
- ⁇ RSRP_delta (signal_PQ_delta example) , e.g., default value 15db, configurable;
- RSRP_timer e.g., default value 5 sec, configurable
- ⁇ RSRP k average RSRP over RSRP_timer duration.
- equation (1) may be rephrased as follows:
- the UE may be determined to have exited the attenuated signal space.
- any of the parameters RSRP_delta, RSRP_timer, etc may be set in the UE, e.g., configured with default values. Alternatively or in addition thereto, the parameters may be configured, e.g., through RRC messages from the network. More generally, signal_PQ_delta (e.g., any combination of RSRP_delta, RSRQ_delta, RSSI_delta, SNR_delta, SINR_delta, etc. ) , signal_PQ_timer, and so on may be set within the UE with default values and/or may be configured.
- signal_PQ_delta e.g., any combination of RSRP_delta, RSRQ_delta, RSSI_delta, SNR_delta, SINR_delta, etc.
- signal_PQ_timer e.g., any combination of RSRP_delta, RSRQ_delta, RSSI_delta, SNR_delta, SINR_delta, etc
- relative signal_PQs are used to determine whether the UE has exited the attenuated signal space.
- the signal_PQ determined for any time frame may be used. For example, subsequent to entering the attenuated space (e.g., subsequent to losing the NR service) , the UE may make measurements of the signals from the first network node to determine the signal_PQ in the different time frames. When the signal_PQ meets a minimum threshold, then the UE may determine that it has exited the attenuated signal space. This may be expressed mathematically as follows:
- the signal_PQ_min (e.g., , any combination of RSRP_delta, RSRQ_delta, RSSI_delta, SNR_delta, SINR_delta, etc. ) may be set within the UE and/or may be configured.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a flow chart of an exemplary method performed by a UE capable of communicating in multiple radio access technologies (RATs) to recover from a loss of service in one of the RATs.
- FIG. 6 may be viewed as a generalization of the flow of FIG. 4.
- the UE such as the UE 202 may be capable of operating in multiple RATs including first (e.g., 4G LTE) and second (e.g., 5G NR) RATs.
- first e.g., 4G LTE
- second e.g., 5G NR
- the memory component 238 may be viewed as an example of a non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores computer-executable instructions to operate components of the UE 202 such as the transceiver 208 (including transmitter 210 and receiver 212) , the processing system 232 (including one or more processors) , memory component 238, etc.
- the UE is operating in the non-standalone (NSA) mode, and has established communication with a first network node (e.g., eNodeB) of the first RAT, and with a second network node (e.g., gNodeB) of the second RAT prior to entering an attenuated signal space. It may also be assumed that when the UE enters the attenuated signal space, the signals from the first and second network nodes may be attenuated. Nonetheless, signal from the first network node, although attenuated, still may be sufficient for the UE to maintain communication with the first network node.
- NSA non-standalone
- signal from the second network node may be attenuated such that UE’s communication with the second network node is dropped.
- the attenuated signal space may be viewed as a space in which signals of the first RAT is of sufficient power and/or quality to maintain communication between the UE and the first network node, but also a space in which signals of the second RAT is not of sufficient power and/or quality to maintain communication between the UE and the second network node.
- the UE may determine whether it has exited the attenuated signal space.
- Means for performing block 610 may include the processing system 232, the memory component 238, the transceiver 208, the measurement component 252 and/or the timer 256 of the UE 202.
- FIG. 7A illustrates a flow chart of an example process the UE may perform to implement block 610.
- the UE may determine whether the UE has exited the attenuated signal space based on relative signal_PQs.
- the UE may determine power and/or quality of one or more signals from the first network node measured at an earlier first time frame and at a later second time frame. That is, the UE may determine a first signal_PQ and a second signal_PQ.
- the first and/or the second signal_PQ may represent averages of the measured characteristics during corresponding time frames.
- Means for performing block 710 may include the processing system 232, the memory component 238, the transceiver 208, the measurement component 252 and/or the timer 256 of the UE 202.
- the UE may determine that the UE that it has exited the attenuated signal space when the second signal_PQ is greater than the first signal_PQ by at least a signal_PQ_delta, which may be set within the UE and/or may be configured by the network.
- Means for performing block 720 may include the processing system 232 and/or the memory component 238 of the UE 202.
- each of the first and second signal_PQs may be determined based on any combination of characteristics (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, RSSI, SNR, SINR, etc. ) of the one or more signals from the first network node received by the UE at first and second time frames.
- the signal_PQ_delta may also be set/configured based on any combination of RSRP_delta, RSRQ_delta, RSSI_delta, SNR_delta, SINR_delta, etc. That is, the signal_PQ_delta may specify any combination of: a minimum difference in RSRP, RSRQ, RSSI, SNR, SINR, etc. of the first and second signal_PQs.
- FIG. 7B illustrates a flow chart of another example process the UE may perform to implement block 610.
- the UE may determine whether the UE has exited the attenuated signal space based on whether or not a signal_PQ meets a specified minimum value.
- the UE may determine signal_PQ based on measurements of the one or more signals from the first network node.
- the signal_PQ may represent an average of the measured characteristics during corresponding time frame.
- Means for performing block 715 may include the processing system 232, the memory component 238, the transceiver 208, the measurement component 252 and/or the timer 256 of the UE 202.
- the UE may determine that the UE that it has exited the attenuated signal space when the signal_PQ is greater than or equal to a signal_PQ_min, which may be set within the UE and/or may be configured by the network.
- the signal_PQ_min may be based on any combination of RSRP_min, RSRQ_min, RSSI_min, SNR_min, SINR_min, etc. That is, the signal_PQ_min may specify any combination of: a minimum RSRP, RSRQ, RSSI, SNR, SINR, etc. of the signal_PQ.
- Means for performing block 725 may include the processing system 232 and/or the memory component 238 of the UE 202.
- the UE in block 620 may notify the first network node of a presence of a third network node of the second RAT. For example, the UE may notify the eNodeB that a gNodeB is present.
- the third network node may be the same as the second network node. For example, when the user exits an elevator, the UE may detect the same gNodeB that was providing the NR services to the UE prior to entering the elevator.
- the third network may be a different node. The user may be driving through a long tunnel. When the user exits, a different gNodeB may be available.
- Means for performing block 620 may include the processing system 232, the memory component 238, and/or the measurement component 252 of the UE 202.
- FIG. 8A illustrates a flow chart of an example process the UE may perform to implement block 620.
- the UE may trigger the first network node to issue a search command to search for one or more candidate network nodes of the second RAT.
- the UE may trigger the eNodeB to issue a search command to search for candidate gNodeBs.
- the UE may indicate that it is multi-RAT dual connectivity (MRDC) capable.
- Means for performing block 810 may include the processing system 232, the memory component 238 and/or the transceiver 208 of the UE 202.
- the UE may receive the search command from the first network node.
- Means for performing block 620 may include the processing system 232, the memory component 238 and/or the transceiver 208 of the UE 202.
- the UE may search for the one or more candidate network nodes of the second RAT in accordance with the search command.
- Means for performing block 620 may include the processing system 232, the memory component 238, the transceiver 208 and/or the measurement component 252 of the UE 202.
- the UE in block 840 may provide a search report to the first network node.
- the search report may indicate that candidate network nodes of the second RAT, and the candidate network nodes may include at least the third network node.
- Means for performing block 620 may include the processing system 232, the memory component 238 and/or the transceiver 208 of the UE 202.
- FIG. 8B also illustrates a flow chart of an example process the UE may perform to implement block 620.
- FIG. 8B may be viewed as a more particular example of the flow chart in FIG. 8A.
