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WO2020061116A1 - Farnesoid x receptor agonists and uses thereof - Google Patents

Farnesoid x receptor agonists and uses thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020061116A1
WO2020061116A1 PCT/US2019/051606 US2019051606W WO2020061116A1 WO 2020061116 A1 WO2020061116 A1 WO 2020061116A1 US 2019051606 W US2019051606 W US 2019051606W WO 2020061116 A1 WO2020061116 A1 WO 2020061116A1
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Prior art keywords
alkyl
compound
solvate
pharmaceutically acceptable
acceptable salt
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2019/051606
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Nicholas D. Smith
Steven P. Govek
Johnny Y. Nagasawa
Andiliy G. Lai
Karensa L. DOUGLAS
Original Assignee
Metacrine, Inc.
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Publication of WO2020061116A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020061116A1/en

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    • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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    • C07D491/10—Spiro-condensed systems
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Definitions

  • Described herein are compounds that are famesoid X receptor agonists, methods of making such compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments comprising such compounds, and methods of using such compounds in the treatment of conditions, diseases, or disorders associated with farnesoid X receptor activity.
  • Farnesoid X receptor is a nuclear receptor highly expressed in the liver, intestine, kidney, adrenal glands, and adipose tissue. FXR regulates a wide variety of target genes involved in the control of bile acid synthesis and transport, lipid metabolism, and glucose homeostasis. FXR agonism is a treatment modality for many metabolic disorders, liver diseases or conditions, inflammatory conditions, gastrointestinal diseases, or cell proliferation diseases.
  • ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; or ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or triazinyl;
  • ring A is phenyl
  • X 1 , X 5 , X 6 , and X 7 are each independently CR 7 or N; wherein at least one of X 1 , X 5 , X 6 , and X 7 are CR 7 ;
  • X 2 is CR 2 or N
  • R 1 and R 2 are taken together with the intervening atoms to form a fused 5- or 6- membered ring with 0-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring, wherein the fused 5- or 6-membered ring is optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-C 4 alkyl;
  • X 3 is CR 3 or N
  • each X 4 is independently CH, CF, or N;
  • R 4 is H, F, or -C3 ⁇ 4;
  • R 5 is H, F, or -C3 ⁇ 4;
  • R 4 and R 5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH 2 - or -CH 2 CH 2 -;
  • each R 6 is independently H, F, -OH, or -CH 3 ;
  • each R 7 is independently selected from H, halogen, -CN, -OH, Ci-C alkyl, C 2 -
  • L is absent, -Y 2 -L'-, -L'-Y 2 -, cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene, or bicyclo[ 1.1.1 Jpentylene;
  • L 1 is absent or Ci-C 4 alkylene
  • R 8 is H, -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , Ci-C 4 alkoxy, Ci-C 3 fluoroalkyl,
  • R 9 is H, F, or -CH 3 ;
  • R 11 is H, F, or -CH 3 ;
  • R 9 and R 11 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH 2 - or -CH 2 CH 2 -;
  • R 12 is a monocyclic C 2 -C5heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or two oxo groups, or a C -C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl;
  • R 13 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 12 andR 13 are taken together to form a C -G spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, and G- C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 15 is Ci-C alkyl or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C alkyl or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl is
  • Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci- C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 16 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 15 andR 16 are taken together to form a C 2 -C 6 heterocycloalkyl optionally
  • each R 17 is independently H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • n 0, 1, or 2;
  • n 0, 1, or 2;
  • p 2 or 3
  • q 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X 1 and X 7 are N, and X 5 and X 6 are CH.
  • described herein are famesoid X receptor agonists and uses thereof.
  • described herein is a compound of Formula (I), or a
  • ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl;
  • ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,
  • ring A is phenyl
  • X 1 is CH or N
  • Ci-C 4 alkyl C 2 - C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkoxy, Ci- C 4 heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C 2 -C5heterocycloalkyl;
  • X 2 is CR 2 or N;
  • R 1 and R 2 are taken together with the intervening atoms to form a fused 5- or 6- membered ring with 0-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring, wherein the fused 5- or 6-membered ring is optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-C 4 alkyl;
  • X 3 is CR 3 or N
  • each X 4 is independently CH or N;
  • R 4 is H, F, or -C3 ⁇ 4;
  • R 5 is H, F, or -C3 ⁇ 4;
  • R 4 and R 5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH 2 - or -CH 2 CH 2 -;
  • each R 6 is independently H, F, -OH, or -CH 3 ;
  • R 7 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, Ci-C alkyl, C 2 -C alkenyl, C 2 -C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C 4 heteroalkyl;
  • L is absent, -Y 2 -L'-, -L'-Y 2 -, cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene, or
  • L 1 is absent or Ci-C alkylene;
  • R 11 is H, F, or -C3 ⁇ 4;
  • R 9 and R 11 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH 2 - or -CH 2 CH 2 -;
  • R 12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C4-C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl;
  • R 13 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 12 andR 13 are taken together to form a C 5 -C 9 spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, and Ci- C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 14a is selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, -C0 2 H, -C0 2 (Ci-C 4 alkyl), and Ci- C 6 fluoroalkyl;
  • R 15 is Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl is
  • Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci- C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 16 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 15 andR 16 are taken together to form a C 2 -C 6 heterocycloalkyl optionally
  • n 0, 1, or 2;
  • n 0, 1, or 2;
  • p 2 or 3
  • q 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), or (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 9 is H. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), or (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 7 is H. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), or (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein m is 0. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), or (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X 1 is N. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), or (I), or a
  • X 1 is CH.
  • R 13 is H.
  • R 12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C4-C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • I n some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 12 is a tetrahydropyran ring optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • R 12 is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 12 is .
  • R 12 is C4-C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • R 12 is C4-C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • R 12 is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 12 is
  • R 12 and R 13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted C 5 -C 9 spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N.
  • R 12 and R 13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted C 5 -C 9 spirocyclic ring having
  • some embodiments is a compound of
  • Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 10 is -0C( 0)R 14 .
  • R 14 is I— I .
  • R 14 is I— I .
  • R 14 is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 14 is .
  • each R 14b is independently selected from -OH, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • R 14 is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 14 is
  • R 14 is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each R 14C is independently selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • R 16 is H.
  • R 15 is Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • R 15 is Ci-C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • R 15 and R 16 are taken together to form a C 2 -C 6 heterocydoalkyl optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci- C 6 fluoroalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and -C0 2 R 17 .
  • some embodiments is a compound of Formula (G), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein 0 ' is .
  • R 8 is C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
  • R 2 is Ci-C 4 alkyl.
  • R 1 is Ci-C 4 alkyl or Ci-C alkoxy.
  • R 1 is Ci-C 4 alkoxy.
  • R 1 is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is -OCH 3.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for administration to a mammal by intravenous administration, subcutaneous administration, oral administration, inhalation, nasal administration, dermal administration, or ophthalmic administration.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for administration to a mammal by intravenous administration, subcutaneous administration, or oral administration.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for administration to a mammal by intravenous administration, subcutaneous administration, or oral administration.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for administration to a mammal by oral administration.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a tablet, a pill, a capsule, a liquid, a suspension, a gel, a dispersion, a solution, an emulsion, an ointment, or a lotion.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a tablet, a pill, or a capsule.
  • described herein is a method of treating a disease or condition in a mammal that would benefit from FXR agonism comprising administering a compound as described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, to the mammal in need thereof.
  • the disease or condition is a metabolic condition.
  • the disease or condition is a liver condition.
  • the compound is administered to the mammal by intravenous administration, subcutaneous administration, oral administration, inhalation, nasal administration, dermal administration, or ophthalmic administration.
  • described herein is a method of treating or preventing any one of the diseases or conditions described herein comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, to a mammal in need thereof.
  • described herein is a method for the treatment or prevention of a metabolic or liver condition in a mammal comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, to the mammal in need thereof.
  • the metabolic or liver condition is amenable to treatment with an FXR agonist.
  • the method further comprises administering a second therapeutic agent to the mammal in addition to the compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • a method of treating or preventing a liver disease or condition in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the liver disease or condition is an alcoholic or non alcoholic liver disease.
  • the liver disease or condition is primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, cholestasis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
  • the alcoholic liver disease or condition is fatty liver (steatosis), cirrhosis, or alcoholic hepatitis.
  • the non-alcoholic liver disease or condition is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
  • the non-alcoholic liver disease or condition is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
  • the non alcoholic liver disease or condition is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and is
  • the non-alcoholic liver disease or condition is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) without liver fibrosis.
  • NASH nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
  • the non-alcoholic liver disease or condition is intrahepatic cholestasis or extrahepatic cholestasis.
  • a method of treating or preventing a liver fibrosis in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal a compound of Formula (F), (la’),
  • the mammal is diagnosed with hepatitis C virus (HCV), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), cirrhosis, Wilson's disease, hepatitis B virus (HBV), HIV associated steatohepatitis and cirrhosis, chronic viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), or biliary cirrhosis.
  • the mammal is diagnosed with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
  • a method of treating or preventing a liver inflammation in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal a compound of Formula (G), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the mammal is diagnosed with hepatitis C virus (HCV), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), cirrhosis, Wilson's disease, hepatitis B virus (HBV), HIV associated steatohepatitis and cirrhosis, chronic viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), or biliary cirrhosis.
  • the mammal is diagnosed with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
  • the liver inflammation is associated with inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract.
  • the mammal is diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease.
  • gastrointestinal disease or condition in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the gastrointestinal disease or condition is necrotizing enterocolitis, gastritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease,
  • the gastrointestinal disease is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D), irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C), mixed IBS (IBS-M), unsubtyped IBS (IBS-U), or bile acid diarrhea (BAD).
  • IBS irritable bowel syndrome
  • IBS-D irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea
  • IBS-C irritable bowel syndrome with constipation
  • IBS-M mixed IBS
  • IBS-U unsubtyped IBS
  • BAD bile acid diarrhea
  • described herein is a method of treating or preventing a disease or condition in a mammal that would benefit from treatment with an FXR agonist, comprising administering to the mammal a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the methods described herein further comprise administering at least one additional therapeutic agent in addition to the compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the effective amount of the compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is: (a) systemically administered to the mammal; and/or (b) administered orally to the mammal; and/or (c) intravenously administered to the mammal; and/or (d) administered by inhalation; and/or (e) administered by nasal administration; or and/or (f) administered by injection to the mammal; and/or (g) administered topically to the mammal; and/or (h) administered by ophthalmic administration; and/or (i) administered rectally to the mammal; and/or (j) administered non-systemically or locally to the mammal.
  • any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments comprising single administrations of the effective amount of the compound, including further embodiments in which the compound is administered once a day to the mammal or the compound is administered to the mammal multiple times over the span of one day.
  • the compound is administered on a continuous dosing schedule.
  • the compound is administered on a continuous daily dosing schedule.
  • any of the aforementioned aspects involving the treatment of a disease or condition are further embodiments comprising administering at least one additional agent in addition to the administration of a compound of Formula (I) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • each agent is administered in any order, including simultaneously.
  • the mammal or subject is a human.
  • compounds provided herein are administered to a human.
  • compounds provided herein are orally administered.
  • described herein is a method of treating or preventing a metabolic disorder in a subject, comprising: administering to a gastrointestinal tract of the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, thereby activating farnesoid X receptors (FXR) in the intestines, and treating or preventing a metabolic disorder in the subject.
  • FXR farnesoid X receptors
  • the compound’s absorption is preferentially restricted to within the intestines.
  • the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines while not substantially enhancing FXR target gene expression in the liver or kidney.
  • the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines while minimizing systemic plasma levels of the delivered compound. In some embodiments, the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines and the liver while minimizing systemic plasma levels of the delivered compound. In some embodiments, the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines while not substantially enhancing FXR target gene expression in the liver or kidney, and while minimizing systemic plasma levels. In some embodiments, the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines and the liver and provides sustained systemic plasma levels of the delivered compound. In some embodiments, the method reduces or prevents diet-induced weight gain. In some embodiments, the method increases a metabolic rate in the subject. In some embodiments, the increasing the metabolic rate comprises enhancing oxidative phosphorylation in the subject.
  • the method further comprises improving glucose and/or lipid homeostasis in the subject. In some embodiments, the method results in no substantial change in food intake and/or fat consumption in the subject. In some embodiments, the method results in no substantial change in appetite in the subject.
  • the metabolic disorder is selected from obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the metabolic disorder is non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. In some embodiments, the method protects against diet-induced weight gain, reduces inflammation, enhances thermogenesis, enhances insulin sensitivity in the liver, reduces hepatic steatosis, promotes activation of BAT, decreases blood glucose, increases weight loss, or any combination thereof.
  • the method enhances insulin sensitivity in the liver and promotes brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation.
  • the method further comprises administering to the subject an insulin sensitizing drug, an insulin secretagogue, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, a glucagon-like peptide (GLP) agonist, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, nicotinamide
  • ribonucleoside an analog of nicotinamide ribonucleoside, or combinations thereof.
  • described herein is a method of treating or preventing inflammation in an intestinal region of a subject, comprising: administering to a
  • the gastrointestinal tract of the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, thereby activating FXR receptors in the intestines, and thereby treating or preventing inflammation in the intestinal region of the subject.
  • the compound’s absorption is preferentially restricted to within the intestines.
  • the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines while not substantially enhancing FXR target gene expression in the liver or kidney.
  • the inflammation is associated with a clinical condition selected from necrotizing enterocolitis, gastritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, gastroenteritis, radiation induced enteritis, pseudomembranous colitis,
  • the one or more FXR target genes comprises IBABP, OSTa, Perl, FGF15, FGF19, SHP or combinations thereof.
  • the method further comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of an antibiotic therapy to the subject, wherein the method treats or prevents inflammation associated with pseudomembranous colitis in the subject.
  • the method further comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an oral corticosteroid, other anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory therapy, nicotinamide ribonucleoside, an analog of nicotinamide rib onucleo side, or combinations thereof.
  • the method increases HSL phosphorylation and b3 -adrenergic receptor expression.
  • a serum concentration of the compound in the subject remains below its EC50 following administration of the compound.
  • described herein is a method of treating or preventing a cell proliferation disease in a subject, comprising administering to a gastrointestinal tract of the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the cell proliferation disease is an adenocarcinoma.
  • the adenocarcinoma is a colon cancer.
  • the treating the adenocarcinoma reduces the size of the adenocarcinoma, the volume of the adenocarcinoma, the number of adenocarcinomas, cachexia due to the adenocarcinoma, delays progression of the adenocarcinoma, increases survival of the subject, or combinations thereof.
  • the method further comprises administering to the subject an additional therapeutic compound selected from the group consisting of a chemotherapeutic, a biologic, a radiotherapeutic, or combinations thereof.
  • liver disease or condition in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the liver disease or condition is an alcoholic or non-alcoholic liver disease.
  • the liver disease or condition is primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, cholestasis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
  • the alcoholic liver disease or condition is fatty liver (steatosis), cirrhosis, or alcoholic hepatitis.
  • the non-alcoholic liver disease or condition is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
  • the non-alcoholic liver disease or condition is intrahepatic cholestasis or extrahepatic cholestasis.
  • Articles of manufacture which include packaging material, a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, within the packaging material, and a label that indicates that the compound or composition, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically active metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or
  • the nuclear hormone receptor farnesoid X receptor (also known as FXR or nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4 (NR1H4)) (OMIM: 603826) functions as a regulator for bile acid metabolism.
  • FXR is a ligand-activated transcriptional receptor expressed in diverse tissues including the adrenal gland, kidney, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, gall bladder, liver, macrophages, and white and brown adipose tissue.
  • FXRs are highly expressed in tissues that participate in bile acid metabolism such as the liver, intestines, and kidneys.
  • Bile acids function as endogenous ligands for FXR such that enteric and systemic release of bile acids induces FXR-directed changes in gene expression networks.
  • Bile acids are the primary oxidation product of cholesterol, and in some cases, upon secretion into the intestines, are regulators of cholesterol absorption.
  • the rate-limiting step for conversion of cholesterol into bile acids is catalyzed by cytochrome p450 enzyme cholesterol 7-a-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and occurs in the liver.
  • CYP8B1 mediates production of cholic acid and determines the relative amounts of the two primary bile acids, cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid.
  • Activation of FXR can represses the transcription of CYP7A1 and CYP8B1 by increasing the expression level of the hepatic small heterodimer partner (SHP) (also known as nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 2; or NR0B2) and intestinal expression of fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) in mice and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) in human.
  • SHP hepatic small heterodimer partner
  • FGF15 fibroblast growth factor 15
  • FGF19 fibroblast growth factor 19
  • CYP8B1 repression by FXR can be species-specific and FXR activation may in some cases increase CYP8B1 expression in humans (Sanyal et al PNAS , 2007, 104, 15665).
  • FGF15/19 released from the intestine then activates the fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 in the liver, leading to activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway which suppress CYP7A1 and CYP8B1.
  • MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase
  • elevated levels of bile acids have been associated with insulin resistance.
  • insulin resistance sometimes leads to a decreased uptake of glucose from the blood and increased de novo glucose production in the liver.
  • intestinal sequestration of bile acids has been shown to improve insulin resistance by promoting the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-l (GLP1) from intestinal L-cells.
  • GLP-l is an incretin derived from the transcription product of the proglucagon gene. It is released in response to the intake of food and exerts control in appetite and gastrointestinal function and promotes insulin secretion from the pancreas.
  • GLP-l The biologically active forms of GLP-l include GLP-l-(7-37) and GLP-l -(7-36)NH 2 , which result from selective cleavage of the proglucagon molecule. In such cases, activation of FXR leading to decreased production of bile acids correlates to a decrease in insulin resistance.
  • the activation of FXR also correlates to the secretion of pancreatic polypeptide-fold such as peptide YY (PYY or PYY3-36).
  • peptide YY is a gut hormone peptide that modulates neuronal activity within the
  • hypothalamic and brainstem regions of the brain involved in reward processing.
  • reduced level of PYY correlates to increased appetite and weight gain.
  • the activation of FXR indirectly leads to a reduction of plasma triglycerides.
  • the clearance of triglycerides from the bloodstream is due to lipoprotein lipase (LPL).
  • LPL activity is enhanced by the induction of its activator apolipoprotein CII, and the repression of its inhibitor apolipoprotein CIII in the liver occurs upon FXR activation.
  • the activation of FXR further modulates energy expenditure such as adipocyte differentiation and function.
  • Adipose tissue comprises adipocytes or fat cells.
  • adipocytes are further differentiated into brown adipose tissue (BAT) or white adipose tissue (WAT).
  • BAT brown adipose tissue
  • WAT white adipose tissue
  • FXR is widely expressed in the intestine.
  • the activation of FXR has been shown to induce the expression and secretion of FGF19 (or FGF15 in mouse) in the intestine.
  • FGF19 is a hormone that regulates bile acid synthesis as well as exerts an effect on glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and on energy expenditure.
  • FGF19 has also been observed to modulate adipocyte function and differentiation.
  • intestinal FXR activity has also been shown to be involved in reducing overgrowth of the microbiome, such as during feeding (Li et al, Nat Commun 4:2384, 2013).
  • activation of FXR correlated with increased expression of several genes in the ileum such as Ang2 , iNos, and 1118 , which have established antimicrobial actions (Inagaki et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:3920-3925, 2006).
  • FXR has been implicated in barrier function and immune modulation in the intestine.
  • FXR modulates transcription of genes involved in bile salt synthesis, transport and metabolism in the liver and intestine, and in some cases has been shown to lead to improvements in intestinal inflammation and prevention of bacterial translocation into the intestinal tract (Gadaleta et al., Gut. 2011 Apr; 60(4):463 ⁇ 72).
  • FXR modulates transcription of genes involved in bile salt synthesis, transport and metabolism in the liver and intestine, and in some cases may lead to improvements in diarrhea Camilleri, Gut Liver. 2015 May; 9(3): 332 339.
  • G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (also known as GPBAR2, GPCR19, membrane-type receptor for bile acids or M-BAR, or TGR5) is a cell surface receptor for bile acids.
  • TGR5 Upon activation with bile acid, TGR5 induces the production of intracellular cAMP, which then triggers an increase in triiodothyronine due to the activation of deiodinase (DI02) in BAT, resulting in increased energy expenditure.
  • DI02 deiodinase
  • regulation of metabolic processes such as bile acid synthesis, bile-acid circulation, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, or insulin sensitivity is modulated by the activation of FXR.
  • dis-regulation of metabolic processes such as bile acid synthesis, bile-acid circulation, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, or insulin sensitivity results in metabolic diseases such as diabetes or diabetes-related conditions or disorders, alcoholic or non-alcoholic liver disease or condition, intestinal inflammation, or cell proliferative disorders.
  • FXR agonists compounds that have activity as FXR agonists.
  • the FXR agonists described herein are structurally distinct from bile acids, other synthetic FXR ligands, and other natural FXR ligands.
  • a metabolic disorder such as diabetes, obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, or insulin resistance
  • methods of treating or preventing a metabolic disorder such as diabetes, obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, or insulin resistance by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FXR agonist.
  • the compounds are administered to the GI tract of a subject.
  • alcoholic or non-alcoholic liver disease or conditions e.g ., cholestasis, primary biliary cirrhosis, steatosis, cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), or elevated liver enzymes
  • a therapeutically effective amount of an FXR agonist e.g., via the GI tract.
  • disclosed herein include methods for treating or preventing cholestasis, cirrhosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, non alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), or primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FXR agonist to a subject in need thereof.
  • methods for treating or preventing cholestasis by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FXR agonist to a subject in need thereof.
  • disclosed herein include methods for treating or preventing primary biliary cirrhosis by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FXR agonist to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, disclosed herein include methods for treating or preventing NASH by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FXR agonist to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, disclosed herein include methods for treating or preventing NAFLD by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FXR agonist to a subject in need thereof.
  • disclosed herein include methods for treating or preventing inflammation in the intestines and/or a cell proliferative disorder, such as cancer, by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FXR agonist to a subject in need thereof ( e.g ., via the GI tract).
  • FXR agonists that modulate one or more of the proteins or genes associated with a metabolic process such as bile acid synthesis, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, or insulin sensitivity, such as for example, increase in the activity of FGF19 (FGF15 in mouse), increase in the secretion of GLP-l, or increase in the secretion of PYY.
  • GI gastrointestinal
  • the disclosed compounds demonstrate systemic exposure.
  • the disclosed compounds have local exposure in the intestines, but limited exposure in the liver or systemically.
  • local exposure of the disclosed compounds in the intestines maybe demonstrated by regulation of FXR target genes in the intestines.
  • the target genes may include: SHP, FGF19 (FGF15), IBABP, C3, OST a/b.
  • exposure of the disclosed compounds is about 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%, or more in the intestines.
  • exposure of the disclosed compounds is about 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, or less in the systemic circulation.
  • the exposure of the FXR agonists in the intestinal lumen reduces the chance of side effects which results from systemic action, thereby improving the safety profile of the therapy.
  • the disclosed compounds enhance FXR target gene expression in the intestines.
  • the disclosed compounds further modulate gene expressions in the FXR-mediated pathway, such as for example, FGF19 (FGF15) which inhibits CYP7A1 and CYP8B1 gene expression in the liver. In some instances, the disclosed compounds enhance gene expression in the FXR-mediated pathway.
  • the disclosed compounds reduce or inhibit gene expression in the FXR- mediated pathway.
  • enhancing is about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 200%, 300%, 500%, 1,000%, 5,000%, 10,000%, 50,000%, 100,000%, 500,000%, or higher in gene expression in the intestines, liver, kidney, or other tissues relative to the gene expression in the absence of the disclosed compound.
  • reducing is about 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 1%, or less in gene expression in the intestines, liver, kidney, or other tissues relative to the gene expression in the absence of the disclosed compound.
  • the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines while minimizing systemic plasma levels of the delivered compound. In some embodiments, the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines and the liver while minimizing systemic plasma levels of the delivered compound. In some embodiments, the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines while not substantially enhancing FXR target gene expression in the liver or kidney, and while minimizing systemic plasma levels. In some embodiments, the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines and the liver and provides sustained systemic plasma levels of the delivered compound.
  • metabolic disorder refers to any disorder that involves an alteration in the normal metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids or a combination thereof.
  • a metabolic disorder is associated with either a deficiency or excess in a metabolic pathway resulting in an imbalance in metabolism of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and/or carbohydrates.
  • Factors affecting metabolism include, but are not limited to, the endocrine (hormonal) control system (e.g ., the insulin pathway, the enteroendocrine hormones including GLP-l, oxyntomodulin, PYY or the like), or the neural control system (e.g., GLP-l in the brain).
  • Exemplary metabolic disorders include, but are not limited to, diabetes, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, liver disease, inflammation related intestinal conditions, cell proliferative disorders, or the like.
  • diabetes is type II diabetes or non-insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).
  • NIDDM non-insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus
  • diabetes-related conditions or disorders include obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance.
  • diabetes-related conditions or disorders further include secondary
  • an FXR agonist is administered for the treatment of type II diabetes, obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, or secondary complications such as atherosclerosis, stroke, fatty liver disease, blindness, gallbladder disease, or polycystic ovary disease.
  • a diabetic subject e.g ., a type II diabetic subject
  • a body mass index (BMI) of 25 or greater, 30 or greater, 35 or greater, 40 or greater, such as a BMI of 25 to 29, 30 to 34, or 35 to 40.
  • an FXR agonist described herein reduces or prevents weight gain in a subject.
  • the weight gain is diet-induced weight gain.
  • the weight gain is non-diet-related, such as familial/genetic obesity or obesity resulting from medication.
  • such methods reduce or prevent weight gain in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • weight gain is reduced or prevented by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the reduction or prevention of weight gain is relative to the reduction or prevention of weight gain observed in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • the FXR agonist reduces the BMI of a subject.
  • such methods reduce the BMI of a subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, or more, relative to a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • the subject is overweight but not obese. In other instances, the subject is neither overweight nor obese.
  • administering results in a decrease in the amount of serum lipids.
  • the decrease in the amount of serum lipids is by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, or more.
  • the decrease in the amount of serum lipids is by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, by about 10% to about 70%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the decrease in the amount of serum lipids is relative to the amount of serum lipids observed in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • administering results in a decrease in triglyceride (e.g., hepatic triglyceride) level.
  • the decrease in triglyceride (e.g., hepatic triglyceride) level is by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, or more.
  • the decrease in triglyceride (e.g, hepatic triglyceride) level is by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, by about 10% to about 70%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the decrease in triglyceride (e.g, hepatic triglyceride) level is by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, or more.
  • triglyceride level is relative to the triglyceride (e.g, hepatic triglyceride) level observed in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • administering results in an increased insulin sensitivity to insulin in the liver.
  • the increase in insulin sensitivity is by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • the increase in insulin sensitivity is by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the increase in insulin sensitivity is relative to sensitivity observed in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • administering results in a decrease in the amount of serum insulin in the subject.
  • the decrease in serum insulin is by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, or more.
  • serum insulin is decreased by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, by about 10% to about 70%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the decrease in serum insulin level is relative to levels observed in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • administering results in a decrease in the amount of serum glucose in the subject.
  • the decrease in serum glucose is by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, or more.
  • serum glucose is decreased by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, by about 10% to about 70%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the decrease in serum glucose level is relative to levels observed in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • an FXR agonist described herein increases browning of white adipose tissue in a subject.
  • the rate of increase of browning of white adipose tissue in the subject is by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more, relative to a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • administration of an FXR agonist does not result in substantial change in food intake and/or fat consumption in the subject.
  • food intake and/or fat consumption is reduced, such as by less than 15%, less than 10%, or less than 5%.
  • no substantial change in appetite in the subject results.
  • reduction in appetite is minimal as reported by the subject.
  • administering results in an increase in the metabolic rate in the subject.
  • the FXR agonist increases the metabolic rate in a subject.
  • the metabolic rate in the subject is increased by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, or more.
  • the metabolic rate is increased by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, by about 10% to about 70%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the increase in metabolic rate is relative to the rate observed in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • the increase in metabolism results from enhanced oxidative phosphorylation in the subject, which in turn leads to increased energy expenditure in tissues (such as BAT).
  • the FXR agonist helps to increase the activity of BAT.
  • the activity of BAT is increased by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, or more.
  • the activity of BAT is increased by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, by about 10% to about 70%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the increase in BAT activity is relative to the activity of BAT observed in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • alcoholic or non-alcoholic liver diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to cholestasis, cirrhosis, steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), elevated liver enzymes, and elevated triglyceride levels.
  • an FXR agonist is used in the prevention or treatment of alcoholic or non-alcoholic liver diseases.
  • an FXR agonist is used in the prevention or treatment of cholestasis, cirrhosis, steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, non-alcoholic
  • NASH non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
  • PSC primary sclerosing cholangitis
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of cholestasis in a subject.
  • Cholestasis is an impairment or cessation in the flow of bile, which in some cases, causes hepatotoxicity due to the buildup of bile acids and other toxins in the liver.
  • cholestasis is a component of many liver diseases, including cholelithiasis, cholestasis of pregnancy, primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).
  • the obstruction is due to gallstone, biliary trauma, drugs, one or more additional liver diseases, or to cancer.
  • the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids enables the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the intestine and allows the elimination of cholesterol, toxins, and metabolic by- products such as bilirubin from the liver.
  • activation of FXR induces expression of the canalicular bile transporters BSEP (ABCB11) and multidrug resistance- related protein 2 (MRP2; ABCC2, cMOAT), and represses genes involved in bile acid biosynthesis, such as for example sterol l2a-hydroxylase (CYP8B1) and CYP7A1.
  • the FXR agonist reduces cholestasis in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some cases, cholestasis is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the level of cholestasis is relative to the level of cholestasis in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) in a subject.
  • PBC is a liver disease that primarily results from autoimmune destruction of the bile ducts that transport bile acids (BAs) out of the liver, resulting in cholestasis.
  • BAs bile acids
  • the FXR agonist reduces PBC in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some cases,
  • PBC is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the level of PBC is relative to the level of PBC in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces cirrhosis in a subject.
  • the FXR agonist reduces cirrhosis in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • cirrhosis is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the level of cirrhosis is relative to the level of cirrhosis in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with excessive fat in the liver (steatosis) and in some cases progresses to NASH, which is defined by the histologic hallmarks of inflammation, cell death, and fibrosis.
  • primary NASH is associated with insulin resistance
  • secondary NASH is caused by medical or surgical conditions, or drugs such as, but not limited to, tamoxifen.
  • NASH progresses to advanced fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, or end-stage liver disease requiring liver transplantation.
  • NASH develops as a result of triglyceride (TGs) imbalance.
  • TGs triglyceride
  • dysfunctional adipocytes secrete pro-inflammatory molecules such as cytokines and chemokines leading to insulin resistance and a failure of lipolysis suppression in the adipocytes.
  • this failure of lipolysis suppression leads to a release of free fatty acids (FFAs) into the circulation and uptake within the liver.
  • FFAs free fatty acids
  • over accumulation of FFAs in the form of triglycerides (TGs) in lipid droplets leads to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and upregulation of pro-inflammatory molecules.
  • FXR triglyceride
  • FA fatty acid
  • SREBPlc sterol regulatory element-binding protein lc
  • FXR additionally increases the clearance of TG by stimulating lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity as well as the hepatic uptake of remnants and low-density lipoprotein by inducing syndecan 1 (SDC1) and the VLDL receptor (VLDLR).
  • LPL lipoprotein lipase
  • SDC1 syndecan 1
  • VLDLR VLDL receptor
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
  • NASH non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
  • the FXR agonist reduces NASH the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • NASH is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the level of NASH is relative to the level of NASH in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of NAFLD.
  • the FXR agonist reduces NAFLD in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • NAFLD is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the level of NAFLD is relative to the level of NAFLD in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces fatty liver
  • the FXR agonist reduces steatosis in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some instances, steatosis is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the level of steatosis is relative to the level of steatosis in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • Hepatocyte ballooning a feature denoting cellular injury, is a feature of NASH. Ballooning is a feature that denotes progressive NAFL (types 3 and 4). The term applies to enlarged, swollen-appearing hepatocytes; the affected cells are often intermixed in areas of steatosis and, in classic steatohepatitis, in the perivenular regions. Hepatocellular ballooning is most commonly noted in regions of H & E-detectable perisinusoidal fibrosis. Ballooned hepatocytes are most easily noted when they contain MH (either typical or poorly formed). Hepatocyte ballooning is a structural manifestation of microtubular disruption and severe cell injury.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces liver ballooning in a subject.
  • the FXR agonist reduces liver ballooning in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • liver ballooning is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the liver ballooning is relative to the level of liver ballooning in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces alcoholic hepatitis in a subject.
