WO2020070994A1 - イメージセンサ - Google Patents
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- WO2020070994A1 WO2020070994A1 PCT/JP2019/032573 JP2019032573W WO2020070994A1 WO 2020070994 A1 WO2020070994 A1 WO 2020070994A1 JP 2019032573 W JP2019032573 W JP 2019032573W WO 2020070994 A1 WO2020070994 A1 WO 2020070994A1
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- H04N25/443—Extracting pixel data from image sensors by controlling scanning circuits, e.g. by modifying the number of pixels sampled or to be sampled by partially reading an SSIS array by reading pixels from selected 2D regions of the array, e.g. for windowing or digital zooming
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an image sensor.
- Image sensors are used in a large number of applications not only for smartphones but also for drive recorders, electronic mirrors, automatic driving, robots and endoscopes, and the applications are expected to continue to expand in the future.
- image sensors have been improved in resolution and image quality to approach human eyes, but in the future, such as object recognition and moving object recognition, high-speed recognition and judgment that cannot be seen by human eyes will be required. Is considered to be
- FIG. 29 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) image sensor which is a typical image sensor of the related art.
- CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
- the row selection circuit 102 selects pixels on a row-by-row basis, and the pixels (readout pixels) 101a selected by the row selection circuit 102 simultaneously output voltages according to the illuminance of light detected by each pixel.
- the column readout circuit 103 converts a voltage output from a pixel into a digital value, and includes an analog / digital converter (hereinafter, referred to as an A / D converter). Then, the signals converted by the column readout circuit 103 are sequentially output through the transfer circuit 104.
- the pulse generation circuit 105 receives a clock signal and generates a timing signal necessary for operation. The generated timing signal is input to the row selection circuit 102, the column read circuit 103, and the transfer circuit 104.
- FIG. 30 is an explanatory diagram of the charge accumulation time control in the conventional CMOS image sensor 100
- FIG. 31 is a diagram showing the read timing and the reset timing.
- voltages are read out in order from the upper pixel in the figure. Further, at the timing when the read pixel 101a is read, the pixel (reset pixel) 101b two rows below the read pixel 101a is reset.
- the conventional COMS image sensor resets at a timing slightly before reading, resets the accumulated charge, and starts charge accumulation again.
- the accumulation time is short and the amount of signals is small, so that a good image quality can be obtained without saturation even for a high illuminance signal. It is necessary to alternately repeat the low illuminance frame without resetting and the high illuminance frame with resetting.
- the performance of the conventional CMOS image sensor 100 is limited because the parameters of the pixels and the column readout circuit 103 are uniformly set. Specifically, in the conventional image sensor, since the charge storage time and the charge storage capacity are not optimized for each pixel, the stored charge is not optimized and a necessary dynamic range cannot be secured. There is a point.
- Image sensors are required to accurately acquire sensing information with a large dynamic range.
- the dynamic range in normal photographing is 60 to 80 dB, but an extremely high dynamic range of 120 to 150 dB is required in photographing at the exit of a tunnel during backlight or fine weather.
- a typical one is to expand a dynamic range by imaging each frame at two different exposure times described in Patent Document 1 and combining the signals (low illuminance signal and high illuminance signal). It is a method of planning.
- 32A and 32B are diagrams showing signals obtained by the method described in Patent Document 1, FIG. 32A is a signal for a low illuminance frame, and FIG. 32B is a signal for a high illuminance frame.
- FIG. 33 is a diagram showing each frame configuration for low illuminance and high illuminance.
- the period between the reset signals of the photodiodes is the signal charge accumulation time. Since the signal voltage obtained at each pixel is proportional to the product of the illuminance and the signal accumulation time, the dynamic range can be expanded by controlling the signal charge accumulation time. In the conventional image sensor, the control of the signal charge accumulation time is performed on a frame basis. As shown in FIG. 33, a low illuminance frame 110 having a long accumulation time and a high illuminance frame 111 having a short accumulation time are alternately output. Then, an appropriate image is obtained by combining these two frame signals.
- FIG. 34 is a circuit diagram for expanding a dynamic range used in a conventional image sensor.
- FD capacitance normal floating diffusion capacitance
- a large-capacity capacitor 121 of several pF is also provided.
- appropriate reading of a signal is required for selecting a capacitor. Therefore, a frame for low illuminance using the FD capacitor 122 and a frame for high illuminance using the large capacity capacitor 121 are simply used. Are output alternately.
- FIG. 35 is a diagram showing a pixel configuration for expanding a dynamic range used in a conventional image sensor.
- the pixel 130 illustrated in FIG. 35 includes a low-illuminance pixel 131 having a large area and a high-illuminance pixel 132 having a small area.
- the capacity for converting the electric charge into the voltage as necessary is constituted by the small capacity and the large capacity, thereby enabling the output of the signal suitable for the low illuminance signal and the signal suitable for the high illuminance. .
- Patent Document 2 discloses an image sensor capable of selectively performing an electronic shutter operation on an arbitrary-shaped area of a pixel area.
- FIG. 36 is a diagram showing an outline of the image sensor described in Patent Document 2.
- the image sensor 200 shown in FIG. 36 is provided with a charge transfer scanner 201 for taking out signals and an electronic shutter scanner 202 for resetting accumulated charges in the vertical direction.
- a selection scanner 203 is provided.
- a timing signal is input from the timing signal generation circuit 204 to the load transfer scanner 201 and the electronic shutter scanner 202. Then, the logical product of the signal output from the electronic shutter scanner 202 and the external input signal is obtained, and the pixel in the pixel area 205 is selected. Further, the horizontal direction pixel selection scanner 203 selects a pixel in the horizontal direction.
- FIG. 37 is a diagram showing a unit pixel structure of the image sensor 200 shown in FIG.
- the signal of HSEL (m-1) becomes “H”
- the reset transistor Tr of the m-th pixel operates.
- the voltage of floating diffusion node FD rises to the reset level.
- the signal of HSS (m) becomes “H”
- the signal of VSOUT (n) becomes “H” to turn on the transfer control transistor Ty
- the reset level signal of the pixel (n, m) becomes The signal is output to the outside as a signal output and used as a reference signal for CDS (correlation double detection).
- HSEL (m-1) becomes “L” and HSEL (m) becomes “H”.
- VSEL (n) becomes “H” in this state, the transistor Txy is turned on, and the charge accumulated in the photodiode PD is discharged to the floating diffusion node FD through the transistor Tt.
- a signal of the level of the pixel (n, m) buffered by the transistor Ta constituting the source follower is taken out as a signal output to the outside, and is used as a signal of DS (correlation double detection).
- the logical product of the signal of the electronic shutter scanner 202 and the external input signal is obtained, and the signal becomes the signal VSEL (n).