- each of blocks 815, 825, 835, 845 of FIG. 8B may be a particular example of implementing corresponding block 810, 820, 830, 840 of FIG. 8A.
- the UE may send a tracking area update (TAU) request to the first network node to implement block 810.
- the UE may receive a measurement control order (MCO) from the first network node to implement block 820.
- the MCO may specify the UE to make one or more measurement in the second RAT (e.g., in NR) .
- the UE may make measurements of the second RAT signals in accordance with the MCO to implement block 830.
- the UE may send a measurement report in fulfillment of the MCO to implement block 840.
- the UE in block 630 may establish communication with the third network node.
- Means for performing block 630 may include the processing system 232, the memory component 238, and/or the transceiver 208 of the UE 202.
- FIG. 9 illustrates a flow chart of an example process the UE may perform to implement block 630.
- the UE may receive a connection command from the first network node for the UE to connect to the third network node.
- the connection command may be a radio resource control connection reconfiguration (RRCConnectionReconfiguration) message from the first network node to add the third network node. Since the RRCConnectionReconfiguration message is from the first network node, it may be in the protocol of the first RAT. Nonetheless, it still may indicate radio resources (e.g., resource blocks) of the second RAT for use in connecting with the third network node.
- Means for performing block 910 may include the processing system 232, the memory component 238, and/or the transceiver 208 of the UE 202.
- the UE may connect with the third network node in accordance with the connections command.
- Means for performing block 920 may include the processing system 232, the memory component 238, and/or the transceiver 208 of the UE 202.
- FIGs. 6-9 need to be performed, i.e., some blocks may be optional. Also, the numerical references to the blocks in FIGs. 6-9 should not be taken as requiring that the blocks should be performed in a certain order. Indeed, some blocks may be performed concurrently.
- FIG. 10 illustrates an example user equipment apparatus 600 represented as a series of interrelated functional modules connected by a common bus.
- Each of the modules may be implemented in hardware or as a combination of hardware and software.
- the modules may be implemented as any combination of the components of the apparatus 202 of FIG. 2.
- a module for determining whether the UE has exited the attenuated signal space 1010 may correspond at least in some aspects to a communication device (e.g., communication device 208) , a processing system (e.g., processing system 232) , a memory component (e.g., memory component 238) , a measurement component (e.g., measurement component 252) and/or a timer (e.g., timer 256) .
- a communication device e.g., communication device 208
- a processing system e.g., processing system 232
- a memory component e.g., memory component 238)
- a measurement component e.g., measurement component 252
- a module for notifying the first network node of the third network node 1020 may correspond at least in some aspects to a communication device (e.g., communication device 208) , a processing system (e.g., processing system 232) , a memory component (e.g., memory component 238) and/or a measurement component (e.g., measurement component 252) .
- a module for establishing communication with the third network node 1030 may correspond at least in some aspects to a communication device (e.g., communication device 208) , a processing system (e.g., processing system 232) , and/or a memory component (e.g., memory component 238) .
- the functionality of the modules of FIG. 10 may be implemented in various ways consistent with the teachings herein.
- the functionality of these modules may be implemented as one or more electrical components.
- the functionality of these blocks may be implemented as a processing system including one or more processor components.
- the functionality of these modules may be implemented using, for example, at least a portion of one or more integrated circuits (e.g., an ASIC) .
- an integrated circuit may include a processor, software, other related components, or some combination thereof.
- the functionality of different modules may be implemented, for example, as different subsets of an integrated circuit, as different subsets of a set of software modules, or a combination thereof.
- a given subset e.g., of an integrated circuit and/or of a set of software modules
- FIG. 10 may be implemented using any suitable means. Such means also may be implemented, at least in part, using corresponding structure as taught herein.
- the components described above in conjunction with the “module for” components of FIG. 10 also may correspond to similarly designated “means for” functionality.
- one or more of such means may be implemented using one or more of processor components, integrated circuits, or other suitable structure as taught herein.
- a general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine.
- a processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
- a software module may reside in random access memory (RAM) , flash memory, read-only memory (ROM) , erasable programmable ROM (EPROM) , electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art.
- An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium.
- the storage medium may be integral to the processor.
- the processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC.
- the ASIC may reside in a user terminal (e.g., UE) .
- the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.
- the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium.
- Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another.
- a storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer.
- such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer.
- any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium.
- the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL) , or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave
- the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium.
- Disk and disc includes compact disc (CD) , laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD) , floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.
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Abstract
When a user equipment (UE) is in non-standalone (NSA) mode, it may be communicating with network nodes of different radio access technologies (RATs). For example, the UE may be communicating with a 4G LTE cell (e.g., eNodeB) and a 5G NR cell (e.g., gNodeB). But the UE may lose NR service when it enters a space where signals are attenuated (e.g., elevator). Techniques to quickly restore NR service when the UE exits the attenuated signal space are disclosed.
Description
Various aspects described herein generally relate to wireless communication systems, and more particularly, to fast recovery in non-standalone mode wireless communication.
Wireless communication systems have developed through various generations, including a first-generation analog wireless phone service (1G) , a second-generation (2G) digital wireless phone service (including interim 2.5G and 2.75G networks) , a third-generation (3G) high speed data, Internet-capable wireless service and a fourth-generation (4G) service (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax) . There are presently many different types of wireless communication systems in use, including Cellular and Personal Communications Service (PCS) systems. Examples of known cellular systems include the cellular Analog Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) , and digital cellular systems based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) , Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) , the Global System for Mobile access (GSM) variation of TDMA, etc.
A fifth generation (5G) mobile standard calls for higher data transfer speeds, greater numbers of connections, and better coverage, among other improvements. The 5G standard, according to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, is designed to provide data rates of several tens of megabits per second to each of tens of thousands of users, with 1 gigabit per second to tens of workers on an office floor. Several hundreds of thousands of simultaneous connections should be supported in order to support large sensor deployments. Consequently, the spectral efficiency of 5G mobile communications should be significantly enhanced compared to the current 4G standard. Furthermore, signaling efficiencies should be enhanced and latency should be substantially reduced compared to current standards.
5G New Radio (NR) connectivity, or simply NR connectivity, has gained significant commercial traction in recent time. Thus, to attract more users to their network, network operators would like to show NR connectivity to users most of the time on the user interface (UI) of the mobile device such as the user equipment (UE) .
SUMMARY
This summary identifies features of some example aspects, and is not an exclusive or exhaustive description of the disclosed subject matter. Whether features or aspects are included in, or omitted from this summary is not intended as indicative of relative importance of such features. Additional features and aspects are described, and will become apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reading the following detailed description and viewing the drawings that form a part thereof.
An exemplary user equipment (UE) configured to operate in first and second radio access technologies (RATs) is disclosed. The UE may comprise a processor, a memory, and a transceiver. The processor, the memory, and/or the transceiver may be configured to determine, subsequent to the UE entering an attenuated signal space, whether the UE has exited the attenuated signal space. The UE may be operating in a non-standalone (NSA) mode such that prior to entering the attenuated signal space, the UE is in communication with first and second network nodes of a network. The first and second network node may respectively be of first and second RATs. While in the attenuated signal space, the communication with the first network node may be maintained and the communication with the second network node may be dropped. The processor, the memory, and/or the transceiver may also be configured to notify the first network node of a third network node of the second RAT when it is determined that the UE has exited the attenuated signal space. The processor, the memory, and/or the transceiver may further be configured to establish communication with the third network node subsequent to notifying the first network node.