  • the FXR agonist reduces alcoholic hepatitis in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • the level of alcoholic hepatitis is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the level of alcoholic hepatitis is relative to the level of alcoholic hepatitis in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).
  • PSC primary sclerosing cholangitis
  • PSC is a chronic and progressive cholestatic liver disease.
  • PSC is characterized by progressive inflammation, fibrosis, and stricture formation in liver ducts. Common symptoms include pruritus and jaundice.
  • IBD inflammatory bowel disease
  • Up to 70% of patients with PSC also have IBD, most commonly ulcerative colitis.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces liver enzymes in a subject.
  • the FXR agonist reduce liver enzymes (e.g ., serum ALT and/or AST levels) in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • the level of liver enzymes is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the level of liver enzymes is relative to the level of liver enzymes in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces liver triglycerides in a subject.
  • the FXR agonist reduces liver triglycerides in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • the level of liver triglycerides is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the level of liver triglycerides is relative to the level of liver triglycerides in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • inflammatory conditions include necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), gastritis, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, pseudomembranous colitis, gastroenteritis, radiation induced enteritis, chemotherapy induced enteritis, gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer, non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD), celiac disease, intestinal celiac disease, gastrointestinal complications following bariatric surgery, gastric carcinogenesis, or gastric carcinogenesis following gastric or bowel resection.
  • the inflammatory condition is NEC and the subject is a newborn or prematurely born infant.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein is administered to a subject having an inflammatory intestinal condition.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein is administered to a subject having necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), gastritis, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, pseudomembranous colitis, gastroenteritis, radiation induced enteritis, chemotherapy induced enteritis, gastro- esophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer, non-ulcer dyspepsia (MJD), celiac disease, intestinal celiac disease, gastrointestinal complications following bariatric surgery, gastric carcinogenesis, or gastric carcinogenesis following gastric or bowel resection.
  • NEC necrotizing enterocolitis
  • gastritis gastritis
  • ulcerative colitis inflammatory bowel disease
  • irritable bowel syndrome pseudomembranous colitis
  • gastroenteritis radiation induced enteritis
  • chemotherapy induced enteritis chemotherapy induced enteritis
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces inflammation of the intestines in a subject (such as a human).
  • the FXR agonist reduces intestinal inflammation in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • intestinal inflammation is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the level of intestinal inflammation is relative to the level of intestinal inflammation in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • gastrointestinal disease is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D), irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C), mixed IBS (IBS-M), unsubtyped IBS (IBS-U), or bile acid diarrhea (BAD).
  • IBS irritable bowel syndrome
  • IBS-D irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea
  • IBS-C irritable bowel syndrome with constipation
  • IBS-M mixed IBS
  • IBS-U unsubtyped IBS
  • BAD bile acid diarrhea
  • IBS Irritable bowel syndrome
  • IBS-D IBS with diarrhea
  • IBS-C IBS with constipation
  • IBS-M IBS with mixed IBS
  • IBS is not accompanied with either diarrhea or constipation and is categorized as unsubtyped IBS (IBS-U).
  • IBS has four different variations: IBS-D, IBS-C, IBS-M, and IBS-U.
  • the symptoms of IBS are mimicked by a different condition.
  • sugar maldigestion, celiac disease, gluten intolerance without celiac disease, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, small bowel bacterial overgrowth, microscopic colitis, or bile acid malabsorption (BAM) mimic IBS-D.
  • BAM bile acid malabsorption
  • anismus, pelvic floor dyssynergia or puborectalis spasm, or descending perineum syndrome mimic IBS-C.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of IBS or any of its variations in a mammal.
  • an FXR agonist therapeutic agent reduce IBS symptoms in the mammal by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • Bile acid malabsorption also known as bile acid diarrhea (BAD), bile acid- induced diarrhea, cholerheic or choleretic enteropathy, or bile salt malabsorption, is a condition in which the presence of bile acids in the colon causes diarrhea.
  • BAM is caused by a number of conditions such as Crohn’s disease, cholecystectomy, coeliac disease, radiotherapy, and pancreatic diseases.
  • BAM is caused by medications such as metformin.
  • BAM is caused by an overproduction of bile acids.
  • Bile acid synthesis is negatively regulated by the ileal hormone fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF-19); low levels of FGF-19 lead to an increase in bile acids. FXR activation promotes the synthesis of FGF-19, consequently lowering the levels of bile acids.
  • FGF-19 ileal hormone fibroblast growth factor 19
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of BAM in a mammal.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein decreases bile acid synthesis.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein decreases bile acid levels.
  • an FXR agonist and an additional therapeutic agent disclosed herein prevent BAD.
  • an FXR agonist reduces BAM symptoms in the mammal by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • Graft vs. host disease is a medical complication that arises after a transplant of tissue or cells from a histo-incompatible donor (i.e. a genetically or
  • GI tract GvHD gastrointestinal tract GvHD.
  • Symptoms of GI tract GvHD include difficulty swallowing, pain with swallowing, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and/or abdominal cramping.
  • GI tract GvHD results in sloughing of the mucosal membrane and severe intestinal inflammation. Inflammation of the biliary epithelium is amenable to be controlled by nuclear receptors such as the glucocorticoid receptor (GR),
  • FXR FXR
  • PPARs peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of GvHD or a complication of GvHD in a mammal. In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of GI tract GvHD or a complication of GI tract GvHD in a mammal. In some examples, an FXR agonist reduces GI tract GvHD or a complication of GI tract GvHD in the mammal by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • GI tract GvHD or a complication of GI tract GvHD is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein decreases intestinal inflammation caused by GI tract GvHD.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces intestinal inflammation caused by GI tract GvHD reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • kidney disease is associated with a liver disease.
  • the kidney disease is associated with a fibrotic liver disease.
  • the kidney disease is associated with a metabolic liver disease.
  • the kidney disease is associated with a metabolic condition such as but not limited to diabetes, metabolic syndrome, NAFLD, insulin resistance, fatty acid metabolism disorder, and cholestasis.
  • the kidney disease is diabetic nephropathy, kidney disease associated with fibrosis, kidney disease not associated with fibrosis, renal fibrosis, or any combination thereof.
  • Diabetic Nephropathy is a kidney disease characterized by damage to the kidney’s glomeruli. Diabetes contributes to an excessive production of reactive oxygen species, which leads to nephrotic syndrome and scarring of the glomeruli. As diabetic nephropathy progresses, the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) is increasingly damaged and consequently, proteins in the blood leak through the barrier and accumulate in the Bowman’s space.
  • GFB glomerular filtration barrier
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy in a mammal.
  • Renal fibrosis is characterized by activation of fibroblasts and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix or connective tissue in the kidney, which is a hallmark of chronic kidney disease.
  • FXR plays an important role in protecting against renal fibrosis. Activation of FXR suppresses renal fibrosis and decreases accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in the kidney.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of renal fibrosis in a mammal.
  • described herein is a method of treating or preventing a kidney disease or condition in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal an FXR agonist disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the kidney disease or condition is diabetic nephropathy, kidney disease associated with fibrosis, kidney disease not associated with fibrosis, renal fibrosis, kidney disease associated with a metabolic disease, chronic kidney disease, polycystic kidney disease, acute kidney disease, or any combination thereof.
  • the FXR agonists disclosed herein are used in the prevention or treatment of adenocarcinomas, or a carcinoma derived from glandular tissue or in which the tumor cells form recognizable glandular structures.
  • adenocarcinomas are classified according to the predominant pattern of cell arrangement, as papillary, alveolar, or according to a particular product of the cells, as mucinous adenocarcinoma. In some instances, adenocarcinomas are observed for example, in colon, kidney, breast, cervix, esophagus, gastric, pancreas, prostate, or lung.
  • the compounds disclosed herein are used in the prevention or treatment of a cancer of the intestine, such as colon cancer, e.g. cancer that forms in the tissues of the colon (the longest part of the large intestine), or a cancer of another part of the intestine, such as the jejunum, and/or ileum.
  • colon cancer is also referred to as“colorectal cancer.”
  • colon adenocarcinoma the most common type of colon cancer is colon adenocarcinoma.
  • cancer progression is characterized by stages, or the extent of cancer in the body. Staging is usually based on the size of the tumor, the presence of cancer in the lymph nodes, and the presence of the cancer in a site other than the primary cancer site. Stages of colon cancer include stage I, stage II, stage III, and stage IV. In some embodiments, colon adenocarcinoma is from any stage. In other embodiments, colon adenocarcinoma is a stage I cancer, a stage II cancer, or a stage III cancer.
  • an FXR agonist described herein is administered to a subject having a stage I, stage II, stage III, or stage IV cancer. In some instances, an FXR agonist described herein is administered to a subject having a stage I, stage II, or stage III colon adenocarcinoma.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein further reduces the tumor burden in a subject.
  • the FXR agonist reduces tumor burden (such as colon tumor burden) in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • tumor burden is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the level of tumor burden is relative to the level of tumor burden in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein further reduces tumor size and/or volume in a subject.
  • the FXR agonist reduces tumor size and/or volume (such as a colon tumor) in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • tumor size is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the tumor size is relative to the tumor size in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces effects of cachexia due to a tumor in a subject.
  • the FXR agonist reduces the effect of cachexia (such as due to a colon tumor) in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • the effect of cachexia is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the effect of cachexia is relative to the effect of cachexia in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein increases survival rates of a subject with a tumor.
  • the FXR agonist increases the survival rate of a subject with a tumor (such as a colon cancer) in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • survival rate is increased by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the survival rate is relative to the survival rate in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • Compounds described herein including pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, active metabolites and pharmaceutically acceptable solvates thereof, are farnesoid X receptor agonists.
  • ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl;
  • ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,
  • ring A is phenyl
  • X 1 , X 5 , X 6 , and X 7 are each independently CR 7 or N; wherein at least one of X 1 , X 5 , X 6 , and X 7 are CR 7 ;
  • X 2 is CR 2 or N
  • R 1 and R 2 are taken together with the intervening atoms to form a fused 5- or 6- membered ring with 0-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring, wherein the fused 5- or 6-membered ring is optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-C 4 alkyl;
  • X 3 is CR 3 or N
  • each X 4 is independently CH, CF, or N;
  • R 4 is H, F, or -C3 ⁇ 4;
  • R 5 is H, F, or -C3 ⁇ 4;
  • R 4 and R 5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH 2 - or -CH 2 CH 2 -;
  • each R 6 is independently H, F, -OH, or -CH 3 ;
  • each R 7 is independently selected from H, halogen, -CN, -OH, Ci-C alkyl, C 2 -
  • L is absent, -Y 2 -L'-, -L'-Y 2 -, cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene, or
  • L 1 is absent or Ci-C alkylene;
  • R 9 is H, F, or -C3 ⁇ 4;
  • R 11 is H, F, or -C3 ⁇ 4;
  • R 9 and R 11 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH 2 - or -CH 2 CH 2 -;
  • R 12 is a monocyclic C 2 -C5heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or two oxo groups, or a C -C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl;
  • R 13 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 12 andR 13 are taken together to form a C -Cyspirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, and G- C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 14a is selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, -C0 2 H, -C0 2 (Ci-C 4 alkyl), and Ci- C 6 fluoroalkyl;
  • R 15 is Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl is
  • Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci- C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 16 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl; or R 15 andR 16 are taken together to form a C2-C 6 heterocycloalkyl optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and -C0 2 R 17 ;
  • each R 17 is independently H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • n 0, 1, or 2;
  • n 0, 1, or 2;
  • p 2 or 3
  • q 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • substituents are selected from among a subset of the listed alternatives.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein m is 0 or 1.
  • m is 0.
  • m is 1.
  • m is 2.
  • R 13 is H.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C 4 -C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • R 12 is a tetrahydropyran ring optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • R 12 is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or
  • R 12 is a compound of Formula
  • (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 12 is .
  • R 12 is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 12 and R 13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted C 5 -C 9 spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 12 and R 13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted C 5 -C 9 spirocyclic ring having the structure:
  • some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or
  • C 9 spirocyclic ring having the structure: ⁇ is a compound of
  • R 13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted Cs-Cyspirocyclic ring having the structure:
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 10 is -OC( 0)R 14 .
  • pharma ' p is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each R 14b is independently selected from -OH, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci- C 6 alkyl-OH, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • each R 14b is independently selected from -OH, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci- C 6 alkyl-OH, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • p is 2.
  • embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein p is 3.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 14 is .
  • a compound of Formula (G) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 14 is .
  • each R 14c is independently selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci- C 6 alkyl-OH, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein q is 1, 2, or 3.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein q is 1.
  • R 16 is H.
  • R 15 is Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci- C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • R 15 is Ci-C alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl) 2 , Ci- C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyrazolyl; or ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyrazolyl.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein ring A is phenyl.
  • YX c' - LV ⁇ N-R 8 acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein is ° N N or .
  • (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein is [00118]
  • R 8 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci- C 3 fluoroalkyl, or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 8 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , - CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , Ci-C 3 fluoroalkyl, Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl, or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
  • R 8 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 8 is -CH(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • R 8 is Ci- C 6 alkoxy.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a
  • R 8 is Ci-C 3 fluoroalkyl.
  • R 8 is Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl.
  • R 8 is C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
  • R 1 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R 17 ) 2 , Ci-C alkyl, C 2 -C alkenyl, C 2 -C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci- C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C 2 -C 5 heterocycloalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is H, halogen, -CN, Ci-C 4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C heteroalkyl.
  • R 1 is H, halogen, Ci-C alkyl, Ci-C alkoxy, or Ci-C fluoroalkyl.
  • embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is Ci-C 4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, or Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl.
  • R 1 is Ci-C 4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, or Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl.
  • R 1 is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is H.
  • R 1 is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is halogen.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein one X 4 is CH and one X 4 is N.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each X 4 is CH.
  • X 2 is CR 2 .
  • X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is halogen, - CN, -OH, -N(R 15 ) 2 , Ci-C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C 4 heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C 2 -C 5 heterocycloalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is halogen, -CN, Ci-C 4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, Ci- C 4 fluoroalkyl, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C 4 heteroalkyl.
  • X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is halogen, Ci-C 4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, or Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl.
  • embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is halogen or Ci-C 4 alkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is halogen.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is -F.
  • X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is Ci-C 4 alkoxy.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is -OCH 3.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is -CF 3.
  • a compound of Formula (G) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X 6 is N, and X 1 , X 5 , and X 7 are CH.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X 7 is N, and X 1 , X 5 , and X 6 are CH.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X 1 and X 6 are N, and X 5 and X 7 are CH.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a
  • X 1 and X 7 are N, and X 5 and X 6 are CH.
  • X 1 , X 5 , X 6 , and X 7 are CH.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’ is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 4 and R 5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH 2 CH 2 -.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a
  • n is 1 or 2 In some embodiments, n is 1. In some embodiments, n is 2.
  • [00129] is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein L is absent.
  • [00130] is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 9 is H.
  • ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl;
  • ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,
  • ring A is phenyl
  • X 1 is CH or N
  • X 2 is CR 2 or N
  • R 1 and R 2 are taken together with the intervening atoms to form a fused 5- or 6- membered ring with 0-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring, wherein the fused 5- or 6-membered ring is optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-C 4 alkyl;
  • X 3 is CR 3 or N
  • each X 4 is independently CH or N;
  • R 4 is H, F, or -CH 3 ;
  • R 5 is H, F, or -CH 3 ;
  • R 4 and R 5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH 2 - or -CH 2 CH 2 -;
  • each R 6 is independently H, F, -OH, or -CH 3 ;
  • R 7 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, Ci-C alkyl, C 2 -C alkenyl, C 2 -C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C 4 heteroalkyl;
  • L is absent, -Y 2 -L'-, -L'-Y 2 -, cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene, or
  • L 1 is absent or Ci-C alkylene;
  • R 9 is H, F, or -CH 3 ;
  • R 11 is H, F, or -CH 3 ;
  • R 9 and R 11 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH 2 - or -CH 2 CH 2 -;
  • R 12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C -C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl;
  • R 13 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 12 andR 13 are taken together to form a C -G spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, and G- C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 14a is selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, -C0 2 H, -C0 2 (Ci-C 4 alkyl), and Ci- C 6 fluoroalkyl;
  • Ci-C 6 alkyl Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-0-Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 15 is Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl is
  • Ci-C 6 alkyl Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 16 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 15 andR 16 are taken together to form a C 2 -C 6 heterocycloalkyl optionally
  • each R 17 is independently H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • n 0, 1, or 2;
  • n 0, 1, or 2;
  • p 2 or 3
  • substituents are selected from among a subset of the listed alternatives.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein m is 0 or 1.
  • m is 0.
  • m is 1.
  • m is 2.
  • R 13 is H.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein R 12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C4-C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • R 12 is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 12 is .
  • R 12 is C4-C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • R 12 is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 12 is .
  • R 12 is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 12 is .
  • R 12 is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or
  • R 12 is a compound of
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein R 12 and R 13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted G-G spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N.
  • R 12 and R 13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted G-G spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N.
  • some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a
  • spirocyclic ring having the structure: .
  • R 12 andR 13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted G-G spirocyclic ring
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein
  • R 14 is . In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a
  • R 14a is selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, -C0 2 H, and -C0 2 (Ci-C 4 alkyl).
  • R 14a is selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, -C0 2 H, and -C0 2 (Ci-C 4 alkyl).
  • R 14a is selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, -C0 2 H, and -C0 2 (Ci-C 4 alkyl).
  • R 14a is selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, -C0 2 H, and -C0 2 (Ci-C 4 alkyl).
  • Ci-C 6 alkyl Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, -C0 2 H, and -C0 2 (Ci-C
  • Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 14a is C C 6 alkyl.
  • R 14a is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 14a is -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH.
  • R 14a is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 14a is -C0 2 H.
  • R 14 is i 1 —H 1 (R 14b ) ' p .
  • R 14 is a compound of Formula (I), or a
  • each R 14b is independently selected from -OH, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein each R 14c is independently selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, and Ci- C 6 alkoxy.
  • each R 14c is independently selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, and Ci- C 6 alkoxy.
  • q is 1, 2, or 3.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein q is 1.
  • R 16 is H.
  • R 15 is Ci-C alkyl or C 3 - C 6 cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci- C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • R 15 is Ci-C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl)2, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein R 15 and R 16 are taken together to form a C2-C 6 heterocycloalkyl optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyrazolyl; or ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl.
  • ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyrazolyl.
  • ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl.
  • R 8 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 3 fluoroalkyl, Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl, or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
  • R 8 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 3 fluoroalkyl, or
  • C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 8 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , Ci-C 3 fluoroalkyl, Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl, or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 8 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • R 8 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • R 8 is Ci-C 3 fluoroalkyl.
  • R 8 is Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl.
  • R 8 is C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
  • R 1 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R 17 ) 2 , Ci-C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, Ci-
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein R 1 is H, halogen, -CN, Ci-C 4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C 4 heteroalkyl.
  • R 1 is H, halogen, Ci- C alkyl, Ci-C alkoxy, or Ci-C fluoroalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein R 1 is Ci-C 4 alkyl, Ci- C 4 alkoxy, or Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl.
  • R 1 is Ci-C alkyl or Ci-C alkoxy.
  • R 1 is Ci-C alkyl or Ci-C alkoxy.
  • R 1 is H.
  • R 1 is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is halogen.
  • R 1 is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is -Cl.
  • R 1 is Ci-C alkyl.
  • R 1 is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is -CH 3 .
  • embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is Ci-C 4 alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is -OCH 3 . In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is -CF 3 .
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein one X 4 is CH and one X 4 is N.
  • X 3 is CR 3 .
  • X 3 is CH.
  • X 2 is CR 2 .
  • X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is halogen, - CN, -OH, -N(R 15 ) 2 , Ci-C alkyl, C 2 -C alkenyl, C 2 -C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C 2 -C 5 heterocycloalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is halogen, -CN, Ci-C 4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, Ci- C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C heteroalkyl.
  • X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is halogen, Ci-C 4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, or Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is halogen or Ci-C alkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is halogen.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is -F.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is Ci-C 4 alkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is -CH 3 .
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is Ci-C 4 alkoxy.
  • X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is -OCH 3 .
  • X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is Ci-C fluoroalkyl.
  • X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is -CF 3 .
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein R 4 and R 5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH 2 CH 2 -.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein R 4 and R 5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH 2 -.
  • n is 1 or 2 In some embodiments, n is 1. In some embodiments, n is 2.
  • ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl;
  • ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,
  • ring A is phenyl
  • R 1 and R 2 are taken together with the intervening atoms to form a fused 5- or 6- membered ring with 0-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring, wherein the fused 5- or 6-membered ring is optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-C 4 alkyl;
  • R 12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C 4 -C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl;
  • R 13 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 12 andR 13 are taken together to form a C 5 -C 9 spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, and Ci- C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 14a is selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, -C0 2 H, -C0 2 (Ci-C 4 alkyl), and Ci- C 6 fluoroalkyl;
  • R 15 is Ci-C alkyl or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C alkyl or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl is
  • Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci- C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 16 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 15 andR 16 are taken together to form a C 2 -C 6 heterocycloalkyl optionally
  • each R 17 is independently H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • p 2 or 3
  • q 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • Formula (Iaa) is a compound of Formula (lb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:
  • ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl;
  • ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,
  • ring A is phenyl
  • R 1 and R 2 are taken together with the intervening atoms to form a fused 5- or 6- membered ring with 0-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring, wherein the fused 5- or 6-membered ring is optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-C alkyl;
  • R 12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C4-C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl;
  • R 13 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 12 andR 13 are taken together to form a C 5 -C 9 spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, and Ci- C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 14a is selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, -CO2H, -C0 2 (Ci-C 4 alkyl), and Ci- C 6 fluoroalkyl
  • R 15 is Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl is
  • Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci- C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 16 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 15 andR 16 are taken together to form a C 2 -C 6 heterocycloalkyl optionally
  • each R 17 is independently H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl;
  • ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,
  • ring A is phenyl
  • R 1 and R 2 are taken together with the intervening atoms to form a fused 5- or 6- membered ring with 0-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring, wherein the fused 5- or 6-membered ring is optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-C 4 alkyl;
  • R 12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C 4 -C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl;
  • R 13 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 12 andR 13 are taken together to form a C -Cyspirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, and Ci- C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 14a is selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, -CO2H, -C02(Ci-C 4 alkyl), and Ci- C 6 fluoroalkyl
  • R 15 is Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci- C alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 16 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 15 andR 16 are taken together to form a C2-C 6 heterocycloalkyl optionally
  • each R 17 is independently H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • p 2 or 3
  • q 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • R 13 is H.
  • R 12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C -C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • R 12 is a tetrahydropyran ring optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci- C 6 alkyl.
  • R 12 is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 12 is C 4 -C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • R 12 is C 4 -C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • R 12 is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
  • R is In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
  • R is In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
  • a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein R 12 andR 13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted C 5 -C 9 spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N.
  • R 12 and R 13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted C -Cyspirocyclic ring having
  • some embodiments is a compound of
  • R 14 is I— I R .
  • R 14 is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
  • R 14a is selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, -C0 2 H, and -C0 2 (Ci-C 4 alkyl).
  • R 14a is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 14a is Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • R 14a is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 14a is -C0 2 H.
  • R 14a is -C0 2 (Ci- C 4 alkyl).
  • each R 14b is independently selected from -OH, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • R 14 is In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 14 is In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each R 14c is independently selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl)2, Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, and Ci- C 6 alkoxy.
  • R 16 is H.
  • R 15 is Ci-C 4 alkyl or C 3 - C 6 cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C alkyl or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci- C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • R 15 is Ci-C alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci- C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • ring A is a 5- membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyrazolyl; or ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl.
  • ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyrazolyl.
  • ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl.
  • ring A is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein ring A is phenyl.
  • (Icc) In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein . In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein .
  • [00168] is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 8 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 3 fluoroalkyl, Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl, or C 3 - Cecycloalkyl.
  • R 8 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-Cifluoroalkyl, or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
  • R 8 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , - CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , Ci-Csfluoroalkyf Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl, or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
  • R 8 is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
  • R 8 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , - CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • R 8 is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 8 is - CH(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • R 8 is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 8 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • R 8 is C i-Csfluoroalkyk
  • R 8 is Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl.
  • R 8 is Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl.
  • R 8 is Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl.
  • R 8 is C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl
  • R 1 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, - N(R 17 ) 2 , Ci-C alkyl, C 2 -C alkenyl, C 2 -C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci- C 4 fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C 4 heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C 2 -C 5 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 1 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, - N(R 17 ) 2 , Ci-C alkyl, C 2 -C alkenyl, C 2 -C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci- C 4 fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C 4 heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C 2 -C 5 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 1 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, - N(R 17 ) 2 , Ci-
  • R 1 is H, halogen, -CN, Ci- C alkyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C heteroalkyl.
  • R 1 is H, halogen, -CN, Ci- C alkyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C heteroalkyl.
  • R 1 is H, halogen, -CN, Ci- C alkyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C heteroalkyl.
  • R 1 is H, halogen, -CN, Ci- C alkyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C heteroalkyl.
  • R 1 is H, halogen, -CN, Ci- C alkyl, Ci-
  • R 1 is H, halogen, Ci-C alkyl, Ci- C 4 alkoxy, or Ci-C4fluoroalkyl.
  • R 1 is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is Ci-C 4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, or Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl.
  • R 1 is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is H.
  • R 1 is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
  • R 1 is -Cl.
  • R 1 is Ci-C 4 alkyl.
  • R 1 is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is -CH 3 .
  • R 2 is halogen, -CN, -OH, - N(R 15 ) 2 , Ci-C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl, Ci- C 4 fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C 4 heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C 2 -C 5 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 2 is halogen, -CN, Ci-C 4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C 4 heteroalkyl.
  • embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
  • R 2 is halogen, Ci-C alkyl, Ci- C 4 alkoxy, or Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl.
  • R 2 is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 2 is halogen or Ci-C alkyl.
  • R 2 is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 2 is halogen.
  • R 2 is -F.
  • R 2 is -Cl.
  • R 2 is Ci-C 4 alkyl.
  • R 2 is Ci-C 4 alkyl.
  • R 2 is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 2 is -CH 3.
  • compounds described herein include, but are not limited to, those described in Table 1.
  • compounds described herein are in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • active metabolites of these compounds having the same type of activity are included in the scope of the present disclosure.
  • the compounds described herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. The solvated forms of the
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable,” as used herein, refers a material, such as a carrier or diluent, which does not abrogate the biological activity or properties of the compound, and is relatively nontoxic, i.e., the material is administered to an individual without causing undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to a form of a therapeutically active agent that consists of a cationic form of the therapeutically active agent in combination with a suitable anion, or in alternative embodiments, an anionic form of the therapeutically active agent in combination with a suitable cation.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts are obtained by reacting a compound described herein with an acid to provide a "pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt.”
  • the compound described herein i.e. free base form
  • the compound described herein is basic and is reacted with an organic acid or an inorganic acid.
  • Inorganic acids include, but are not limited to, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, and metaphosphoric acid.
  • Organic acids include, but are not limited to, 1 -hydroxy -2- naphthoic acid; 2,2-dichloroacetic acid; 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid; 2-oxoglutaric acid; 4- acetamidobenzoic acid; 4-aminosalicylic acid; acetic acid; adipic acid; ascorbic acid (L); aspartic acid (L); benzenesulfonic acid; benzoic acid; camphoric acid (+); camphor- 10 sulfonic acid (+); capric acid (decanoic acid); caproic acid (hexanoic acid); caprylic acid (octanoic acid); carbonic acid; cinnamic acid; citric acid; cyclamic acid; dodecylsulfuric acid; ethane- l,2-disulfonic acid; ethanesulfonic acid; formic acid; fumaric acid; galactaric acid; gentisic acid; glucoheptonic acid
  • naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid nicotinic acid; oleic acid; oxalic acid; palmitic acid; pamoic acid; phosphoric acid; proprionic acid; pyroglutamic acid (- L); salicylic acid; sebacic acid; stearic acid; succinic acid; sulfuric acid; tartaric acid (+ L); thiocyanic acid; toluenesulfonic acid (p) and undecylenic acid.
  • a compound described herein is prepared as a chloride salt, sulfate salt, bromide salt, mesylate salt, maleate salt, citrate salt or phosphate salt.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts are obtained by reacting a compound described herein with a base to provide a "pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt.”
  • the compound described herein is acidic and is reacted with a base.
  • an acidic proton of the compound described herein is replaced by a metal ion, e.g ., lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, or an aluminum ion.
  • compounds described herein coordinate with an organic base, such as, but not limited to, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, meglumine, N- methylglucamine, dicyclohexylamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine.
  • compounds described herein form salts with amino acids such as, but not limited to, arginine, lysine, and the like.
  • Acceptable inorganic bases used to form salts with compounds that include an acidic proton include, but are not limited to, aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, and the like.
  • the compounds provided herein are prepared as a sodium salt, calcium salt, potassium salt, magnesium salt, meglumine salt, N- methylglucamine salt or ammonium salt.
  • solvates contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and are formed during the process of isolating or purifying the compound with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. Hydrates are formed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is alcohol. Solvates of compounds described herein are conveniently prepared or formed during the processes described herein. In addition, the compounds provided herein optionally exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms.
  • N- oxides if appropriate
  • crystalline forms also known as polymorphs
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds described herein as well as active metabolites of these compounds having the same type of activity.
  • sites on the organic groups (e.g ., alkyl groups, aromatic rings) of compounds described herein are susceptible to various metabolic reactions.
  • the appropriate substituent to decrease or eliminate the susceptibility of the aromatic ring to metabolic reactions is, by way of example only, a halogen, deuterium, an alkyl group, a haloalkyl group, or a deuteroalkyl group.
  • the compounds described herein are labeled isotopically (e.g., with a radioisotope) or by another other means, including, but not limited to, the use of chromophores or fluorescent moieties, bioluminescent labels, or chemiluminescent labels.
  • Compounds described herein include isotopically-labeled compounds, which are identical to those recited in the various formulae and structures presented herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
  • isotopes that can be incorporated into the present compounds include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine and chlorine, such as, for example, 2 H, 3 H, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 0, 17 0, 35 S, 18 F, 36 Cl.
  • isotopically-labeled compounds described herein for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as 3 H and 14 C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays.
  • substitution with isotopes such as deuterium affords certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, such as, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements.
  • one or more hydrogen atoms of the compounds described herein is replaced with deuterium.
  • the compounds described herein possess one or more stereocenters and each stereocenter exists independently in either the R or S configuration.
  • the compounds presented herein include all diastereomeric, enantiomeric, atropisomers, and epimeric forms as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof.
  • the compounds and methods provided herein include all cis, trans, syn, anti,
  • E
  • Z
  • isomers as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof.
  • compounds described herein are prepared as their individual stereoisomers by reacting a racemic mixture of the compound with an optically active resolving agent to form a pair of diastereoisomeric compounds/salts, separating the diastereomers and recovering the optically pure enantiomers.
  • resolution of enantiomers is carried out using covalent diastereomeric derivatives of the compounds described herein.
  • diastereomers are separated by separation/resolution techniques based upon differences in solubility.
  • separation of steroisomers is performed by chromatography or by the forming diastereomeric salts and separation by recrystallization, or chromatography, or any combination thereof.
  • stereoisomers are obtained by stereoselective synthesis.
  • compounds described herein are prepared as prodrugs.
  • a “prodrug” refers to an agent that is converted into the parent drug in vivo. Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they are easier to administer than the parent drug. They are, for instance, bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent is not.
  • the prodrug may be a substrate for a transporter. Further or alternatively, the prodrug also has improved solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent drug. In some embodiments, the design of a prodrug increases the effective water solubility.
  • An example, without limitation, of a prodrug is a compound described herein, which is administered as an ester (the “prodrug”) but then is metabolically hydrolyzed to provide the active entity.
  • a further example of a prodrug is a short peptide (polyaminoacid) bonded to an acid group where the peptide is metabolized to reveal the active moiety.
  • a prodrug upon in vivo administration, is chemically converted to the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form of the compound.
  • a prodrug is enzymatically metabolized by one or more steps or processes to the biologically,
  • Prodrugs of the compounds described herein include, but are not limited to, esters, ethers, carbonates, thiocarbonates, N-acyl derivatives, N-acyloxy alkyl derivatives, quaternary derivatives of tertiary amines, N-Mannich bases, Schiff bases, amino acid conjugates, phosphate esters, and sulfonate esters. See for example Design of Prodrugs, Bundgaard, A. Ed., Elseview, 1985 and Method in Enzymology, Widder, K. et al., Ed.; Academic, 1985, vol. 42, p.