- VSEL (n) For a reset target, VSSEL (n) is "H” and VSOUT (n) is "L”.
- HSEL (m) becomes “H”
- the transistor Txy is turned on when VSEL (n) is “H”
- the charge accumulated in the photodiode PD is transferred to the floating diffusion node FD through the transistor Tt. It is exhaled.
- the method using the circuit shown in FIG. 34 has a problem that it becomes difficult to integrate a capacitor for a high illuminance signal as the pixel is reduced.
- the processing circuit for the pixel signal such as the A / D converter is doubled, and the data output rate from the image sensor is increased. Is doubled, which is not preferable from the viewpoint of high speed and low power consumption. For this reason, when the frames for low illuminance and the frames for high illuminance using a large capacity are alternately output, there is a problem similar to the two methods described above. Further, the method of expanding the dynamic range by the area of the pixel shown in FIG. 35 is also difficult to apply as the pixel is reduced.
- a method of selectively performing an electronic shutter operation on an arbitrary-shaped area of a pixel area involves a method in which a vertical pixel selection signal fluctuates at a high frequency, thereby reducing power consumption and power consumption. This is not preferable in terms of settling and noise.
- the operating frequency of the vertical selection signal VSEL when not modulating with an external input signal is F fl ⁇ N V .
- the maximum operating frequency of the vertical selection signal VSEL when modulated with an external input signal is F fl ⁇ N V ⁇ (N H / 2). Therefore, the maximum operating frequency of the vertical selection signal VSEL when modulated by the external input signal is (N H / 2) times higher.
- each pixel is proportional to the product of the capacitance, the operating frequency, and the square of the voltage amplitude
- thousands of transistors are connected to each vertical selection signal VSEL and swing with an amplitude of about 3 V.
- the power is significantly increased, reaching several thousand times that when no modulation is performed with an external input signal.
- the settling characteristics deteriorate, and the analog characteristics deteriorate due to parasitic capacitance, parasitic inductance, and the like. That is, the method of selectively performing an electronic shutter operation on an arbitrary shape region of a pixel region as in the image sensor described in Patent Document 2 causes a remarkable increase in operating frequency and power consumption, and also causes an increase in analog characteristics. And the image quality deteriorates. This problem becomes more serious as the resolution and frame rate are increased.
- image sensors have been actively used for realizing automatic driving, improving the safety of automobiles, or for face recognition.
- a high number of pixels and a high frame rate are required, but a high dynamic range is required because it is necessary to reliably recognize even backlight or a tunnel exit.
- an object of the present invention is to provide an image sensor capable of obtaining a high dynamic range without lowering the frame rate.
- the structure of the current CMOS image sensor is influenced by the configuration of the television screen, and is configured to regularly and unilaterally capture an image by sequentially scanning pixels, read out the image, and transfer the image.
- control based on a read image is also performed, but control is performed uniformly for all pixels as in control of an average exposure time, and control for each pixel cannot be performed.
- the present inventor has proposed that the CMOS image sensor selects pixels for each row and simultaneously outputs pixel signals and resets the pixel signals to the pixel readout circuits in each column in parallel. It has been found that if column information is given to each pixel when is selected, it is possible to control the accumulated charge for each pixel, and the present invention has been achieved. According to this configuration, it is possible to control the amount of stored charge by changing the charge storage time and the charge storage capacity for each pixel. Therefore, the amount of stored charge is made appropriate according to the luminance of each pixel, and a high dynamic range is obtained. be able to.
- the present inventor has also found that the pixel readout circuit corresponding to each pixel can be controlled for each column. Specifically, by controlling the current consumption in the pixel readout circuit and the resolution of the A / D converter, the power consumption of the pixel readout circuit corresponding to a pixel that does not need to be read can be reduced. Furthermore, by setting the resolution of the A / D converter high when the pixel signal is small and low when the pixel signal is large, it is possible to reduce the power consumption while improving the image quality. Furthermore, since the data rate of pixels that do not need to be read is not transferred, the data rate can be effectively reduced, so that the operation speed of the image processing circuit can be increased and the power consumption including the data transfer circuit can be reduced. Will be possible.
- the image sensor according to the present invention includes a pixel region in which a plurality of pixels each including a sensor element that detects a physical quantity existing in the natural world and converts the physical amount into an electric signal are two-dimensionally arranged in a row direction and a column direction; And a row selection unit that contributes to reading of an electric signal from the pixel and resetting of the stored charge, and reading out an electric signal of each pixel selected by the row selection unit in a column-parallel manner.
- a pixel reading unit; and a column selecting unit that selects a pixel in an arbitrary column from the pixel rows selected by the row selecting unit and controls the amount of accumulated charge of the selected pixel.
- the column selection unit resets, for example, the stored charges for the unselected pixels.
- the pixel has a source connected to a row selection line connected to the row selection unit and used for resetting the stored charge, a gate connected to a column selection line connected to the column selection unit, A MOS transistor having a drain connected to the gate of a transfer transistor for transferring the charge stored in the diode to the capacitor may be provided, and resetting of the stored charge may be controlled by the MOS transistor.
- the column selection unit can transfer the stored charge of the unselected pixel to the capacitor.
- the pixel has a source connected to a row selection line connected to the row selection unit and used for transferring stored charges, a gate connected to a column selection line connected to the column selection unit, A MOS transistor having a drain connected to the gate of a transfer transistor that transfers the accumulated charge of the diode to the capacitor may be provided, and the transfer of the accumulated charge may be controlled by the MOS transistor.
- the column selection unit may control the charge storage amount by changing the charge storage capacity of the selected pixel.
- a first row selection unit and a second row selection unit are provided on a row direction side of the pixel region, and a first column selection unit and a second column selection unit are provided on a column direction side.
- the first row selection unit and the second row selection unit select pixels from an end closer to each row selection unit to a center in the row direction among the pixels in the pixel area
- the first column selection unit may be configured to select a pixel from an end closer to each column selection unit to a center in a column direction among pixels in the pixel region.
- a shift register is provided in the column selection unit, and a pixel control signal input to the column selection unit is transferred in a row direction by the shift register and input to the column selection unit.
- the shift register may be configured to simultaneously output a column selection signal in response to the read timing signal.
- the column selection unit may stop the signal transfer by the shift register.
- the image sensor of the present invention has a pixel control signal generation unit that generates the pixel control signal, and determines whether the previous output signal is equal to or greater than a threshold value or less than a threshold value in the pixel control signal generation unit.
- the image control signal may be generated by writing to the memory in units and reading the determination information from the memory in synchronization with the timing of the next frame.
- the image sensor of the present invention has a pixel control signal generation unit that generates the pixel control signal, and the pixel control signal generation unit determines whether the previous output signal is equal to or greater than a threshold or less than a threshold, and the determination is performed.