An exemplary method performed by a user equipment (UE) configured to operate in first and second radio access technologies (RATs) is disclosed. The method may comprise determining, subsequent to the UE entering an attenuated signal space, whether the UE has exited the attenuated signal space. The UE may be operating in a non-standalone (NSA) mode such that prior to entering the attenuated signal space, the UE is in communication with first and second network nodes of a network. The first and second network node may respectively be of first and second RATs. While in the attenuated signal space, the communication with the first network node may be maintained and the communication with the second network node may be dropped. The method may also comprise notifying the first network node of a third network node of the second RAT when it is determined that the UE has exited the attenuated signal space. The method may further comprise establishing communication with the third network node subsequent to notifying the first network node.
Another exemplary user equipment (UE) configured to operate in first and second radio access technologies (RATs) is disclosed. The UE may comprise means for determining, subsequent to the UE entering an attenuated signal space, whether the UE has exited the attenuated signal space. The UE may be operating in a non-standalone (NSA) mode such that prior to entering the attenuated signal space, the UE is in communication with first and second network nodes of a network. The first and second network node may respectively be of first and second RATs. While in the attenuated signal space, the communication with the first network node may be maintained and the communication with the second network node may be dropped. The UE may also comprise means for notifying the first network node of a third network node of the second RAT when it is determined that the UE has exited the attenuated signal space. The UE may further comprise means for establishing communication with the third network node subsequent to notifying the first network node.
A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions for a user equipment (UE) configured to operate in first and second radio access technologies (RATs) is disclosed. The executable instructions may comprise one or more instructions instructing the UE to determine, subsequent to the UE entering an attenuated signal space, whether the UE has exited the attenuated signal space. The UE may be operating in a non-standalone (NSA) mode such that prior to entering the attenuated signal space, the UE is in communication with first and second network nodes of a network. The first and second network node may respectively be of first and second RATs. While in the attenuated signal space, the communication with the first network node may be maintained and the communication with the second network node may be dropped. The executable instructions may also comprise one or more instructions instructing the UE to notify the first network node of a third network node of the second RAT when it is determined that the UE has exited the attenuated signal space. The executable instructions may further comprise one or more instructions instructing the UE to establish communication with the third network node subsequent to notifying the first network node.
Other objects and advantages associated with the aspects disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description.
The accompanying drawings are presented to aid in the description of examples of one or more aspects of the disclosed subject matter and are provided solely for illustration of the examples and not limitation thereof:
FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary wireless communications system in accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosure;
FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of several sample aspects of components that may be employed in wireless communication nodes and configured to support communication in accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosure;
FIG. 3 illustrates a flow of an example scenario that can occur in which a user equipment capable of communicating in multiple radio access technologies does not recover from loss of service in one of the radio access technologies;
FIG. 4 illustrates a flow of an example scenario that can occur in which a user equipment capable of communicating in multiple radio access technologies does recover from loss of service in one of the radio access technologies in accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosure;
FIG. 5 illustrates an example utilization of reference signal receive power (RSRP) as a measure of power and/or quality of one or more signals from a network node in accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosure;
FIGS. 6-9 illustrate flow charts of an exemplary method performed by a user equipment capable of communicating in multiple radio access technologies to recover from loss of service in one of the radio access technologies in accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosure;
FIG. 10 illustrates a simplified block diagram of several sample aspects of an apparatus configured to operate in multiple radio access technologies in accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosure.
Aspects of the subject matter are provided in the following description and related drawings directed to specific examples of the disclosed subject matter. Alternates may be devised without departing from the scope of the disclosed subject matter. Additionally, well-known elements will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details.
The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration. ” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Likewise, the term “aspects” does not require that all aspects include the discussed feature, advantage, or mode of operation.
The terminology used herein describes particular aspects only and should not be construed to limit any aspects disclosed herein. As used herein, the singular forms “a, ” “an, ” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Those skilled in the art will further understand that the terms “comprises, ” “comprising, ” “includes, ” and/or “including, ” as used herein, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
Further, various aspects may be described in terms of sequences of actions to be performed by, for example, elements of a computing device. Those skilled in the art will recognize that various actions described herein can be performed by specific circuits (e.g., an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) ) , by program instructions being executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both. Additionally, these sequences of actions described herein can be considered to be embodied entirely within any form of non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon a corresponding set of computer instructions that upon execution would cause an associated processor to perform the functionality described herein. Thus, the various aspects described herein may be embodied in a number of different forms, all of which have been contemplated to be within the scope of the claimed subject matter. In addition, for each of the aspects described herein, the corresponding form of any such aspects may be described herein as, for example, “logic configured to” and/or other structural components configured to perform the described action.
As used herein, the terms “user equipment” (UE) and “base station” are not intended to be specific or otherwise limited to any particular Radio Access Technology (RAT) , unless otherwise noted. In general, such UEs may be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, tracking device, Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc. ) used by a user to communicate over a wireless communications network. A UE may be mobile or may (e.g., at certain times) be stationary, and may communicate with a Radio Access Network (RAN) . As used herein, the term “UE” may be referred to interchangeably as an “access terminal” or “AT, ” a “client device, ” a “wireless device, ” a “subscriber device, ” a “subscriber terminal, ” a “subscriber station, ” a “user terminal” or UT, a “mobile terminal, ” a “mobile station, ” or variations thereof. Generally, UEs can communicate with a core network via a RAN, and through the core network the UEs can be connected with external networks such as the Internet and with other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms of connecting to the core network and/or the Internet are also possible for the UEs, such as over wired access networks, WiFi networks (e.g., based on Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11, etc. ) and so on.
A base station may operate according to one of several RATs in communication with UEs depending on the network in which it is deployed, and may be alternatively referred to as an Access Point (AP) , a Network Node, a NodeB, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB, eNB) , a general Node B (gNodeB, gNB) , etc. In addition, in some systems a base station may provide edge node signaling functions while in other systems it may provide additional control and/or network management functions.
UEs can be embodied by any of a number of types of devices including but not limited to printed circuit (PC) cards, compact flash devices, external or internal modems, wireless or wireline phones, smartphones, tablets, tracking devices, asset tags, and so on. A communication link through which UEs can send signals to a RAN is called an uplink channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc. ) . A communication link through which the RAN can send signals to UEs is called a downlink or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc. ) . As used herein the term traffic channel (TCH) can refer to either an uplink /reverse or downlink /forward traffic channel.
FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary wireless communications system 100 according to one or more aspects. The wireless communications system 100, which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN) , may include various base stations 102 and various UEs 104. The base stations 102 may include macro cells (high power cellular base stations) and/or small cells (low power cellular base stations) . The macro cells may include eNodeBs (eNBs) where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to an LTE network, gNodeBs (gNBs) where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to a 5G network, and/or a combination thereof, and the small cells may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.
The base stations 102 may collectively form a Radio Access Network (RAN) and interface with an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) or Next Generation Core (NGC) through backhaul links. In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform functions that relate to one or more of transferring user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity) , inter-cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS) , subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM) , paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC /NGC) over backhaul links 134, which may be wired or wireless.
The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. In an aspect, although not shown in FIG. 1, coverage areas 110 may be subdivided into a plurality of cells (e.g., three) , or sectors, each cell corresponding to a single antenna or array of antennas of a base station 102. As used herein, the term “cell” or “sector” may correspond to one of a plurality of cells of a base station 102, or to the base station 102 itself, depending on the context.
While neighbor macro cell geographic coverage areas 110 may partially overlap (e.g., in a handover region) , some of the geographic coverage areas 110 may be substantially overlapped by a larger geographic coverage area 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' may have a coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the coverage area 110 of one or more macro cell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macro cells may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include Home eNodeBs (HeNodeBs) and/or Home gNodeBs, which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG) . The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and/or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104. The communication links 120 may use multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and/or transmit diversity. The communication links may be through one or more carriers. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or less carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) .