  • a hydroxyl group in the compounds disclosed herein is used to form a prodrug, wherein the hydroxyl group is incorporated into an acyloxyalkyl ester, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl ester, alkyl ester, aryl ester, phosphate ester, sugar ester, ether, and the like.
  • a hydroxyl group in the compounds disclosed herein is a prodrug wherein the hydroxyl is then metabolized in vivo to provide a carboxylic acid group.
  • a carboxyl group is used to provide an ester or amide (i.e. the prodrug), which is then metabolized in vivo to provide a carboxylic acid group.
  • compounds described herein are prepared as alkyl ester prodrugs.
  • Prodrug forms of the herein described compounds, wherein the prodrug is metabolized in vivo to produce a compound described herein as set forth herein are included within the scope of the claims.
  • some of the herein-described compounds is a prodrug for another derivative or active compound.
  • a prodrug of the compound disclosed herein permits targeted delivery of the compound to a particular region of the gastrointestinal tract. Formation of a pharmacologically active metabolite by the colonic metabolism of drugs is a commonly used“prodrug” approach for the colon-specific drug delivery systems.
  • a prodrug is formed by the formation of a covalent linkage between drug and a carrier in such a manner that upon oral administration the moiety remains intact in the stomach and small intestine.
  • This approach involves the formation of a prodrug, which is a pharmacologically inactive derivative of a parent drug molecule that requires spontaneous or enzymatic transformation in the biological environment to release the active drug.
  • Formation of prodrugs has improved delivery properties over the parent drug molecule.
  • the problem of stability of certain drugs from the adverse environment of the upper gastrointestinal tract can be eliminated by prodrug formation, which is converted into the parent drug molecule once it reaches the colon.
  • Site specific drug delivery through site specific prodrug activation may be accomplished by the utilization of some specific property at the target site, such as altered pH or high activity of certain enzymes relative to the non target tissues for the prodrug-drug conversion.
  • covalent linkage of the drug with a carrier forms a conjugate.
  • conjugates include, but are not limited to, azo bond conjugates, glycoside conjugates, glucuronide conjugates, cyclodextrin conjugates, dextran conjugates or amino-acid conjugates.
  • the compounds described herein are metabolized upon administration to an organism in need to produce a metabolite that is then used to produce a desired effect, including a desired therapeutic effect.
  • A“metabolite” of a compound disclosed herein is a derivative of that compound that is formed when the compound is metabolized.
  • the term“active metabolite” refers to a biologically active derivative of a compound that is formed when the compound is metabolized.
  • the term“metabolized,” as used herein, refers to the sum of the processes (including, but not limited to, hydrolysis reactions and reactions catalyzed by enzymes) by which a particular substance is changed by an organism. Thus, enzymes may produce specific structural alterations to a compound.
  • cytochrome P450 catalyzes a variety of oxidative and reductive reactions while uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferases catalyze the transfer of an activated glucuronic-acid molecule to aromatic alcohols, aliphatic alcohols, carboxylic acids, amines and free sulphydryl groups.
  • Metabolites of the compounds disclosed herein are optionally identified either by administration of compounds to a host and analysis of tissue samples from the host, or by incubation of compounds with hepatic cells in vitro and analysis of the resulting compounds.
  • the compounds described herein are rapidly metabolized following absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract to metabolites that have greatly reduced FXR agonist activity.
  • the compounds are rapidly metabolized in plasma.
  • the compounds are rapidly metabolized by the intestines.
  • the compounds are rapidly metabolized by the liver.
  • Suitable reference books and treatise that detail the synthesis of reactants useful in the preparation of compounds described herein, or provide references to articles that describe the preparation include for example, “Synthetic Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York; S. R. Sandler et al., “Organic Functional Group Preparations,” 2nd Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1983; H. O. House, “Modem Synthetic Reactions", 2nd Ed., W. A. Benjamin, Inc. Menlo Park, Calif. 1972; T. L. Gilchrist, "Heterocyclic Chemistry", 2nd Ed., John Wiley &
  • X 1 , X 5 , X 6 , X 7 , and R 8 are as described herein.
  • X is a halide.
  • X is iodide or bromide.
  • X is iodide.
  • X is bromide.
  • X is N.
  • R is an alkyl group.
  • R is hydrogen.
  • R is independently an alkyl group or hydrogen.
  • the alkyl groups bonded to the same boron atom, through the respective oxygen atoms on the same boron atom are an alkylene group bridging the two oxygen atoms on the same boron atom.
  • the boron atom, the two oxygen atoms on the same boron atom, and the carbon atoms of the alkylene group that bridge the two oxygen atoms form a five- or six-member ring.
  • the bridging alkylene group is -C(CH3) 2 C(CH 3 ) 2- and is part of a five-member ring.
  • pyrazole 1-1 is reacted under suitable S v f l conditions to provide heteroaryl halide 1-2.
  • suitable S v f l conditions include reacting 1-1 with tBuOH and an appropriate acid at the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time.
  • the appropriate acid is a strong acid.
  • the strong acid is sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, or hydrobromic acid.
  • the strong acid is sulfuric acid.
  • the strong acid is concentrated sulfuric acid.
  • the appropriate time is from about 1 hour to about 12-18 hours, where the range of time from about 12-18 hours is referred to, interchangeably herein, as “overnight”.
  • the appropriate temperature is from about 60 °C to about 110 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about 80 °C to about 90 °C.
  • suitable S N 2 conditions include reacting 1-1 with an alkyl halide and an appropriate base in an appropriate solvent at the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time.
  • the alkyl halide is 2-iodopropane.
  • the appropriate base is a hydride base. In some embodiments, the hydride base is sodium hydride.
  • the appropriate solvent is a polar aprotic solvent. In some
  • the polar aprotic solvent is DMF.
  • the appropriate time is from about 1 hour to about overnight.
  • the appropriate temperature is from about 0 °C to about room temperature.
  • boron reagent 1-3 is reacted with a heteroaryl halide 1-2 under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide 1-4.
  • the boron reagent is an aryl boronic acid.
  • the boron reagent is an aryl boronic ester.
  • the boron reagent is a substituted pyridineboronic acid.
  • the heteroaryl halide is a pyrazolyl bromide.
  • the heteroaryl halide is a 3-bromo pyrazole.
  • the heteroaryl halide is a 4-bromo pyrazole.
  • suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include palladium.
  • suitable metal- catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include palladium, an appropriate base, and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature.
  • the palladium is delivered in the form of Pd(dppf)Cl 2.
  • the appropriate base is an inorganic base.
  • the inorganic base is a carbonate, a phosphate, an oxide, or a hydroxide.
  • the inorganic base is an alkali metal inorganic base.
  • the alkali metal is sodium, potassium, cesium, or combinations thereof.
  • the inorganic base is Na 2 C0 3 , K 2 C0 3 , Cs 2 C0 3 , or combinations thereof In some embodiments, the combination is a combination of Na 2 C03 and K2CO3. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is K2CO3.
  • the inorganic base is CS2CO3.
  • the appropriate solvent is an aqueous solvent.
  • the appropriate solvent is a mixture of water and an organic solvent.
  • the organic solvent in the mixture is a Ci-4-alcohol, THF, 2-methyl THF, DMF, dioxane, or a combination thereof.
  • the organic solvent in the mixture is dioxane.
  • the appropriate time is from about 1 hour to about 12-18 hours.
  • the appropriate temperature is from about 50 °C to about 115 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about 80 °C. In some embodiments, the reaction is performed in a microwave.
  • the appropriate time is from about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about 120 °C to about 150 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is from about 130 °C to about 170 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about 150 °C to about 160 °C.
  • aryl halide 1-5 is reacted with boron reagent 1-6 under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide 1-4.
  • the aryl halide is an aryl bromide.
  • the aryl halide is a substituted pyridyl halide, pyrimidine halide, pyrazine halide, or triazine halide.
  • the aryl halide is a substituted pyridyl halide, pyrimidine halide, or pyrazine halide.
  • the aryl halide is a substituted pyridyl bromide, pyrimidine bromide, or pyrazine bromide. In some embodiments, the aryl halide is a substituted pyridyl bromide. In some embodiments, the aryl halide is a substituted 4-bromo pyridine. In some embodiments, the boron reagent is a heteroaryl boronic acid. In some embodiments, the boron reagent is a heteroaryl boronic ester. In some embodiments, the boron reagent is a heteroaryl pinacolyl boronic ester.
  • the heteroaryl boron reagent is a pyrazolyl boron reagent.
  • suitable metal -catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include palladium.
  • suitable metal-catalyzed cross- coupling reaction conditions include palladium, an appropriate base, and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature.
  • the palladium is delivered in the form of Pd(dppf)Cl 2.
  • the appropriate base is an inorganic base.
  • the inorganic base is a carbonate, a phosphate, an oxide, or a hydroxide.
  • the inorganic base is an alkali metal inorganic base.
  • the alkali metal is sodium, potassium, cesium, or combinations thereof.
  • the inorganic base is Na 2 C0 3 , K 2 C0 3 , Cs 2 C0 3 , or combinations thereof In some embodiments, the combination is a combination of Na 2 C0 3 and K 2 C0 3. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is K 2 C0 3. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is Cs 2 C0 3.
  • the appropriate solvent is an aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is a mixture of water and an organic solvent.
  • the organic solvent in the mixture is a Ci -4 - alcohol, THF, 2-Me THF, DMF, dioxane, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the organic solvent in the mixture is dioxane. In some embodiments, the organic solvent in the mixture is 2-MeTHF.
  • the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are from about 2 hours to overnight and about 90 °C. In some embodiments, the reaction is performed in a microwave. In some embodiments, the appropriate time is from about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is from about 130 °C to about 170 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about 150 °C to about 160 °C. In some embodiments, intermediates used in the preparation of compounds described herein are prepared as outlined in Scheme 2.
  • substituent R 8 is as described herein.
  • X is iodide, bromide, chloride, or trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate, -OTf, CF 3 S0 3 -).
  • X is bromide or chloride.
  • X is chloride.
  • aryl fluoride II-A is reacted with tert- butyl carbamate under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide II- 1.
  • the aryl fluoride is a haloaryl fluoride.
  • the haloaryl fluoride is a halopyridyl fluoride.
  • the halopyridyl fluoride is a chloropyridyl fluoride.
  • suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include palladium.
  • suitable metal-catalyzed cross- coupling reaction conditions include palladium, an appropriate ligand, an appropriate base, and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature.
  • the palladium is delivered in the form of palladium acetate.
  • the palladium is delivered in the form of Pd 2 (dba)3.
  • the ligand is a tertiary phosphine.
  • the tertiary phosphine is
  • the appropriate base is an inorganic base.
  • the inorganic base is an alkali metal hydroxide.
  • the alkali metal hydroxide is NaOH, KOH, or mixtures thereof
  • the alkali metal hydroxide is NaOH.
  • the appropriate solvent is an aqueous solvent.
  • the appropriate solvent is a mixture of water and an organic solvent.
  • the organic solvent in the mixture is a Ci -4 -alcohol, THF, DMF, dioxane, or a combination thereof.
  • the organic solvent in the mixture is dioxane.
  • the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are overnight and about 100 °C.
  • aryl fluoride II-l is reacted with heteroaryl II-2 under suitable 8 N AG reaction conditions followed by suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions to provide II-3.
  • the suitable S N Ar reaction conditions are sufficient to provide an intermediate /er -butyloxycarbonyl -protected aniline that provides II-3 after deprotection under suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions.
  • suitable S N Ar reaction conditions include an appropriate base and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the appropriate base is an inorganic base.
  • the inorganic base is a carbonate base.
  • the carbonate base is an alkali metal carbonate.
  • the alkali metal carbonate is K 2 C0 3.
  • the appropriate solvent is DMSO, NMP, toluene, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is a mixture of water and DMSO, NMP, toluene, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is NMP. In some embodiments, the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are overnight and about 100 °C. In some embodiments, the suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions are sufficient to deprotect the intermediate /er /-butyl oxy carbonyl - protected aniline and provide II-3. In some embodiments, the suitable hydrolysis conditions include an appropriate acid and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the appropriate acid is aqueous HC1.
  • the appropriate solvent is methanol.
  • the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are about 3 hours and 35 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is room tempreature.
  • X 1 and R 8 are as described herein.
  • R is an alkyl group.
  • R is hydrogen.
  • R is
  • the alkyl groups bonded to the same boron atom, through the respective oxygen atoms on the same boron atom are an alkylene group bridging the two oxygen atoms on the same boron atom.
  • the boron atom, the two oxygen atoms on the same boron atom, and the carbon atoms of the alkylene group that bridge the two oxygen atoms form a five- or six-member ring.
  • the bridging alkylene group is -C(CH3) 2 C(CH 3 )2- and is part of a five-member ring.
  • thioamide III-l is reacted with bromoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (2 -bromo-l,l-dimethoxy ethane) under suitable condensation reaction conditions followed by suitable bromination reaction conditions to provide 2-substituted bromothiazole III-2.
  • the suitable condensation reaction conditions are sufficient to provide an intermediate 2-substituted thiazole that provides 2-substituted bromothiazole III-2 after bromination under suitable bromination reaction conditions.
  • suitable condensation reaction conditions include an appropriate acid catalyst and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the appropriate acid is /3 ⁇ 4/ra-tol uenesulfoni c acid.
  • the appropriate solvent is acetic acid.
  • the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are overnight and about 120 °C.
  • the suitable bromination reaction conditions are sufficient to brominate the intermediate 2-substituted thiazole and provide III-2.
  • the suitable bromination conditions include an appropriate brominating agent and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the appropriate brominating agent is NBS.
  • the appropriate solvent is DMF.
  • the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are about 1 hour and room temperature.
  • boron reagent 1-1 is reacted with a 2-substituted bromothiazole III-2 under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide III-3.
  • the boron reagent 1-1 is as described for Scheme 1.
  • the 2-substituted bromothiazole is a 5-bromo-2-substituted thiazole.
  • suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include palladium.
  • suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include palladium, an appropriate base, and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature.
  • the palladium is delivered in the form of Pd(dppf)Cl 2.
  • the appropriate base is an inorganic base.
  • the inorganic base is carbonate, a phosphate, an oxide, or a hydroxide.
  • the inorganic base is an alkali metal inorganic base.
  • the alkali metal is sodium, potassium, cesium, or combinations thereof.
  • the inorganic base is Na 2 C0 3 , K 2 C0 3 , Cs 2 C0 3 , or combinations thereof.
  • the combination is a combination of Na 2 C0 3 and K 2 C0 3.
  • the inorganic base is K 2 C0 3.
  • the inorganic base is Cs 2 C0 3.
  • the appropriate solvent is an aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is a mixture of water and an organic solvent. In some embodiments, the organic solvent in the mixture is a Ci -4 -alcohol, THF, DMF, dioxane, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the organic solvent in the mixture is dioxane. In some embodiments, the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are overnight and about 80 °C.
  • R 8 is as described herein.
  • X is a halide.
  • the halide is bromide or chloride.
  • the halide is bromide.
  • the halide is chloride.
  • a-bromoketone IV-2 is obtained by subjecting ketone IV-1 to suitable bromination conditions.
  • suitable bromination conditions include bromine, HBr, and acetic acid for a suitable time at a suitable temperature.
  • the suitable time is overnight.
  • the suitable temperature is about room temperature.
  • a-haloketone IV-2 is prepared from acid IV-5.
  • IV-5 is treated with (COCl) 2 and DMF in a suitable solvent for a suitable time at a suitable temperature to provide an intermediate acid chloride.
  • the suitable solvent is DCM.
  • the suitable time is about 2.5 hours.
  • the suitable temperature is from about 0 °C to about room temperature.
  • the intermediate acid chloride is treated with
  • the trimethylsilyldiazomethane in a suitable solvent for a suitable time at a suitable temperature to provide a-diazocarbonyl IV-6.
  • the suitable solvent is THF/ACN.
  • the suitable time is about 1 hour. In some embodiments, the suitable temperature is from about 0 °C to about room temperature.
  • a-diazocarbonyl IV-6 when X is bromo, a-diazocarbonyl IV-6 is treated with HBr/H 2 0 in a suitable solvent for a suitable time at a suitable temperature to provide a- bromoketone IV-2.
  • the suitable solvent is THF/ACN.
  • the suitable time is about 30 minutes.
  • the suitable temperature is from about 0 °C to about room temperature.
  • the suitable solvent is THF/ACN.
  • the suitable time is about 30 minutes.
  • the suitable temperature is from about 0 °C to about room temperature.
  • a-haloketone IV-2 is treated with amide IV-3 and an appropriate silver salt, in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature to provide IV-4.
  • the silver salt is AgOTf, AgBF 4 , AgCl0 4 , or AgSbF 6.
  • the silver salt is AgSbF 6.
  • the silver salt is AgOTf.
  • the solvent is EtOAc, dioxane, or DCE.
  • the time is overnight.
  • the temperature is from about 50 °C to about 100 °C. In some embodiments, the temperature is about 70 °C or about 100 °C.
  • IV-4 is subjected to suitable palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reaction conditions in the presence of a suitable ammonia source to provide IV-7.
  • the suitable ammonia source is LiHMDS.
  • suitable palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include tris- (dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(O), an appropriate ligand, and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the appropriate ligand is 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2',4',6'-triisopropylbiphenyl.
  • the appropriate solvent is dioxane or THF.
  • the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are from about 2 hours to overnight and about 100 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are overnight and about 60 °C.
  • X 1 and R 8 are as described herein.
  • X is a halide.
  • the halide is bromide or chloride.
  • the halide is bromide.
  • pyridine carboxylic acid V-l is converted to methyl ketone V-2.
  • V-l is converted to V-2 using a sequence of reactions referred to alternatively as the Weinreb ketone synthesis.
  • V-l is reacted under a series of suitable reaction conditions to provide V-2.
  • the series includes suitable carboxylic acid activation reaction conditions, suitable Weinreb amide-forming reaction conditions, and suitable alkylation reaction conditions, applied in that sequence.
  • the carboxylic acid activation reaction conditions include an appropriate carboxylic acid activating agent and a solvent, for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature.
  • the carboxylic acid activating agent is carbonyldiimidazole.
  • the solvent is DCE or DCM.
  • the time and temperature are from 15 minutes to 60 minutes and room temperature.
  • the Weinreb amide-forming reaction conditions include an acid salt of
  • the acid salt of N, (9-di m ethyl hy rox yl am i ne is the hydrochloride salt.
  • the solvent is the same as included in the carboxylic acid activation reaction conditions.
  • the time and temperature are overnight and room temperature.
  • the alkylation reaction conditions include an appropriate alkyl organometallic reagent and a solvent, for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature.
  • the alkyl organometallic reagent is
  • the alkyl organometallic reagent is CH 3 MgBr.
  • the solvent is THF, Et 2 0, or combinations thereof.
  • the solvent is THF.
  • the time and temperature are overnight and from 0 °C to room temperature.
  • an initial temperature is maintained for a first time, after which the temperature is allowed to warm to a second temperature for second time.
  • the initial temperature is about 0 °C
  • the first time is from 15 minutes to 60 minutes
  • the second temperature is room temperature
  • the second time is overnight.
  • methyl ketone V-2 is reacted with a substituted nitrile, where the substitution is by R 8 , under suitable condensation and cyclization reaction conditions followed by suitable amination reaction conditions to provide oxazole-substituted aniline V-3.
  • the suitable condensation and cyclization reaction conditions are sufficient to provide an intermediate oxazole-substituted halopyridine that provides V-3 after amination under suitable amination reaction conditions.
  • the intermediate oxazole-substituted halopyridine is an oxazole-substituted bromopyridine.
  • the condensation and cyclization reaction conditions include an appropriate acid, an appropriate oxidant, and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • two or more components of the condensation and cyclization reaction conditions are combined and maintained for a first time at a first
  • the acid is triflic acid.
  • the oxidant is 2-iodoxybenzoic acid.
  • the solvent is DCE or DCM.
  • the acid, the oxidant, and the solvent are combined and maintained for the first time at the first temperature.
  • the methyl ketone V-2 is added and maintained for the second time at the second temperature.
  • the substituted nitrile is added and maintained for the third time at the third temperature.
  • triflic acid, 2-iodoxybenzoic acid, and DCE are combined and maintained for the first time at the first temperature, V-2 is added and maintained for the second time at the second temperature, and the substituted nitrile is added and maintained for the third time at the third temperature.
  • the first time and first temperature are about 2 hours and room temperature
  • the second time and second temperature are about 2 hours and room temperature
  • the third time and third temperature are overnight and about 80 °C.
  • the suitable amination reaction conditions are sufficient to aminate the intermediate oxazole-substituted halopyridine and provide V-3.
  • the intermediate oxazole-substituted halopyridine is subjected to suitable palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reaction conditions in the presence of a suitable ammonia source to provide V-3.
  • the suitable ammonia source is LiHMDS.
  • suitable palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), an appropriate ligand, and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the appropriate ligand is 2-dicyclohexylphosphino- 2',4',6'-triisopropylbiphenyl.
  • the appropriate solvent is dioxane or THE
  • the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are from about 2 hours to overnight and about 100 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are overnight and about 60 °C.
  • methyl ketone V-2 is reacted with an a-amino acid, where the a-substitution is by R 8 , under suitable condensation and cyclization reaction conditions followed by suitable amination reaction conditions to provide oxazole-substituted aniline V-3.
  • suitable condensation and cyclization reaction conditions are sufficient to provide an intermediate oxazole-substituted halopyridine that provides V-3 after amination under suitable amination reaction conditions.
  • the intermediate oxazole- substituted halopyridine is an oxazole-substituted bromopyridine.
  • the condensation and cyclization reaction conditions include an appropriate acid, an appropriate supplemental oxidant, and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the acid is / oluenesulfonic acid, pivalic acid,
  • the acid is 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, or acetic acid.
  • the acid is
  • the acid is acetic acid.
  • the supplemental oxidant is iodine.
  • the solvent is DMSO.
  • the time and temperature are overnight and about 100 °C.
  • the suitable amination reaction conditions are the same as described in the preceding paragraph.
  • X 2 and R 1 are as described herein.
  • X is a halide.
  • the halide is chloride, bromide or iodide.
  • the halide is bromide.
  • R is -C0 2 R’ or -CN.
  • R’ is -Ci -6 alkyl.
  • R’ is -CH 3 , -C(CH 3 ) 3 , or-CH 2 CH 3.
  • R’ is -CH 2 CH 3.
  • halide VI-1 is cooled to a suitable temperature, reacted under suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions with an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature, and then later reacted with an appropriate ketone VI- 2 for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature to provide a tertiary alcohol.
  • suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions include an organometallic reagent.
  • the appropriate solvent is THF.
  • the organometallic reagent is an alkyllithium.
  • the alkyllithium is n- butyllithium.
  • VI-1 is cooled to about -78 °C before addition of the organometallic reagent.
  • VI-1 is reacted for about one hour at about - 78 °C before addition of ketone VI-2. In some embodiments, VI-1 is reacted for about 2 hours after the addition of ketone VI-2. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for reacting VI-1 and ketone VI-2 is about -78 °C. In some embodiments, the tertiary alcohol is reacted under appropriate allylation conditions which include use of an allylating reagent and a Lewis acid, in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature to form VI-3. In some embodiments, the appropriate allylating reagent is allyltrimethylsilane. In some embodiments, the appropriate Lewis acid is BF 3 -OEt 2. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is DCM. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is about -78 °C for about 1 hour. In some embodiments, the reaction is further warmed to about room temperature for overnight. In some
  • the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is about 0 °C for overnight.
  • halide VI-1 is cooled to a suitable temperature, reacted under suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions with an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature, and then later reacted with an appropriate ketone VI- 4 for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature to provide a tertiary alcohol.
  • suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions include an organometallic reagent.
  • the appropriate solvent is THF.
  • the organometallic reagent is an alkyllithium.
  • the alkyllithium is n- butyllithium.
  • VI-1 is cooled to about -60 °C before addition of the organometallic reagent.
  • VI-4 is added slowly for about 45 minutes at about -60 °C. In some embodiments, VI-1 is reacted for about 1 hour at -60 °C after complete addition of ketone VI-4. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for reacting VI-1 and ketone VI-4 is about -60 °C. In some embodiments, the tertiary alcohol is reacted under appropriate allylation conditions which include use of an allylating reagent and a Lewis acid, in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature to form VI-5. In some embodiments, the appropriate allylating reagent is allyltrimethylsilane.
  • the appropriate Lewis acid is BF 3 -OEt 2.
  • the appropriate solvent is DCM.
  • the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is about -65 °C for about 1 hour.
  • VI-5 is reaction under l,3-dioxalane deprotection conditions for an appropriate time period, in an appropriate solvent, and at an appropriate temperature, followed by reductive cyanation of the resulting ketone-intermediate for an appropriate time period, in an appropriate solvent, and at an appropriate temperature to produce VI-6.
  • l,3-dioxalane deprotection conditions include the use an appropriate acid.
  • the appropriate acid is formic acid.
  • the appropriate solvent is a THF/water mixture.
  • the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is from about 40 °C to about 65 °C overnight.
  • the resulting ketone is reacted under the appropriate reductive cyanation conditions for an appropriate time period, in an appropriate solvent, and at an appropriate temperature to form VI-6.
  • the appropriate reductive cyanation conditions include the use of the appropriate cyanation reagent and an appropriate base.
  • the appropriate cyanation reagent is an appropriate isocyanide.
  • the appropriate isocyanide is toluenesulfonylmethyl isocyanide (Tos-MIC).
  • the appropriate base is a strong, non-nucleophilic base.
  • the strong, non-nucleophilic base is t-BuOK.
  • the appropriate solvent is DME.
  • the ketone intermediate and the appropriate cyanation reagent is cooled to about 0 to 5 °C before addition of the appropriate base.
  • appropriate base is added slowly over about 1 hour at about 0 to 5 °C.
  • the reductive cyanation reaction takes place for about 1 hour at 25 °C after complete addition of the base.
  • the reductive cyanation reaction takes place for about 2 hours at 25 °C after complete addition of the base.
  • the appropriate temperature for the reductive cyanation reaction is about 25 °C.
  • VI-3 or VI-6 are reacted under suitable oxidative cleavage conditions for an appropriate time period, in an appropriate solvent, and at an appropriate temperature to produce VI-7.
  • oxidative cleavage conditions include the use of an osmium reagent and A-methyl morpholi ne A -oxide to form an intermediate diol.
  • the osmium reagent is Os0 4 or K 2 0s0 4 -2H 2 0.
  • the appropriate solvent is an ACN/water mixture.
  • the appropriate solvent is an acetone/water mixture.
  • the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is from about 0 °C to about room temperature for overnight.
  • the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is from about 0 °C to about room temperature for 2 hours. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is about room temperature for 2 hours.
  • the diol is cleaved to form VI-7 under the appropriate oxidative cleavage conditions for an appropriate time period, in an appropriate solvent, and at an appropriate temperature.
  • appropriate oxidative cleavage conditions include the use of NaI0 4 .
  • the appropriate solvent is a THF/water mixture. In some embodiments, the NaI0 4 is added to the diol intermediate over about 0.5 hours at about 0-5 °C.
  • the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time after complete addition of NaI0 4 is from about 0 °C to about room temperature for 3 hours. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time after complete addition of NaI0 4 is about room temperature for 3 hours.
  • VI-7 is reduced to a primary alcohol under suitable reducing conditions, and then halogenated under suitable halogenation conditions to produce VI-8.
  • suitable reducing conditions include the use of a borohydride reagent.
  • the reducing conditions include the use of NaBFF in an appropriate solvent, at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate amount of time.
  • the appropriate solvent is THF.
  • the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is about 0 °C for about 1 hour.
  • the reaction is warmed to about room temperature for about 3 hours.
  • the primary alcohol is reacted under suitable halogenation conditions to produce an alkyl halide.
  • suitable halogenation conditions are bromination conditions that include use of CBr 4 in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate initial temperature followed by PPh 3 in the appropriate solvent, at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time.
  • the appropriate solvent is a halogenated solvent, such as DCM.
  • the appropriate initial temperature is about 0 °C.
  • the appropriate initial temperature is about 0 °C and PPh 3 is slowly added over about 1 hour.
  • the appropriate temperature and time after complete addition of PPh 3 is about 25 °C for about 1.5 hour.
  • an appropriate solvent for addition of PPh 3 is THF.
  • the reaction is further warmed to about room
  • VI-8 is subjected to intramolecular alkylation conditions to form VI-9.
  • intramolecular alkylation conditions include a suitable base in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate amount of time.
  • the suitable base is lithium diisopropylamide.
  • the appropriate solvent is a HMPA and THF mixture.
  • the suitable base is slowly added over 1 hour at about -65 °C.
  • the appropriate temperature for the appropriate amount of time after complete addition of the appropriate base is
  • VI-9 is reduced to aldehyde VI-10 by suitable reduction conditions.
  • VI-9 is reduced by suitable reduction conditions followed by oxidation to aldehyde VI-10 by suitable oxidation conditions.
  • suitable reduction conditions include the use of DIBALH in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time.
  • the appropriate solvent is toluene.
  • DIBALH is added at appropriate temperature for the appropriate time.
  • DIBALH is slowly added over 1 hour at about -65 °C.
  • the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time after the complete addition of DIBALH is about -65 °C for about 1 hour.
  • suitable oxidation conditions are chromium-based oxidations.
  • suitable oxidation conditions include the use of PCC in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time.
  • silica gel is added.
  • the appropriate solvent is DCM. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about room temperature for about 2 hours.
  • the oxidation conditions include the use of oxalyl chloride and DMSO with an amine base in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time.
  • the appropriate amine base is TEA.
  • the appropriate solvent is DCM.
  • the appropriate temperature for the appropriate amount of time is about -78 °C for about 1 hour.
  • aldehyde VI-10 is transformed into bisulfite adduct VI-11 under suitable conditions.
  • suitable conditions include the use of the appropriate reagent in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time.
  • the appropriate reagent is aqueous potassium metabisulfite.
  • the appropriate solvent is THF.
  • the appropriate temperature and time is about 45 °C for about 3.5 hours. In some embodiments, the reaction is further cooled to about room temperature for overnight.
  • bisulfite adduct VI-11 is converted back to aldehyde VI-10 by suitable conditions.
  • suitable conditions include the use of the appropriate base in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time.
  • the appropriate base is a carbonate salt.
  • the appropriate base is aqueous sodium carbonate.
  • the appropriate solvent is DCM.
  • the appropriate temperature and time is about 25 °C for about 1 hour.
  • both X and X are N. In some embodiments, either X or X is N and the other is CR . In some embodiments, both X 2 and X 3 are CR 2 .
  • halide VII-1 is cooled to a suitable temperature and reacted under suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions with an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature to provide an aryl or heteroaryl magnesium bromide salt VII-2.
  • suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions include a metal reagent.
  • the appropriate solvent is THF.
  • the metal reagent is magnesium.
  • suitable metal- halogen exchange conditions include a salt.
  • a suitable salt includes lithium chloride.
  • suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions include a magnesium activating reagent.
  • a suitable magnesium activating reagent includes DIBAL-H.
  • the suitable metal, the suitable salt, and the suitable solvent are combined at 10 °C or room temperature.
  • magnesium, lithium chloride, and THF are combined at 10 °C.
  • magnesium, lithium chloride, and THF are combined at room temperature.
  • DIBAL-H is added to the mixture of the suitable metal, the suitable salt, and the suitable solvent at 10 °C or room temperature, and the reaction is stirred for about 15 minutes.
  • the temperature is reduced or maintained.
  • the temperature is reduced to 0 °C.
  • a solution of VII-1 in THF is added to the reaction.
  • VII-1 is reacted for about 1 hour to two hours after the addition of VII-1.
  • VII-1 is reacted for about 1 hour at about 10 °C.
  • the appropriate temperature for reacting VII-1 is about 25 °C.
  • aryl or heteroaryl magnesium bromide salt VII-2 is reacted under suitable zinc displacement conditions with an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature to provide a zinc aryl or heteroaryl dimer VII-3.
  • suitable zinc displacement conditions include a zinc halide salt.
  • suitable zinc displacement conditions include a zinc chloride.
  • the appropriate solvent is THF.
  • VII-2 is reacted for about 1 hour after the addition of the zinc halide salt.
  • VII-2 is reacted for about 1 hour at about 25 °C after the addition of the zinc halide salt.
  • the appropriate temperature for reacting VII-2 is about 25 °C.
  • l,4-endoethylenecyclohexyl carboxylic acid is reacted with /V-hydroxyphthalimide under suitable coupling reaction conditions to provide VII-4.