- the image control signal can be generated by reading the corrected information from the memory in synchronization with the timing of the next frame.
- Another image sensor includes a pixel region in which a plurality of pixels each including a sensor element that detects a physical quantity existing in the natural world and converts it into an electric signal are two-dimensionally arranged in a row direction and a column direction; Is selected in units of rows, and a row selection unit that contributes to reading of an electronic signal from the pixels and a readout circuit are provided for each pixel column, and an electric signal of each pixel selected by the row selection unit is provided.
- a read control unit for reading the data in a column parallel manner and controlling the read circuit.
- the operation of the readout circuit may be selectively stopped by the readout control unit.
- the resolution of the analog-to-digital converter constituting the readout circuit can be controlled by the readout control unit.
- data transfer from an analog / digital converter included in the readout circuit may be controlled by the readout control unit.
- each pixel is individually controlled so that the accumulated charge of the pixel becomes an appropriate amount, the dynamic range can be greatly expanded without reducing the frame rate.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of the image sensor according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram illustrating a configuration example of a pixel 1 illustrated in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram illustrating another configuration example of the pixel 1 illustrated in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram illustrating a configuration example of a column selection unit 4 illustrated in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a control method of a pixel having the circuit configuration illustrated in FIG. 2.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating operation timing of each row in the image sensor according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a timing chart of signals input to a column selection unit 4 shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a method of controlling pixels when incident light has low illuminance.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating switching of pixels in the image sensor according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a high illuminance region and a low illuminance region of the image sensor according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a reset area of the image sensor according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- 3A and 3B are diagrams illustrating a method of forming a pixel control signal, where A is a block diagram of a logic circuit, and B is a flowchart.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating switching of pixels in the image sensor according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a high illuminance region and a low illuminance region of the image sensor according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an image processing circuit of the image sensor according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a control example in a case where a captured image includes a moving subject.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating another control example when a moving image is included in a captured image.
- 7A to 7E are conceptual diagrams showing a method of detecting a motion from a difference between control information written in a memory.
- FIGS. 3A to 3D are conceptual diagrams illustrating a method of forming motion-compensated pixel control data.
- FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram illustrating a configuration example of a pixel in an image sensor according to a first modification of the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 19 is a diagram illustrating a control method of a pixel having the circuit configuration illustrated in FIG. 18.
- FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an image sensor according to a second modification of the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating a control method of the image sensor illustrated in FIG. 20.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating a signal readout area in the image sensor according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a relationship between a signal voltage and a resolution of an A / D converter.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a relationship between a signal voltage and energy consumption of an A / D converter.
- FIG. 9 is a circuit diagram illustrating a configuration of a pixel and a read control unit of an image sensor according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating selected pixels and their resolutions.
- FIG. 9 is a circuit diagram illustrating a configuration of a read control unit 23 of the image sensor 20 according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram illustrating another configuration of the readout control unit 23 of the image sensor 20 according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a conventional CMOS image sensor.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating a charge accumulation time control method in the conventional CMOS image sensor 100.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a read timing and a reset timing of the conventional CMOS image sensor 100.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing signals acquired by the method described in Patent Document 1, where A is a signal of a low illuminance frame, and B is a signal of a high illuminance frame. It is a figure which shows each frame structure for low illuminance and high illuminance.
- FIG. 9 is a circuit diagram for expanding a dynamic range used in a conventional image sensor.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a pixel configuration for expanding a dynamic range used in a conventional image sensor.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an outline of an image sensor described in Patent Document 2.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating a unit pixel structure of an image sensor described in Patent Document 2.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the configuration of the image sensor according to the present embodiment.
- the image sensor 10 of the present embodiment includes a row selection unit 2, a pixel readout unit 3, and a column selection unit around a pixel region in which a plurality of pixels 1 are two-dimensionally arranged in a row direction and a column direction.
- a unit 4 and a timing generation unit 5 are provided.
- Each pixel 1 in the pixel region includes a sensor element that detects a physical quantity existing in the natural world and converts the physical quantity into an electric signal.
- the physical quantity existing in the natural world refers to visible light, infrared light, ultraviolet light, X-ray, electromagnetic wave, electric field, magnetic field, temperature, pressure, and the like.
- the configuration of the pixel 1 is not particularly limited.
- a configuration using a PIN photodiode and a complete transfer technique can be applied.
- 2 and 3 are circuit diagrams showing a configuration example of the pixel 1 of the image sensor 10 shown in FIG.
- the pixel 1 is configured such that a transistor M1 and a control line CS provided for each column are added to a general pixel, and the charge of the PIN photodiode 11 is transferred to the FD capacitor. 12 may be configured to control the gate of the transistor M2 to be transferred to the T.12. Further, as shown in FIG.
- the pixel 1 is provided with a row selection line SG for resetting the charge stored in the PIN photodiode 11 and the transistor M1, and controls the gate of the transistor M3 for resetting the charge stored in the PIN photodiode 11. It may be configured.
- the row selection unit 2 is connected to a row selection line provided for each pixel row, and selects an arbitrary pixel in a pixel region in units of a row to contribute to reading of an electric signal from the pixel and resetting of accumulated charges. And a row selection circuit is provided for each row.
- the configuration of each row selection circuit of the row selection unit 2 is not particularly limited, and can be the same configuration as a conventional image sensor.
- the pixel readout unit 3 reads out the electric signals of the pixels selected by the row selection unit 2 in a column-parallel manner, and is provided with an analog-to-digital conversion circuit that converts a voltage output from the pixel 1a into a digital value. I have. The signals converted by the analog / digital conversion circuit of the pixel reading unit 3 are sequentially output to the outside.
- FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram showing a configuration example of the column selection unit 4. As shown in FIG. 4, the column selection unit 4 is provided with a plurality of flip-flops (F / F) 31 constituting a shift register operating in synchronization with a clock signal for each pixel column. The (F / F) 31 is connected in series.
- the pixel control signal is input to, for example, the leftmost flip-flop (F / F) 31 in the figure, and is sequentially transferred to the rightmost flip-flop (F / F) 31 in the figure in synchronization with the clock signal.
- the column selection unit 4 is provided with a flip-flop (F / F) 32 serving as a register of each flip-flop (F / F) 31.
- Each flip-flop (F / F) 32 is provided based on a read timing signal. 32, signals for controlling the pixel 1a are output all at once.
- Timing signal generator 5 The timing signal generator 5 generates a timing signal necessary for operation based on a reference clock signal, and outputs various timing signals and clock signals to the row selector 2, the pixel readout unit 3, and the column selector 4. And is composed of a pulse generation circuit and the like.