The wireless communications system 100 may further include a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) 150 in communication with WLAN stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in an unlicensed frequency spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz) . When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the WLAN STAs 152 and/or the WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.
The small cell base station 102' may operate in a licensed and/or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell base station 102' may employ LTE or 5G technology and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the WLAN AP 150. The small cell base station 102', employing LTE /5G in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and/or increase capacity of the access network. LTE in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-unlicensed (LTE-U) , licensed assisted access (LAA) , or MulteFire.
The wireless communications system 100 may further include a mmW base station 180 that may operate in mmW frequencies and/or near mmW frequencies in communication with a UE 182. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the radio frequency (RF) range in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in this band may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW/near mmW radio frequency band have high path loss and a relatively short range. The mmW base station 180 may utilize beamforming 184 with the UE 182 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. Further, it will be appreciated that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also transmit using mmW or near mmW and beamforming. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the foregoing illustrations are merely examples and should not be construed to limit the various aspects disclosed herein.
The wireless communications system 100 may further include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, that connects indirectly to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of the UEs 104 connected to one of the base stations 102 (e.g., through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain cellular connectivity) and a D2D P2P link 194 with WLAN STA 152 connected to the WLAN AP 150 (through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity) . In an example, the D2D P2P links 192-194 may be supported with any well-known D2D radio access technology (RAT) , such as LTE Direct (LTE-D) , WiFi Direct (WiFi-D) , Bluetooth, and so on. Any of the base stations 102, 102’ , 180 may send measurement requests (e.g., measurement control order (MCO) ) to the UEs 104, 182, 190, and the UE’s 104, 182, 190 may respond with measurement reports accordingly.
FIG. 2 illustrates several sample components (represented by corresponding blocks) that may be incorporated into an apparatus 202 and an apparatus 204 to support the operations as disclosed herein. As an example, the apparatus 202 may correspond to a UE, and the apparatus 204 may correspond to a network node such as a gNodeB and/or an eNodeB. It will be appreciated that the components may be implemented in different types of apparatuses in different implementations (e.g., in an ASIC, in a System-on-Chip (SoC) , etc. ) . The illustrated components may also be incorporated into other apparatuses in a communication system. For example, other apparatuses in a system may include components similar to those described to provide similar functionality. Also, a given apparatus may contain one or more of the components. For example, an apparatus may include multiple transceiver components that enable the apparatus to operate on multiple carriers and/or communicate via different technologies.
The apparatus 202 and the apparatus 204 each may include at least one wireless communication device (represented by communication devices 208 and 214) for communicating with other nodes via at least one designated RAT (e.g., LTE, NR) . Each communication device 208 may include at least one transmitter (represented by transmitter 210) for transmitting and encoding signals (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on) and at least one receiver (represented by receiver 212) for receiving and decoding signals (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on) . Each communication device 214 may include at least one transmitter (represented by transmitter 216) for transmitting signals (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on) and at least one receiver (represented by receiver 218) for receiving signals (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on) .
A transmitter and a receiver may comprise an integrated device (e.g., embodied as a transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit of a single communication device) in some implementations, may comprise a separate transmitter device and a separate receiver device in some implementations, or may be embodied in other ways in other implementations. In an aspect, a transmitter may include a plurality of antennas, such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus to perform transmit “beamforming, ” as described further herein. Similarly, a receiver may include a plurality of antennas, such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus to perform receive beamforming, as described further herein. In an aspect, the transmitter and receiver may share the same plurality of antennas, such that the respective apparatus can only receive or transmit at a given time, not both at the same time. A wireless communication device (e.g., one of multiple wireless communication devices) of the apparatus 204 may also comprise a Network Listen Module (NLM) or the like for performing various measurements.
The apparatus 204 may include at least one communication device (represented by communication device 220) for communicating with other nodes. For example, the communication device 220 may comprise a network interface (e.g., one or more network access ports) configured to communicate with one or more network entities via a wire-based or wireless backhaul connection. In some aspects, the communication device 220 may be implemented as a transceiver configured to support wire-based or wireless signal communication. This communication may involve, for example, sending and receiving messages, parameters, or other types of information. Accordingly, in the example of FIG. 2, the communication device 220 is shown as comprising transmitter 222 and receiver 224 (e.g., network access ports for transmitting and receiving) .
The apparatuses 202 and 204 may also include other components used in conjunction with the operations as disclosed herein. The apparatus 202 may include a processing system 232 for providing functionality relating to, for example, communication with the network. The apparatus 204 may include a processing system 234 for providing functionality relating to, for example, communication with the UEs. In an aspect, the processing systems 232 and 234 may include, for example, one or more general purpose processors, multi-core processors, ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs) , field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) , or other programmable logic devices or processing circuitry.
The apparatuses 202 and 204 may include measurement components 252 and 254 that may be used to obtain channel related measurements. The measurement component 252 may measure one or more downlink (DL) signals such as channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) , phase tracking reference signal (PTRS) , primary synchronization signal (PSS) , secondary synchronization signal (SSS) , demodulation reference signal (DMRS) , etc. The measurement component 254 may measure one or more uplink (UL) signals such as DMRS, sounding reference signal (SRS) , etc.
The apparatuses 202 and 204 may include memory components 238 and 240 (e.g., each including a memory device) , respectively, for maintaining information (e.g., information indicative of reserved resources, thresholds, parameters, and so on) . In various implementations, the memory component 238 may comprise a computer-readable medium storing one or more computer-executable instructions for a user equipment (UE) where the one or more instructions instruct the apparatus 202 (e.g., processing system 232 in combination with communications device 208 and/or other aspects of apparatus 202) to perform any of the functions to support operations as described herein. In addition, the apparatuses 202 and 204 may include user interface devices 244 and 246, respectively, for providing indications (e.g., audible and/or visual indications) to a user and/or for receiving user input (e.g., upon user actuation of a sensing device such a keypad, a touch screen, a microphone, and so on) . The apparatus 202 may include a timer 256, which may be configured to measure or otherwise determine one or more time durations.
For convenience, the apparatuses 202 and 204 are shown in FIG. 2 as including various components that may be configured according to the various examples described herein. It will be appreciated, however, that the illustrated blocks may have different functionality in different designs.
The components of FIG. 2 may be implemented in various ways. In some implementations, the components of FIG. 2 may be implemented in one or more circuits such as, for example, one or more processors and/or one or more ASICs (which may include one or more processors) . Here, each circuit may use and/or incorporate at least one memory component for storing information or executable code used by the circuit to provide this functionality. For example, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 208, 232, 238, 244, 252 and 256 may be implemented by processor and memory component (s) of the apparatus 202 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and/or by appropriate configuration of processor components) . Similarly, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 214, 220, 234, 240, 246 and 254 may be implemented by processor and memory component (s) of the apparatus 204 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and/or by appropriate configuration of processor components) .
The apparatus 202 may transmit and receive messages via a wireless link 260 with the apparatus 204, the messages including information related to various types of communication (e.g., voice, data, multimedia services, associated control signaling, etc. ) . The wireless link 260 may operate over a communication medium of interest, shown by way of example in FIG. 2 as the medium 262, which may be shared with other communications as well as other RATs. A medium of this type may be composed of one or more frequency, time, and/or space communication resources (e.g., encompassing one or more channels across one or more carriers) associated with communication between one or more transmitter /receiver pairs, such as the apparatus 204 and the apparatus 202 for the medium 262.