  • suitable coupling reaction conditions include an appropriate coupling agent, an appropriate base, and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature.
  • the coupling agent is N,N-d ⁇ i sopropyl carbodi i i de.
  • the base is DMAP.
  • the solvent is DCM or DCE.
  • the time and the temperature are overnight and room temperature.
  • VII-2 and VII-4 are reacted under suitable aryl-alkyl cross- coupling reaction conditions to provide aryl-alkyl VII-5.
  • VII-3 and VII-4 are reacted under suitable aryl-alkyl cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide aryl- alkyl VII-5.
  • VII-4 is reacted under suitable aryl-alkyl cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide aryl-alkyl VII-5.
  • the suitable aryl-alkyl cross-coupling reaction conditions include nickel.
  • the suitable aryl- alkyl cross-coupling reaction conditions include nickel when X 2 is -CMe and X 3 is -CMe or when X 2 is -CMe and X 3 is -CH. In some embodiments, the suitable aryl-alkyl cross coupling reaction conditions include nickel when X 2 is -CMe and X 3 is -CMe. In some embodiments, the suitable aryl-alkyl cross-coupling reaction conditions include nickel when X 2 is -CMe and X 3 is -CH.
  • suitable aryl-alkyl cross-coupling reaction conditions include an appropriate source of Ni, an appropriate arylzinc or heteroarylzinc reagent, an appropriate auxiliary ligand, and a solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the source of Ni is nickel(II) acetylacetonate.
  • the source of Ni is a Ni(II) halide or a solvate thereof.
  • the Ni(II) halide is a Ni(II) chloride or Ni(II) bromide
  • the arylzinc reagent is a substituted phenylzinc reagent.
  • the substituted phenylzinc reagent is a methoxyphenylzinc reagent.
  • the methoxyphenylzinc reagent is bis(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)zinc or bis(4-methoxy-3,5- dimethylphenyl)zinc.
  • the heteroarylzinc reagent is a substituted pyridinylzinc reagent.
  • the substituted pyridinylzinc reagent is a methoxypyridinylzinc reagent.
  • the methoxypyridinylzinc reagent is bis(6-methoxy-5-methylpyridin-3-yl)zinc.
  • the auxiliary ligand is 2,2'-bipyridine.
  • the auxiliary ligand is 2,2'-bipyridine.
  • the auxiliary ligand is an alkyl -substituted 2,2'-bipyridine.
  • the alkyl -substituted 2,2'-bipyridine is 6,6'-dimethyl- 2,2'-bipyridine or 4,4'-di-/er/-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine.
  • the alkyl- substituted 2,2'-bipyridine is 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine.
  • the alkyl-substituted 2,2'-bipyridine is 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine.
  • the suitable aryl-alkyl cross-coupling reaction conditions include iron.
  • the suitable aryl-alkyl cross-coupling reaction conditions include iron when X 2 is -CMe and X 3 is N. In some embodiments, the suitable aryl-alkyl cross-coupling reaction conditions include iron when VII-2 is X 2 is -CMe and X 3 is N, and reacted with VII-4.
  • the solvent is acetonitrile, /V, /V'-di m eth yl propyl en eurea
  • DMPU dimethyl methacrylate
  • DMF dimethyl methacrylate
  • THF trifluoroethyl ether
  • the solvent is DMPU.
  • the time and the temperature are overnight and 25 °C.
  • aryl-alkyl VII-5 is reduced to an alcohol by suitable reduction conditions followed by oxidation to aldehyde VII-6 by suitable oxidation conditions.
  • suitable reduction conditions include the use of DIBALH in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time.
  • the appropriate solvent is DCM.
  • the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is about -78 °C for about 1 hour.
  • the reaction is further warmed to about room temperature for about two hours to produce an alcohol.
  • suitable oxidation conditions are chromium-based oxidations.
  • suitable oxidation conditions include the use of PCC in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time.
  • silica gel is added.
  • the appropriate solvent is DCM. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about room temperature for about 2 hours. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the oxidation conditions include the use of oxalyl chloride and DMSO with an amine base in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time. In some embodiments, the appropriate amine base is TEA. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is DCM. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for the appropriate amount of time is about -78 °C for about 1 hour.
  • X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 substituents X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are as described herein.
  • X 2 is C-R 2
  • X 3 is C-H
  • each X 4 is C-H.
  • X is a halide.
  • the halide is chloride, bromide, or iodide.
  • boronic ester VIII-2 is reacted with halide VIII-1 under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide VIII-3.
  • suitable metal -catalyzed cross-coupling conditions include palladium.
  • suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include palladium, an appropriate base, and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature.
  • the palladium is delivered in the form of Pd(dppf)Cl 2 or Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 .
  • the appropriate base is an inorganic base.
  • the inorganic base is a carbonate, a phosphate, an oxide, or a hydroxide.
  • the inorganic base is an alkali metal inorganic base.
  • the alkali metal is sodium, potassium, cesium, or combinations thereof.
  • the inorganic base is Na 2 C0 3 , K 2 C0 3 , Cs 2 C0 3 , or combinations thereof
  • the combination is a combination of Na 2 C0 3 and K 2 C0 3 .
  • the inorganic base is K 2 C0 3 .
  • the inorganic base is Cs 2 C0 3 .
  • the appropriate solvent is an aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is a mixture of water and an organic solvent.
  • the organic solvent in the mixture is a Ci -4 -alcohol, THF, DMF, DME, dioxane, acetonitrile, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the organic solvent in the mixture is dioxane. In some embodiments, the appropriate time is from about 1 hour to overnight. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is from about 50 °C to about 115 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about 50 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about 100 °C.
  • VIII-3 is subjected to suitable hydrogenation conditions, followed by treatment under appropriate acidic conditions to provide cyclohexanone VIII-4.
  • suitable hydrogenation conditions include a palladium catalyst.
  • palladium-catalyzed hydrogenation conditions include 10% Pd/C under an atmosphere including hydrogen gas in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the hydrogen gas is present in the atmosphere at a partial pressure of about 1 atm.
  • the solvent is EtOAc, ethanol, methanol, or a combination thereof.
  • the appropriate time is from about 4.5 hours to overnight and the appropriate temperature is about room temperature.
  • the acidic conditions include formic acid in a mixture of water and toluene for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the appropriate time is about 4 hours and the appropriate temperature is about 120 °C.
  • the appropriate time is overnight and the appropriate temperature is the boiling point of the solvent.
  • the acidic conditions include PPTS in a mixture of acetone and water for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the appropriate time is about 10 hours and the appropriate temperature is about 60 °C.
  • the acidic conditions include 3 M HC1 and THF for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the appropriate time is from about 3 hours to overnight and the appropriate temperature is about 60 °C.
  • VIII-4 is reacted under suitable one carbon-homologation conditions to provide enol ether VIII-5.
  • suitable one carbon- homologation conditions include deprotonating a phosphonium salt with an appropriate base in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate first time at an appropriate first temperature, before adding the cyclohexanone VIII-4 for a second time at a second temperature.
  • the phosphonium salt is an alkyltriphenylphosphonium salt.
  • the alkyltriphenylphosphonium salt is an alkyltriphenylphosphonium chloride.
  • the alkyltriphenylphosphonium chloride is (methoxymethyl)triphenyl- phosphonium chloride [Ph 3 P + CH 2 OCH 3 Cl ].
  • the appropriate base is LiHMDS, NaHMDS, or KHMDS.
  • the appropriate base is NaHMDS.
  • the appropriate solvent is THF.
  • the appropriate first time is from about 0.5 hour to about 2 hours and the appropriate first temperature is about 0 °C.
  • the appropriate second time is from about 0.5 hour to about 3 hours and the appropriate second temperature is about 0 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate second time is overnight and the appropriate second
  • enol ether VIII-5 is hydrolyzed under suitable acidic conditions to provide a mixture of cis- and trans-aldehydes, where the trans-aldehyde is VIII- 6.
  • suitable acidic conditions include an appropriate acid in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the acid is formic acid
  • the solvent is a mixture of water and toluene
  • the time is from about 2 hours to overnight
  • the temperature is from about 120 °C to about 130 °C.
  • the acid is HC1
  • the solvent is THF
  • the time is from about 1 hour to about 6 hours
  • the temperature is about 60 °C.
  • suitable basic conditions include an appropriate base in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the base is NaOH.
  • the solvent is an aqueous solvent mixture including EtOH, toluene, THF, or combinations thereof.
  • the aqueous solvent mixture includes toluene.
  • the aqueous solvent mixture includes THF.
  • the appropriate time is from about 5 hours to overnight and the appropriate temperature is about room temperature.
  • the base is NaOMe.
  • the solvent is a Ci -4 alcohol, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent is methanol or ethanol. In some embodiments, the solvent is methanol. In some embodiments, the appropriate time is from 4 hours to overnight and the appropriate temperature is about room temperature. In some embodiments, further purification of the mixture of cis- and trans-aldehydes provides trans- aldehyde VIII-6. In some embodiments, the further purification includes the techniques of crystallization, chromatography, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the further purification includes crystallization.
  • X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 substituents X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are as described herein.
  • X 2 is C-R 2
  • X 3 is C-H
  • each X 4 is C-H.
  • X is a halide.
  • the halide is chloride, bromide, or iodide.
  • IX-1 is cooled to a suitable temperature, reacted under suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate first time and at an appropriate first temperature, and then later reacted with an appropriate ketone IX-2 for an appropriate second time and at an appropriate second temperature to provide IX- 3.
  • suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions include an
  • the organometallic reagent is an alkyllithium reagent. In some embodiments, the alkylithium reagent is n-butyllithium. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is THF. In some embodiments, IX-1 is cooled to about -78 °C before addition of the organometallic reagent. In some embodiments, the first time is from about 1 hour to about 2 hours and the first temperature is about -78 °C. In some embodiments, the second time is about 3 hours and the second temperature is about -78 °C.
  • the second time is overnight and the second temperature is initially about -78 °C and is allowed to warm to room temperature over the course of the second time.
  • alcohol IX-3 is reacted under suitable reduction conditions to form a mixture of saturated and unsaturated substituted cyclohexyl ketals derived from IX-3.
  • the suitable reduction conditions include an appropriate reducing agent and an appropriate acid in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature.
  • the reducing agent is a silyl hydride and the acid is trifluoracetic acid.
  • the silyl hydride is triethylsilane.
  • the solvent is dichloromethane.
  • the time is from about 1 hour to overnight.
  • the temperature is from about 0 °C to about room temperature.
  • the temperature is about 0 °C.
  • the mixture of saturated and unsaturated substituted cyclohexyl ketals derived from IX-3 is reacted under suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions to form a mixture of saturated and unsaturated substituted cyclohexyl ketones, including the saturated ketone IX-4.
  • the suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions include an appropriate acid in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the acid is formic acid
  • the solvent is a toluene/water mixture
  • the temperature is about 130 °C
  • the time is overnight.
  • the acid is formic acid
  • the solvent is a THF/water mixture
  • the temperature is about 80 °C
  • the time is overnight.
  • the suitable reduction reaction conditions include an appropriate reducing agent and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the reducing agent is hydrogen.
  • the hydrogen is delivered at a pressure of from about 15 psi to about 30 psi.
  • suitable reduction reaction conditions include a catalyst.
  • the catalyst includes palladium.
  • the catalyst including palladium is 10% palladium on carbon.
  • the solvent is ethyl acetate and concentrated HC1. In some embodiments, the solvent is ethyl acetate. In some embodiments, the time is from about 30 min to about overnight. In some embodiments, the temperature is about room temperature.
  • ketone IX-4 is transformed into trans-aldehyde IX-6 under reaction conditions also suitable for conversion of ketone VIII-4 to trans-aldehyde VIII-6, as described in Scheme 8.
  • R" is an alcohol protecting group.
  • the alcohol protecting group is methyl, a substituted methyl group, a substituted ethyl group, a substituted benzyl group, or a silyl group, as described in, for example, Wuts, P. G. M. “Greene’s Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” (2014) John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 978-1- 118-05748-3.
  • the alcohol protecting group is a silyl group.
  • the silyl group is /er/-butyl dimethyl silyl.
  • X-l is subjected to suitable alcohol protection reaction conditions to form a bis-silyl intermediate, followed by suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions to form X-2, in the case where R" is a silyl group.
  • R" is /c77-butyl di methyl si 1 yl and the alcohol protection reaction conditions include a tert- butyl dimethyl silyl halide and an appropriate base, in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the /f/V-butyl di methyl si 1 yl halide is /c77-butyl di methyl si 1 yl chloride.
  • the base is imidazole.
  • the solvent is DMF. In some embodiments, the time is about 2 hours and the temperature is about room temperature. In some embodiments, the bis-silyl intermediate (a silyl ester) is subjected to suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions to form X-2. In some embodiments, the suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions include a base, in an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time, at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the base is K 2 C0 3 . In some embodiments, the solvent is a mixture of water, ethanol, and THF.
  • the solvent is aqueous ethanol, aqueous THF, or combinations thereof.
  • the time is about 3 hours and the temperature is about room
  • X-l when R" is methyl, a substituted methyl group, a substituted ethyl group, or a substituted benzyl group, X-l is subjected to suitable alcohol protection reaction conditions to form a bis-alkyl intermediate (where both the carboxylic acid and alcohol -OH are alkylated, to form an ester and ether, respectively, and, for the purposes of Scheme 10, and schemes referencing Scheme 10 or schemes referencing intermediates or products disclosed in Scheme 10, the alkyl groups on the bis-alkyl intermediate are methyl, a substituted methyl group, a substituted ethyl group, or a substituted benzyl group), followed by suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions to form X-2.
  • protected alcohol X-2 is converted to acid chloride X-3, under suitable chlorination reaction conditions.
  • the chlorination reaction conditions include (chloromethylene)dimethyliminium chloride and an appropriate base, in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the base is anhydrous K 2 C0 3 .
  • the solvent is toluene.
  • the time is from about 0.5 hr to about 2 hours. In some embodiments, the temperature is about 0 °C. In some embodiments, the temperature is room temperature. [00263] In some embodiments, intermediates used in the preparation of compounds described herein are prepared as outlined in Scheme 11.
  • mixed methyl ester carboxylic acid XI-1 is converted to the corresponding one-carbon-homologated and two-carbon-homologated mixed /f/V-butyl ester carboxylic acids (XI-3 and XI-6, respectively).
  • XI-1 is converted to XI-3 and XI-6 using one application (for XI-3) or two applications (for XI-6) of a combination of suitable acid halogenation reaction conditions followed by a sequence of reactions referred to alternatively as the Amdt-Eistert synthesis.
  • mixed methyl ester carboxylic acids XI-1 and XI-4 are converted to mixed methyl tert- butyl diesters XI-2 and XI-5, respectively, using a combination of suitable acid halogenation reaction conditions followed by a sequence of reactions referred to alternatively as the Amdt-Eistert synthesis.
  • the suitable acid halogenation reaction conditions are suitable acid chlorination reaction conditions and are suitable for converting the mixed methyl ester carboxylic acids XI- 1- and XI-4 to the corresponding acid chlorides.
  • the suitable acid chlorination reaction conditions include a chlorination agent and a catalyst in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the chlorination agent is oxalyl chloride.
  • the catalyst is DMF.
  • the solvent is DCM or DCE.
  • the solvent is DCM.
  • the time and temperature are about 2 hours and about room temperature.
  • the Amdt-Eistert synthesis includes a series of reaction conditions suitable for converting the acid chlorides derived from XI-1 and XI-4 to XI-2 and XI-5, respectively, where the series includes first, diazo ketone-forming reaction conditions, and second, diazo ketone rearrangement reaction conditions.
  • the diazo ketone-forming reaction conditions include an appropriate diazotization reagent and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature.
  • the diazotization reagent is trimethylsilyldiazomethane.
  • the solvent is acetonitrile, THF, or combinations thereof.
  • the solvent is a mixture of acetonitrile and THF.
  • the time is overnight and the temperature is initially about 0 °C and allowed to increase to about room temperature over the time.
  • the diazo ketone rearrangement reaction conditions include an appropriate silver reagent, an appropriate trapping agent, and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the silver reagent is silver oxide, silver benzoate, or silver nitrate. In some embodiments, the silver reagent is silver benzoate. In some embodiments, the trapping agent is /cvV-butanol. In some embodiments, the solvent is dioxane. In some embodiments, the time and temperature are overnight and about room temperature.
  • the mixed methyl tert- butyl diesters XI-2 and XI-5 are hydrolyzed under suitable selective hydrolysis reaction conditions to provide the corresponding mixed /f/V-butyl ester carboxylic acids XI-3 and XI-6, respectively.
  • the suitable selective hydrolysis reaction conditions include an appropriate base and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the base is an alkali metal hydroxide or an alkali metal oxide.
  • the alkali metal is lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium, or combinations thereof.
  • the alkali metal hydroxide is LiOH, or hydrates or solvates thereof.
  • the solvent is a THF/water mixture.
  • the time is overnight and the temperature is about room temperature. In some embodiments, the time is from about 4 hours to overnight and the temperature is 30 °C.
  • the mixed methyl tert- butyl diester XI-2 is selectively hydrolyzed under suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions to provide the mixed methyl ester carboxylic acid XI-4.
  • the suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions include an appropriate acid and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the acid is 4M HC1 in dioxane.
  • the time is about 1 hour and the temperature is about room temperature.
  • Ring A, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , X 5 , X 6 , and X 7 and substituents R 1 , R 2 , and R 8 are as described herein.
  • the R is a halide or -OH.
  • the halide is iodo, bromo, or chloro. In some embodiments, the halide is chloro. In some embodiments, R is -OH. In some embodiments, R" is an alcohol protecting group. In some embodiments, the alcohol protecting group is methyl, a substituted methyl group, a substituted ethyl group, a substituted benzyl group, or a silyl group, as described in, for example, Wuts, P. G. M.“Greene’s Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” (2014) John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 978-1-118-05748-3. In some embodiments, the alcohol protecting group is a silyl group. In some embodiments, the silyl group is /er/-butyl dimethyl silyl.
  • aldehyde VIII-6 (as in Scheme 8 where X 3 and each X 4 are CH, for example) is reacted with aniline XII-2 under suitable reductive amination reaction conditions to provide XII-3a.
  • suitable reductive amination reaction conditions include an appropriate reducing agent and an appropriate solvent, at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time.
  • the reducing agent is picoline borane, sodium borohydride, or sodium triacetoxyborohydride.
  • the reducing agent is sodium triacetoxyborohydride.
  • the solvent is DCM, DCE, THF, acetonitrile, DMF, or A( A -di m ethyl acetam i de .
  • the solvent is DCM, DCE, or combinations thereof.
  • the solvent is DCM.
  • the time is from about 30 minutes to overnight and the temperature is initially about 0 °C and increased to about room temperature over the time. In some embodiments, the temperature is about room temperature.
  • aldehyde VII-6 (as in Scheme 7 where X 3 and each X 4 are CH, for example) is reacted with aniline XII-2 under suitable reductive amination reaction conditions to provide XII-3b.
  • suitable reductive amination reaction conditions include optionally an appropriate condensation catalyst, an appropriate reducing agent, and an appropriate solvent, at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate amount of time.
  • suitable reductive amination reaction conditions include holding VII-6, XII-2, and the condensation catalyst in the appropriate solvent at a first temperature for a first amount of time, and subsequently adding the reducing agent and holding the resulting mixture at a second temperature for a second amount of time.
  • the solvent is an alcohol. In some embodiments, the solvent is methanol. In some embodiments, the condensation catalyst is acetic acid. In some embodiments, the first temperature is from about room temperature to about 60 °C and the first amount of time is about 3 hours to about 68 hours. In some embodiments, the first temperature is about room temperature and the first amount of time is overnight. In some embodiments, the first temperature is about 60 °C and the first amount of time is about 4 hours. In some
  • the reducing agent is picoline-BH 3.
  • the second temperature is room temperature.
  • the second temperature is about 40 °C.
  • the second amount of time is from overnight to about 4 days.
  • suitable reductive amination reaction conditions include the addition of a suitable reducing agent to a mixture of VII-6, XII-2, and an appropriate solvent and holding the resulting mixture at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate amount of time.
  • the reducing agent is sodium triacetoxyborohydride.
  • 1 equivalent of AcOH is added prior to the reducing agent.
  • the solvent is DCM or DCE.
  • the time is about overnight and the temperature is about room temperature. In some embodiments, the temperature is about 45 °C.
  • amine XII-3a or XII-3b (referred to collectively and alternatively as“XII-3” in the disclosure herein relating to Scheme 10) is reacted with cyclohexane X-3 (as in Scheme 10, for example) under suitable acylation reaction conditions followed by suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions to provide XII-4, respectively.
  • the cyclohexane X-3 is an acid chloride or a carboxylic acid.
  • the suitable acylation reaction conditions are sufficient to provide an intermediate protected cyclohexyl alcohol that provides XII-4 after deprotection under suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions.
  • X 1 is N or CH
  • the acylation reaction conditions include an appropriate base, an appropriate solvent, and optionally DMAP, at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate amount of time.
  • the base is TEA or pyridine.
  • the solvent is DCE, DCM, toluene, pyridine, or combinations thereof.
  • the solvent is DCM.
  • the solvent is toluene.
  • the temperature is 80 °C and the time is from about 1 hour to overnight. In some embodiments the temperature is room temperature and the time is from 1 hour to overnight. In some embodiments the initial temperature is 0 °C and the reaction is warmed to room temperature, and the time is from about 15 minutes to about 5 hours.
  • the reaction conditions include DMAP.
  • X 1 is N
  • the reaction conditions include DMAP
  • the base is TEA
  • the solvent is toluene
  • the temperature is about 80 °C
  • the time is about 1 hour to about 2 hours.
  • X 1 is N
  • the reaction conditions include DMAP
  • the base is pyridine
  • the solvent is toluene
  • the temperature is about 80 °C
  • the time is from about 1 hour to overnight.
  • X 1 is CH
  • the base is TEA
  • the solvent is toluene
  • the temperature is about room temperature
  • the time is from about 1 hour to about 2 hours.
  • X 1 is CH
  • the base is pyridine
  • the solvent is toluene
  • the temperature is about room temperature
  • the time is from about 1 hour to overnight.
  • a coupling reagent is used when X-3 is a carboxylic acid.
  • the coupling reagent is HATEG, EDC, T3P, HBTEG, BCTET, or pyBOP.
  • X-3 is a carboxylic acid
  • the base is triethylamine
  • the solvent is DCM
  • the coupling reagent is T3P
  • optionally DMAP at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate amount of time.
  • the base is TEA or pyridine.
  • the solvent is DCE, DCM, toluene, pyridine, or combinations thereof.
  • the solvent is DCM.
  • the temperature is 40 °C and the time is from about 2 hour to about 63 hours.
  • the temperature is room temperature and the time is from 1 hour to overnight. In some embodiments the initial temperature is 25 °C and the reaction is warmed to 40 °C, and the time is from about 2 hours to about 63 hours. In some embodiments, the reaction conditions include DMAP.
  • the suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions are sufficient to deprotect the intermediate protected cyclohexyl alcohol and provide XII-4.
  • the hydrolysis reaction conditions include an appropriate acid, an appropriate solvent, at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate amount of time.
  • the acid is aqueous HC1.
  • the concentration of the aqueous HC1 is about 1 M.
  • the solvent is THF, methanol, or combinations thereof.
  • the temperature is from about 0 °C to about room temperature and the time is from about 1 hour to about 4 hours.
  • R" is lerl-b uty 1 di m eth y 1 si 1 y 1 , the acid is 1 M HC1, the solvent is a combination of THF and methanol, the temperature is from about 0 °C to about room temperature and the time is from about 1 hour to about 19 hours. In some embodiments, R" is other than
  • X is a halide.
  • the halide is bromide or iodide.
  • aryl halide XIII-1 is prepared according to the methods disclosed in Scheme 12, where XII-2 in Scheme 12 is 2-amino- 4-bromopyridine, 2-amino-4-iodopyridine, 3-bromoaniline, or 3-iodoaniline.
  • aryl halide XIII-1 is reacted with an appropriate
  • suitable metal -catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include palladium.
  • suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include palladium, an appropriate base, and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature.
  • the palladium is delivered in the form of Pd(dppf)Cl 2 or Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 .
  • the palladium is delivered in the form of Pd(PPh 3 ) 4.
  • the appropriate base is an inorganic base.
  • the inorganic base is a carbonate, a phosphate, an oxide, or a hydroxide.
  • the inorganic base is an alkali metal inorganic base.
  • the alkali metal is sodium, potassium, cesium, or combinations thereof.
  • the inorganic base is Na 2 C0 3 , K 2 C0 3 , Cs 2 C0 3 , or combinations thereof
  • the combination is a combination of Na 2 C0 3 and K 2 C0 3.
  • the inorganic base is K 2 C0 3.
  • the inorganic base is Cs 2 C0 3.
  • the appropriate solvent is an aqueous solvent.
  • the appropriate solvent is a mixture of water and an organic solvent.
  • the organic solvent in the mixture is a Ci -4 -alcohol, THF, DMF, dioxane, or a combination thereof.
  • the organic solvent in the mixture is DMF.
  • the appropriate time is from about 3 hours to about 5 hours.
  • the appropriate temperature is from about 50 °C to about 115 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about 50 °C.
  • the palladium is delivered as Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , the base is Cs 2 C0 3 , the solvent is a DMF/water mixture, the time is about 4.5 hours, and the temperature is about 50 °C. In some embodiments, the palladium is delivered as Pd(PPh 3 ) , the base is Cs 2 C0 3 , the solvent is 2% water in DMF, the time is about 4.5 hours, and the temperature is about 50 °C.
  • aryl halide XIII-1 is reacted with bis(pinacolato)diboron under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide a
  • pinacolatoboron-substituted arene intermediate which is subsequently reacted with an appropriately bromine-substituted ring A component, , under suitable metal- catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide XIII-2.
  • aryl halide XIII-1 is reacted with bis(pinacolato)diboron under suitable metal -catalyzed cross- coupling reaction conditions to provide a pinacolatoboron-substituted arene intermediate which is subsequently reacted with an appropriately iodo- substituted ring A component, under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide
  • the metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions suitable to provide the pinacolatoboron-substituted arene intermediate include an appropriate palladium source, an appropriate base, and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the palladium source is Pd(dppf)Cl 2.
  • the base is potassium acetate.
  • the solvent is toluene.
  • the time is from about 2 hours to about 5 hours.
  • X 1 is CH
  • X is iodide
  • the metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions suitable to provide the pinacolatoboron-substituted arene intermediate include Pd(dppf)Cl 2 as the palladium source, potassium acetate as the base, toluene as the solvent, the time is about 3.5 hours, and the temperature is 115 °C under the cross-coupling reaction conditions.
  • the metal-catalyzed cross-coupling conditions suitable to provide XIII-2 by reacting the pinacolatoboron-substituted arene intermediate with the appropriately bromine-substituted ring A component include an appropriate palladium source, an appropriate base, and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the palladium source is Pd(dppf)Cl 2
  • the base is Cs 2 C0 3
  • the solvent is a DMF/water mixture
  • the time is about 2 hours
  • the temperature is about 80 °C.
  • ring A and substituents X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , X 5 , X 6 , X 7 , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 8 , and m are as described herein.
  • R is independently alkyl, heteroalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or hydrogen, or both R are taken together to form a substituted or unsubstituted fused 4-, 5-, or 6-membered ring with 1-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring.
  • XIV-2 is prepared from XIV-1 and an amine, NHR 2.
  • XIV-1 is subjected to carbonyl diimidazole in an appropriate solvent, such as ACN, at an appropriate temperature, such as at about room temperature to about 80 °C, for an appropriate amount of time to provide an intermediate carbamoyl imidazole.
  • the appropriate amount of time is from about 2 hours to about 6 hours or about overnight.
  • the intermediate carbamoyl imidazole is treated with NHR 2 in a suitable solvent, and the reaction is allowed to proceed for an appropriate amount of time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the suitable solvent is acetonitrile.
  • the suitable solvent is MeOH, THF, or DCM.
  • the NHR 2 is added as a solution in MeOH, THF, or DCM.
  • the NHR 2 is added neat.
  • the appropriate amount of time at the appropriate temperature is about 15 minutes to overnight at about room temperature. In some embodiments, the appropriate amount of time is about 1 day to about 7 days. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is from about room temperature to about 50 °C or from about room temperature to about 100 °C.
  • the amine, NHR 2 is delivered as a salt.
  • the salt is a hydrochloride salt. In some embodiments, when the amine, NHR 2 , is delivered as the hydrochloride salt, then a suitable base, such as iPr 2 NEt, is combined with the intermediate carbonyl imidazole, prior to adding the hydrochloride salt.
  • Ci-C x includes Ci-C 2 , C 1 -C 3 . . . Ci-C x.
  • a group designated as "C 1 -C 4 " indicates that there are one to four carbon atoms in the moiety, i.e. groups containing 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms or 4 carbon atoms.
  • C 1 -C 4 alkyl indicates that there are one to four carbon atoms in the alkyl group, i.e., the alkyl group is selected from among methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso propyl, «-butyl, Ao-butyl, sec-butyl, and /-butyl.
  • An“alkyl” group refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group.
  • the alkyl group is branched or straight chain.
  • the“alkyl” group has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, i.e. a Ci-Ci 0 alkyl.
  • a numerical range such as“1 to 10” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g.,“1 to 10 carbon atoms” means that the alkyl group consist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, 4 carbon atoms, 5 carbon atoms, 6 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 10 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term“alkyl” where no numerical range is designated.
  • an alkyl is a Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • the alkyl is methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, or t-butyl.
  • Typical alkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec- butyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl, neopentyl, or hexyl.
  • An“alkylene” group refers to a divalent alkyl group. Any of the above mentioned monovalent alkyl groups may be an alkylene by abstraction of a second hydrogen atom from the alkyl.
  • an alkylene is a Ci-C 6 alkylene.
  • an alkylene is a Ci-C 4 alkylene.
  • an alkylene comprises one to four carbon atoms ( e.g ., C 1 -C 4 alkylene).
  • an alkylene comprises one to three carbon atoms (e.g., C 1 -C 3 alkylene).
  • an alkylene comprises one to two carbon atoms (e.g., Ci-C 2 alkylene). In other embodiments, an alkylene comprises one carbon atom (e.g., Ci alkylene). In other embodiments, an alkylene comprises two carbon atoms (e.g., C 2 alkylene). In other embodiments, an alkylene comprises two to four carbon atoms (e.g., C 2 -C alkylene).
  • Typical alkylene groups include, but are not limited to, -CH 2 -, - CH(C3 ⁇ 4)-, -C(CH 3 ) 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH(CH 3 )-, -CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, - CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, and the like.
  • Deuteroalkyl refers to an alkyl group where 1 or more hydrogen atoms of an alkyl are replaced with deuterium.
  • alkenyl refers to a type of alkyl group in which at least one carbon- carbon double bond is present.
  • R is H or an alkyl.
  • an alkenyl is selected from ethenyl (i.e., vinyl), propenyl (i.e., allyl), butenyl, pentenyl, pentadienyl, and the like.
  • alkynyl refers to a type of alkyl group in which at least one carbon- carbon triple bond is present.
  • an alkenyl group has the formula -CoC-R, wherein R refers to the remaining portions of the alkynyl group.
  • R is H or an alkyl.
  • an alkynyl is selected from ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, and the like.
  • Non-limiting examples of an alkynyl group include -CoCH, - CoCCH 3 -CoCCH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CoCH.
  • An“alkoxy” group refers to a (alkyl)O- group, where alkyl is as defined herein.
  • alkylamine refers to the -N(alkyl) x H y group, where x is 0 and y is 2, or where x is 1 and y is 1, or where x is 2 and y is 0.
  • aromatic refers to a planar ring having a delocalized p-electron system containing 4n+2 p electrons, where n is an integer.
  • aromatic includes both carbocyclic aryl (“aryl”, e.g., phenyl) and heterocyclic aryl (or“heteroaryl” or
  • heteromatic groups e.g., pyridine
  • the term includes monocyclic or fused-ring polycyclic (i.e., rings which share adjacent pairs of carbon or nitrogen atoms) groups.
  • the term“carbocyclic” or“carbocycle” refers to a ring or ring system where the atoms forming the backbone of the ring are all carbon atoms. The term thus distinguishes carbocyclic from“heterocyclic” rings or“heterocycles” in which the ring backbone contains at least one atom which is different from carbon. In some embodiments, at least one of the two rings of a bicyclic carbocycle is aromatic. In some embodiments, both rings of a bicyclic carbocycle are aromatic. Carbocycle includes cycloalkyl and aryl.