- the configuration of the pulse generation circuit of the timing signal generator 5 is not particularly limited, and may be the same as that of a conventional image sensor.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a control method when the pixel 1 has the circuit configuration shown in FIG.
- the RST signal which is one of a plurality of signals supplied to the row selection line becomes High (hereinafter, referred to as “H”)
- the node of the FD capacitor 12 is pulled up to VDD.
- the RS signal which is one of the plurality of signals supplied to the row selection line also becomes “H”
- a reset level signal is sent to the pixel readout circuit as a Sig signal.
- CDS correlated double detection
- the RST signal becomes Low (hereinafter, referred to as “L”)
- the TX signal which is one of a plurality of signals supplied to the row selection line, becomes “H” and the PIN photodiode 11 is transferred to the FD capacitor 12.
- the electric charge is converted into a voltage in the FD capacitor 12 and sent to the pixel reading unit 3 as a Sig signal.
- the Sig signal output from the FD capacitor 12 is used as a signal for correlated double detection (CDS), the difference from the signal of the reset level is obtained, and the signal is converted into a digital signal by the analog / digital conversion circuit of the pixel reading unit 3.
- the signals are converted and sequentially output to a signal output terminal.
- the CS signal supplied to the column selection line is “H”, and the transistor M1 is turned on, which is one of a plurality of signals supplied to the row selection line.
- the TX signal becomes “H”
- the transfer of the charge of the PIN photodiode 11 to the FD capacitor 12 is not prevented.
- the RST signal which is one of a plurality of signals supplied to the row selection line of the pixel row for which the charge reset is performed, becomes “H”.
- the CS signal supplied to the column selection line of the pixel for which the charge reset is performed is set to “H”
- the CS signal supplied to the column selection line of the pixel for which the charge reset is not performed is set to “L”.
- the TX signal which is one of a plurality of signals supplied to the row selection line at a slightly delayed timing, is set to “H”.
- the transistor M1 Since the TX signal is connected to the gate of the transistor M2 that transfers the charge of the PIN photodiode 11 via the transistor M1 controlled by the CS signal, the transistor M1 is turned on when the CS signal is "H". Then, the “H” voltage of the TX signal is applied to the gate of the transistor M2, and the transistor M2 is turned on. As a result, the charges stored in the PIN photodiode 11 are reset.
- the transistor M1 is turned off, and the gate voltage of the transistor M2 remains at the voltage ("L") of the TX signal before the CS signal becomes “L”. The state is turned off, and the charge of the PIN photodiode 11 is not reset.
- the transistor M1 by using the transistor M1, the accumulated charge is calculated based on the logical product of the TX signal, which is one of a plurality of signals supplied to the row selection line, and the CS signal supplied to the column selection line. The pixel to be reset is determined.
- the TX signal becomes “L”, and the accumulation of the electric charge of the PIN photodiode 11 is started again by the incident light.
- the RST signal becomes “L”
- the CS signal becomes “H”.
- This charge reset operation is performed in a state where the RS signal is "L”, and the CS signal is always "H” at the time of reading, so that the reading operation is not affected.
- the image sensor 10 of the present embodiment can reset the stored charges only for the necessary pixels by the above-described operation.
- the pixel 1 has the circuit configuration shown in FIG. 3.
- SG which is one of a plurality of signals supplied to the row selection line is selected.
- the signal becomes “H”
- the CS signal is set to “L” at the timing before and after the pixel that is not reset, and the CS signal is set to “H” at the pixel to be reset.
- charge is determined based on the logical product of the SG signal, which is one of a plurality of signals supplied to the row selection line, and the CS signal supplied to the column selection line.
- the pixel to be reset is selected.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the operation timing of each row in the image sensor 10 of the present embodiment.
- L1 to L8 shown in FIG. 6 are pixel row numbers, and the smaller the number is, the higher the pixel column in the figure is.
- the reset and signal readout are sequentially performed from L1 to L8, and the charge accumulation time is controlled by the reset so that the charge reset operation does not affect the signal readout. It has become.
- a clock signal is input to the timing signal generator 5, and a timing signal such as a read timing signal and a DS timing signal required for the operation is generated.
- the timing signal and the clock signal generated by the timing signal generation unit 5 are input to the row selection unit 2, the pixel reading unit 3, and the column selection unit 4.
- the pixel control signal is input to the column selection unit 4 together with the clock signal and the read timing signal. These signals are input to the column selection unit 4 at the timing shown in FIG. 7, for example.
- a TX signal, an RS signal, and an RST signal for sequentially selecting pixels in each row are input to the row selection circuit of the row selection unit 2, and an arbitrary pixel is selected in units of rows based on the signals.
- the pixel control signal is input to the flip-flop 31, which operates in synchronization with the clock signal, and is transferred to the right stage in the figure. Then, after the pixel control signal is distributed to the flip-flops 31 of all columns, the pixel control signal is simultaneously taken into the flip-flop 32 serving as a register of each column at the edge of the read timing signal, and becomes a CS signal supplied to the column selection line. Used for controlling the readout pixel 1a.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating a method of controlling pixels when incident light has low illuminance.
- the image sensor 10 of the present embodiment even if the TX signal for transferring the charge stored in the PIN photodiode 11 is “H”, the CS signal of the pixel control signal is changed to “L”. Accordingly, the charge storage time may be extended without transferring the charge stored in the PIN photodiode 11 to the capacitance. According to this control method, the charge accumulated in the PIN photodiode 11 can be increased, so that high image quality can be ensured even when the incident light has low illuminance.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating switching of pixels in the image sensor 10 according to the present embodiment.
- the image sensor 10 of the present embodiment for example, when the dynamic range of the low illuminance pixel is 80 dB, the charge accumulation time of the high illuminance pixel is reduced by 50 dB, and the charge accumulation time of the high illuminance pixel is reduced by about Reduce to 1/300.
- the entire dynamic range is improved to 130 dB.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a high illuminance region and a low illuminance region
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a reset region.
- the central portion of the pixel region becomes a high illuminance region 1h outside the tunnel, and the periphery thereof becomes a low illuminance region 11 inside the tunnel.
- a more appropriate image signal can be obtained by controlling the corresponding central pixel as the reset target pixel (reset pixel) 1r as shown in FIG.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a method of forming a pixel control signal
- FIG. 12A is a block diagram of a logic circuit
- FIG. 12B is a flowchart.
- the output signal of the image sensor outputs “1” representing a reset region and “0” representing a non-reset region by a threshold processing circuit.
- the pixel control signal first reads the output signal D (i, j) from the image sensor.
- the pixel control signal C (i, j) is read from the pixel control frame memory.