In general, the apparatus 202 and the apparatus 204 may operate via the wireless link 260 according to one or more radio access types, such as LTE, LTE-U, or NR, depending on the network in which they are deployed. These networks may include, for example, different variants of CDMA networks (e.g., LTE networks, NR networks, etc. ) , TDMA networks, FDMA networks, Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) networks, Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) networks, and so on.
A UE may be capable of operating in multiple radio access technologies (RATs) . For example, a UE may be capable of operating in a first RAT (e.g., LTE) and in a second RAT (e.g., NR) . These are merely examples, and first and second RATs may be any of the RATs currently known (e.g., WiMax, CDMA, WCDMA, UTRA, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) , GSM, FDMA, GSM, TDMA, etc. ) .
Also, a UE may be may be capable of operating in multiple RATs at the same time. For example, a UE that can operate in both LTE and NR simultaneously is an E-UTRA-New Radio Dual Connectivity (ENDC) capable UE. Note that ENDC is an example of Multi-RAT DC (MRDC) capability. In general, when an MRDC capable UE is operating in two RATs, it may be communicating with a network node (e.g., base station, eNodeB, eNB, etc. ) of a first RAT (e.g., LTE) and with a network node (e.g., base station, gNodeB, gNB, etc. ) of a second RAT (e.g., NR) .
The UE may be capable of operating in a standalone (SA) or in a non-standalone (NSA) mode within a given RAT. When operating in the SA mode, the UE may be able to exchange both control and data plane information with the network node and/or the core network of the given RAT (e.g., NR) . When operating in the NSA mode, the UE may be communicating with network nodes of the first and second RATs. In the NSA mode, the UE can exchange data plane information with the network nodes of both the first RAT (e.g., LTE) and the second RAT (e.g., NR) . However, the control plane information is exchanged only with the network node of the first RAT (e.g., LTE) .
In the NSA mode, a UE may be connected to an LTE anchoring cell and also to an NR cell to send and/or receive data from the NSA network. However, as a user of the UE moves about, the UE may be in a space in which wireless signals are attenuated. For example, the user may be in an elevator, an underground garage, a tunnel, etc. An open space may also qualify as an attenuated signal space if the space is such that LTE signals are available but NR signals are too attenuated to be of use. When the UE enters such attenuated signal spaces, the NR signals may be attenuated to the point where NR communication is not possible. However, the LTE signals –although attenuated in strength–may still be sufficient to provide communication services. In such circumstances, the UE may work in pure LTE mode to send/receive data from the network.
An example flow of such a scenario is illustrated in FIG. 3. The sequence in scenario 300 is as follows:
1. UE is registered to network in NSA mode. In particular, UE is registered to an LTE anchoring cell (e.g., to eNodeB) ;
2. Network (e.g., eNodeB) sends NR measurement control order (MCO) ;
3. UE measures its surroundings in accordance with NR MCO;
4. UE provides NR measurement report:
· It is assumed that measurement report includes measurements of one or more NR cells (e.g., gNodeBs) ;
5. Network issues NR measurement control release;
6. Network sends RRCConnectionReconfiguration message (e.g., through eNodeB) to UE to add NR cell;
7. UE receives NR service from NR cell:
· UE is also connected to LTE cell when in NSA mode;
8. UE enters an attenuated signal space (e.g., elevator, garage, tunnel, etc. ) , and thus loses NR service;
9. UE works in pure LTE mode after losing NR service.
One significant issue is the following. Since the UE is mobile, it is very likely that the UE will move out of the attenuated signal space eventually. For example, the user will exit the elevator, drive out of the garage, exit the tunnel, to spaces with more dense distribution of cells, etc. When the UE leaves the attenuated space, sufficiently strong NR signals may be available. Unfortunately, the UE will not make NR measurements again since the measurement control has been removed by the network side. Thus, the UE will remain working purely in LTE mode even when higher performing NR services may be available.
To address such issues, it is proposed to incorporate a fast automatic recovery mechanism to restore the NR service when the NR service is lost as a result of the UE entering an attenuated space. Generally, the proposed automatic recovery mechanism may enable an MRDC (e.g., ENDC) capable UE to detect or otherwise determine whether or not it is out of the attenuated space. When the UE detects that it is out of the attenuated signal space, the UE may trigger the network to issue a new NR measurement control order to search for appropriate NR cells so that NR services may be restored.
FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a scenario 400 in which the proposed automatic recovery mechanism is incorporated into a UE. In FIG. 4, it is assumed that the UE is multi-RAT capable. For example, in 5G, the UE may be an ENDC UE. In the sequence of scenario 400, the sequence above the dashed box is the same as the sequence of scenario 300 described above with respect to FIG. 3. An example of a proposed recovery sequence (within the dashed box) may be as follows:
A. UE determines whether it has exited the attenuated signal space;
B. If UE has not exited the attenuated space (N branch) , continue working in pure LTE mode;
C. IF UE exits the attenuated space (Y branch) , UE sends a tracking area update (TAU) request to network (e.g., to eNodeB) :
· Setting DCNR=1 indicates to the network that the UE is ENDC capable;
D. In response, network sends NR MCO;
E. UE measures its surroundings in accordance with NR MCO;
F. UE provides NR measurement report:
· Again, it is assumed that measurement report includes measurements of one or more NR cells;
G. Network sends RRCConnectionReconfiguration message (e.g., through eNodeB) to UE to add NR cell;
UE and network perform secondary cell group (SCG) procedure to connect to NR cell:
· For example, network can send RRCConnectionReconfiguration message to UE to add the NR cell;
H. UE receives NR service from NR cell (same or different from NR cell of sequence # 7 of FIG. 3) .
Regarding step A, recall that in the attenuated signal space, the LTE signals from the eNodeB may be attenuated, but are still detectable by the UE. Later, if the UE detects that the signals from the eNodeB are noticeably better, then the UE may determine that it has exited the attenuated signal space. Thus, in one or more aspects, power and/or qualities of one or more signals from the eNodeB (more broadly, from first network node) may be used as a proxy to detect or otherwise determine whether the UE has exited the attenuated signal space.
For example, upon entering the attenuated signal space (e.g., upon losing the NR service) , the UE may measure the LTE signals from the eNodeB over different time frames, and determine the signal power and/or quality (referred to as signal_PQ for convenience) over each of the different time frames. If the signal_PQ of a later time frame is substantially better than the signal_PQ of an earlier time frame, it may be determined that the UE has exited the attenuated signal space. This may be expressed mathematically as follows:
signal_PQ
n-signal_PQ
m≥signal_PQ_delta (1) .
In equation (1) , signal_PQ
n represents the signal_PQ at a later time frame n, and signal_PQ
m represents the signal_PQ at an earlier time frame m, i.e., n > m. Also, signal_PQ_delta represents a minimum difference threshold. In an aspect, each time frame may represent a window of time of some duration, e.g., 5 sec, which may be counted by a timer such as a PQ_timer. It can be that within a particular time frame (e.g., in time frame m and/or n) , multiple measurements may be made of the signals from the first network node. In these instances, the measurements may be averaged and the averaged result may be taken to represent the signal_PQ of the time frame.
The signal_PQs and signal_PQ_deltas may be based on combination of the following characteristics of the measured signals from the eNodeB: reference signal received powers (RSRP) , reference signal received quality (RSRQ) , reference signal strength indicator (RSSI) , signal-to-noise-ratios (SNR) , signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratios (SINR) , etc. This is not necessarily exhaustive, i.e., other characteristics may also be used.
For demonstration purposes, FIG. 5 is provided in which RSRP is utilized as an example of power and/or quality of signals. To determine whether the UE has exited the attenuated signal space (e.g., exited elevator) , the following parameters may be defined:
· RSRP_delta (signal_PQ_delta example) , e.g., default value 15db, configurable;
· RSRP_timer (PQ_timer example) , e.g., default value 5 sec, configurable;
· RSRP
k = average RSRP over RSRP_timer duration.