  • aryl refers to an aromatic ring wherein each of the atoms forming the ring is a carbon atom.
  • aryl is phenyl or a naphthyl.
  • an aryl is a phenyl.
  • an aryl is a C 6 -C l0 aryl.
  • an aryl group is a monoradical or a diradical (i.e., an arylene group).
  • cycloalkyl refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic aliphatic, non-aromatic group, wherein each of the atoms forming the ring (i.e. skeletal atoms) is a carbon atom.
  • cycloalkyls are spirocyclic or bridged compounds.
  • cycloalkyls are optionally fused with an aromatic ring, and the point of attachment is at a carbon that is not an aromatic ring carbon atom.
  • Cycloalkyl groups include groups having from 3 to 10 ring atoms.
  • cycloalkyl groups are selected from among cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, spiro[2.2]pentyl, norbornyl and bicyclo[l.l. l]pentyl.
  • a cycloalkyl is a C3-C 6 cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl is a monocyclic cycloalkyl. Monocyclic cycloalkyls include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. Polycyclic cycloalkyls include, for example, adamantyl, norbornyl (i.e., bicyclo[2.2.l]heptanyl), norbornenyl, decalinyl, 7,7-dimethyl-bicyclo[2.2. l]heptanyl, and the like
  • halo or, alternatively,“halogen” or“halide” means fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo. In some embodiments, halo is fluoro, chloro, or bromo.
  • haloalkyl refers to an alkyl in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen atom.
  • a fluoroalkyl is a Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl.
  • fluoroalkyl refers to an alkyl in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a fluorine atom.
  • a fluoroalkyl is a Ci-Cefluoroalkyl.
  • a fluoroalkyl is selected from trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, fluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 1 -fluoromethyl -2 -fluoroethyl, and the like.
  • heteroalkyl refers to an alkyl group in which one or more skeletal atoms of the alkyl are selected from an atom other than carbon, e.g ., oxygen, nitrogen (e.g, -NH-, - N(alkyl)-, sulfur, or combinations thereof.
  • a heteroalkyl is attached to the rest of the molecule at a carbon atom of the heteroalkyl.
  • a heteroalkyl is a Ci- C 6 heteroalkyl.
  • heteroalkylene refers to a divalent heteroalkyl group.
  • heterocycle refers to heteroaromatic rings (also known as heteroaryls) and heterocycloalkyl rings (also known as heteroalicyclic groups) containing one to four heteroatoms in the ring(s), where each heteroatom in the ring(s) is selected from O, S and N, wherein each heterocyclic group has from 3 to 10 atoms in its ring system, and with the proviso that any ring does not contain two adjacent O or S atoms.
  • heterocycles are monocyclic, bicyclic, polycyclic, spirocyclic or bridged compounds.
  • Non-aromatic heterocyclic groups include rings having 3 to 10 atoms in its ring system and aromatic heterocyclic groups include rings having 5 to 10 atoms in its ring system.
  • the heterocyclic groups include benzo-fused ring systems.
  • non-aromatic heterocyclic groups are pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, oxazolidinonyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thioxanyl, piperazinyl, aziridinyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, homopiperidinyl, oxepanyl, thiepanyl, oxazepinyl, diazepinyl, thiazepinyl, l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, pyrrolin-2-yl, pyrrolin-3-yl, indolinyl, 2H-pyranyl, 4H-pyranyl, dioxo
  • aromatic heterocyclic groups are pyridinyl, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, cinnolinyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, phthalazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, isoindolyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, furazanyl, benzofurazanyl, benzothiophenyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinazolinyl, quinox
  • a group derived from pyrrole includes both pyrrol-l-yl (A-attached) or pyrrol-3-yl (C-attached).
  • a group derived from imidazole includes imidazol-l-yl or imidazol-3-yl (both N- attached) or imidazol-2-yl, imidazol-4-yl or imidazol-5-yl (all C-attached).
  • the heterocyclic groups include benzo-fused ring systems.
  • at least one of the two rings of a bicyclic heterocycle is aromatic.
  • both rings of a bicyclic heterocycle are aromatic.
  • heteroaryl or, alternatively,“heteroaromatic” refers to an aryl group that includes one or more ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • heteroaryl groups include monocyclic heteroaryls and bicyclic heteroaryls.
  • Monocyclic heteroaryls include pyridinyl, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, and furazanyl.
  • Bicyclic heteroaryls include indolizine, indole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, indazole, benzimidazole, purine, quinolizine, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, 1,8- naphthyridine, and pteridine.
  • a heteroaryl contains 0-4 N atoms in the ring.
  • a heteroaryl contains 1-4 N atoms in the ring.
  • a heteroaryl contains 0-4 N atoms, 0-1 0 atoms, and 0-1 S atoms in the ring.
  • a heteroaryl contains 1-4 N atoms, 0-1 0 atoms, and 0-1 S atoms in the ring.
  • heteroaryl is a Ci-C 9 heteroaryl.
  • monocyclic heteroaryl is a Ci-C 5 heteroaryl.
  • monocyclic heteroaryl is a 5-membered or 6-membered heteroaryl.
  • bicyclic heteroaryl is a C 6 - Cgheteroaryl.
  • A“heterocycloalkyl” or“heteroalicyclic” group refers to a cycloalkyl group that includes at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. In some embodiments, a heterocycloalkyl is fused with an aryl or heteroaryl.
  • the heterocycloalkyl is oxazolidinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidin-2-onyl, pyrrolidine-2, 5-dithionyl, pyrrolidine-2, 5-dionyl,
  • heteroalicyclic also includes all ring forms of the carbohydrates, including but not limited to the monosaccharides, the disaccharides and the oligosaccharides.
  • a heterocycloalkyl is a C2-Cioheterocycloalkyl.
  • a heterocycloalkyl is a C 4 - Cioheterocycloalkyl.
  • a heterocycloalkyl contains 0-2 N atoms in the ring.
  • a heterocycloalkyl contains 0-2 N atoms, 0-2 O atoms and 0-1 S atoms in the ring.
  • bond refers to a chemical bond between two atoms, or two moieties when the atoms joined by the bond are considered to be part of larger substructure.
  • bond when a group described herein is a bond, the referenced group is absent thereby allowing a bond to be formed between the remaining identified groups.
  • moiety refers to a specific segment or functional group of a molecule. Chemical moieties are often recognized chemical entities embedded in or appended to a molecule.
  • optional substituents are independently selected from D, halogen, -CN, - NH 2 , -OH, -NH(CH 3 ), -N(CH 3 ) 2 , -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CF 3 , -OCH 3 , and -OCF 3 .
  • substituted groups are substituted with one or two of the preceding groups.
  • substituted groups are substituted with one of the preceding groups.
  • module means to interact with a target either directly or indirectly so as to alter the activity of the target, including, by way of example only, to enhance the activity of the target, to inhibit the activity of the target, to limit the activity of the target, or to extend the activity of the target.
  • modulator refers to a molecule that interacts with a target either directly or indirectly.
  • the interactions include, but are not limited to, the interactions of an agonist, partial agonist, an inverse agonist, antagonist, degrader, or combinations thereof.
  • a modulator is an agonist.
  • administer refers to the methods that may be used to enable delivery of compounds or
  • compositions to the desired site of biological action include, but are not limited to oral routes, intraduodenal routes, parenteral injection (including intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intravascular or infusion), topical and rectal administration.
  • parenteral injection including intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intravascular or infusion
  • topical and rectal administration include, but are not limited to oral routes, intraduodenal routes, parenteral injection (including intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intravascular or infusion), topical and rectal administration.
  • parenteral injection including intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intravascular or infusion
  • topical and rectal administration including topical and rectal administration.
  • Those of skill in the art are familiar with administration techniques that can be employed with the compounds and methods described herein.
  • the compounds and compositions described herein are administered orally.
  • co-administration or the like, as used herein, are meant to encompass administration of the selected therapeutic agents to a single patient, and are intended to include treatment regimens in which the agents are administered by the same or different route of administration or at the same or different time.
  • an“effective amount” or“therapeutically effective amount,” as used herein, refer to a sufficient amount of an agent or a compound being administered, which will relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the disease or condition being treated. The result includes reduction and/or alleviation of the signs, symptoms, or causes of a disease, or any other desired alteration of a biological system.
  • an“effective amount” for therapeutic uses is the amount of the composition comprising a compound as disclosed herein required to provide a clinically significant decrease in disease symptoms.
  • An appropriate “effective” amount in any individual case is optionally determined using techniques, such as a dose escalation study.
  • the terms“enhance” or“enhancing,” as used herein, means to increase or prolong either in potency or duration a desired effect.
  • the term“enhancing” refers to the ability to increase or prolong, either in potency or duration, the effect of other therapeutic agents on a system.
  • An“enhancing- effective amount,” as used herein, refers to an amount adequate to enhance the effect of another therapeutic agent in a desired system.
  • the term“pharmaceutical combination” as used herein, means a product that results from the mixing or combining of more than one active ingredient and includes both fixed and non-fixed combinations of the active ingredients.
  • the term“fixed combination” means that the active ingredients, e.g ., a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a co-agent, are both administered to a patient simultaneously in the form of a single entity or dosage.
  • the term“non-fixed combination” means that the active ingredients, e.g.
  • a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a co- agent are administered to a patient as separate entities either simultaneously, concurrently or sequentially with no specific intervening time limits, wherein such administration provides effective levels of the two compounds in the body of the patient.
  • cocktail therapy e.g. , the administration of three or more active ingredients.
  • the term“subject” or“patient” encompasses mammals.
  • mammals include, but are not limited to, any member of the Mammalian class: humans, non-human primates such as chimpanzees, and other apes and monkey species; farm animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine; domestic animals such as rabbits, dogs, and cats;
  • the mammal is a human.
  • the terms“treat,”“treating” or“treatment,” as used herein, include alleviating, abating or ameliorating at least one symptom of a disease or condition, preventing additional symptoms, inhibiting the disease or condition, e.g. , arresting the development of the disease or condition, relieving the disease or condition, causing regression of the disease or condition, relieving a condition caused by the disease or condition, or stopping the symptoms of the disease or condition either prophylactically and/or therapeutically.
  • compositions [00318]
  • the compounds described herein are formulated into pharmaceutical compositions.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions are formulated in a conventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable inactive ingredients that facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations that are used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen.
  • the compounds described herein are administered either alone or in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents, in a pharmaceutical composition.
  • Administration of the compounds and compositions described herein can be affected by any method that enables delivery of the compounds to the site of action.
  • enteral routes including oral, gastric or duodenal feeding tube, rectal suppository and rectal enema
  • parenteral routes injection or infusion, including intraarterial, intracardiac, intradermal, intraduodenal, intramedullary, intramuscular, intraosseous, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intravascular, intravenous, intravitreal, epidural and subcutaneous), inhalational, transdermal, transmucosal, sublingual, buccal and topical (including epicutaneous, dermal, enema, eye drops, ear drops, intranasal, vaginal) administration, although the most suitable route may depend upon for example the condition and disorder of the recipient.
  • compounds described herein can be administered locally to the area in need of treatment, by for example, local infusion during surgery, topical application such as creams or ointments, injection, catheter, or implant.
  • topical application such as creams or ointments, injection, catheter, or implant.
  • the administration can also be by direct injection at the site of a diseased tissue or organ.
  • compositions suitable for oral administration are presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion.
  • the active ingredient is presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions which can be used orally include tablets, push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol.
  • Tablets may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
  • Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with binders, inert diluents, or lubricating, surface active or dispersing agents. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. In some embodiments, the tablets are coated or scored and are formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for such administration.
  • the push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
  • the active compounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols.
  • stabilizers are added.
  • Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings.
  • suitable coatings for this purpose, concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
  • Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or Dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.
  • compositions are formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g ., by bolus injection or continuous infusion.
  • Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g. , in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative.
  • the compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.

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Abstract

Described herein are compounds that are farnesoid X receptor agonists, methods of making such compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments comprising such compounds, and methods of using such compounds in the treatment of conditions, diseases, or disorders associated with farnesoid X receptor activity.

Description

FARNESOID X RECEPTOR AGONISTS AND USES THEREOF
CROSS-REFERENCE
[0001] This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/733,006, filed on September 18, 2018, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/881,570, filed on August 1, 2019, both of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Described herein are compounds that are famesoid X receptor agonists, methods of making such compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments comprising such compounds, and methods of using such compounds in the treatment of conditions, diseases, or disorders associated with farnesoid X receptor activity.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor highly expressed in the liver, intestine, kidney, adrenal glands, and adipose tissue. FXR regulates a wide variety of target genes involved in the control of bile acid synthesis and transport, lipid metabolism, and glucose homeostasis. FXR agonism is a treatment modality for many metabolic disorders, liver diseases or conditions, inflammatory conditions, gastrointestinal diseases, or cell proliferation diseases.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] In one aspect, described herein is a compound of Formula (F), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:
Figure imgf000002_0001
Formula (F);
wherein:
ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; or ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or triazinyl;
or ring A is phenyl;
X1, X5, X6, and X7 are each independently CR7 or N; wherein at least one of X1, X5, X6, and X7 are CR7;
R1 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, - OC(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci- C4alkyl), -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), -0C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR15C(=0)N(R17)2, -SH, -S(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2(C1-C4alkyl), C1-C4alkyl, C2- C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, Ci- C heteroalkyl, C3-C6cycloalkyl, or monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl;
X2 is CR2 or N;
R2 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, - OC(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci- C4alkyl), -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), -0C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR15C(=0)N(R17)2, -SH, -S(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2(C1-C4alkyl), C1-C4alkyl, C2- C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, Ci- C4heteroalkyl, C3-C6cycloalkyl, or monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl;
or R1 and R2 are taken together with the intervening atoms to form a fused 5- or 6- membered ring with 0-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring, wherein the fused 5- or 6-membered ring is optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-C4alkyl;
X3 is CR3 or N;
R3 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -OC(=0)(Ci-
C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), C C4alkyl, C2-C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, Ci- C4fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C4heteroalkyl;
each X4 is independently CH, CF, or N;
R4 is H, F, or -C¾;
R5 is H, F, or -C¾;
or R4 and R5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH2- or -CH2CH2-;
each R6 is independently H, F, -OH, or -CH3;
each R7 is independently selected from H, halogen, -CN, -OH, Ci-C alkyl, C2-
C alkenyl, C2-C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, C3- C6cycloalkyl, and Ci-C heteroalkyl; L is absent, -Y2-L'-, -L'-Y2-, cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene, or bicyclo[ 1.1.1 Jpentylene;
Y2 is absent, -0-, -S-, -S(=0)-, -S(=0)2-, -S(=0)2NR17-, -CH2-, -CH=CH-, -CºC- -C(=0)-, -C(=0)0-, -0C(=0)-, -0C(=0)0-, -C(=0)NR17-, -NR17C(=0)-, - 0C(=0)NR17-, -NR17C(=0)0-, -NR17C(=0)NR17-, -NR17S(=0)2-, or -NR17-;
L1 is absent or Ci-C4alkylene;
R8 is H, -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C3fluoroalkyl,
Ci-C6heteroalkyl, -C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02(Ci-C4alkyl), -N(R17)2, - C(=0)N(R17)2, -S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, C3-C6cycloalkyl, monocyclic C2-C6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl, wherein C3-C6cycloalkyl, monocyclic C2-C6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl are optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen and Ci-C6alkyl;
R9 is H, F, or -CH3;
R10 is -0C(=0)N(R12)(R13), -0C(=0)R14, or -Ci-C6alkyl-0C(=0)N(R15)(R16);
R11 is H, F, or -CH3;
or R9 and R11 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH2- or -CH2CH2-;
R12 is a monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or two oxo groups, or a C -C6cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C6alkyl;
R13 is H or Ci-C6alkyl;
or R12 andR13 are taken together to form a C -G spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, and G- C6alkoxy;
Figure imgf000004_0001
R14a is selected from Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -C02H, -C02(Ci-C4alkyl), and G- C6fluoroalkyl; each R14b is independently selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, -S(=0)2(Cl- C4alkyl), Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -Ci-C6alkyl-0-Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl- N(Ci-C alkyl)2, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6fluoroalkoxy, and Ci-C6alkoxy; each R14C is independently selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl)2, -S(=0)2(Ci- C4alkyl), Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -Ci-C6alkyl-0-Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl- N(C!-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6fluoroalkoxy, and Ci-C6alkoxy;
R15 is Ci-C alkyl or C3-C6cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C alkyl or C3-C6cycloalkyl is
optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci- C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy;
R16 is H or Ci-C6alkyl;
or R15 andR16 are taken together to form a C2-C6heterocycloalkyl optionally
containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6alkoxy, and -CO2R17;
each R17 is independently H or Ci-C6alkyl;
each R18 is independently halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C alkyl), - S(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, - C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -OC(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), - NR17C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), - 0C(=0)N(R17)2, Ci-C4alkyl, C2-C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci- C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C4heteroalkyl, C3-C6cycloalkyl, monocyclic C2-C6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl;
m is 0, 1, or 2;
n is 0, 1, or 2;
p is 2 or 3; and
q is 0, 1, 2, or 3.
[0005] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (G), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, having the structure of Formula (la’):
Figure imgf000005_0001
Formula (la’).
In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X1 is N, and X5, X6, and X7 are CH. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X1 and X6 are N, and X5 and X7 are CH. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X1 and X7 are N, and X5 and X6 are CH. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X1, X5, X6, and X7 are CH.
[0006] In another aspect, described herein are famesoid X receptor agonists and uses thereof. In another aspect, described herein is a compound of Formula (I), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:
Figure imgf000006_0001
Formula (I);
wherein:
ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl;
or ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,
pyridazinyl, or triazinyl;
or ring A is phenyl;
X1 is CH or N;
R1 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, - OC(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(Ci-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci- C4alkyl), -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), -0C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR15C(=0)N(R17)2, -SH,
-S(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), Ci-C4alkyl, C2- C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, Ci- C4heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl;
X2 is CR2 or N; R2 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, - OC(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci- C4alkyl), -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), -0C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR15C(=0)N(R17)2, -SH, -S(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2(C1-C4alkyl), C1-C4alkyl, C2- C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, Ci- C4heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl;
or R1 and R2 are taken together with the intervening atoms to form a fused 5- or 6- membered ring with 0-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring, wherein the fused 5- or 6-membered ring is optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-C4alkyl;
X3 is CR3 or N;
R3 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -OC(=0)(Ci-
C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), C C4alkyl, C2-C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, Ci- C4fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C4heteroalkyl;
each X4 is independently CH or N;
R4 is H, F, or -C¾;
R5 is H, F, or -C¾;
or R4 and R5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH2- or -CH2CH2-;
each R6 is independently H, F, -OH, or -CH3;
R7 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, Ci-C alkyl, C2-C alkenyl, C2-C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C4heteroalkyl;
L is absent, -Y2-L'-, -L'-Y2-, cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene, or
bicyclo[ 1.1.1 Jpentylene;
Y2 is absent, -O-, -S-, -S(=0)-, -S(=0)2-, -S(=0)2NR17-, -CH2-, -CH=CH-, -CºC-, -C(=0)-, -C(=0)0-, -OC(=0)-, -0C(=0)0-, -C(=0)NR17-, -NR17C(=0)-, - OC(=0)NR17-, -NR17C(=0)0-, -NR17C(=0)NR17-, -NR17S(=0)2-, or -NR17-; L1 is absent or Ci-C alkylene;
R8 is H, -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C3fluoroalkyl, Ci-Ceheteroalkyl, -C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02(Ci-C4alkyl), -N(R17)2, - C(=0)N(R17)2, -S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, C3-C6cycloalkyl, monocyclic C2-C6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl, wherein C3-C6cycloalkyl, monocyclic C2-C6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl are optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen and Ci-C6alkyl; R9 is H, F, or -C¾;
R10 is -0C(=0)N(R12)(R13), -0C(=0)R14, or -Ci-C6alkyl-0C(=0)N(R15)(R16);
R11 is H, F, or -C¾;
or R9 and R11 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH2- or -CH2CH2-;
R12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C4-C6cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C6alkyl;
R13 is H or Ci-C6alkyl;
or R12 andR13 are taken together to form a C5-C9spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, and Ci- C6alkoxy;
Figure imgf000008_0001
R14a is selected from Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -C02H, -C02(Ci-C4alkyl), and Ci- C6fluoroalkyl;
each R14b is independently selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, -S(=0)2(Ci- C4alkyl), Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -Ci-C6alkyl-0-Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl- N(C!-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy;
each R14C is independently selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, -S(=0)2(Ci- C4alkyl), Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -Ci-C6alkyl-0-Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl- N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy;
R15 is Ci-C4alkyl or C3-C6cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C4alkyl or C3-C6cycloalkyl is
optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci- C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy;
R16 is H or Ci-C6alkyl;
or R15 andR16 are taken together to form a C2-C6heterocycloalkyl optionally
containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6alkoxy, and -C02R17;
each R17 is independently H or Ci-C6alkyl; each R18 is independently halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), - S(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, - C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -OC(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), - NR17C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), - 0C(=0)N(R17)2, Ci-C4alkyl, C2-C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci- C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C4heteroalkyl, C3-C6cycloalkyl, monocyclic C2-C6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl;
m is 0, 1, or 2;
n is 0, 1, or 2;
p is 2 or 3; and
q is 0, 1, 2, or 3.
[0007] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (G), (la’), or (I), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein L is absent. In some
embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), or (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R9 is H. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), or (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R7 is H. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), or (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein m is 0. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), or (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X1 is N. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), or (I), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X1 is CH. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), or (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein one X4 is CH and one X4 is N. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), or (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each X4 is CH. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), or (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R4 is H and R5 is H. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), or (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R4 and R5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH2- or - CH2CH2-. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), or (I), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R4 and R5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH2CH2-. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), or (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein n is 0. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), or (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R11 is H. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (G) or (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, having the structure of Formula (la):
Figure imgf000010_0001
Formula (la).
In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, having the structure of Formula (Iaa):
Figure imgf000010_0002
Formula (Iaa).
In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, having the structure of Formula (lb):
Figure imgf000010_0003
Formula (lb).
In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (lb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, having the structure of Formula (Ibb):
Figure imgf000010_0004
Formula (Ibb).
In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, having the structure of Formula (Ic):
Figure imgf000011_0001
Formula (Ic).
In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (Ic), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, having the structure of Formula (Icc):
Figure imgf000011_0002
Formula (Icc).
[0008] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R10 is - 0C(=0)N(R12)(R13). In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R13 is H. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C4-C6cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C6alkyl. I n some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is a tetrahydropyran ring optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C6alkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is
Figure imgf000011_0003
. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is C4-C6cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C6alkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is
Figure imgf000012_0001
or
Figure imgf000012_0002
In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 and R13 are taken together to form a C5-C9spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 and R13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted C5-C9spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 and R13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted C5-C9spirocyclic ring having
the structure:
Figure imgf000012_0003
some embodiments is a compound of
Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R10 is -0C(=0)R14. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable
14a
,X N / R
salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14 is I— I . In some embodiments is a compound of
Formula (G), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14a is selected from Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -C02H, and -C02(Ci-C4alkyl). In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14 is
Figure imgf000012_0004
. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa),
(lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each R14b is independently selected from -OH, Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, and Ci-C6alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14 is
Figure imgf000013_0001
In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (G), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or
(Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14 is
Figure imgf000013_0002
. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each R14C is independently selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, and Ci-C6alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein q is 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein q is 1.
In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R10 is -Ci-C6alkyl- 0C(=0)N(R15)(R16). In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R16 is H. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R15 is Ci-C4alkyl or C3-C6cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C4alkyl or C3-C6cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R15 is Ci-C4alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R15 and R16 are taken together to form a C2-C6heterocydoalkyl optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci- C6fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6alkoxy, and -C02R17. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R15 and R16 are taken together to form a C2-C6heterocycloalkyl optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH, Ci-C6alkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyrazolyl; or ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,
wherein
Figure imgf000014_0001
some embodiments is a compound of Formula (G), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein 0 ' is
Figure imgf000014_0002
. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or
(Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein
Figure imgf000014_0003
is
Figure imgf000014_0005
, , ,
(la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein
Figure imgf000014_0004
In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2 or C3-C6cycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is C3-C6cycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R2 is halogen, -CN, or Ci-C4alkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R2 is Ci-C4alkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (G), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is Ci-C4alkyl or Ci-C alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is Ci-C4alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is -OCH3.
[0009] Any combination of the groups described above for the various variables is contemplated herein. Throughout the specification, groups and substituents thereof are chosen by one skilled in the field to provide stable moieties and compounds.
[0010] In one aspect, described herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for administration to a mammal by intravenous administration, subcutaneous administration, oral administration, inhalation, nasal administration, dermal administration, or ophthalmic administration. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for administration to a mammal by intravenous administration, subcutaneous administration, or oral administration. In some embodiments, the
pharmaceutical composition is formulated for administration to a mammal by oral administration. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a tablet, a pill, a capsule, a liquid, a suspension, a gel, a dispersion, a solution, an emulsion, an ointment, or a lotion. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a tablet, a pill, or a capsule.
[0011] In another aspect, described herein is a method of treating a disease or condition in a mammal that would benefit from FXR agonism comprising administering a compound as described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, to the mammal in need thereof. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is a metabolic condition. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is a liver condition.
[0012] In some embodiments, the compound is administered to the mammal by intravenous administration, subcutaneous administration, oral administration, inhalation, nasal administration, dermal administration, or ophthalmic administration.
[0013] In one aspect, described herein is a method of treating or preventing any one of the diseases or conditions described herein comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, to a mammal in need thereof.
[0014] In one aspect, described herein is a method for the treatment or prevention of a metabolic or liver condition in a mammal comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, to the mammal in need thereof. In other embodiments, the metabolic or liver condition is amenable to treatment with an FXR agonist. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering a second therapeutic agent to the mammal in addition to the compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
[0015] In one aspect, described herein is a method of treating or preventing a liver disease or condition in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the liver disease or condition is an alcoholic or non alcoholic liver disease. In some embodiments, the liver disease or condition is primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, cholestasis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In some embodiments, the alcoholic liver disease or condition is fatty liver (steatosis), cirrhosis, or alcoholic hepatitis. In some embodiments, the non-alcoholic liver disease or condition is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In some embodiments, the non-alcoholic liver disease or condition is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In some embodiments, the non alcoholic liver disease or condition is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and is
accompanied by liver fibrosis. In some embodiments, the non-alcoholic liver disease or condition is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) without liver fibrosis. In some
embodiments, the non-alcoholic liver disease or condition is intrahepatic cholestasis or extrahepatic cholestasis.
[0016] In one aspect, described herein is a method of treating or preventing a liver fibrosis in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal a compound of Formula (F), (la’),
(I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the mammal is diagnosed with hepatitis C virus (HCV), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), cirrhosis, Wilson's disease, hepatitis B virus (HBV), HIV associated steatohepatitis and cirrhosis, chronic viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), or biliary cirrhosis. In some embodiments, the mammal is diagnosed with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
[0017] In one aspect, described herein is a method of treating or preventing a liver inflammation in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal a compound of Formula (G), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the mammal is diagnosed with hepatitis C virus (HCV), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), cirrhosis, Wilson's disease, hepatitis B virus (HBV), HIV associated steatohepatitis and cirrhosis, chronic viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), or biliary cirrhosis. In some embodiments, the mammal is diagnosed with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In some embodiments, the liver inflammation is associated with inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. In some embodiments, the mammal is diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease.
[0018] In one aspect, described herein is a method of treating or preventing a
gastrointestinal disease or condition in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the gastrointestinal disease or condition is necrotizing enterocolitis, gastritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease,
inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, gastroenteritis, radiation induced enteritis, pseudomembranous colitis, chemotherapy induced enteritis, gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer, non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD), celiac disease, intestinal celiac disease, post-surgical inflammation, gastric carcinogenesis, graft versus host disease, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the gastrointestinal disease is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D), irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C), mixed IBS (IBS-M), unsubtyped IBS (IBS-U), or bile acid diarrhea (BAD).
[0019] In one aspect, described herein is a method of treating or preventing a disease or condition in a mammal that would benefit from treatment with an FXR agonist, comprising administering to the mammal a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the methods described herein further comprise administering at least one additional therapeutic agent in addition to the compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. [0020] In any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments in which the effective amount of the compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is: (a) systemically administered to the mammal; and/or (b) administered orally to the mammal; and/or (c) intravenously administered to the mammal; and/or (d) administered by inhalation; and/or (e) administered by nasal administration; or and/or (f) administered by injection to the mammal; and/or (g) administered topically to the mammal; and/or (h) administered by ophthalmic administration; and/or (i) administered rectally to the mammal; and/or (j) administered non-systemically or locally to the mammal.
[0021] In any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments comprising single administrations of the effective amount of the compound, including further embodiments in which the compound is administered once a day to the mammal or the compound is administered to the mammal multiple times over the span of one day. In some embodiments, the compound is administered on a continuous dosing schedule. In some embodiments, the compound is administered on a continuous daily dosing schedule.
[0022] In any of the aforementioned aspects involving the treatment of a disease or condition are further embodiments comprising administering at least one additional agent in addition to the administration of a compound of Formula (I) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In various embodiments, each agent is administered in any order, including simultaneously.
[0023] In any of the embodiments disclosed herein, the mammal or subject is a human.
[0024] In some embodiments, compounds provided herein are administered to a human.
[0025] In some embodiments, compounds provided herein are orally administered.
[0026] In some embodiments, described herein is a method of treating or preventing a metabolic disorder in a subject, comprising: administering to a gastrointestinal tract of the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, thereby activating farnesoid X receptors (FXR) in the intestines, and treating or preventing a metabolic disorder in the subject. In some embodiments, the compound’s absorption is preferentially restricted to within the intestines. In some embodiments, the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines while not substantially enhancing FXR target gene expression in the liver or kidney. In some embodiments, the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines while minimizing systemic plasma levels of the delivered compound. In some embodiments, the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines and the liver while minimizing systemic plasma levels of the delivered compound. In some embodiments, the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines while not substantially enhancing FXR target gene expression in the liver or kidney, and while minimizing systemic plasma levels. In some embodiments, the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines and the liver and provides sustained systemic plasma levels of the delivered compound. In some embodiments, the method reduces or prevents diet-induced weight gain. In some embodiments, the method increases a metabolic rate in the subject. In some embodiments, the increasing the metabolic rate comprises enhancing oxidative phosphorylation in the subject.
In some embodiments, the method further comprises improving glucose and/or lipid homeostasis in the subject. In some embodiments, the method results in no substantial change in food intake and/or fat consumption in the subject. In some embodiments, the method results in no substantial change in appetite in the subject. In some embodiments, the metabolic disorder is selected from obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the metabolic disorder is non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. In some embodiments, the method protects against diet-induced weight gain, reduces inflammation, enhances thermogenesis, enhances insulin sensitivity in the liver, reduces hepatic steatosis, promotes activation of BAT, decreases blood glucose, increases weight loss, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the method enhances insulin sensitivity in the liver and promotes brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering to the subject an insulin sensitizing drug, an insulin secretagogue, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, a glucagon-like peptide (GLP) agonist, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, nicotinamide
ribonucleoside, an analog of nicotinamide ribonucleoside, or combinations thereof.
[0027] In some embodiments, described herein is a method of treating or preventing inflammation in an intestinal region of a subject, comprising: administering to a
gastrointestinal tract of the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, thereby activating FXR receptors in the intestines, and thereby treating or preventing inflammation in the intestinal region of the subject. In some embodiments, the compound’s absorption is preferentially restricted to within the intestines. In some embodiments, the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines while not substantially enhancing FXR target gene expression in the liver or kidney. In some embodiments, the inflammation is associated with a clinical condition selected from necrotizing enterocolitis, gastritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, gastroenteritis, radiation induced enteritis, pseudomembranous colitis,
chemotherapy induced enteritis, gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer, non ulcer dyspepsia (NUD), celiac disease, intestinal celiac disease, post-surgical inflammation, gastric carcinogenesis or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more FXR target genes comprises IBABP, OSTa, Perl, FGF15, FGF19, SHP or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of an antibiotic therapy to the subject, wherein the method treats or prevents inflammation associated with pseudomembranous colitis in the subject. In some
embodiments, the method further comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an oral corticosteroid, other anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory therapy, nicotinamide ribonucleoside, an analog of nicotinamide rib onucleo side, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the method increases HSL phosphorylation and b3 -adrenergic receptor expression. In some embodiments, a serum concentration of the compound in the subject remains below its EC50 following administration of the compound.