- C (i, j) is “0” or “1”. As a result of the evaluation, when C (i, j) is “0”, D (i, j) is left as it is, and when C (i, j) is “1”, D (i, j) is set. The value obtained by multiplying the gain G is defined as D (i, j). Next, whether D (i, j) is larger or smaller than threshold value VTH is evaluated. As a result of the evaluation, if D (i, j) is larger than the threshold value VTH, a new C (i, j) is set to "1". If D (i, j) is smaller than the threshold value VTH, a new C (i, j) is set.
- C (i, j) is set to “0” and written to the pixel control frame memory.
- This new D (i, j) is output to the image processing circuit. Further, the new C (i, j) becomes a pixel control signal, and is used for controlling the accumulated charge of each pixel of the image sensor.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the operation of the image processing circuit.
- the setting of the control target area can be performed using the image processing circuit 6 having a frame memory as shown in FIG.
- the image processing circuit 6 is provided, for example, outside the image sensor 10 and receives an output signal from the image sensor 10 to generate a pixel control signal.
- This pixel control signal can be generated, for example, based on pixel information of an image or image group one frame or more earlier.
- the image or image group for example, at least one of luminance information, a motion vector, and value information (whether or not worth reading) can be used.
- the pixel control signal generated by the image processing circuit 6 is output to the image sensor 10.
- FIG. 14 and FIG. 15 are diagrams illustrating control examples when a moving subject is included in a captured image.
- the motion vector 52 is extracted by using the immediately preceding frame 51a and the immediately preceding frame 51b, and the like. Using this motion vector 52, it is predicted whether the pixel of the target frame 51 should be a high illuminance pixel or a low illuminance pixel. This allows more accurate control.
- FIG. 15 shows a state in which the car is traveling toward the exit of the tunnel, and the area without hatching in the center is the area corresponding to the exit of the tunnel, which is the area to be a high illuminance pixel.
- a pixel control signal is obtained from the light intensity analysis result and the motion vector 52 obtained using the target frame 53, the previous frame 53a, the previous frame 53b, and the like. decide.
- the image sensor according to the present embodiment solves this problem by using the difference between the previous and next frame memories in which the control signal is stored.
- FIGS. 16A to 16E are conceptual diagrams showing a method of detecting a motion from a difference between pixel control information written in a memory.
- FIG. 16A shows a difference between the (n-1) th frame and the (n) th frame when the reset area moves in the X direction.
- the right side is difference +1
- the center is difference 0
- the left side is difference -1.
- the value of the motion can be determined from the range of the displacement in the X direction in the area of the difference +1 or the difference -1.
- FIG. 16B shows a difference between the (n ⁇ 1) th frame and the (n) th frame when the reset area moves in the Y direction.
- the upper side is difference +1
- the center is difference 0
- the lower side is difference -1.
- the value of the motion can be determined from the range of the displacement in the Y direction in the region of the difference +1 or the difference -1.
- FIG. 16C shows a difference between the (n-1) th frame and the (n) th frame when the reset area moves in an oblique direction.
- the upper side and the right side have a difference of +1
- the center has a difference of
- the lower side and the left side have a difference of ⁇ 1.
- the motion vector value can be determined from the range of the displacement in the X direction and the Y direction in the area of the difference +1 or the difference -1.
- FIG. 16D shows the difference between the (n ⁇ 1) th frame and the (n) th frame when the reset area is extended. In this case, all the differences in the left, right, up and down, that is, in the peripheral portion in the figure are +1. Therefore, the vector value of the motion to be extended can be found from the range of the difference +1 in the X and Y directions.
- FIG. 16E shows a difference between the (n-1) th frame and the (n) th frame when the reset area is contracted. In this case, all the differences in the left, right, up and down, that is, in the peripheral portion in the figure become ⁇ 1. Thus, the vector value of the contracting motion can be found from the range of the difference ⁇ 1 in the X and Y directions.
- a motion vector can be obtained from the difference between the (n-1) th frame and the (n) th frame.
- the amount of calculation is extremely small, and the motion vector of the reset area can be obtained at high speed and with low power.
- 17A to 17D are conceptual diagrams illustrating a method of forming a motion-compensated pixel control signal.
- the (n-1) pixel control frame memory one frame before the current frame (n) is left.
- the pixel control data of the current frame (n) is created by using the method shown in FIG.
- difference data between the data C (n) of the frame (n) and the data C (n-1) of the frame (n-1) is obtained, and the data C (n) of the difference frame is obtained.
- -C (n-1) is created.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and the low illuminance pixel and the high illuminance pixel shown in FIG. When used, either signal output may be selected according to the pixel control signal.
- the image sensor of the present embodiment can set the charge accumulation time of each pixel to be long for low illuminance and short for high illuminance.
- the dynamic range can be greatly expanded without inducing.
- the above-described configuration of the present invention can be used for high dynamic range, high reliability, high speed, low power consumption, low noise, and multiple pixels of an image sensor, and is limited to a visible light image sensor. It is also effective for infrared sensors, terahertz sensors, magnetic sensors, pressure sensors, and the like.
- FIG. 18 is a circuit diagram illustrating a configuration example of a pixel in an image sensor according to a first modification of the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 19 is a diagram illustrating a control method of the pixel having the circuit configuration illustrated in FIG. It is.
- a large-capacity capacitor 13 having a capacity several tens of times that of the normal FD capacitor 12 is provided. It is configured to prevent voltage saturation at the time of high illuminance.
- a transistor M1 is inserted between the reset signal RST and the gate of the MOST transistor M4 for selecting the capacitor 13, and the gate is connected to the pixel control signal CS.
- a capacitor CH for holding the gate voltage for a certain period is connected to the gate of the transistor M4, and the held charge is discharged by the MOS transistor M5.
- FIG. 20 is a block diagram showing a configuration of the image sensor of the present modification
- FIG. 21 is a diagram showing a control method of the image sensor shown in FIG. Since the control line for performing row selection and the control line for performing column selection have large capacities, electric energy is consumed in accordance with the transition of the logic of the control line, and power consumption increases.
- row selection units 2a and 2b are arranged on the left and right sides of the pixel region, and the respective row selection lines make the right side or the left side in the figure from the center of the pixel region. It is configured to handle the part.
- the column selection units 4a and 4b for performing column selection are arranged above and below the pixel region, and each column selection line covers an upper portion or a lower portion of the pixel region from the center of the pixel region.
- the pixel control signal that is serial data has about two control bits before the column control signal. Is preferred.
- a control code indicating which column is selected in the left and right columns or all columns are not selected is generated.
- a corresponding column selection signal is generated and the corresponding column is not selected.
- power consumption can be reduced by stopping data transfer using the shift register.
- FIG. 22 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of the image sensor according to the present embodiment.