Then equation (1) may be rephrased as follows:
RSRP
n-RSRP
m≥RSRP_delta (2) .
In short, if equation (2) is satisfied, then the UE may be determined to have exited the attenuated signal space.
Any of the parameters RSRP_delta, RSRP_timer, etc, may be set in the UE, e.g., configured with default values. Alternatively or in addition thereto, the parameters may be configured, e.g., through RRC messages from the network. More generally, signal_PQ_delta (e.g., any combination of RSRP_delta, RSRQ_delta, RSSI_delta, SNR_delta, SINR_delta, etc. ) , signal_PQ_timer, and so on may be set within the UE with default values and/or may be configured.
In equations (1) and (2) , relative signal_PQs are used to determine whether the UE has exited the attenuated signal space. But in an alternative, the signal_PQ determined for any time frame may be used. For example, subsequent to entering the attenuated space (e.g., subsequent to losing the NR service) , the UE may make measurements of the signals from the first network node to determine the signal_PQ in the different time frames. When the signal_PQ meets a minimum threshold, then the UE may determine that it has exited the attenuated signal space. This may be expressed mathematically as follows:
signal_PQ
n≥signal_PQ_min (3) .
Again, the signal_PQ_min (e.g., , any combination of RSRP_delta, RSRQ_delta, RSSI_delta, SNR_delta, SINR_delta, etc. ) may be set within the UE and/or may be configured.
FIG. 6 illustrates a flow chart of an exemplary method performed by a UE capable of communicating in multiple radio access technologies (RATs) to recover from a loss of service in one of the RATs. FIG. 6 may be viewed as a generalization of the flow of FIG. 4. Here, the UE (such as the UE 202) may be capable of operating in multiple RATs including first (e.g., 4G LTE) and second (e.g., 5G NR) RATs. The memory component 238 may be viewed as an example of a non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores computer-executable instructions to operate components of the UE 202 such as the transceiver 208 (including transmitter 210 and receiver 212) , the processing system 232 (including one or more processors) , memory component 238, etc.
In FIG. 6, it may be assumed that the UE is operating in the non-standalone (NSA) mode, and has established communication with a first network node (e.g., eNodeB) of the first RAT, and with a second network node (e.g., gNodeB) of the second RAT prior to entering an attenuated signal space. It may also be assumed that when the UE enters the attenuated signal space, the signals from the first and second network nodes may be attenuated. Nonetheless, signal from the first network node, although attenuated, still may be sufficient for the UE to maintain communication with the first network node. On the other hand, signal from the second network node may be attenuated such that UE’s communication with the second network node is dropped. Thus, the attenuated signal space may be viewed as a space in which signals of the first RAT is of sufficient power and/or quality to maintain communication between the UE and the first network node, but also a space in which signals of the second RAT is not of sufficient power and/or quality to maintain communication between the UE and the second network node.
Subsequent to entering the attenuated signal space, in block 610, the UE may determine whether it has exited the attenuated signal space. Means for performing block 610 may include the processing system 232, the memory component 238, the transceiver 208, the measurement component 252 and/or the timer 256 of the UE 202.
FIG. 7A illustrates a flow chart of an example process the UE may perform to implement block 610. As seen in FIG. 7A, the UE may determine whether the UE has exited the attenuated signal space based on relative signal_PQs. In block 710, the UE may determine power and/or quality of one or more signals from the first network node measured at an earlier first time frame and at a later second time frame. That is, the UE may determine a first signal_PQ and a second signal_PQ. In an aspect, the first and/or the second signal_PQ may represent averages of the measured characteristics during corresponding time frames. Means for performing block 710 may include the processing system 232, the memory component 238, the transceiver 208, the measurement component 252 and/or the timer 256 of the UE 202.
In block 720, the UE may determine that the UE that it has exited the attenuated signal space when the second signal_PQ is greater than the first signal_PQ by at least a signal_PQ_delta, which may be set within the UE and/or may be configured by the network. Means for performing block 720 may include the processing system 232 and/or the memory component 238 of the UE 202.
Recall that the each of the first and second signal_PQs may be determined based on any combination of characteristics (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, RSSI, SNR, SINR, etc. ) of the one or more signals from the first network node received by the UE at first and second time frames. Thus, the signal_PQ_delta may also be set/configured based on any combination of RSRP_delta, RSRQ_delta, RSSI_delta, SNR_delta, SINR_delta, etc. That is, the signal_PQ_delta may specify any combination of: a minimum difference in RSRP, RSRQ, RSSI, SNR, SINR, etc. of the first and second signal_PQs.
FIG. 7B illustrates a flow chart of another example process the UE may perform to implement block 610. As seen in FIG. 7B, the UE may determine whether the UE has exited the attenuated signal space based on whether or not a signal_PQ meets a specified minimum value. In block 715, the UE may determine signal_PQ based on measurements of the one or more signals from the first network node. In an aspect, the signal_PQ may represent an average of the measured characteristics during corresponding time frame. Means for performing block 715 may include the processing system 232, the memory component 238, the transceiver 208, the measurement component 252 and/or the timer 256 of the UE 202.
In block 725, the UE may determine that the UE that it has exited the attenuated signal space when the signal_PQ is greater than or equal to a signal_PQ_min, which may be set within the UE and/or may be configured by the network. The signal_PQ_min may be based on any combination of RSRP_min, RSRQ_min, RSSI_min, SNR_min, SINR_min, etc. That is, the signal_PQ_min may specify any combination of: a minimum RSRP, RSRQ, RSSI, SNR, SINR, etc. of the signal_PQ. Means for performing block 725 may include the processing system 232 and/or the memory component 238 of the UE 202.
Referring back to FIG. 6, subsequent to determining that the UE has exited the attenuated signal space in block 610, the UE in block 620 may notify the first network node of a presence of a third network node of the second RAT. For example, the UE may notify the eNodeB that a gNodeB is present. The third network node may be the same as the second network node. For example, when the user exits an elevator, the UE may detect the same gNodeB that was providing the NR services to the UE prior to entering the elevator. On the other hand, the third network may be a different node. The user may be driving through a long tunnel. When the user exits, a different gNodeB may be available. Means for performing block 620 may include the processing system 232, the memory component 238, and/or the measurement component 252 of the UE 202.
FIG. 8A illustrates a flow chart of an example process the UE may perform to implement block 620. In block 810, the UE may trigger the first network node to issue a search command to search for one or more candidate network nodes of the second RAT. For example, the UE may trigger the eNodeB to issue a search command to search for candidate gNodeBs. In triggering the first network node, the UE may indicate that it is multi-RAT dual connectivity (MRDC) capable. Means for performing block 810 may include the processing system 232, the memory component 238 and/or the transceiver 208 of the UE 202.
In block 820, the UE may receive the search command from the first network node. Means for performing block 620 may include the processing system 232, the memory component 238 and/or the transceiver 208 of the UE 202.
In block 830, the UE may search for the one or more candidate network nodes of the second RAT in accordance with the search command. Means for performing block 620 may include the processing system 232, the memory component 238, the transceiver 208 and/or the measurement component 252 of the UE 202.
Based on the performed search, the UE in block 840 may provide a search report to the first network node. The search report may indicate that candidate network nodes of the second RAT, and the candidate network nodes may include at least the third network node. Means for performing block 620 may include the processing system 232, the memory component 238 and/or the transceiver 208 of the UE 202.