[0028] In some embodiments, described herein is a method of treating or preventing a cell proliferation disease in a subject, comprising administering to a gastrointestinal tract of the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the cell proliferation disease is an adenocarcinoma. In some embodiments, the adenocarcinoma is a colon cancer. In some embodiments, the treating the adenocarcinoma reduces the size of the adenocarcinoma, the volume of the adenocarcinoma, the number of adenocarcinomas, cachexia due to the adenocarcinoma, delays progression of the adenocarcinoma, increases survival of the subject, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering to the subject an additional therapeutic compound selected from the group consisting of a chemotherapeutic, a biologic, a radiotherapeutic, or combinations thereof.
[0029] In some embodiments, described herein is a method of treating or preventing a liver disease or condition in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the liver disease or condition is an alcoholic or non-alcoholic liver disease. In some embodiments, the liver disease or condition is primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, cholestasis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In some embodiments, the alcoholic liver disease or condition is fatty liver (steatosis), cirrhosis, or alcoholic hepatitis. In some embodiments, the non-alcoholic liver disease or condition is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In some embodiments, the non-alcoholic liver disease or condition is intrahepatic cholestasis or extrahepatic cholestasis.
[0030] Articles of manufacture, which include packaging material, a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, within the packaging material, and a label that indicates that the compound or composition, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically active metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or
pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, is used for the treatment, prevention or amelioration of one or more symptoms of a disease or condition that would benefit from FXR agonism, are provided.
[0031] Other objects, features and advantages of the compounds, methods and
compositions described herein will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the specific examples, while indicating specific embodiments, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the instant disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0032] The nuclear hormone receptor farnesoid X receptor (also known as FXR or nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4 (NR1H4)) (OMIM: 603826) functions as a regulator for bile acid metabolism. FXR is a ligand-activated transcriptional receptor expressed in diverse tissues including the adrenal gland, kidney, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, gall bladder, liver, macrophages, and white and brown adipose tissue. FXRs are highly expressed in tissues that participate in bile acid metabolism such as the liver, intestines, and kidneys. Bile acids function as endogenous ligands for FXR such that enteric and systemic release of bile acids induces FXR-directed changes in gene expression networks. Bile acids are the primary oxidation product of cholesterol, and in some cases, upon secretion into the intestines, are regulators of cholesterol absorption. The rate-limiting step for conversion of cholesterol into bile acids is catalyzed by cytochrome p450 enzyme cholesterol 7-a-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and occurs in the liver. The cytochrome p450 enzyme sterol l2-a-hydroxylase (CYP8B1) mediates production of cholic acid and determines the relative amounts of the two primary bile acids, cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid.
Activation of FXR can represses the transcription of CYP7A1 and CYP8B1 by increasing the expression level of the hepatic small heterodimer partner (SHP) (also known as nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 2; or NR0B2) and intestinal expression of fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) in mice and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) in human. SHP represses the liver receptor homolog (LRH-l) and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha
(HNFa4), transcription factors that regulate CYP7A1 and CYP8B1 gene expression. CYP8B1 repression by FXR can be species-specific and FXR activation may in some cases increase CYP8B1 expression in humans (Sanyal et al PNAS , 2007, 104, 15665). In some cases, FGF15/19 released from the intestine then activates the fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 in the liver, leading to activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway which suppress CYP7A1 and CYP8B1.
[0033] In some embodiments, elevated levels of bile acids have been associated with insulin resistance. For example, insulin resistance sometimes leads to a decreased uptake of glucose from the blood and increased de novo glucose production in the liver. In some instances, intestinal sequestration of bile acids has been shown to improve insulin resistance by promoting the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-l (GLP1) from intestinal L-cells. GLP-l is an incretin derived from the transcription product of the proglucagon gene. It is released in response to the intake of food and exerts control in appetite and gastrointestinal function and promotes insulin secretion from the pancreas. The biologically active forms of GLP-l include GLP-l-(7-37) and GLP-l -(7-36)NH2, which result from selective cleavage of the proglucagon molecule. In such cases, activation of FXR leading to decreased production of bile acids correlates to a decrease in insulin resistance.
[0034] In some embodiments, the activation of FXR also correlates to the secretion of pancreatic polypeptide-fold such as peptide YY (PYY or PYY3-36). In some instances, peptide YY is a gut hormone peptide that modulates neuronal activity within the
hypothalamic and brainstem, regions of the brain involved in reward processing. In some instances, reduced level of PYY correlates to increased appetite and weight gain.
[0035] In some instances, the activation of FXR indirectly leads to a reduction of plasma triglycerides. The clearance of triglycerides from the bloodstream is due to lipoprotein lipase (LPL). LPL activity is enhanced by the induction of its activator apolipoprotein CII, and the repression of its inhibitor apolipoprotein CIII in the liver occurs upon FXR activation.
[0036] In some cases, the activation of FXR further modulates energy expenditure such as adipocyte differentiation and function. Adipose tissue comprises adipocytes or fat cells. In some instances, adipocytes are further differentiated into brown adipose tissue (BAT) or white adipose tissue (WAT). The function of BAT is to generate body heat, while WAT functions as fat storing tissues.
[0037] In some instances, FXR is widely expressed in the intestine. In some cases, the activation of FXR has been shown to induce the expression and secretion of FGF19 (or FGF15 in mouse) in the intestine. FGF19 is a hormone that regulates bile acid synthesis as well as exerts an effect on glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and on energy expenditure. In some instances, FGF19 has also been observed to modulate adipocyte function and differentiation. Indeed, a study has shown that the administration of FGF19 to high-fat diet- fed mice increased energy expenditure, modulated adipocytes differentiation and function, reversed weight gain, and improved insulin resistance (see, Fu et al,“Fibroblast growth factor 19 increases metabolic rate and reverses dietary and leptin-deficient diabetes.” Endocrinology 145:2594-2603 (2004)).
[0038] In some cases, intestinal FXR activity has also been shown to be involved in reducing overgrowth of the microbiome, such as during feeding (Li et al, Nat Commun 4:2384, 2013). For example, a study had shown that activation of FXR correlated with increased expression of several genes in the ileum such as Ang2 , iNos, and 1118 , which have established antimicrobial actions (Inagaki et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:3920-3925, 2006).
[0039] In some cases, FXR has been implicated in barrier function and immune modulation in the intestine. FXR modulates transcription of genes involved in bile salt synthesis, transport and metabolism in the liver and intestine, and in some cases has been shown to lead to improvements in intestinal inflammation and prevention of bacterial translocation into the intestinal tract (Gadaleta et al., Gut. 2011 Apr; 60(4):463~72).
[0040] In some cases, over production of bile acids or improper transport and re-cycling of bile acids can lead to diarrhea. FXR modulates transcription of genes involved in bile salt synthesis, transport and metabolism in the liver and intestine, and in some cases may lead to improvements in diarrhea Camilleri, Gut Liver. 2015 May; 9(3): 332 339.
[0041] G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (also known as GPBAR2, GPCR19, membrane-type receptor for bile acids or M-BAR, or TGR5) is a cell surface receptor for bile acids. Upon activation with bile acid, TGR5 induces the production of intracellular cAMP, which then triggers an increase in triiodothyronine due to the activation of deiodinase (DI02) in BAT, resulting in increased energy expenditure. [0042] Hence in some embodiments, regulation of metabolic processes such as bile acid synthesis, bile-acid circulation, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, or insulin sensitivity is modulated by the activation of FXR. Furthermore, in some embodiments, dis-regulation of metabolic processes such as bile acid synthesis, bile-acid circulation, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, or insulin sensitivity results in metabolic diseases such as diabetes or diabetes-related conditions or disorders, alcoholic or non-alcoholic liver disease or condition, intestinal inflammation, or cell proliferative disorders.
[0043] Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, are compounds that have activity as FXR agonists. In some embodiments, the FXR agonists described herein are structurally distinct from bile acids, other synthetic FXR ligands, and other natural FXR ligands.
[0044] In some embodiments, also disclosed herein are methods of treating or preventing a metabolic disorder, such as diabetes, obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, or insulin resistance by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FXR agonist. In some instances, the compounds are administered to the GI tract of a subject.
[0045] In additional embodiments, disclosed herein are methods for treating or preventing alcoholic or non-alcoholic liver disease or conditions ( e.g ., cholestasis, primary biliary cirrhosis, steatosis, cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), or elevated liver enzymes) by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FXR agonist to a subject in need thereof (e.g., via the GI tract). In additional embodiments, disclosed herein include methods for treating or preventing cholestasis, cirrhosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, non alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), or primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FXR agonist to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, disclosed herein include methods for treating or preventing cholestasis by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FXR agonist to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, disclosed herein include methods for treating or preventing primary biliary cirrhosis by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FXR agonist to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, disclosed herein include methods for treating or preventing NASH by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FXR agonist to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, disclosed herein include methods for treating or preventing NAFLD by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FXR agonist to a subject in need thereof. [0046] In further embodiments, disclosed herein include methods for treating or preventing inflammation in the intestines and/or a cell proliferative disorder, such as cancer, by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FXR agonist to a subject in need thereof ( e.g ., via the GI tract).
[0047] In still further embodiments, disclosed herein include FXR agonists that modulate one or more of the proteins or genes associated with a metabolic process such as bile acid synthesis, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, or insulin sensitivity, such as for example, increase in the activity of FGF19 (FGF15 in mouse), increase in the secretion of GLP-l, or increase in the secretion of PYY.
Metabolic Disorders
[0048] Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, are methods of treating a metabolic disorder in a subject in need thereof. Also described herein include methods of preventing a metabolic disorder in a subject in need thereof. In some instances, these methods include administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds disclosed herein. In some instances, the one or more compounds disclosed herein are absorbed in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In additional instances, the one or more disclosed compounds absorbed in the GI tract activates FXR receptors thereby treating or preventing a metabolic disorder in the subject.
[0049] In some embodiments, the disclosed compounds demonstrate systemic exposure. In some instances, the disclosed compounds have local exposure in the intestines, but limited exposure in the liver or systemically. In some embodiments, local exposure of the disclosed compounds in the intestines maybe demonstrated by regulation of FXR target genes in the intestines. In some embodiments, the target genes may include: SHP, FGF19 (FGF15), IBABP, C3, OST a/b. In some embodiments, exposure of the disclosed compounds is about 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%, or more in the intestines. In some instances, exposure of the disclosed compounds is about 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, or less in the systemic circulation. In some embodiments, the exposure of the FXR agonists in the intestinal lumen reduces the chance of side effects which results from systemic action, thereby improving the safety profile of the therapy. In additional embodiments, the disclosed compounds enhance FXR target gene expression in the intestines. In additional embodiments, the disclosed compounds further modulate gene expressions in the FXR-mediated pathway, such as for example, FGF19 (FGF15) which inhibits CYP7A1 and CYP8B1 gene expression in the liver. In some instances, the disclosed compounds enhance gene expression in the FXR-mediated pathway. In other instances, the disclosed compounds reduce or inhibit gene expression in the FXR- mediated pathway. In some instances, enhancing is about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 200%, 300%, 500%, 1,000%, 5,000%, 10,000%, 50,000%, 100,000%, 500,000%, or higher in gene expression in the intestines, liver, kidney, or other tissues relative to the gene expression in the absence of the disclosed compound. In some cases, reducing is about 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 1%, or less in gene expression in the intestines, liver, kidney, or other tissues relative to the gene expression in the absence of the disclosed compound.
[0050] In some embodiments, the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines while minimizing systemic plasma levels of the delivered compound. In some embodiments, the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines and the liver while minimizing systemic plasma levels of the delivered compound. In some embodiments, the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines while not substantially enhancing FXR target gene expression in the liver or kidney, and while minimizing systemic plasma levels. In some embodiments, the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines and the liver and provides sustained systemic plasma levels of the delivered compound.
[0051] In some embodiments, metabolic disorder refers to any disorder that involves an alteration in the normal metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids or a combination thereof. In some instances, a metabolic disorder is associated with either a deficiency or excess in a metabolic pathway resulting in an imbalance in metabolism of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and/or carbohydrates. Factors affecting metabolism include, but are not limited to, the endocrine (hormonal) control system ( e.g ., the insulin pathway, the enteroendocrine hormones including GLP-l, oxyntomodulin, PYY or the like), or the neural control system (e.g., GLP-l in the brain). Exemplary metabolic disorders include, but are not limited to, diabetes, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, liver disease, inflammation related intestinal conditions, cell proliferative disorders, or the like.
Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes-related Conditions or Disorders
[0052] In some embodiments, disclosed herein are methods of treating a subject having diabetes mellitus or diabetes-related condition or disorder with administration of an FXR agonist described herein. In some instances, diabetes is type II diabetes or non-insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). In some instances, diabetes-related conditions or disorders include obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. In some instances, diabetes-related conditions or disorders further include secondary
complications such as atherosclerosis, stroke, fatty liver disease, blindness, gallbladder disease, or polycystic ovary disease. In some cases, an FXR agonist is administered for the treatment of type II diabetes, obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, or secondary complications such as atherosclerosis, stroke, fatty liver disease, blindness, gallbladder disease, or polycystic ovary disease.
[0053] In some embodiments, a diabetic subject ( e.g ., a type II diabetic subject) is further characterized with a body mass index (BMI) of 25 or greater, 30 or greater, 35 or greater, 40 or greater, such as a BMI of 25 to 29, 30 to 34, or 35 to 40.
[0054] In some examples, an FXR agonist described herein reduces or prevents weight gain in a subject. In some instances, the weight gain is diet-induced weight gain. In other instances, the weight gain is non-diet-related, such as familial/genetic obesity or obesity resulting from medication. In some examples, such methods reduce or prevent weight gain in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some instances, weight gain is reduced or prevented by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some cases, the reduction or prevention of weight gain is relative to the reduction or prevention of weight gain observed in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
[0055] Similarly, in some cases, the FXR agonist reduces the BMI of a subject. In some examples, such methods reduce the BMI of a subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, or more, relative to a subject not treated with the FXR agonist. In some instances, the subject is overweight but not obese. In other instances, the subject is neither overweight nor obese.
[0056] In some instances, administration of an FXR agonist results in a decrease in the amount of serum lipids. In some examples, the decrease in the amount of serum lipids is by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, or more. In some cases, the decrease in the amount of serum lipids is by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, by about 10% to about 70%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some cases, the decrease in the amount of serum lipids is relative to the amount of serum lipids observed in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
[0057] In some examples, administration of an FXR agonist results in a decrease in triglyceride (e.g., hepatic triglyceride) level. In some instances, the decrease in triglyceride (e.g., hepatic triglyceride) level is by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, or more. In some instances, the decrease in triglyceride (e.g, hepatic triglyceride) level is by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, by about 10% to about 70%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some cases, the decrease in triglyceride (e.g, hepatic
triglyceride) level is relative to the triglyceride (e.g, hepatic triglyceride) level observed in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
[0058] In some examples, administration of an FXR agonist results in an increased insulin sensitivity to insulin in the liver. In some instances, the increase in insulin sensitivity is by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some cases, the increase in insulin sensitivity is by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some cases, the increase in insulin sensitivity is relative to sensitivity observed in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
[0059] In some embodiments, administration of an FXR agonist results in a decrease in the amount of serum insulin in the subject. In some examples, the decrease in serum insulin is by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, or more. In some instances, serum insulin is decreased by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, by about 10% to about 70%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some cases, the decrease in serum insulin level is relative to levels observed in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
[0060] In some embodiments, administration of an FXR agonist results in a decrease in the amount of serum glucose in the subject. In some examples, the decrease in serum glucose is by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, or more. In some instances, serum glucose is decreased by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, by about 10% to about 70%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some cases, the decrease in serum glucose level is relative to levels observed in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
[0061] In some examples, an FXR agonist described herein increases browning of white adipose tissue in a subject. In some examples, the rate of increase of browning of white adipose tissue in the subject is by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more, relative to a subject not treated with the FXR agonist. [0062] In some embodiments, administration of an FXR agonist does not result in substantial change in food intake and/or fat consumption in the subject. In some instances, food intake and/or fat consumption is reduced, such as by less than 15%, less than 10%, or less than 5%. In some embodiments, no substantial change in appetite in the subject results. In other embodiments, reduction in appetite is minimal as reported by the subject.
[0063] In some embodiments, administration of an FXR agonist results in an increase in the metabolic rate in the subject. In some instances, the FXR agonist increases the metabolic rate in a subject. In some cases, the metabolic rate in the subject is increased by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, or more. In some instances, the metabolic rate is increased by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, by about 10% to about 70%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some cases, the increase in metabolic rate is relative to the rate observed in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
[0064] In some embodiments, the increase in metabolism results from enhanced oxidative phosphorylation in the subject, which in turn leads to increased energy expenditure in tissues (such as BAT). In such instances, the FXR agonist helps to increase the activity of BAT. In some examples, the activity of BAT is increased by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, or more. In some instances, the activity of BAT is increased by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, by about 10% to about 70%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some cases, the increase in BAT activity is relative to the activity of BAT observed in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Liver Disease or Condition
[0065] Disclosed herein include methods of preventing and/or treating alcoholic or non alcoholic liver diseases or conditions. Exemplary alcoholic or non-alcoholic liver diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to cholestasis, cirrhosis, steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), elevated liver enzymes, and elevated triglyceride levels. In some embodiments, an FXR agonist is used in the prevention or treatment of alcoholic or non-alcoholic liver diseases. In some embodiments, an FXR agonist is used in the prevention or treatment of cholestasis, cirrhosis, steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, non-alcoholic
steatohepatitis (NASH), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), or primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).
Cholestasis [0066] In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of cholestasis in a subject. Cholestasis is an impairment or cessation in the flow of bile, which in some cases, causes hepatotoxicity due to the buildup of bile acids and other toxins in the liver. In some instances, cholestasis is a component of many liver diseases, including cholelithiasis, cholestasis of pregnancy, primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). In some instances, the obstruction is due to gallstone, biliary trauma, drugs, one or more additional liver diseases, or to cancer. In some cases, the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids enables the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the intestine and allows the elimination of cholesterol, toxins, and metabolic by- products such as bilirubin from the liver. In some cases, activation of FXR induces expression of the canalicular bile transporters BSEP (ABCB11) and multidrug resistance- related protein 2 (MRP2; ABCC2, cMOAT), and represses genes involved in bile acid biosynthesis, such as for example sterol l2a-hydroxylase (CYP8B1) and CYP7A1.
[0067] In some examples, the FXR agonist reduces cholestasis in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some cases, cholestasis is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the level of cholestasis is relative to the level of cholestasis in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist. Primary Biliary Cirrhosis and Cirrhosis
[0068] In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) in a subject. PBC is a liver disease that primarily results from autoimmune destruction of the bile ducts that transport bile acids (BAs) out of the liver, resulting in cholestasis. As PBC progresses, persistent toxic buildup of BAs causes progressive liver damage. Chronic inflammation and fibrosis can advance to cirrhosis. In some examples, the FXR agonist reduces PBC in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some cases,
PBC is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the level of PBC is relative to the level of PBC in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
[0069] In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces cirrhosis in a subject. In some examples, the FXR agonist reduces cirrhosis in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some cases, cirrhosis is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the level of cirrhosis is relative to the level of cirrhosis in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist. Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis
[0070] Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with excessive fat in the liver (steatosis) and in some cases progresses to NASH, which is defined by the histologic hallmarks of inflammation, cell death, and fibrosis. In some instances, primary NASH is associated with insulin resistance, while secondary NASH is caused by medical or surgical conditions, or drugs such as, but not limited to, tamoxifen. In some cases, NASH progresses to advanced fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, or end-stage liver disease requiring liver transplantation.
[0071] In some instances, NASH develops as a result of triglyceride (TGs) imbalance. For example, dysfunctional adipocytes secrete pro-inflammatory molecules such as cytokines and chemokines leading to insulin resistance and a failure of lipolysis suppression in the adipocytes. In some instances, this failure of lipolysis suppression leads to a release of free fatty acids (FFAs) into the circulation and uptake within the liver. In some cases, over accumulation of FFAs in the form of triglycerides (TGs) in lipid droplets leads to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and upregulation of pro-inflammatory molecules.
[0072] In some instances, activation of FXR inhibits triglyceride (TG)/fatty acid (FA) synthesis facilitated by suppressing sterol regulatory element-binding protein lc (SREBPlc) via activation of SHP. In some cases, FXR additionally increases the clearance of TG by stimulating lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity as well as the hepatic uptake of remnants and low-density lipoprotein by inducing syndecan 1 (SDC1) and the VLDL receptor (VLDLR).
[0073] In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In some examples, the FXR agonist reduces NASH the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some cases, NASH is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the level of NASH is relative to the level of NASH in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
[0074] In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of NAFLD. In some examples, the FXR agonist reduces NAFLD in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some cases, NAFLD is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the level of NAFLD is relative to the level of NAFLD in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist. Steatosis
[0075] In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces fatty liver
(steatosis) in a subject. In some examples, the FXR agonist reduces steatosis in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some instances, steatosis is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the level of steatosis is relative to the level of steatosis in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
Ballooning
[0076] Hepatocyte ballooning, a feature denoting cellular injury, is a feature of NASH. Ballooning is a feature that denotes progressive NAFL (types 3 and 4). The term applies to enlarged, swollen-appearing hepatocytes; the affected cells are often intermixed in areas of steatosis and, in classic steatohepatitis, in the perivenular regions. Hepatocellular ballooning is most commonly noted in regions of H & E-detectable perisinusoidal fibrosis. Ballooned hepatocytes are most easily noted when they contain MH (either typical or poorly formed). Hepatocyte ballooning is a structural manifestation of microtubular disruption and severe cell injury.
[0077] In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces liver ballooning in a subject. In some examples, the FXR agonist reduces liver ballooning in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some instances, liver ballooning is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the liver ballooning is relative to the level of liver ballooning in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
Alcoholic Hepatitis
[0078] In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces alcoholic hepatitis in a subject. In some examples, the FXR agonist reduces alcoholic hepatitis in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some instances, the level of alcoholic hepatitis is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the level of alcoholic hepatitis is relative to the level of alcoholic hepatitis in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
[0079] In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). PSC is a chronic and progressive cholestatic liver disease. PSC is characterized by progressive inflammation, fibrosis, and stricture formation in liver ducts. Common symptoms include pruritus and jaundice. The disease is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - about 5% of patients with ulcerative colitis will have PSC. Up to 70% of patients with PSC also have IBD, most commonly ulcerative colitis.
Additional Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Liver Diseases or Conditions
[0080] In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces liver enzymes in a subject. In some examples, the FXR agonist reduce liver enzymes ( e.g ., serum ALT and/or AST levels) in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some instances, the level of liver enzymes is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the level of liver enzymes is relative to the level of liver enzymes in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
[0081] In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces liver triglycerides in a subject. In some examples, the FXR agonist reduces liver triglycerides in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some instances, the level of liver triglycerides is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the level of liver triglycerides is relative to the level of liver triglycerides in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
Inflammatory Intestinal Condition
[0082] Disclosed herein are methods of treating or preventing an inflammatory intestinal condition. Exemplary inflammatory conditions include necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), gastritis, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, pseudomembranous colitis, gastroenteritis, radiation induced enteritis, chemotherapy induced enteritis, gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer, non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD), celiac disease, intestinal celiac disease, gastrointestinal complications following bariatric surgery, gastric carcinogenesis, or gastric carcinogenesis following gastric or bowel resection. In some embodiments, the inflammatory condition is NEC and the subject is a newborn or prematurely born infant. In some embodiments, the subject is enterally-fed infant or formula-fed infant. [0083] In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein is administered to a subject having an inflammatory intestinal condition. In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein is administered to a subject having necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), gastritis, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, pseudomembranous colitis, gastroenteritis, radiation induced enteritis, chemotherapy induced enteritis, gastro- esophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer, non-ulcer dyspepsia (MJD), celiac disease, intestinal celiac disease, gastrointestinal complications following bariatric surgery, gastric carcinogenesis, or gastric carcinogenesis following gastric or bowel resection.
[0084] In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces inflammation of the intestines in a subject (such as a human). In some examples, the FXR agonist reduces intestinal inflammation in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some instances, intestinal inflammation is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the level of intestinal inflammation is relative to the level of intestinal inflammation in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
Gastrointestinal Diseases
[0085] Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, are methods of treating or preventing a gastrointestinal disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a famesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist as described herein. In some embodiments, the gastrointestinal disease is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D), irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C), mixed IBS (IBS-M), unsubtyped IBS (IBS-U), or bile acid diarrhea (BAD).
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
[0086] Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a combination of symptoms including abdominal pain and changes in bowel movement patterns that persists over an extended period of time, often years. The causes of IBS remain unclear; however, gut motility problems, food sensitivity, genetic factors, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and gut-brain axis problems are thought to have a potential role. In some instances, IBS is accompanied with diarrhea and is categorized as IBS with diarrhea (IBS-D). In some instances, IBS is accompanied with constipation and is categorized as IBS with constipation (IBS-C). In some instances, IBS is accompanied with an alternating pattern of diarrhea and constipation and is categorized as mixed IBS (IBS-M). In some instances, IBS is not accompanied with either diarrhea or constipation and is categorized as unsubtyped IBS (IBS-U). In some instances, IBS has four different variations: IBS-D, IBS-C, IBS-M, and IBS-U.
[0087] In some embodiments, the symptoms of IBS are mimicked by a different condition. In some embodiments, sugar maldigestion, celiac disease, gluten intolerance without celiac disease, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, small bowel bacterial overgrowth, microscopic colitis, or bile acid malabsorption (BAM) mimic IBS-D. In some embodiments, anismus, pelvic floor dyssynergia or puborectalis spasm, or descending perineum syndrome mimic IBS-C.
[0088] In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of IBS or any of its variations in a mammal. In some examples, an FXR agonist therapeutic agent reduce IBS symptoms in the mammal by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
Bile Acid Malabsorption
[0089] Bile acid malabsorption (BAM), also known as bile acid diarrhea (BAD), bile acid- induced diarrhea, cholerheic or choleretic enteropathy, or bile salt malabsorption, is a condition in which the presence of bile acids in the colon causes diarrhea. BAM is caused by a number of conditions such as Crohn’s disease, cholecystectomy, coeliac disease, radiotherapy, and pancreatic diseases. In some instances, BAM is caused by medications such as metformin. In some embodiments, BAM is caused by an overproduction of bile acids. Bile acid synthesis is negatively regulated by the ileal hormone fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF-19); low levels of FGF-19 lead to an increase in bile acids. FXR activation promotes the synthesis of FGF-19, consequently lowering the levels of bile acids.
[0090] In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of BAM in a mammal. In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein decreases bile acid synthesis. In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein decreases bile acid levels. In some embodiments, an FXR agonist and an additional therapeutic agent disclosed herein prevent BAD. In some examples, an FXR agonist reduces BAM symptoms in the mammal by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
Graft vs. Host Disease (GvHD)
[0091] Graft vs. host disease (GvHD) is a medical complication that arises after a transplant of tissue or cells from a histo-incompatible donor (i.e. a genetically or
immunologically different donor). Immune cells in the donated tissue or cells (graft) recognize the recipient (the host) as foreign and initiate and attack. Non-limiting examples of transplanted tissue or cells that give rise to GvHD are blood products, stem cells such as bone marrow cells, and organs. There are different types of GvHD depending on where the symptoms manifest or develop: skin GvHD, liver GvHD, eye GvHD, neuromuscular GvHD, genitourinary tract GvHD, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract GvHD. Symptoms of GI tract GvHD include difficulty swallowing, pain with swallowing, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and/or abdominal cramping. GI tract GvHD results in sloughing of the mucosal membrane and severe intestinal inflammation. Inflammation of the biliary epithelium is amenable to be controlled by nuclear receptors such as the glucocorticoid receptor (GR),
FXR, or the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs).
[0092] In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of GvHD or a complication of GvHD in a mammal. In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of GI tract GvHD or a complication of GI tract GvHD in a mammal. In some examples, an FXR agonist reduces GI tract GvHD or a complication of GI tract GvHD in the mammal by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some cases, GI tract GvHD or a complication of GI tract GvHD is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein decreases intestinal inflammation caused by GI tract GvHD. In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces intestinal inflammation caused by GI tract GvHD reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
Kidney Diseases
[0093] Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, are methods of treating or preventing a kidney disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a famesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist described herein. In some embodiments, the kidney disease is associated with a liver disease. In some embodiments, the kidney disease is associated with a fibrotic liver disease. In some embodiments, the kidney disease is associated with a metabolic liver disease. In some embodiments, the kidney disease is associated with a metabolic condition such as but not limited to diabetes, metabolic syndrome, NAFLD, insulin resistance, fatty acid metabolism disorder, and cholestasis. In some embodiments, the kidney disease is diabetic nephropathy, kidney disease associated with fibrosis, kidney disease not associated with fibrosis, renal fibrosis, or any combination thereof.
Diabetic Nephropathy [0094] Diabetic nephropathy is a kidney disease characterized by damage to the kidney’s glomeruli. Diabetes contributes to an excessive production of reactive oxygen species, which leads to nephrotic syndrome and scarring of the glomeruli. As diabetic nephropathy progresses, the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) is increasingly damaged and consequently, proteins in the blood leak through the barrier and accumulate in the Bowman’s space.
[0095] In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy in a mammal.
Renal Fibrosis
[0096] Renal fibrosis is characterized by activation of fibroblasts and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix or connective tissue in the kidney, which is a hallmark of chronic kidney disease. FXR plays an important role in protecting against renal fibrosis. Activation of FXR suppresses renal fibrosis and decreases accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in the kidney.
[0097] In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of renal fibrosis in a mammal.
[0098] In one aspect, described herein is a method of treating or preventing a kidney disease or condition in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal an FXR agonist disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some
embodiments, the kidney disease or condition is diabetic nephropathy, kidney disease associated with fibrosis, kidney disease not associated with fibrosis, renal fibrosis, kidney disease associated with a metabolic disease, chronic kidney disease, polycystic kidney disease, acute kidney disease, or any combination thereof.
Cell Proliferation Disease
[0099] Further disclosed herein are methods of preventing or treating cell proliferation diseases, for example, in certain types of cancer. In some embodiments, the FXR agonists disclosed herein are used in the prevention or treatment of adenocarcinomas, or a carcinoma derived from glandular tissue or in which the tumor cells form recognizable glandular structures. In some embodiments, adenocarcinomas are classified according to the predominant pattern of cell arrangement, as papillary, alveolar, or according to a particular product of the cells, as mucinous adenocarcinoma. In some instances, adenocarcinomas are observed for example, in colon, kidney, breast, cervix, esophagus, gastric, pancreas, prostate, or lung.
[00100] In some embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein are used in the prevention or treatment of a cancer of the intestine, such as colon cancer, e.g. cancer that forms in the tissues of the colon (the longest part of the large intestine), or a cancer of another part of the intestine, such as the jejunum, and/or ileum. In some instances, colon cancer is also referred to as“colorectal cancer.” In some instances, the most common type of colon cancer is colon adenocarcinoma.
[00101] In some cases, cancer progression is characterized by stages, or the extent of cancer in the body. Staging is usually based on the size of the tumor, the presence of cancer in the lymph nodes, and the presence of the cancer in a site other than the primary cancer site. Stages of colon cancer include stage I, stage II, stage III, and stage IV. In some embodiments, colon adenocarcinoma is from any stage. In other embodiments, colon adenocarcinoma is a stage I cancer, a stage II cancer, or a stage III cancer.
[00102] In some embodiments, an FXR agonist described herein is administered to a subject having a stage I, stage II, stage III, or stage IV cancer. In some instances, an FXR agonist described herein is administered to a subject having a stage I, stage II, or stage III colon adenocarcinoma.
[00103] In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein further reduces the tumor burden in a subject. In some examples, the FXR agonist reduces tumor burden (such as colon tumor burden) in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some instances, tumor burden is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the level of tumor burden is relative to the level of tumor burden in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
[00104] In some instances, an FXR agonist disclosed herein further reduces tumor size and/or volume in a subject. In some cases, the FXR agonist reduces tumor size and/or volume (such as a colon tumor) in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some instances, tumor size is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the tumor size is relative to the tumor size in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
[00105] In additional embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces effects of cachexia due to a tumor in a subject. In some examples, the FXR agonist reduces the effect of cachexia (such as due to a colon tumor) in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some instances, the effect of cachexia is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the effect of cachexia is relative to the effect of cachexia in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
[00106] In other embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein increases survival rates of a subject with a tumor. In some cases, the FXR agonist increases the survival rate of a subject with a tumor (such as a colon cancer) in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some instances, survival rate is increased by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the survival rate is relative to the survival rate in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
Compounds
[00107] Compounds described herein, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, active metabolites and pharmaceutically acceptable solvates thereof, are farnesoid X receptor agonists.