- a conventional image sensor has a purpose of faithfully reproducing a captured image, and thus generates an image using signals of all pixels.
- an image sensor for the purpose of object recognition or moving object recognition it is sufficient if only the image information of the part to be recognized is taken into the image processing circuit, and it is not necessary to take the image information of other parts.
- An analog image signal is extracted from each pixel, converted to a digital signal by an A / D converter, and transferred to an image processing circuit, which requires a certain amount of power consumption. Therefore, object recognition is performed using a conventional image sensor. When performing moving object recognition, a lot of useless power is consumed. In recent years, when it is necessary to read only a signal in a moving pixel area, it is increasingly necessary to read only a signal in a pixel area that requires object recognition or moving object recognition.
- a weak signal in a dark scene greatly deteriorates the image quality when the readout noise of the A / D converter is large, and therefore, a high resolution N is required for the A / D converter.
- the power consumption of the A / D converter is proportional to 22N in circuit theory, carelessly performing the A / D converter with a high resolution causes a significant increase in power consumption. For this reason, it is required to optimize the resolution of the A / D converter according to the state of the pixel signal.
- the pixel readout circuit of each column is controlled for each row, and only the pixel readout circuit corresponding to the pixel (readout pixel) 1a selected and read out is operated, and the pixels which are not selected are operated. Control is performed to reduce the power consumption of the corresponding pixel readout circuit as much as possible. This makes it possible to significantly reduce the power consumption of the entire image sensor.
- FIG. 23 is a diagram showing the relationship between the signal voltage and the resolution of the A / D converter.
- FIG. 23 shows the signal levels of the pixels of the CMOS image sensor, shot noise inevitably generated from the conversion of photons to electrons, and the required resolution of the A / D converter of the readout circuit.
- the readout noise of the A / D converter becomes inconspicuous if it is lower than the shot noise. Therefore, in order not to deteriorate the image quality, the readout noise of the A / D converter is about half of the shot noise.
- the resolution of the A / D converter may be set such that
- FIG. 24 is a diagram showing the relationship between the signal voltage and the energy consumption of the A / D converter. As shown in FIG. 24, as the signal level decreases, the resolution of the A / D converter needs to be increased. However, the energy consumption of the A / D converter is proportional to 22N, where N is the resolution. It has been known.
- the resolution of the A / D converter is 14 bits
- the energy consumption is 256 times that of the resolution of 10 bits. From this, it can be seen that there is an optimal resolution for achieving both image quality and low power consumption for each pixel signal level.
- the image quality and the power consumption can be controlled for each pixel and the corresponding pixel readout circuit.
- FIG. 25 is a circuit diagram showing a configuration of a pixel and a pixel readout circuit of the image sensor 20 of the present embodiment.
- a source follower transistor is provided inside the pixel 1, and a current flows through the source follower transistor with a sink current provided for each readout circuit.
- the signal can be read.
- the read voltage is input to one input of a comparator 43, and the other input of the comparator 43 receives a reference voltage whose voltage changes linearly with time.
- a clock pulse having a frequency that is an integral multiple or a fraction of the frequency of the input clock signal is generated and input to the counter 44.
- the counter 44 counts a clock. For example, when the input signal and the reference signal match, a stop signal is generated from the comparator 43 to stop the counter 44, and the count value at that time becomes the A / D conversion output value corresponding to the signal output voltage from the pixel. Is output as
- FIG. 26 is a diagram showing selected pixels and their resolutions. As for the resolution of each selected pixel shown in FIG. 26, the resolution A is 10 bits, the resolution B is 12 bits, and the resolution C is 14 bits.
- a clock input to the counter 44 shown in FIG. 25 may be selected by the clock selection circuit 42 from a group of clocks having various frequencies according to these resolutions.
- ⁇ ⁇ When the resolution is low, a low frequency clock is selected, and when the resolution is high, a high frequency clock is selected.
- a clock having a frequency of 1: 4: 16 is selected according to the resolutions A, B, and C. Since the power consumption of the counter 44 is proportional to the clock frequency, the lower the resolution, the more the power consumption can be reduced. However, since the noise with respect to the signal is lower as the resolution is higher, it is necessary to optimize the signal in consideration of both the demand for the image quality and the demand for the power consumption.
- FIG. 27 is a circuit diagram showing a configuration of the read control unit 23 of the image sensor 20 according to the present embodiment.
- the read circuit control signal is input to a flip-flop (F / F) 31 constituting a shift register synchronized with a clock signal, sequentially transferred to the right side, and simultaneously input to a flip-flop 32 in synchronization with a read timing signal.
- a flip-flop (F / F) 31 constituting a shift register synchronized with a clock signal, sequentially transferred to the right side, and simultaneously input to a flip-flop 32 in synchronization with a read timing signal.
- FIG. 28 is another circuit diagram illustrating the configuration of the read control unit 23 of the image sensor 20 according to the present embodiment.
- the read control unit 23 inputs a data transfer control signal to a flip-flop (F / F) 31 constituting a shift register synchronized with a clock signal, and sequentially transfers the data to the right side in the figure. After that, they are simultaneously input to the flip-flop 32 in synchronization with the read timing signal.
- data transfer from the A / D conversion circuit 33 is controlled by controlling the gate circuit 34.
- the image sensor of the present embodiment controls the pixel readout circuits of each column for each row, operates only the pixel readout circuit corresponding to the pixel selected to be read out (readout pixel), and selects the pixel readout circuit.
- the power consumption of the pixel readout circuit corresponding to the non-existing pixel is reduced as much as possible, it is possible to greatly reduce the power consumption of the entire image sensor.
- the resolution of the A / D converter constituting the readout circuit is changed according to the signal intensity of the pixel, so that the image quality and the power consumption can be optimized. Further, in the image sensor according to the present embodiment, by controlling data transfer from the A / D converter, power consumption caused by data transfer can be reduced.
- a COMS image sensor has been described as an example.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and can be applied to a two-dimensional image sensor for other uses.
- the image sensor includes an infrared sensor, a terahertz sensor, a magnetic sensor, and a pressure sensor.