FIG. 8B also illustrates a flow chart of an example process the UE may perform to implement block 620. FIG. 8B may be viewed as a more particular example of the flow chart in FIG. 8A. As such, each of blocks 815, 825, 835, 845 of FIG. 8B may be a particular example of implementing corresponding block 810, 820, 830, 840 of FIG. 8A.
In block 815, the UE may send a tracking area update (TAU) request to the first network node to implement block 810. The TAU request may also include an indication that the UE is MRDC capable (e.g., DCNR=1 to indicate ENDC capability) . In block 825, the UE may receive a measurement control order (MCO) from the first network node to implement block 820. The MCO may specify the UE to make one or more measurement in the second RAT (e.g., in NR) . In block 835, the UE may make measurements of the second RAT signals in accordance with the MCO to implement block 830. In block 845, the UE may send a measurement report in fulfillment of the MCO to implement block 840.
Referring back to FIG. 6, subsequent to notifying the first network node of the third network node in block 620, the UE in block 630 may establish communication with the third network node. Means for performing block 630 may include the processing system 232, the memory component 238, and/or the transceiver 208 of the UE 202.
FIG. 9 illustrates a flow chart of an example process the UE may perform to implement block 630. In block 910, the UE may receive a connection command from the first network node for the UE to connect to the third network node. In an aspect, the connection command may be a radio resource control connection reconfiguration (RRCConnectionReconfiguration) message from the first network node to add the third network node. Since the RRCConnectionReconfiguration message is from the first network node, it may be in the protocol of the first RAT. Nonetheless, it still may indicate radio resources (e.g., resource blocks) of the second RAT for use in connecting with the third network node. Means for performing block 910 may include the processing system 232, the memory component 238, and/or the transceiver 208 of the UE 202.
In block 920, the UE may connect with the third network node in accordance with the connections command. Means for performing block 920 may include the processing system 232, the memory component 238, and/or the transceiver 208 of the UE 202.
It should be noted that not all illustrated blocks of FIGs. 6-9 need to be performed, i.e., some blocks may be optional. Also, the numerical references to the blocks in FIGs. 6-9 should not be taken as requiring that the blocks should be performed in a certain order. Indeed, some blocks may be performed concurrently.
FIG. 10 illustrates an example user equipment apparatus 600 represented as a series of interrelated functional modules connected by a common bus. Each of the modules may be implemented in hardware or as a combination of hardware and software. For example, the modules may be implemented as any combination of the components of the apparatus 202 of FIG. 2. A module for determining whether the UE has exited the attenuated signal space 1010 may correspond at least in some aspects to a communication device (e.g., communication device 208) , a processing system (e.g., processing system 232) , a memory component (e.g., memory component 238) , a measurement component (e.g., measurement component 252) and/or a timer (e.g., timer 256) . A module for notifying the first network node of the third network node 1020 may correspond at least in some aspects to a communication device (e.g., communication device 208) , a processing system (e.g., processing system 232) , a memory component (e.g., memory component 238) and/or a measurement component (e.g., measurement component 252) . A module for establishing communication with the third network node 1030 may correspond at least in some aspects to a communication device (e.g., communication device 208) , a processing system (e.g., processing system 232) , and/or a memory component (e.g., memory component 238) .
The functionality of the modules of FIG. 10 may be implemented in various ways consistent with the teachings herein. In some designs, the functionality of these modules may be implemented as one or more electrical components. In some designs, the functionality of these blocks may be implemented as a processing system including one or more processor components. In some designs, the functionality of these modules may be implemented using, for example, at least a portion of one or more integrated circuits (e.g., an ASIC) . As discussed herein, an integrated circuit may include a processor, software, other related components, or some combination thereof. Thus, the functionality of different modules may be implemented, for example, as different subsets of an integrated circuit, as different subsets of a set of software modules, or a combination thereof. Also, it will be appreciated that a given subset (e.g., of an integrated circuit and/or of a set of software modules) may provide at least a portion of the functionality for more than one module.
In addition, the components and functions represented by FIG. 10, as well as other components and functions described herein, may be implemented using any suitable means. Such means also may be implemented, at least in part, using corresponding structure as taught herein. For example, the components described above in conjunction with the “module for” components of FIG. 10 also may correspond to similarly designated “means for” functionality. Thus, in some aspects one or more of such means may be implemented using one or more of processor components, integrated circuits, or other suitable structure as taught herein.
Those of skill in the art will appreciate that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
Further, those of skill in the art will appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.
The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, an FPGA, or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
The methods, sequences and/or algorithms described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in random access memory (RAM) , flash memory, read-only memory (ROM) , erasable programmable ROM (EPROM) , electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal (e.g., UE) . In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.
In one or more exemplary aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL) , or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD) , laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD) , floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.
While the foregoing disclosure shows illustrative aspects of the disclosure, it should be noted that various changes and modifications could be made herein without departing from the scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. The functions, steps and/or actions of the method claims in accordance with the aspects of the disclosure described herein need not be performed in any particular order. Furthermore, although elements of the disclosure may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated.
Claims (34)
- A user equipment (UE) configured to operate in first and second radio access technologies (RATs) , comprising:a processor;a memory; anda transceiver,wherein the processor, the memory, and/or the transceiver are configured to:determine, subsequent to the UE entering an attenuated signal space, whether the UE has exited the attenuated signal space, the UE operating in a non-standalone (NSA) mode such that prior to entering the attenuated signal space, the UE is in communication with first and second network nodes of a network, the first and second network node respectively being of first and second RATs, and while in the attenuated signal space, the communication with the first network node being maintained and the communication with the second network node being dropped;notify the first network node of a third network node of the second RAT when it is determined that the UE has exited the attenuated signal space; andestablish communication with the third network node subsequent to notifying the first network node.
- The UE of claim 1, wherein the first RAT is 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) and the second RAT is 5G New Radio (NR) .
- The UE of claim 1, wherein in determining whether the UE has exited the attenuated signal space, the processor, the memory, and/or the transceiver are configured to:determine a first signal_PQ and a second signal_PQ, the first signal_PQ representing power and/or quality of one or more signals from the first network node measured in a first time frame, and the second signal_PQ representing power and/or quality of the one or more signals from the first network node measured in a second time frame, the first time frame being earlier than the second time frame; anddetermine that the UE has exited the attenuated signal space when the second signal_PQ is greater than the first signal_PQ by at least a signal_PQ_delta.
- The UE of claim 3, wherein the signal_PQ_delta specifies any combination one of:a minimum difference in reference signal received powers (RSRP) of the one or more signals between the first and second time frames,a minimum difference in reference signal received qualities (RSRQ) of the one or more signals between the first and second time frames,a minimum difference in reference signal strength indicators (RSSI) of the one or more signals between the first and second time frames,a minimum difference in signal-to-noise-ratios (SNR) of the one or more signals between the first and second time frames, anda minimum difference in signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratios (SINR) of the one or more signals between the first and second time frames.
- The UE of claim 3,wherein first and second time frames are time windows of a fixed duration, andwherein the first signal_PQ represents an average of power and/or quality measurements made during the first time frame, and/or the second signal_PQ represents an average of power and/or quality measurements made during the second time frame.
- The UE of claim 1, wherein in determining whether the UE has exited the attenuated signal space, the processor, the memory, and/or the transceiver are configured to:determine a signal_PQ based on measurements of one or more signals from the network node, the signal_PQ representing power and/or quality of the one or more signals in a time frame; anddetermine that the UE has exited the attenuated signal space when the signal_PQ is greater than or equal to a signal_PQ_min.