[00108] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:
Figure imgf000039_0001
Formula (F);
wherein:
ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl;
or ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,
pyridazinyl, or triazinyl;
or ring A is phenyl;
X1, X5, X6, and X7 are each independently CR7 or N; wherein at least one of X1, X5, X6, and X7 are CR7;
R1 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, - OC(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci- C4alkyl), -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), -0C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR15C(=0)N(R17)2, -SH, -S(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2(C1-C4alkyl), C1-C4alkyl, C2- C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, Ci- C heteroalkyl, C3-C6cycloalkyl, or monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl;
X2 is CR2 or N;
R2 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, - OC(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci- C4alkyl), -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), -0C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR15C(=0)N(R17)2, -SH, -S(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2(C1-C4alkyl), C1-C4alkyl, C2- C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, Ci- C4heteroalkyl, C3-C6cycloalkyl, or monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl;
or R1 and R2 are taken together with the intervening atoms to form a fused 5- or 6- membered ring with 0-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring, wherein the fused 5- or 6-membered ring is optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-C4alkyl;
X3 is CR3 or N;
R3 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -OC(=0)(Ci-
C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), C C4alkyl, C2-C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, Ci- C4fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C4heteroalkyl;
each X4 is independently CH, CF, or N;
R4 is H, F, or -C¾;
R5 is H, F, or -C¾;
or R4 and R5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH2- or -CH2CH2-;
each R6 is independently H, F, -OH, or -CH3;
each R7 is independently selected from H, halogen, -CN, -OH, Ci-C alkyl, C2-
C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, C3- C6cycloalkyl, and Ci-C4heteroalkyl;
L is absent, -Y2-L'-, -L'-Y2-, cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene, or
bicyclo[ 1.1.1 Jpentylene;
Y2 is absent, -O-, -S-, -S(=0)-, -S(=0)2-, -S(=0)2NR17-, -CH2-, -CH=CH-, -CºC-, -C(=0)-, -C(=0)0-, -OC(=0)-, -0C(=0)0-, -C(=0)NR17-, -NR17C(=0)-, - OC(=0)NR17-, -NR17C(=0)0-, -NR17C(=0)NR17-, -NR17S(=0)2-, or -NR17-; L1 is absent or Ci-C alkylene;
R8 is H, -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C3fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6heteroalkyl, -C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02(Ci-C4alkyl), -N(R17)2, - C(=0)N(R17)2, -S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, Cs-Cecycloalkyl, monocyclic C2-C6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl, wherein C3-C6cycloalkyl, monocyclic C2-C6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl are optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen and Ci-C6alkyl;
R9 is H, F, or -C¾;
R10 is -0C(=0)N(R12)(R13), -0C(=0)R14, or -Ci-C6alkyl-0C(=0)N(R15)(R16);
R11 is H, F, or -C¾;
or R9 and R11 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH2- or -CH2CH2-;
R12 is a monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or two oxo groups, or a C -C6cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C6alkyl;
R13 is H or Ci-C6alkyl;
or R12 andR13 are taken together to form a C -Cyspirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, and G- C6alkoxy;
Figure imgf000041_0001
R14a is selected from Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -C02H, -C02(Ci-C4alkyl), and Ci- C6fluoroalkyl;
each R14b is independently selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, -S(=0)2(Ci- C4alkyl), Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -Ci-C6alkyl-0-Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl- N(C!-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6fluoroalkoxy, and Ci-C6alkoxy;
each R14C is independently selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl)2, -S(=0)2(Ci- C4alkyl), Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -Ci-C6alkyl-0-Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl- N(C!-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6fluoroalkoxy, and Ci-C6alkoxy;
R15 is Ci-C4alkyl or C3-C6cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C4alkyl or C3-C6cycloalkyl is
optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci- C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy;
R16 is H or Ci-C6alkyl; or R15 andR16 are taken together to form a C2-C6heterocycloalkyl optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6alkoxy, and -C02R17;
each R17 is independently H or Ci-C6alkyl;
each R18 is independently halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), - S(C1-C4alkyl), -S(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -S^OMCi- alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, - C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -OC(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), - NR17C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), - 0C(=0)N(R17)2, Ci-C4alkyl, C2-C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci- C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C4heteroalkyl, C3-C6cycloalkyl, monocyclic C2-C6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl;
m is 0, 1, or 2;
n is 0, 1, or 2;
p is 2 or 3; and
q is 0, 1, 2, or 3.
[00109] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (G) having the structure of Formula (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:
Figure imgf000042_0001
Formula (la’).
[00110] For any and all of the embodiments, substituents are selected from among a subset of the listed alternatives. For example, in some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein m is 0 or 1. In some embodiments, m is 0. In some embodiments, m is 1. In some embodiments, m is 2.
[00111] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R10 is -0C(=0)N(R12)(R13). In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R13 is H. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C4-C6cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C6alkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is a tetrahydropyran ring optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C6alkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is
Figure imgf000043_0001
. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (G) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is C - C6cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C6alkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of y acceptable
salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is
Figure imgf000043_0002
. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or
solvate thereof, wherein R12 is
Figure imgf000043_0003
. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula
(F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is
Figure imgf000043_0004
. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is
Figure imgf000043_0005
[00112] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R10 is -0C(=0)N(R12)(R13) and R12 andR13 are taken together to form a C5-C9spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from - OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 and R13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted C5-C9spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 and R13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted C5-C9spirocyclic ring having the structure:
Figure imgf000044_0001
some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or
(la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 andR13 are taken
together to form an unsubstituted C -G spirocyclic ring having the structure:
Figure imgf000044_0002
. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (G) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 and R13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted C5-
J3
N-
C9spirocyclic ring having the structure: ^ . In some embodiments is a compound of
Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 and
R13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted Cs-Cyspirocyclic ring having the structure:
Figure imgf000044_0003
[00113] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R10 is -OC(=0)R14. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14 is
Figure imgf000044_0004
. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14a is selected from Ci- C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -C02H, and -C02(Ci-C4alkyl). In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14a is Ci-C6alkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14a is -Ci-C6alkyl-OH. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14a is -C02H. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14a is -C02(Ci-C4alkyl). In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a
A.
14 I
ceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R is 1— -I 1— (R14bl
pharma 'p . In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each R14b is independently selected from -OH, Ci-C6alkyl, Ci- C6alkyl-OH, and Ci-C6alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein p is 2. In some
embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein p is 3. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14 is
Figure imgf000045_0001
. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (G) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14 is
Figure imgf000045_0002
. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each R14c is independently selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci- C6alkyl-OH, and Ci-C6alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein q is 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein q is 1.
[00114] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R10 is -Ci-C6alkyl-0C(=0)N(R15)(R16). In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R16 is H. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R15 is Ci-C4alkyl or C3-C6cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C4alkyl or C3-C6cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci- C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R15 is Ci-C alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl)2, Ci- C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy.
[00115] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R10 is -Ci-C6alkyl-0C(=0)N(R15)(R16) and R15 and R16 are taken together to form a C2-C6heterocycloalkyl optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6alkoxy, and -C02R17. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R15 and R16 are taken together to form a C2-C6heterocycloalkyl optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH, Ci-C6alkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy.
[00116] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyrazolyl; or ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyrazolyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein ring A is phenyl.
[00117] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically
YX c' - LV Ί^N-R8 acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein is ° N N or
Figure imgf000046_0001
. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (G) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein
Figure imgf000046_0002
. in some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable
/Vo
salt or solvate thereof, wherein
Figure imgf000046_0003
is T "N^ In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein
Figure imgf000046_0004
In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or
(la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein
Figure imgf000046_0005
is
Figure imgf000046_0006
[00118] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (G) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2, Ci-C6alkoxy, Ci-C3fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6heteroalkyl, or C3-C6cycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2, Ci-C6alkoxy, Ci- C3fluoroalkyl, or C3-C6cycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is -CH3, -CH2CH3, - CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2, Ci-C3fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6heteroalkyl, or C3-C6cycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is -CH(CH3)2. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is Ci- C6alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is Ci-C3fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is Ci-C6heteroalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is C3-C6cycloalkyl.
[00119] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -S(=0)2(Ci- C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, -OC(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(Ci-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, - NR17C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), -0C(=0)N(R17)2, Ci-C4alkyl, C2- C alkenyl, C2-C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, Ci- C4heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, Ci-C alkyl, C2-C alkenyl, C2-C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci- C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl.
In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is H, halogen, -CN, Ci-C4alkyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C heteroalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is H, halogen, Ci-C alkyl, Ci-C alkoxy, or Ci-C fluoroalkyl. In some
embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is Ci-C4alkyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, or Ci-C4fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (G) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is Ci-C alkyl or Ci-C alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is H. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is halogen. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is -F. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is -Cl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is Ci-C alkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is -CH3. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is Ci-C4alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is - OCH3. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is Ci-C4fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is -CF3.
[00120] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein one X4 is CH and one X4 is N. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each X4 is CH.
[00121] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X3 is CR3. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X3 is CH. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each X3 is N.
[00122] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, - OC(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(Ci-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), - NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), -0C(=0)N(R17)2, Ci-C4alkyl, C2-C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, C C4alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C4heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C2- C heterocycloalkyl . In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (G) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is halogen, - CN, -OH, -N(R15)2, Ci-C4alkyl, C2-C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C4heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is halogen, -CN, Ci-C4alkyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci- C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C4heteroalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is halogen, Ci-C4alkyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, or Ci-C4fluoroalkyl. In some
embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is halogen or Ci-C4alkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is halogen. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is -F. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is -Cl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is Ci-C4alkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is -CH3. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is Ci-C4alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is -OCH3. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is Ci-C4fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is -CF3.
[00123] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is N.
[00124] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X1 is N, and X5, X6, and X7 are CH. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X5 is N, and X1, X6, and X7 are CH. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (G) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X6 is N, and X1, X5, and X7 are CH. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X7 is N, and X1, X5, and X6 are CH. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X1 and X6 are N, and X5 and X7 are CH. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X1 and X7 are N, and X5 and X6 are CH. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X1, X5, X6, and X7 are CH.
[00125] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R7 is H. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R7 is halogen. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R7 is Ci-C4alkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R7 is Ci-C4fluoroalkyl.
[00126] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R4 and R5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH2CH2-. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R4 and R5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH2-.
[00127] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein n is 0.
[00128] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein n is 1 or 2 In some embodiments, n is 1. In some embodiments, n is 2.
[00129] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein L is absent.
[00130] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R9 is H.
[00131] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R11 is H.
[00132] In some embodiments, described herein is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:
Figure imgf000051_0001
Formula (I);
wherein:
ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl;
or ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,
pyridazinyl, or triazinyl;
or ring A is phenyl;
X1 is CH or N;
R1 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, - OC(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci- C4alkyl), -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), -0C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR15C(=0)N(R17)2, -SH,
-S(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2(C1-C4alkyl), C1-C4alkyl, C2- C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, Ci- C heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl;
X2 is CR2 or N;
R2 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, - OC(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci- C4alkyl), -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), -0C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR15C(=0)N(R17)2, -SH, -S(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2(C1-C4alkyl), C1-C4alkyl, C2-
C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, Ci- C4heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl;
or R1 and R2 are taken together with the intervening atoms to form a fused 5- or 6- membered ring with 0-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring, wherein the fused 5- or 6-membered ring is optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-C4alkyl;
X3 is CR3 or N;
R3 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -OC(=0)(Ci-
C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), Ci- C4alkyl, C2-C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, Ci- C4fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C4heteroalkyl;
each X4 is independently CH or N;
R4 is H, F, or -CH3;
R5 is H, F, or -CH3;
or R4 and R5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH2- or -CH2CH2-;
each R6 is independently H, F, -OH, or -CH3;
R7 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, Ci-C alkyl, C2-C alkenyl, C2-C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C4heteroalkyl;
L is absent, -Y2-L'-, -L'-Y2-, cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene, or
bicyclo[ 1.1.1 Jpentylene;
Y2 is absent, -0-, -S-, -S(=0)-, -S(=0)2-, -S(=0)2NR17-, -CH2-, -CH=CH-, -CºC-, -C(=0)-, -C(=0)0-, -0C(=0)-, -0C(=0)0-, -C(=0)NR17-, -NR17C(=0)-, - 0C(=0)NR17-, -NR17C(=0)0-, -NR17C(=0)NR17-, -NR17S(=0)2-, or -NR17-; L1 is absent or Ci-C alkylene;
R8 is H, -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C3fluoroalkyl, Ci-Ceheteroalkyl, -C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02(Ci-C4alkyl), -N(R17)2, - C(=0)N(R17)2, -S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, C3-C6cycloalkyl, monocyclic C2-C6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl, wherein C3-C6cycloalkyl, monocyclic C2-C6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl are optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen and Ci-C6alkyl;
R9 is H, F, or -CH3;
R10 is -0C(=0)N(R12)(R13), -0C(=0)R14, or -Ci-C6alkyl-0C(=0)N(R15)(R16);
R11 is H, F, or -CH3;
or R9 and R11 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH2- or -CH2CH2-;
R12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C -C6cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C6alkyl;
R13 is H or Ci-C6alkyl;
or R12 andR13 are taken together to form a C -G spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, and G- C6alkoxy;
Figure imgf000053_0001
R14a is selected from Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -C02H, -C02(Ci-C4alkyl), and Ci- C6fluoroalkyl;
each R14b is independently selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, -S(=0)2(Cl-
C4alkyl), Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -Ci-C6alkyl-0-Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl
N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy;
each R14C is independently selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl)2, -S(=0)2(Ci-
C4alkyl), Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -Ci-C6alkyl-0-Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl
N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy;
R15 is Ci-C4alkyl or C3-C6cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C4alkyl or C3-C6cycloalkyl is
optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-
C alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy;
R16 is H or Ci-C6alkyl;
or R15 andR16 are taken together to form a C2-C6heterocycloalkyl optionally
containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6alkoxy, and -C02R17;
each R17 is independently H or Ci-C6alkyl;
each R18 is independently halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C alkyl), - S(C1-C4alkyl), -S(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -S^OMCi- alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, - C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -OC(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), - NR17C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), - 0C(=0)N(R17)2, Ci-C4alkyl, C2-C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci- C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C heteroalkyl, C3-C6cycloalkyl, monocyclic C2-C6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl;
m is 0, 1, or 2;
n is 0, 1, or 2;
p is 2 or 3; and
q is 0, 1, 2, or 3. [00133] For any and all of the embodiments, substituents are selected from among a subset of the listed alternatives. For example, in some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein m is 0 or 1. In some embodiments, m is 0. In some embodiments, m is 1. In some embodiments, m is 2.
[00134] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R10 is -0C(=0)N(R12)(R13). In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R13 is H. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C4-C6cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C6alkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is a tetrahydropyran ring optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C6alkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is
Figure imgf000054_0001
. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is C4-C6cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C6alkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is
Figure imgf000054_0002
. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula
(I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is
Figure imgf000054_0003
. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or
solvate thereof, wherein R12 is
Figure imgf000054_0004
. In some embodiments is a compound of
Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is
Figure imgf000054_0005
[00135] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R10 is -0C(=0)N(R12)(R13) and R12 andR13 are taken together to form a C -Cyspirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from - OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 and R13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted G-G spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 and R13 are
taken together to form an unsubstituted G-G spirocyclic ring having the structure:
Figure imgf000055_0001
Figure imgf000055_0002
some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 and R13 are taken together to
i—O
! _ I
MJ
form an unsubstituted C5-C9spirocyclic ring having the structure: . In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 andR13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted G-G spirocyclic ring
G NJ
having the structure: . In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 and R13 are taken together to
Figure imgf000055_0003
form an unsubstituted Cs-Cyspirocyclic ring having the structure: ^
[00136] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R10 is -OC(=0)R14. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein
R14 is
Figure imgf000055_0004
. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14a is selected from Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -C02H, and -C02(Ci-C4alkyl). In some embodiments is a compound of
Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14a is C C6alkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14a is -Ci-C6alkyl-OH. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14a is -C02H. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14a is -C02(Ci-C4alkyl). In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein
R 14 is i 1—H 1 (R14b) 'p . In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each R14b is independently selected from -OH, Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, and Ci-C6alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein p is 2. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein p is 3. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14 is
Figure imgf000056_0001
. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14 is
Figure imgf000056_0002
. In some embodiments is a compound of
Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each R14c is independently selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, and Ci- C6alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein q is 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein q is 1.
[00137] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R10 is -Ci-C6alkyl-0C(=0)N(R15)(R16). In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R16 is H. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R15 is Ci-C alkyl or C3- C6cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C4alkyl or C3-C6cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci- C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R15 is Ci-C4alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy.
[00138] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R10 is -Ci-C6alkyl-0C(=0)N(R15)(R16) and R15 and R16 are taken together to form a C2-C6heterocycloalkyl optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6alkoxy, and -C02R17. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R15 and R16 are taken together to form a C2-C6heterocycloalkyl optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH, Ci-C6alkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy.
[00139] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyrazolyl; or ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyrazolyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein ring A is phenyl.
[00140] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein
Figure imgf000057_0001
is ° * LV N X NV ·
, or
Figure imgf000057_0002
in some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein
Figure imgf000057_0003
. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,
wherein
Figure imgf000057_0004
. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein
Figure imgf000058_0001
In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein
Figure imgf000058_0002
[00141] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2, Ci-C6alkoxy, Ci-C3fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6heteroalkyl, or C3-C6cycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2, Ci-C6alkoxy, Ci-C3fluoroalkyl, or
C3-C6cycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2, Ci-C3fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6heteroalkyl, or C3-C6cycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is - CH(CH3)2. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is Ci-C6alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is Ci-C3fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is Ci-C6heteroalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is C3-C6cycloalkyl.
[00142] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -S(=0)2(Ci- C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, -OC(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(Ci-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, - NR17C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), -0C(=0)N(R17)2, C1-C4alkyl, C2- C alkenyl, C2-C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, Ci- C heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, Ci-C4alkyl, C2-C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-
C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C4heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl.
In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is H, halogen, -CN, Ci-C4alkyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C4heteroalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is H, halogen, Ci- C alkyl, Ci-C alkoxy, or Ci-C fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is Ci-C4alkyl, Ci- C4alkoxy, or Ci-C4fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is Ci-C alkyl or Ci-C alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is H. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is halogen. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is -F. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is -Cl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is Ci-C alkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is -CH3. In some
embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is Ci-C4alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is -OCH3. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is Ci-C4fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is -CF3.
[00143] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein one X4 is CH and one X4 is N. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each X4 is CH.
[00144] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X3 is CR3. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X3 is CH. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each X3 is N.
[00145] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -S(=0)2(C1-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, -0C(=0)(Ci- C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), - NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), -0C(=0)N(R17)2, Ci-C4alkyl, C2-C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, C C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C2- C heterocycloalkyl . In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is halogen, - CN, -OH, -N(R15)2, Ci-C alkyl, C2-C alkenyl, C2-C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is halogen, -CN, Ci-C4alkyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci- C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C heteroalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is halogen, Ci-C4alkyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, or Ci-C4fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is halogen or Ci-C alkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is halogen. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is -F. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is -Cl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is Ci-C4alkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is -CH3. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is Ci-C4alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is -OCH3. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is Ci-C fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is CR2 and R2 is -CF3.
[00146] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X2 is N. [00147] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X1 is CH. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each X1 is N.
[00148] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R7 is H. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R7 is halogen.
In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R7 is Ci-C4alkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R7 is Ci-C4fluoroalkyl.
[00149] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R4 and R5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH2CH2-. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R4 and R5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH2-.
[00150] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein n is 0.
[00151] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein n is 1 or 2 In some embodiments, n is 1. In some embodiments, n is 2.
[00152] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein L is absent.
[00153] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R9 is H.
[00154] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R11 is H.
[00155] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:
Figure imgf000061_0001
Formula (la);
wherein: ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl;
or ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,
pyridazinyl, or triazinyl;
or ring A is phenyl;
R1 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, - OC(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci- C4alkyl), -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), -0C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR15C(=0)N(R17)2, -SH, -S(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2(C1-C4alkyl), C1-C4alkyl, C2- C alkenyl, C2-C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, Ci- C heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl;
R2 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, - OC(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci- C4alkyl), -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), -0C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR15C(=0)N(R17)2, -SH, -S(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2(C1-C4alkyl), C1-C4alkyl, C2- C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, Ci- C4heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl;
or R1 and R2 are taken together with the intervening atoms to form a fused 5- or 6- membered ring with 0-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring, wherein the fused 5- or 6-membered ring is optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-C4alkyl;
R8 is H, -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2, Ci-C6alkoxy, Ci-C3fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6heteroalkyl, -C(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -C02(C1-C4alkyl), -N(R17)2, - C(=0)N(R17)2, -S(=0)2(C l-C4alkyl ), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, C3-C6cycloalkyl, monocyclic C2-C6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl, wherein C3-C6cycloalkyl, monocyclic C2-C6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl are optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen and Ci-C6alkyl;
R10 is -0C(=0)N(R12)(R13), -OC(=0)R14, or -Ci-C6alkyl-0C(=0)N(R15)(R16);
R12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C4-C6cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C6alkyl;
R13 is H or Ci-C6alkyl;
or R12 andR13 are taken together to form a C5-C9spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, and Ci- C6alkoxy;
Figure imgf000063_0002
R14a is selected from Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -C02H, -C02(Ci-C4alkyl), and Ci- C6fluoroalkyl;
each R14b is independently selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, -S(=0)2(Ci- C4alkyl), Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -Ci-C6alkyl-0-Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl- N(Ci-C alkyl)2, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy;
each R14C is independently selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, -S(=0)2(Ci- C4alkyl), Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -Ci-C6alkyl-0-Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl- N(Ci-C alkyl)2, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy;
R15 is Ci-C alkyl or C3-C6cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C alkyl or C3-C6cycloalkyl is
optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci- C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy;
R16 is H or Ci-C6alkyl;
or R15 andR16 are taken together to form a C2-C6heterocycloalkyl optionally
containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6alkoxy, and -C02R17;
each R17 is independently H or Ci-C6alkyl;
p is 2 or 3; and
q is 0, 1, 2, or 3.
[00156] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la) having the structure of Formula (Iaa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:
Figure imgf000063_0001
Formula (Iaa). [00157] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (lb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:
Figure imgf000064_0001
Formula (lb);
wherein:
ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl;
or ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,
pyridazinyl, or triazinyl;
or ring A is phenyl;
R1 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, - OC(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci- C4alkyl), -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), -0C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR15C(=0)N(R17)2, -SH,
-S(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2(C1-C4alkyl), C1-C4alkyl, C2- C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, Ci- C heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl;
R2 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, - OC(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci- C4alkyl), -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), -0C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR15C(=0)N(R17)2, -SH, -S(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2(C1-C4alkyl), C1-C4alkyl, C2- C alkenyl, C2-C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, Ci- C4heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl;
or R1 and R2 are taken together with the intervening atoms to form a fused 5- or 6- membered ring with 0-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring, wherein the fused 5- or 6-membered ring is optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-C alkyl; R8 is H, -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2, Ci-C6alkoxy, Ci-C3fluoroalkyl, Ci-Ceheteroalkyl, -C(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -C02(C1-C4alkyl), -N(R17)2, - C(=0)N(R17)2, -S(=0)2(C l-C4alkyl ), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, C3-C6cycloalkyl, monocyclic C2-C6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl, wherein C3-C6cycloalkyl, monocyclic C2-C6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl are optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen and Ci-C6alkyl;
R10 is -0C(=0)N(R12)(R13), -0C(=0)R14, or -Ci-C6alkyl-0C(=0)N(R15)(R16);
R12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C4-C6cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C6alkyl;
R13 is H or Ci-C6alkyl;
or R12 andR13 are taken together to form a C5-C9spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, and Ci- C6alkoxy;
Figure imgf000065_0001
R14a is selected from Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -CO2H, -C02(Ci-C4alkyl), and Ci- C6fluoroalkyl
each R14b is independently selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, -S(=0)2(Ci- C4alkyl), Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -Ci-C6alkyl-0-Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl- N(C!-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy;
each R14C is independently selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, -S(=0)2(Ci- C4alkyl), Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -Ci-C6alkyl-0-Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl- N(Cl-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy;
R15 is Ci-C4alkyl or C3-C6cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C4alkyl or C3-C6cycloalkyl is
optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci- C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy;
R16 is H or Ci-C6alkyl;
or R15 andR16 are taken together to form a C2-C6heterocycloalkyl optionally
containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6alkoxy, and -C02R17;
each R17 is independently H or Ci-C6alkyl;
p is 2 or 3; and q is 0, 1, 2, or 3.
[00158] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (lb) having the structure of Formula (Ibb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:
Figure imgf000066_0001
Formula (Ibb).
[00159] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (Ic), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:
Figure imgf000066_0002
Formula (Ic);
wherein:
ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl;
or ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,
pyridazinyl, or triazinyl;
or ring A is phenyl;
R1 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, - OC(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci- C4alkyl), -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), -0C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR15C(=0)N(R17)2, -SH, -S(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2(C1-C4alkyl), C1-C4alkyl, C2- C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, Ci- C4heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl;
R2 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, - OC(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci- C4alkyl), -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), -0C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR15C(=0)N(R17)2, -SH, -S(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2(C1-C4alkyl), C1-C4alkyl, C2- C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, Ci- C4heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C ?-C heterocycl oal kyl ;
or R1 and R2 are taken together with the intervening atoms to form a fused 5- or 6- membered ring with 0-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring, wherein the fused 5- or 6-membered ring is optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-C4alkyl;
R8 is H, -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2, Ci-C6alkoxy, Ci-C3fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6heteroalkyl, -C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02(Ci-C4alkyl), -N(R17)2, - C(=0)N(R17)2, -S(=0)2(C1-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, C3-C6cycloalkyl, monocyclic C2-C6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl, wherein C3-C6cycloalkyl, monocyclic C2-C6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl are optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen and Ci-C6alkyl;
R10 is -0C(=0)N(R12)(R13), -OC(=0)R14, or -Ci-C6alkyl-0C(=0)N(R15)(R16);
R12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C4-C6cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C6alkyl;
R13 is H or Ci-C6alkyl;
or R12 andR13 are taken together to form a C -Cyspirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, and Ci- C6alkoxy;
Figure imgf000067_0001
R14a is selected from Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -CO2H, -C02(Ci-C4alkyl), and Ci- C6fluoroalkyl
each R14b is independently selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl)2, -S(=0)2(Ci- C4alkyl), Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -Ci-C6alkyl-0-Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl- N(C!-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy;
each R14C is independently selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, -S(=0)2(Ci- C4alkyl), Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -Ci-C6alkyl-0-Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl- N(C!-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy; R15 is Ci-C4alkyl or C3-C6cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C4alkyl or C3-C6cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci- C alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy;
R16 is H or Ci-C6alkyl;
or R15 andR16 are taken together to form a C2-C6heterocycloalkyl optionally
containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6alkoxy, and -C02R17;
each R17 is independently H or Ci-C6alkyl;
p is 2 or 3; and
q is 0, 1, 2, or 3.
[00160] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (Ic) having the structure of Formula (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:
Figure imgf000068_0001
Formula (Icc).
[00161] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R10 is - 0C(=0)N(R12)(R13). In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R13 is H. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C -C6cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C6alkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is a tetrahydropyran ring optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci- C6alkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or
(Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is
Figure imgf000068_0002
. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is C4-C6cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C6alkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable
salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is
Figure imgf000069_0001
. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
12
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R is
Figure imgf000069_0002
In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
12
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R is
Figure imgf000069_0003
In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is
Figure imgf000069_0004
[00162] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R10 is - 0C(=0)N(R12)(R13) and R12 and R13 are taken together to form a C -Cyspirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, and Ci- C6alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 andR13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted C5-C9spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 and R13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted C -Cyspirocyclic ring having
the structure:
Figure imgf000069_0005
some embodiments is a compound of
Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 andR13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted C -Cyspirocyclic ring
Figure imgf000069_0006
having the structure. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 andR13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted C -Cyspirocyclic ring having the N rJP
structure: . In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb),
(Lc), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 andR13 are
taken together to form an unsubstituted C -Cyspirocyclic ring having the structure:
Figure imgf000070_0001
[00163] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R10 is -OC(=0)R14. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
14a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14 is I— I R . In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14a is selected from Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -C02H, and -C02(Ci-C4alkyl). In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14a is Ci-C6alkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14a is -Ci-C6alkyl-OH. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14a is -C02H. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14a is -C02(Ci- C4alkyl). In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or
(Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R
Figure imgf000070_0002
.
In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each R14b is independently selected from -OH, Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, and Ci-C6alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein p is 2. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein p is 3. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14 is
Figure imgf000071_0001
. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14 is
Figure imgf000071_0002
In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each R14c is independently selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, and Ci- C6alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein q is 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein q is 1.
[00164] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R10 is -Ci-C6alkyl- 0C(=0)N(R15)(R16). In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R16 is H. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R15 is Ci-C4alkyl or C3- C6cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C alkyl or C3-C6cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci- C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R15 is Ci-C alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci- C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy.
[00165] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R10 is -Ci-C6alkyl- 0C(=0)N(R15)(R16) and R15 and R16 are taken together to form a C2-C6heterocycloalkyl optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, - Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6alkoxy, and -C02R17. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R15 and R16 are taken together to form a C2- C6heterocycloalkyl optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH, Ci-C6alkyl, and Ci- C6alkoxy.
[00166] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein ring A is a 5- membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyrazolyl; or ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyrazolyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein ring A is phenyl.
[00167] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or
(Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein
Figure imgf000072_0001
is
Figure imgf000072_0002
. Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or
(Icc) In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein
Figure imgf000072_0003
. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein
Figure imgf000072_0004
. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein
Figure imgf000072_0005
. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein
Figure imgf000072_0006
is tn N «·
[00168] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2, Ci-C6alkoxy, Ci-C3fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6heteroalkyl, or C3- Cecycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2, Ci-C6alkoxy, Ci-Cifluoroalkyl, or C3-C6cycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is -CH3, -CH2CH3, - CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2, Ci-Csfluoroalkyf Ci-C6heteroalkyl, or C3-C6cycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is -CH3, -CH2CH3, - CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is - CH(CH3)2. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is Ci-C6alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is C i-Csfluoroalkyk In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is Ci-C6heteroalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is C3-C6cycloalkyl.
[00169] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, -OC(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02H, - C02(Ci-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), - 0C(=0)N(R17)2, Ci-C4alkyl, C2-C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, C C4fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C4heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, - N(R17)2, Ci-C alkyl, C2-C alkenyl, C2-C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci- C4fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C4heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is H, halogen, -CN, Ci- C alkyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C heteroalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is H, halogen, Ci-C alkyl, Ci- C4alkoxy, or Ci-C4fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is Ci-C4alkyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, or Ci-C4fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is Ci-C4alkyl or Ci-C4alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is H. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is halogen. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is -F. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is -Cl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is Ci-C4alkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is -CH3. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is Ci-C4alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is - OCH3. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is Ci-C4fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is -CF3.
[00170] In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R2 is halogen, -CN, - OH, -N(R17)2, -S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, -OC(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(Ci- C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), - 0C(=0)N(R17)2, Ci-C4alkyl, C2-C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, C C4fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C4heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R2 is halogen, -CN, -OH, - N(R15)2, Ci-C4alkyl, C2-C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, Ci- C4fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C4heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R2 is halogen, -CN, Ci-C4alkyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C4heteroalkyl. In some
embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R2 is halogen, Ci-C alkyl, Ci- C4alkoxy, or Ci-C4fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R2 is halogen or Ci-C alkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R2 is halogen. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R2 is -F. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R2 is -Cl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R2 is Ci-C4alkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R2 is -CH3. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R2 is Ci-C4alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R2 is - OCH3. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R2 is Ci-C4fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R2 is -CF3.
[00171] Any combination of the groups described above for the various variables is contemplated herein. Throughout the specification, groups and substituents thereof are chosen by one skilled in the field to provide stable moieties and compounds.
[00172] In some embodiments, compounds described herein include, but are not limited to, those described in Table 1.