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Abstract
Description
前記列選択部は、例えば、選択しなかった画素に対して蓄積電荷のリセットを行う。
その場合、前記画素は、前記行選択部に接続され蓄積電荷のリセットに用いられる行選択線にソースが接続されると共に、前記列選択部に接続された列選択線にゲートが接続され、フォトダイオードの蓄積電荷を容量に転送する転送トランジスタのゲートにドレインが接続されたMOSトランジスタを備え、該MOSトランジスタにより前記蓄積電荷のリセットを制御してもよい。
又は、前記列選択部は、選択しなかった画素の蓄積電荷を容量に転送することもできる。
その場合、前記画素は、前記行選択部に接続され蓄積電荷の転送に用いられる行選択線にソースが接続されると共に、前記列選択部に接続された列選択線にゲートが接続され、フォトダイオードの蓄積電荷を容量に転送する転送トランジスタのゲートにドレインが接続されたMOSトランジスタを備え、該MOSトランジスタにより前記蓄積電荷の転送を制御してもよい。
又は、前記列選択部は、選択した画素の電荷蓄積容量を変更することで電荷蓄積量を制御してもよい。
本発明のイメージセンサは、前記画素領域を挟んで行方向側に第1行選択部及び第2行選択部が、列方向側に第1列選択部及び第2列選択部がそれぞれ設けられており、前記第1行選択部及び前記第2行選択部は、前記画素領域の画素のうち各行選択部に近い側の端部から行方向中央までの画素を選択し、前記第1列選択部及び第2列選択部は、前記画素領域の画素のうち各列選択部に近い側の端部から列方向中央までの画素を選択する構成とすることもできる。
本発明のイメージセンサは、前記列選択部にはシフトレジスタが設けられており、前記列選択部に入力された画素制御信号は前記シフトレジスタによって行方向に転送され、前記列選択部に入力された読み込みタイミング信号によって前記シフトレジスタから一斉に列選択信号が出力される構成としてもよい。
その場合、前記列選択部は、全ての列が選択されないことを示す制御コードを有する画素制御信号が入力された場合、前記シフトレジスタによる信号の転送を停止してもよい。
本発明のイメージセンサは、前記画素制御信号を生成する画素制御信号生成部を有し、該画素制御信号生成部において先の出力信号が閾値以上か閾値未満かを判定し、その判定情報をフレーム単位でメモリに書き込み、次のフレームのタイミングに同期して前記判定情報を前記メモリから読出すことにより前記画像制御信号を生成してもよい。
又は、本発明のイメージセンサは、前記画素制御信号を生成する画素制御信号生成部を有し、該画素制御信号生成部では、先の出力信号が閾値以上か閾値未満かを判定し、その判定情報をフレーム単位でメモリに書き込み、前記メモリに書き込まれた連続する2以上のフレームの情報の差分から被写体の動きを予測し、この予測された動きに基づいて補正した情報を前記メモリに書き込み、次のフレームのタイミングに同期して前記補正した情報を前記メモリから読出すことにより前記画像制御信号を生成することもできる。
本発明に係る他のイメージセンサは、自然界に存在する物理量を検出して電気信号に変換するセンサ素子を備える複数の画素が行方向及び列方向に2次元配置された画素領域と、前記画素領域の任意の画素を行単位で選択し、前記画素から電子信号の読出しに寄与する行選択部と、画素列毎に読出回路が設けられ、前記行選択部により選択された各画素の電気信号を列並列に読み出すと共に、前記読出回路を制御する読出し制御部とを有する。
この他のイメージセンサでは、前記読出し制御部により前記読出回路の動作を選択的に停止させてもよい。
又は、前記読出し制御部により前記読出回路を構成するアナログ・デジタル変換器の分解能を制御することもできる。
又は、前記読出し制御部により前記読出回路を構成するアナログ・デジタル変換器からのデータ転送を制御してもよい。
先ず、本発明の第1の実施形態に係るイメージセンサについて説明する。図1は本実施形態のイメージセンサの構成を示すブロック図である。図1に示すように、本実施形態のイメージセンサ10は、複数の画素1が行方向及び列方向に2次元配置された画素領域の周囲に、行選択部2、画素読出し部3、列選択部4及びタイミング発生部5などが設けられている。
画素領域の各画素1は、それぞれ自然界に存在する物理量を検出して電気信号に変換するセンサ素子を備える。ここで、自然界に存在する物理量とは、可視光、赤外光、紫外線、X線、電磁波、電界、磁界、温度、圧力などをいう。
行選択部2は、画素行毎に設けられた行選択線に接続され、画素領域の任意の画素を行単位で選択して、画素からの電気信号の読出しや蓄積電荷のリセットに寄与するものであり、行ごとに行選択回路が設けられている。行選択部2の各行選択回路の構成は、特に限定されるものではなく、従来のイメージセンサと同様の構成とすることができる。
画素読出し部3は、行選択部2により選択された各画素の電気信号を列並列に読み出すものであり、画素1aから出力された電圧をデジタル値に変換するアナログ・デジタル変換回路が設けられている。画素読出し部3のアナログ・デジタル変換回路で変換された信号は、順次外部に出力される。
列選択部4は、画素列毎に設けられた列選択線に接続され、外部から入力される画素制御信号に基づき行選択部2により選択された画素行の中から読出画素1aを選択し、選択された画素1aの蓄積電荷量を個別に制御するものである。図4は列選択部4の構成例を示す回路図である。図4に示すように、列選択部4には、画素列毎にクロック信号に同期して動作するシフトレジスタを構成する複数のフリップフロップ(F/F)31が設けられており、各フリップフロップ(F/F)31は直列に接続されている。
タイミング信号発生部5は、基準となるクロック信号に基づいて動作に必要なタイミング信号を生成し、各種タイミング信号及びクロック信号を行選択部2、画素読み出し部3及び列選択部4に出力するものであり、パルス発生回路などで構成されている。タイミング信号発生部5のパルス発生回路の構成は、特に限定されるものではなく、従来のイメージセンサと同様の構成とすることができる。
次に、図1に示すイメージセンサ10の動作について、各画素の電荷蓄積時間を個別に制御する場合を例に説明する。図5は画素1が図2に示す回路構成を有する場合の制御方法を示す図である。画素1の読み出し動作では、行選択線に供給される複数の信号のうちの1つであるRST信号がHigh(以下、”H”という。)になり、FD容量12のノードをVDDまで引き上げる。このとき、図5に示すように、行選択線に供給される複数の信号のうちの1つであるRS信号も”H”になり、Sig信号として画素読出回路にリセットレベルの信号が送られ、相関二重検出(CDS)用の信号として使用される。
以上の説明では、入射光が高照度の場合の画素の制御方法について述べたが、本実施形態のイメージセンサは、入射光が低照度の場合にも適用することができる。以下、入射光が低照度の場合の画素制御方法について説明する。図8は入射光が低照度の場合の画素の制御方法を示す図である。入射光が低照度の場合は、蓄積される電子数が少ないため、電荷蓄積時間を長く取らないと、信号に対するノイズの比率であるS/N比が低くなり、画質が劣化する。