- The UE of claim 6, wherein the signal_PQ_min specifies at least one of:a minimum reference signal received powers (RSRP) of the one or more signals,a minimum reference signal received qualities (RSRQ) of the one or more signals,a minimum reference signal strength indicators (RSSI) of the one or more signals,a minimum signal-to-noise-ratios (SNR) of the one or more signals, anda minimum signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratios (SINR) of the one or more signals.
- The UE of claim 6,wherein the time frame is a time window of a fixed duration, andwherein the signal_PQ represents an average of power and/or quality measurements made during the time frame.
- The UE of claim 1, wherein in notifying the first network node of the third network node, the processor, the memory, and/or the transceiver are configured to:trigger the first network node to issue a search command to the UE to search for one or more candidate network nodes of the second RAT;receive the search command from the UE;search for the one or more candidate network nodes of the second RAT in accordance with the search command; andprovide a search report to the first network node based on the search, the search report indicating that the one or more candidate network nodes of the second RAT includes at least the third network node.
- The UE of claim 9, wherein in triggering the first network node to issue the search command, the processor, the memory, and/or the transceiver are configured to send a tracking area update (TAU) request to the first network node.
- The UE of claim 10, wherein the TAU request includes an indication that the UE is multi-RAT dual connectivity (MRDC) capable.
- The UE of claim 9,wherein the search command is a measurement control order (MCO) , the MCO specifying one or more measurements in the second RAT,wherein in searching for the one or more candidate network nodes of the second RAT, the processor, the memory, and/or the transceiver are configured to make measurements of second RAT signals in accordance with the MCO, andwherein the search report comprises a measurement report in fulfillment of the MCO.
- The UE of claim 1, wherein in establishing communication with the third network node, the processor, the memory, and/or the transceiver are configured to:receive a connection command from the first network node for the UE to connect to the third network node; andconnect with the third network in accordance with the connection command.
- The UE of claim 13,wherein the connection command is a radio resource control connection reconfiguration (RRCConnectionReconfiguration) message in a protocol of the first RAT, andwherein the RRCConnectionReconfiguration message indicates radio resources of the second RAT for use in connecting with the third network node
- The UE of claim 1, wherein the second and third network nodes are the same.
- The UE of claim 1, wherein the second and third network nodes are different.
- A method of a user equipment (UE) configured to operate in first and second radio access technologies (RATs) , the method comprising:determining, subsequent to the UE entering an attenuated signal space, whether the UE has exited the attenuated signal space, the UE operating in a non-standalone (NSA) mode such that prior to entering the attenuated signal space, the UE is in communication with first and second network nodes of a network, the first and second network node respectively being of first and second RATs, and while in the attenuated signal space, the communication with the first network node being maintained and the communication with the second network node being dropped;notifying the first network node of a third network node of the second RAT when it is determined that the UE has exited the attenuated signal space; andestablishing communication with the third network node subsequent to notifying the first network node.
- The method of claim 17, wherein the first RAT is 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) and the second RAT is 5G New Radio (NR) .
- The method of claim 17, wherein determining whether the UE has exited the attenuated signal space comprises:determining a first signal_PQ and a second signal_PQ, the first signal_PQ representing power and/or quality of one or more signals from the first network node measured in a first time frame, the second signal_PQ representing power and/or quality of the one or more signals from the first network node measured in a second time frame, the first time frame being earlier than the second time frame; anddetermining that the UE has exited the attenuated signal space when the second signal_PQ is greater than the first signal_PQ by at least a signal_PQ_delta.
- The method of claim 19, wherein the signal_PQ delta is determined based on at least one of:a difference in reference signal received power (RSRP) of the one or more signals between the first and second time frames,a difference in reference signal received quality (RSRQ) of the one or more signals between the first and second time frames,a difference in reference signal strength indicator (RSSI) of the one or more signals between the first and second time frames,a difference in signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) of the one or more signals between the first and second time frames, anda difference in signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) of the one or more signals between the first and second time frames.
- The method of claim 19,wherein first and second time frames are time windows of a fixed duration, andwherein the first signal_PQ represents an average of power and/or quality measurements made during the first time frame, and/or the second signal_PQ represents an average of power and/or quality measurements made during the second time frame.
- The method of claim 17, wherein determining whether the UE has exited the attenuated signal space comprises:determining a signal_PQ based on measurements of one or more signals from the network node, the signal_PQ representing power and/or quality of the one or more signals in a time frame; anddetermining that the UE has exited the attenuated signal space when the signal_PQ is greater than or equal to a signal_PQ_min.
- The method of claim 22, wherein the signal_PQ is determined based on at least one of:a minimum reference signal received power (RSRP) of the one or more signals,a minimum reference signal received quality (RSRQ) of the one or more signals,a minimum reference signal strength indicator (RSSI) of the one or more signals,a minimum signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) of the one or more signals, anda minimum difference in signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) of the one or more signals.
- The method of claim 22,wherein the time frame is a time window of a fixed duration, andwherein the signal_PQ represents an average of power and/or quality measurements made during the time frame.
- The method of claim 17, wherein notifying the first network node of the third network node comprises:triggering the first network node to issue a search command to the UE to search for one or more candidate network nodes of the second RAT;receiving the search command from the UE;searching for the one or more candidate network nodes of the second RAT in accordance with the search command; andproviding a search report to the first network node based on the search, the search report indicating that the one or more candidate network nodes of the second RAT includes at least the third network node.
- The method of claim 25, wherein triggering the first network node to issue the search command comprises sending a tracking area update (TAU) request to the first network node.
- The method of claim 26, wherein the TAU request includes an indication that the UE is multi-RAT dual connectivity (MRDC) capable.
- The method of claim 25,wherein the search command is a measurement control order (MCO) , the MCO specifying one or more measurements in the second RAT,wherein searching for the one or more candidate network nodes of the second RAT comprises making measurements of second RAT signals in accordance with the MCO, andwherein the search report comprises a measurement report in fulfillment of the MCO.
- The method of claim 17, wherein establishing communication with the third network node comprises:receiving a connection command from the first network node for the UE to connect to the third network node; andconnecting with the third network in accordance with the connection command.
- The method of claim 29,wherein the connection command is a radio resource control connection reconfiguration (RRCConnectionReconfiguration) message in a protocol of the first RAT, andwherein the RRCConnectionReconfiguration message indicates radio resources of the second RAT for use in connecting with the third network node
- The method of claim 17, wherein the second and third network nodes are the same.
- The method of claim 17, wherein the second and third network nodes are different.
- A user equipment (UE) configured to operate in first and second radio access technologies (RATs) , comprising:means for determining, subsequent to the UE entering an attenuated signal space, whether the UE has exited the attenuated signal space, the UE operating in a non-standalone (NSA) mode such that prior to entering the attenuated signal space, the UE is in communication with first and second network nodes of a network, the first and second network node respectively being of first and second RATs, and while in the attenuated signal space, the communication with the first network node being maintained and the communication with the second network node being dropped;means for notifying the first network node of a third network node of the second RAT when it is determined that the UE has exited the attenuated signal space; andmeans for establishing communication with the third network node subsequent to notifying the first network node.
- A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions for a user equipment (UE) , the computer-executable instructions comprising:one or more instructions causing the UE to determine, subsequent to the UE entering an attenuated signal space, whether the UE has exited the attenuated signal space, the UE operating in a non-standalone (NSA) mode such that prior to entering the attenuated signal space, the UE is in communication with first and second network nodes of a network, the first and second network node respectively being of first and second RATs, and while in the attenuated signal space, the communication with the first network node being maintained and the communication with the second network node being dropped;one or more instructions causing the UE to notify the first network node of a third network node of the second RAT when it is determined that the UE has exited the attenuated signal space; andone or more instructions causing the UE to establish communication with the third network node subsequent to notifying the first network node.
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