前述した第1の実施形態では、電荷蓄積時間を変えることで蓄積電荷量を制御してダイナミックレンジを拡大する方法について説明したが、本発明はこれに限定されるものではなく、電荷蓄積容量を変えることにより蓄積電荷量を制御してもよい。図18は本発明の第1の実施形態の第1変形例に係るイメージセンサにおける画素の構成例を示す回路図であり、図19は図18に示す回路構成を有する画素の制御方法を示す図である。
次に、本発明の第1の実施形態の第2変形例に係るイメージセンサについて説明する。図20は本変形例のイメージセンサの構成を示すブロック図であり、図21は図20に示すイメージセンサの制御方法を示す図である。行選択を行う制御線及び列選択を行う制御線は容量が大きいため、制御線の論理の遷移に伴い電気エネルギーを消費し、消費電力が増加する。
次に、本発明の第2の実施形態に係るイメージセンサについて説明する。図22は本実施形態のイメージセンサの構成を示すブロック図である。従来のイメージセンサは、撮像画像を忠実に再生することが目的であったため、全画素の信号を用いて画像を生成していた。一方、物体認識や動体認識を目的としたイメージセンサの場合、認識対象部分の画像情報のみ画像処理回路に取り込めば十分であり、その他の部分の画像情報を取り込む必要は無い。
1a、101a 読出画素
1h 高照度領域
1l 低照度領域
1r、101b リセット画素
2、2a、2b 行選択部
3 画素読出し部
4、4a、4b 列選択部
5 タイミング信号発生部
6 画像処理回路
7r リセット領域
10、20、100、200 イメージセンサ
11、120 フォトダイオード
12、13、121、122 容量
23 読出し制御部
31、32 フリップフロップ
33 アナログ・デジタル変換回路
34 ゲート回路
41 クロック発生回路
42 クロック選択回路
43 比較器
44 カウンタ
51、53 対象フレーム
51a、53a 1つ前のフレーム
51b、53b 2つ前のフレーム
52 動きベクトル
102 行選択回路
103 列読出回路
104、204 タイミング信号発生回路
105 転送回路
110 低照度用フレーム
111 高照度用フレーム
131 低照度用画素
132 高照度用画素
201 電荷転送用スキャナ
202 電子シャッタ用スキャナ
203 水平方向画素選択スキャナ
205 画素領域
M1~M5 トランジスタ
Claims (15)
- 自然界に存在する物理量を検出して電気信号に変換するセンサ素子を備える複数の画素が行方向及び列方向に2次元配置された画素領域と、
前記画素領域の任意の画素を行単位で選択し、前記画素からの電気信号の読出し及び蓄積電荷のリセットに寄与する行選択部と、
前記行選択部により選択された各画素の電気信号を列並列に読み出す画素読出し部と、
前記行選択部により選択された画素行の中から任意の列の画素を選択し、選択された画素の蓄積電荷量を制御する列選択部と
を有するイメージセンサ。 - 前記列選択部は、選択しなかった画素に対して蓄積電荷のリセットを行う請求項1に記載のイメージセンサ。
- 前記画素は、前記行選択部に接続され蓄積電荷のリセットに用いられる行選択線にソースが接続されると共に、前記列選択部に接続された列選択線にゲートが接続され、フォトダイオードの蓄積電荷を容量に転送する転送トランジスタのゲートにドレインが接続されたMOSトランジスタを備え、該MOSトランジスタにより前記蓄積電荷のリセットを制御する請求項2に記載のイメージセンサ。
- 前記列選択部は、選択しなかった画素の蓄積電荷を容量に転送する請求項1に記載のイメージセンサ。
- 前記画素は、前記行選択部に接続され蓄積電荷の転送に用いられる行選択線にソースが接続されると共に、前記列選択部に接続された列選択線にゲートが接続され、フォトダイオードの蓄積電荷を容量に転送する転送トランジスタのゲートにドレインが接続されたMOSトランジスタを備え、該MOSトランジスタにより前記蓄積電荷の転送を制御する請求項4に記載のイメージセンサ。
- 前記列選択部は、選択した画素の電荷蓄積容量を変更することで電荷蓄積量を制御する請求項1に記載のイメージセンサ。
- 前記画素領域を挟んで行方向側に第1行選択部及び第2行選択部が、列方向側に第1列選択部及び第2列選択部がそれぞれ設けられており、
前記第1行選択部及び前記第2行選択部は、前記画素領域の画素のうち各行選択部に近い側の端部から行方向中央までの画素を選択し、
前記第1列選択部及び第2列選択部は、前記画素領域の画素のうち各列選択部に近い側の端部から列方向中央までの画素を選択する請求項1に記載のイメージセンサ。 - 前記列選択部にはシフトレジスタが設けられており、前記列選択部に入力された画素制御信号は前記シフトレジスタによって行方向に転送され、前記列選択部に入力された読み込みタイミング信号によって前記シフトレジスタから一斉に列選択信号が出力される請求項1に記載のイメージセンサ。
- 前記列選択部は、全ての列が選択されないことを示す制御コードを有する画素制御信号が入力された場合は、前記シフトレジスタによる信号の転送を停止する請求項8に記載のイメージセンサ。
- 前記画素制御信号を生成する画素制御信号生成部を有し、
該画素制御信号生成部では、先の出力信号が閾値以上か閾値未満かを判定し、その判定情報をフレーム単位でメモリに書き込み、次のフレームのタイミングに同期して前記判定情報を前記メモリから読出すことにより前記画像制御信号を生成する請求項8に記載のイメージセンサ。 - 前記画素制御信号を生成する画素制御信号生成部を有し、
該画素制御信号生成部では、先の出力信号が閾値以上か閾値未満かを判定し、その判定情報をフレーム単位でメモリに書き込み、前記メモリに書き込まれた連続する2以上のフレームの情報の差分から被写体の動きを予測し、この予測された動きに基づいて補正した情報を前記メモリに書き込み、次のフレームのタイミングに同期して前記補正した情報を前記メモリから読出すことにより前記画像制御信号を生成する請求項8に記載のイメージセンサ。 - 自然界に存在する物理量を検出して電気信号に変換するセンサ素子を備える複数の画素が行方向及び列方向に2次元配置された画素領域と、
前記画素領域の任意の画素を行単位で選択し、前記画素からの電子信号の読出しに寄与する行選択部と、
画素列毎に読出回路が設けられ、前記行選択部により選択された各画素の電気信号を列並列に読み出すと共に、前記読出回路を制御する読出し制御部と、
を有するイメージセンサ。 - 前記読出し制御部は、前記読出回路の動作を選択的に停止させる請求項12に記載のイメージセンサ。
- 前記読出し制御部は、前記読出回路を構成するアナログ・デジタル変換器の分解能を制御する請求項12に記載のイメージセンサ。
- 前記読出し制御部は、前記読出回路を構成するアナログ・デジタル変換器からのデータ転送を制御する請求項12に記載のイメージセンサ。
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