TABLE 1
Figure imgf000075_0001
Figure imgf000076_0001
Figure imgf000077_0001
Figure imgf000078_0001
Figure imgf000079_0001
Figure imgf000080_0001
Figure imgf000081_0001
Figure imgf000082_0001
Figure imgf000083_0001
Figure imgf000084_0001
Figure imgf000085_0001
Figure imgf000086_0001
Figure imgf000087_0001
Figure imgf000088_0001
Figure imgf000089_0001
Figure imgf000090_0001
Figure imgf000091_0001
Figure imgf000092_0001
Figure imgf000093_0001
Figure imgf000094_0001
Figure imgf000095_0001
Figure imgf000096_0001
Figure imgf000097_0001
Figure imgf000098_0001
Figure imgf000099_0001
Figure imgf000100_0001
Figure imgf000101_0001
Figure imgf000102_0001
Figure imgf000103_0001
Figure imgf000104_0001
Figure imgf000105_0001
Figure imgf000106_0001
Figure imgf000107_0001
Figure imgf000108_0001
Figure imgf000109_0001
Figure imgf000110_0001
Figure imgf000111_0001
Figure imgf000112_0001
Figure imgf000113_0001
Figure imgf000114_0001
[00173] In some embodiments, provided herein is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of a compound that is described in Table 1.
[00174] In one aspect, compounds described herein are in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts. As well, active metabolites of these compounds having the same type of activity are included in the scope of the present disclosure. In addition, the compounds described herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. The solvated forms of the
compounds presented herein are also considered to be disclosed herein.
[00175] “Pharmaceutically acceptable,” as used herein, refers a material, such as a carrier or diluent, which does not abrogate the biological activity or properties of the compound, and is relatively nontoxic, i.e., the material is administered to an individual without causing undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.
[00176] The term“pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a form of a therapeutically active agent that consists of a cationic form of the therapeutically active agent in combination with a suitable anion, or in alternative embodiments, an anionic form of the therapeutically active agent in combination with a suitable cation. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts:
Properties, Selection and Use. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Wiley - VCH 2002. S.M. Berge, L.D. Bighley, D C. Monkhouse, J. Pharm. Sci. 1977, 66, 1-19. P.
H. Stahl and C. G. Wermuth, editors, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection and Use , Weinheim/Ziirich: Wiley-VCH/VHCA, 2002. Pharmaceutical salts typically are more soluble and more rapidly soluble in stomach and intestinal juices than non- ionic species and so are useful in solid dosage forms. Furthermore, because their solubility often is a function of pH, selective dissolution in one or another part of the digestive tract is possible, and this capability can be manipulated as one aspect of delayed and sustained release behaviors. Also, because the salt-forming molecule can be in equilibrium with a neutral form, passage through biological membranes can be adjusted.
[00177] In some embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable salts are obtained by reacting a compound described herein with an acid to provide a "pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt." In some embodiments, the compound described herein (i.e. free base form) is basic and is reacted with an organic acid or an inorganic acid. Inorganic acids include, but are not limited to, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, and metaphosphoric acid. Organic acids include, but are not limited to, 1 -hydroxy -2- naphthoic acid; 2,2-dichloroacetic acid; 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid; 2-oxoglutaric acid; 4- acetamidobenzoic acid; 4-aminosalicylic acid; acetic acid; adipic acid; ascorbic acid (L); aspartic acid (L); benzenesulfonic acid; benzoic acid; camphoric acid (+); camphor- 10 sulfonic acid (+); capric acid (decanoic acid); caproic acid (hexanoic acid); caprylic acid (octanoic acid); carbonic acid; cinnamic acid; citric acid; cyclamic acid; dodecylsulfuric acid; ethane- l,2-disulfonic acid; ethanesulfonic acid; formic acid; fumaric acid; galactaric acid; gentisic acid; glucoheptonic acid (D); gluconic acid (D); glucuronic acid (D); glutamic acid; glutaric acid; glycerophosphoric acid; glycolic acid; hippuric acid; isobutyric acid; lactic acid (DL); lactobionic acid; lauric acid; maleic acid; malic acid (- L); malonic acid; mandelic acid (DL); methanesulfonic acid; monomethyl fumarate, naphthalene- l,5-disulfonic acid;
naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid; nicotinic acid; oleic acid; oxalic acid; palmitic acid; pamoic acid; phosphoric acid; proprionic acid; pyroglutamic acid (- L); salicylic acid; sebacic acid; stearic acid; succinic acid; sulfuric acid; tartaric acid (+ L); thiocyanic acid; toluenesulfonic acid (p) and undecylenic acid.
[00178] In some embodiments, a compound described herein is prepared as a chloride salt, sulfate salt, bromide salt, mesylate salt, maleate salt, citrate salt or phosphate salt.
[00179] In some embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable salts are obtained by reacting a compound described herein with a base to provide a "pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt."
[00180] In some embodiments, the compound described herein is acidic and is reacted with a base. In such situations, an acidic proton of the compound described herein is replaced by a metal ion, e.g ., lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, or an aluminum ion. In some cases, compounds described herein coordinate with an organic base, such as, but not limited to, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, meglumine, N- methylglucamine, dicyclohexylamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine. In other cases, compounds described herein form salts with amino acids such as, but not limited to, arginine, lysine, and the like. Acceptable inorganic bases used to form salts with compounds that include an acidic proton, include, but are not limited to, aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, and the like. In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein are prepared as a sodium salt, calcium salt, potassium salt, magnesium salt, meglumine salt, N- methylglucamine salt or ammonium salt.
[00181] It should be understood that a reference to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt includes the solvent addition forms. In some embodiments, solvates contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and are formed during the process of isolating or purifying the compound with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. Hydrates are formed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is alcohol. Solvates of compounds described herein are conveniently prepared or formed during the processes described herein. In addition, the compounds provided herein optionally exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms.
[00182] The methods and formulations described herein include the use of N- oxides (if appropriate), crystalline forms (also known as polymorphs), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds described herein, as well as active metabolites of these compounds having the same type of activity.
[00183] In some embodiments, sites on the organic groups ( e.g ., alkyl groups, aromatic rings) of compounds described herein are susceptible to various metabolic reactions.
Incorporation of appropriate substituents on the organic groups will reduce, minimize or eliminate this metabolic pathway. In specific embodiments, the appropriate substituent to decrease or eliminate the susceptibility of the aromatic ring to metabolic reactions is, by way of example only, a halogen, deuterium, an alkyl group, a haloalkyl group, or a deuteroalkyl group.
[00184] In another embodiment, the compounds described herein are labeled isotopically (e.g., with a radioisotope) or by another other means, including, but not limited to, the use of chromophores or fluorescent moieties, bioluminescent labels, or chemiluminescent labels.
[00185] Compounds described herein include isotopically-labeled compounds, which are identical to those recited in the various formulae and structures presented herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into the present compounds include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine and chlorine, such as, for example, 2H, 3H, 13C, 14C, 15N, 180, 170, 35S, 18F, 36Cl. In one aspect, isotopically-labeled compounds described herein, for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as 3H and 14C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. In one aspect, substitution with isotopes such as deuterium affords certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, such as, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements. In some embodiments, one or more hydrogen atoms of the compounds described herein is replaced with deuterium.
[00186] In some embodiments, the compounds described herein possess one or more stereocenters and each stereocenter exists independently in either the R or S configuration. The compounds presented herein include all diastereomeric, enantiomeric, atropisomers, and epimeric forms as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof. The compounds and methods provided herein include all cis, trans, syn, anti, entgegen (E), and zusammen (Z) isomers as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof.
[00187] Individual stereoisomers are obtained, if desired, by methods such as,
stereoselective synthesis and/or the separation of stereoisomers by chiral chromatographic columns. In certain embodiments, compounds described herein are prepared as their individual stereoisomers by reacting a racemic mixture of the compound with an optically active resolving agent to form a pair of diastereoisomeric compounds/salts, separating the diastereomers and recovering the optically pure enantiomers. In some embodiments, resolution of enantiomers is carried out using covalent diastereomeric derivatives of the compounds described herein. In another embodiment, diastereomers are separated by separation/resolution techniques based upon differences in solubility. In other embodiments, separation of steroisomers is performed by chromatography or by the forming diastereomeric salts and separation by recrystallization, or chromatography, or any combination thereof.
Jean Jacques, Andre Collet, Samuel H. Wilen,“Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions”, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1981. In some embodiments, stereoisomers are obtained by stereoselective synthesis.
[00188] In some embodiments, compounds described herein are prepared as prodrugs. A “prodrug” refers to an agent that is converted into the parent drug in vivo. Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they are easier to administer than the parent drug. They are, for instance, bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent is not. The prodrug may be a substrate for a transporter. Further or alternatively, the prodrug also has improved solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent drug. In some embodiments, the design of a prodrug increases the effective water solubility. An example, without limitation, of a prodrug is a compound described herein, which is administered as an ester (the “prodrug”) but then is metabolically hydrolyzed to provide the active entity. A further example of a prodrug is a short peptide (polyaminoacid) bonded to an acid group where the peptide is metabolized to reveal the active moiety. In certain embodiments, upon in vivo administration, a prodrug is chemically converted to the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form of the compound. In certain embodiments, a prodrug is enzymatically metabolized by one or more steps or processes to the biologically,
pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form of the compound.
[00189] Prodrugs of the compounds described herein include, but are not limited to, esters, ethers, carbonates, thiocarbonates, N-acyl derivatives, N-acyloxy alkyl derivatives, quaternary derivatives of tertiary amines, N-Mannich bases, Schiff bases, amino acid conjugates, phosphate esters, and sulfonate esters. See for example Design of Prodrugs, Bundgaard, A. Ed., Elseview, 1985 and Method in Enzymology, Widder, K. et al., Ed.; Academic, 1985, vol. 42, p. 309-396; Bundgaard, H.“Design and Application of Prodrugs” in A Textbook of Drug Design and Development, Krosgaard-Larsen and H. Bundgaard, Ed., 1991, Chapter 5, p. 113- 191; and Bundgaard, H., Advanced Drug Delivery Review, 1992, 8, 1-38, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, a hydroxyl group in the compounds disclosed herein is used to form a prodrug, wherein the hydroxyl group is incorporated into an acyloxyalkyl ester, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl ester, alkyl ester, aryl ester, phosphate ester, sugar ester, ether, and the like. In some embodiments, a hydroxyl group in the compounds disclosed herein is a prodrug wherein the hydroxyl is then metabolized in vivo to provide a carboxylic acid group. In some embodiments, a carboxyl group is used to provide an ester or amide (i.e. the prodrug), which is then metabolized in vivo to provide a carboxylic acid group. In some embodiments, compounds described herein are prepared as alkyl ester prodrugs.
[00190] Prodrug forms of the herein described compounds, wherein the prodrug is metabolized in vivo to produce a compound described herein as set forth herein are included within the scope of the claims. In some cases, some of the herein-described compounds is a prodrug for another derivative or active compound. In some embodiments, a prodrug of the compound disclosed herein permits targeted delivery of the compound to a particular region of the gastrointestinal tract. Formation of a pharmacologically active metabolite by the colonic metabolism of drugs is a commonly used“prodrug” approach for the colon-specific drug delivery systems.
[00191] In some embodiments, a prodrug is formed by the formation of a covalent linkage between drug and a carrier in such a manner that upon oral administration the moiety remains intact in the stomach and small intestine. This approach involves the formation of a prodrug, which is a pharmacologically inactive derivative of a parent drug molecule that requires spontaneous or enzymatic transformation in the biological environment to release the active drug. Formation of prodrugs has improved delivery properties over the parent drug molecule. The problem of stability of certain drugs from the adverse environment of the upper gastrointestinal tract can be eliminated by prodrug formation, which is converted into the parent drug molecule once it reaches the colon. Site specific drug delivery through site specific prodrug activation may be accomplished by the utilization of some specific property at the target site, such as altered pH or high activity of certain enzymes relative to the non target tissues for the prodrug-drug conversion.
[00192] In some embodiments, covalent linkage of the drug with a carrier forms a conjugate. Such conjugates include, but are not limited to, azo bond conjugates, glycoside conjugates, glucuronide conjugates, cyclodextrin conjugates, dextran conjugates or amino-acid conjugates.
[00193] In additional or further embodiments, the compounds described herein are metabolized upon administration to an organism in need to produce a metabolite that is then used to produce a desired effect, including a desired therapeutic effect.
[00194] A“metabolite” of a compound disclosed herein is a derivative of that compound that is formed when the compound is metabolized. The term“active metabolite” refers to a biologically active derivative of a compound that is formed when the compound is metabolized. The term“metabolized,” as used herein, refers to the sum of the processes (including, but not limited to, hydrolysis reactions and reactions catalyzed by enzymes) by which a particular substance is changed by an organism. Thus, enzymes may produce specific structural alterations to a compound. For example, cytochrome P450 catalyzes a variety of oxidative and reductive reactions while uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferases catalyze the transfer of an activated glucuronic-acid molecule to aromatic alcohols, aliphatic alcohols, carboxylic acids, amines and free sulphydryl groups. Metabolites of the compounds disclosed herein are optionally identified either by administration of compounds to a host and analysis of tissue samples from the host, or by incubation of compounds with hepatic cells in vitro and analysis of the resulting compounds. [00195] In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are rapidly metabolized following absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract to metabolites that have greatly reduced FXR agonist activity.
[00196] In additional or further embodiments, the compounds are rapidly metabolized in plasma.
[00197] In additional or further embodiments, the compounds are rapidly metabolized by the intestines.
[00198] In additional or further embodiments, the compounds are rapidly metabolized by the liver.
Synthesis of Compounds
[00199] Compounds described herein are synthesized using standard synthetic techniques or using methods known in the art in combination with methods described herein.
[00200] Unless otherwise indicated, conventional methods of mass spectroscopy, NMR, HPLC, protein chemistry, biochemistry, recombinant DNA techniques and pharmacology are employed.
[00201] Compounds are prepared using standard organic chemistry techniques such as those described in, for example, March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Alternative reaction conditions for the synthetic transformations described herein may be employed such as variation of solvent, reaction temperature, reaction time, as well as different chemical reagents and other reaction conditions. The starting materials are available from commercial sources or are readily prepared.
[00202] Suitable reference books and treatise that detail the synthesis of reactants useful in the preparation of compounds described herein, or provide references to articles that describe the preparation, include for example, "Synthetic Organic Chemistry", John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York; S. R. Sandler et al., "Organic Functional Group Preparations," 2nd Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1983; H. O. House, "Modem Synthetic Reactions", 2nd Ed., W. A. Benjamin, Inc. Menlo Park, Calif. 1972; T. L. Gilchrist, "Heterocyclic Chemistry", 2nd Ed., John Wiley &
Sons, New York, 1992; J. March, "Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure", 4th Ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1992. Additional suitable reference books and treatise that detail the synthesis of reactants useful in the preparation of compounds described herein, or provide references to articles that describe the preparation, include for example, Fuhrhop, J. and Penzlin G. "Organic Synthesis: Concepts, Methods, Starting Materials", Second, Revised and Enlarged Edition (1994) John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 3-527- 29074-5; Hoffman, R.V. "Organic Chemistry, An Intermediate Text" (1996) Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-509618-5; Larock, R. C. "Comprehensive Organic Transformations: A Guide to Functional Group Preparations" 2nd Edition (1999) Wiley- VCH, ISBN: 0-471-19031-4; March, J. "Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions,
Mechanisms, and Structure" 4th Edition (1992) John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 0-471-60180-2; Otera, J. (editor) "Modem Carbonyl Chemistry" (2000) Wiley-VCH, ISBN: 3-527-29871-1; Patai, S. "Patai's 1992 Guide to the Chemistry of Functional Groups" (1992) Interscience ISBN: 0-471-93022-9; Solomons, T. W. G. "Organic Chemistry" 7th Edition (2000) John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 0-471-19095-0; Stowell, J.C., "Intermediate Organic Chemistry" 2nd Edition (1993) Wiley-Interscience, ISBN: 0-471-57456-2; "Industrial Organic Chemicals: Starting Materials and Intermediates: An Ullmann's Encyclopedia" (1999) John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 3-527-29645-X, in 8 volumes; "Organic Reactions" (1942-2000) John Wiley & Sons, in over 55 volumes; and "Chemistry of Functional Groups" John Wiley & Sons, in 73 volumes.
[00203] The compounds described herein are prepared by the general synthetic routes described below in Schemes 1 to 14.
[00204] In some embodiments, intermediates used in the preparation of compounds described herein are prepared as outlined in Scheme 1.
Scheme 1
Figure imgf000121_0001
[00205] In Scheme 1, X1, X5, X6, X7, and R8 are as described herein. In some embodiments, X is a halide. In some embodiments, X is iodide or bromide. In some embodiments, X is iodide. In some embodiments, X is bromide. In some embodiments, X is N. In some embodiments, R is an alkyl group. In some embodiments, R is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R is independently an alkyl group or hydrogen. In some embodiments, the alkyl groups bonded to the same boron atom, through the respective oxygen atoms on the same boron atom, are an alkylene group bridging the two oxygen atoms on the same boron atom. In some embodiments, the boron atom, the two oxygen atoms on the same boron atom, and the carbon atoms of the alkylene group that bridge the two oxygen atoms form a five- or six-member ring. In some embodiments, the bridging alkylene group is -C(CH3)2C(CH3)2- and is part of a five-member ring.
[00206] In some embodiments, pyrazole 1-1 is reacted under suitable S vfl conditions to provide heteroaryl halide 1-2. In some embodiments, suitable S vfl conditions include reacting 1-1 with tBuOH and an appropriate acid at the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time. In some embodiments, the appropriate acid is a strong acid. In some embodiments, the strong acid is sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, or hydrobromic acid. In some embodiments, the strong acid is sulfuric acid. In some embodiments, the strong acid is concentrated sulfuric acid. In some embodiments, the appropriate time is from about 1 hour to about 12-18 hours, where the range of time from about 12-18 hours is referred to, interchangeably herein, as “overnight”. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is from about 60 °C to about 110 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about 80 °C to about 90 °C. In some embodiments, suitable SN2 conditions include reacting 1-1 with an alkyl halide and an appropriate base in an appropriate solvent at the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time. In some embodiments, the alkyl halide is 2-iodopropane. In some embodiments, the appropriate base is a hydride base. In some embodiments, the hydride base is sodium hydride. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is a polar aprotic solvent. In some
embodiments, the polar aprotic solvent is DMF. In some embodiments, the appropriate time is from about 1 hour to about overnight. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is from about 0 °C to about room temperature.
[00207] In some embodiments, boron reagent 1-3 is reacted with a heteroaryl halide 1-2 under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide 1-4. In some embodiments, the boron reagent is an aryl boronic acid. In some embodiments, the boron reagent is an aryl boronic ester. In some embodiments, the boron reagent is a substituted pyridineboronic acid. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl halide is a pyrazolyl bromide. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl halide is a 3-bromo pyrazole. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl halide is a 4-bromo pyrazole. In some embodiments, suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include palladium. In some embodiments, suitable metal- catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include palladium, an appropriate base, and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the palladium is delivered in the form of Pd(dppf)Cl2. In some embodiments, the appropriate base is an inorganic base. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is a carbonate, a phosphate, an oxide, or a hydroxide. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is an alkali metal inorganic base. In some embodiments, the alkali metal is sodium, potassium, cesium, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is Na2C03, K2C03, Cs2C03, or combinations thereof In some embodiments, the combination is a combination of Na2C03 and K2CO3. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is K2CO3.
In some embodiments, the inorganic base is CS2CO3. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is an aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is a mixture of water and an organic solvent. In some embodiments, the organic solvent in the mixture is a Ci-4-alcohol, THF, 2-methyl THF, DMF, dioxane, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the organic solvent in the mixture is dioxane. In some embodiments, the appropriate time is from about 1 hour to about 12-18 hours. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is from about 50 °C to about 115 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about 80 °C. In some embodiments, the reaction is performed in a microwave. In some embodiments, the appropriate time is from about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about 120 °C to about 150 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is from about 130 °C to about 170 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about 150 °C to about 160 °C.
[00208] In some embodiments, aryl halide 1-5 is reacted with boron reagent 1-6 under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide 1-4. In some embodiments, the aryl halide is an aryl bromide. In some embodiments, the aryl halide is a substituted pyridyl halide, pyrimidine halide, pyrazine halide, or triazine halide. In some embodiments, the aryl halide is a substituted pyridyl halide, pyrimidine halide, or pyrazine halide. In some embodiments, the aryl halide is a substituted pyridyl bromide, pyrimidine bromide, or pyrazine bromide. In some embodiments, the aryl halide is a substituted pyridyl bromide. In some embodiments, the aryl halide is a substituted 4-bromo pyridine. In some embodiments, the boron reagent is a heteroaryl boronic acid. In some embodiments, the boron reagent is a heteroaryl boronic ester. In some embodiments, the boron reagent is a heteroaryl pinacolyl boronic ester. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl boron reagent is a pyrazolyl boron reagent. In some embodiments, suitable metal -catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include palladium. In some embodiments, suitable metal-catalyzed cross- coupling reaction conditions include palladium, an appropriate base, and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the palladium is delivered in the form of Pd(dppf)Cl2. In some embodiments, the appropriate base is an inorganic base. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is a carbonate, a phosphate, an oxide, or a hydroxide. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is an alkali metal inorganic base. In some embodiments, the alkali metal is sodium, potassium, cesium, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is Na2C03, K2C03, Cs2C03, or combinations thereof In some embodiments, the combination is a combination of Na2C03 and K2C03. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is K2C03. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is Cs2C03. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is an aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is a mixture of water and an organic solvent. In some embodiments, the organic solvent in the mixture is a Ci-4- alcohol, THF, 2-Me THF, DMF, dioxane, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the organic solvent in the mixture is dioxane. In some embodiments, the organic solvent in the mixture is 2-MeTHF. In some embodiments, the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are from about 2 hours to overnight and about 90 °C. In some embodiments, the reaction is performed in a microwave. In some embodiments, the appropriate time is from about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is from about 130 °C to about 170 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about 150 °C to about 160 °C. In some embodiments, intermediates used in the preparation of compounds described herein are prepared as outlined in Scheme 2.
Scheme 2
Figure imgf000124_0001
[00209] In Scheme 2, substituent R8 is as described herein. In some embodiments, X is iodide, bromide, chloride, or trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate, -OTf, CF3S03-). In some embodiments, X is bromide or chloride. In some embodiments, X is chloride.
[00210] In some embodiments, aryl fluoride II-A is reacted with tert- butyl carbamate under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide II- 1. In some embodiments, the aryl fluoride is a haloaryl fluoride. In some embodiments, the haloaryl fluoride is a halopyridyl fluoride. In some embodiments, the halopyridyl fluoride is a chloropyridyl fluoride. In some embodiments, suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include palladium. In some embodiments, suitable metal-catalyzed cross- coupling reaction conditions include palladium, an appropriate ligand, an appropriate base, and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the palladium is delivered in the form of palladium acetate. In some embodiments, the palladium is delivered in the form of Pd2(dba)3. In some embodiments, the ligand is a tertiary phosphine. In some embodiments, the tertiary phosphine is
4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene. In some embodiments, the appropriate base is an inorganic base. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is an alkali metal hydroxide. In some embodiments, the alkali metal hydroxide is NaOH, KOH, or mixtures thereof In some embodiments, the alkali metal hydroxide is NaOH. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is an aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is a mixture of water and an organic solvent. In some embodiments, the organic solvent in the mixture is a Ci-4-alcohol, THF, DMF, dioxane, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the organic solvent in the mixture is dioxane. In some embodiments, the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are overnight and about 100 °C.
[00211] In some embodiments, aryl fluoride II-l is reacted with heteroaryl II-2 under suitable 8NAG reaction conditions followed by suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions to provide II-3. In some embodiments, the suitable SNAr reaction conditions are sufficient to provide an intermediate /er -butyloxycarbonyl -protected aniline that provides II-3 after deprotection under suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions. In some embodiments, suitable SNAr reaction conditions include an appropriate base and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the appropriate base is an inorganic base. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is a carbonate base. In some embodiments, the carbonate base is an alkali metal carbonate. In some embodiments, the alkali metal carbonate is K2C03. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is DMSO, NMP, toluene, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is a mixture of water and DMSO, NMP, toluene, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is NMP. In some embodiments, the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are overnight and about 100 °C. In some embodiments, the suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions are sufficient to deprotect the intermediate /er /-butyl oxy carbonyl - protected aniline and provide II-3. In some embodiments, the suitable hydrolysis conditions include an appropriate acid and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the appropriate acid is aqueous HC1. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is methanol. In some embodiments, the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are about 3 hours and 35 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is room tempreature. [00212] In some embodiments, intermediates used in the preparation of compounds described herein are prepared as outlined in Scheme 3.
Scheme 3
Figure imgf000126_0001
[00213] In Scheme 3, X1 and R8 are as described herein. In some embodiments, R is an alkyl group. In some embodiments, R is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R is
independently an alkyl group or hydrogen. In some embodiments, the alkyl groups bonded to the same boron atom, through the respective oxygen atoms on the same boron atom, are an alkylene group bridging the two oxygen atoms on the same boron atom. In some
embodiments, the boron atom, the two oxygen atoms on the same boron atom, and the carbon atoms of the alkylene group that bridge the two oxygen atoms form a five- or six-member ring. In some embodiments, the bridging alkylene group is -C(CH3)2C(CH3)2- and is part of a five-member ring.
[00214] In some embodiments, thioamide III-l is reacted with bromoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (2 -bromo-l,l-dimethoxy ethane) under suitable condensation reaction conditions followed by suitable bromination reaction conditions to provide 2-substituted bromothiazole III-2. In some embodiments, the suitable condensation reaction conditions are sufficient to provide an intermediate 2-substituted thiazole that provides 2-substituted bromothiazole III-2 after bromination under suitable bromination reaction conditions. In some embodiments, suitable condensation reaction conditions include an appropriate acid catalyst and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the appropriate acid is /¾/ra-tol uenesulfoni c acid. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is acetic acid. In some embodiments, the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are overnight and about 120 °C. In some embodiments, the suitable bromination reaction conditions are sufficient to brominate the intermediate 2-substituted thiazole and provide III-2. In some embodiments, the suitable bromination conditions include an appropriate brominating agent and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the appropriate brominating agent is NBS. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is DMF. In some embodiments, the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are about 1 hour and room temperature. [00215] In some embodiments, boron reagent 1-1 is reacted with a 2-substituted bromothiazole III-2 under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide III-3. The boron reagent 1-1 is as described for Scheme 1. In some embodiments, the 2-substituted bromothiazole is a 5-bromo-2-substituted thiazole. In some embodiments, suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include palladium. In some embodiments, suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include palladium, an appropriate base, and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the palladium is delivered in the form of Pd(dppf)Cl2.
In some embodiments, the appropriate base is an inorganic base. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is carbonate, a phosphate, an oxide, or a hydroxide. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is an alkali metal inorganic base. In some embodiments, the alkali metal is sodium, potassium, cesium, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is Na2C03, K2C03, Cs2C03, or combinations thereof In some embodiments, the combination is a combination of Na2C03 and K2C03. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is K2C03. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is Cs2C03. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is an aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is a mixture of water and an organic solvent. In some embodiments, the organic solvent in the mixture is a Ci-4-alcohol, THF, DMF, dioxane, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the organic solvent in the mixture is dioxane. In some embodiments, the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are overnight and about 80 °C.
[00216] In some embodiments, intermediates used in the preparation of compounds described herein are prepared as outlined in Scheme 4.
Scheme 4
Figure imgf000128_0001
[00217] In Scheme 4, R8 is as described herein. In some embodiments, X is a halide. In some embodiments, the halide is bromide or chloride. In some embodiments, the halide is bromide. In some embodiments, the halide is chloride.
[00218] In some embodiments, when X is bromo, a-bromoketone IV-2 is obtained by subjecting ketone IV-1 to suitable bromination conditions. In some embodiments, suitable bromination conditions include bromine, HBr, and acetic acid for a suitable time at a suitable temperature. In some embodiments, the suitable time is overnight. In some embodiments, the suitable temperature is about room temperature.
[00219] Alternatively, in some embodiments, a-haloketone IV-2 is prepared from acid IV-5. In some embodiments, IV-5 is treated with (COCl)2 and DMF in a suitable solvent for a suitable time at a suitable temperature to provide an intermediate acid chloride. In some embodiments, the suitable solvent is DCM. In some embodiments, the suitable time is about 2.5 hours. In some embodiments, the suitable temperature is from about 0 °C to about room temperature. In some embodiments, the intermediate acid chloride is treated with
trimethylsilyldiazomethane in a suitable solvent for a suitable time at a suitable temperature to provide a-diazocarbonyl IV-6. In some embodiments, the suitable solvent is THF/ACN.
In some embodiments, the suitable time is about 1 hour. In some embodiments, the suitable temperature is from about 0 °C to about room temperature.
[00220] In some embodiments, when X is bromo, a-diazocarbonyl IV-6 is treated with HBr/H20 in a suitable solvent for a suitable time at a suitable temperature to provide a- bromoketone IV-2. In some embodiments, the suitable solvent is THF/ACN. In some embodiments, the suitable time is about 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the suitable temperature is from about 0 °C to about room temperature. [00221] In some embodiments, when X is chloro, a-diazocarbonyl IV-6 is treated with concentrated HC1 in a suitable solvent for a suitable time at a suitable temperature to provide a-chloroketone IV-2. In some embodiments, the suitable solvent is THF/ACN. In some embodiments, the suitable time is about 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the suitable temperature is from about 0 °C to about room temperature.
[00222] In some embodiments, a-haloketone IV-2 is treated with amide IV-3 and an appropriate silver salt, in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature to provide IV-4. In some embodiments, the silver salt is AgOTf, AgBF4, AgCl04, or AgSbF6. In some embodiments, the silver salt is AgSbF6. In some embodiments, the silver salt is AgOTf. In some embodiments, the solvent is EtOAc, dioxane, or DCE. In some embodiments, the time is overnight. In some embodiments, the temperature is from about 50 °C to about 100 °C. In some embodiments, the temperature is about 70 °C or about 100 °C.
[00223] In some embodiments, IV-4 is subjected to suitable palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reaction conditions in the presence of a suitable ammonia source to provide IV-7.
In some embodiments, the suitable ammonia source is LiHMDS. In some embodiments, suitable palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include tris- (dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(O), an appropriate ligand, and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the appropriate ligand is 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2',4',6'-triisopropylbiphenyl. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is dioxane or THF. In some embodiments, the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are from about 2 hours to overnight and about 100 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are overnight and about 60 °C.
[00224] In some embodiments, intermediates used in the preparation of compounds described herein are prepared as outlined in Scheme 5.
Scheme 5
Figure imgf000129_0001
[00225] In Scheme 5, X1 and R8 are as described herein. In some embodiments, X is a halide. In some embodiments, the halide is bromide or chloride. In some embodiments, the halide is bromide. [00226] In some embodiments, pyridine carboxylic acid V-l is converted to methyl ketone V-2. In some embodiments, V-l is converted to V-2 using a sequence of reactions referred to alternatively as the Weinreb ketone synthesis. In some embodiments, V-l is reacted under a series of suitable reaction conditions to provide V-2. In some embodiments, the series includes suitable carboxylic acid activation reaction conditions, suitable Weinreb amide-forming reaction conditions, and suitable alkylation reaction conditions, applied in that sequence. In some embodiments, the carboxylic acid activation reaction conditions include an appropriate carboxylic acid activating agent and a solvent, for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the carboxylic acid activating agent is carbonyldiimidazole. In some embodiments, the solvent is DCE or DCM. In some embodiments, the time and temperature are from 15 minutes to 60 minutes and room temperature. In some embodiments, the Weinreb amide-forming reaction conditions include an acid salt of
N, 0-0L ethyl hydrox yl a i n e and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the acid salt of N, (9-di m ethyl hy rox yl am i ne is the hydrochloride salt. In some embodiments, the solvent is the same as included in the carboxylic acid activation reaction conditions. In some embodiments, the time and temperature are overnight and room temperature. In some embodiments, the alkylation reaction conditions include an appropriate alkyl organometallic reagent and a solvent, for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the alkyl organometallic reagent is
CH3MgBr, CH3MgCl, CH3MgI, (CH3)2Mg, or CH3Li. In some embodiments, the alkyl organometallic reagent is CH3MgBr. In some embodiments, the solvent is THF, Et20, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent is THF. In some embodiments, the time and temperature are overnight and from 0 °C to room temperature. In some embodiments, an initial temperature is maintained for a first time, after which the temperature is allowed to warm to a second temperature for second time. In some embodiments, the initial temperature is about 0 °C, the first time is from 15 minutes to 60 minutes, the second temperature is room temperature, and the second time is overnight.
[00227] In some embodiments, methyl ketone V-2 is reacted with a substituted nitrile, where the substitution is by R8, under suitable condensation and cyclization reaction conditions followed by suitable amination reaction conditions to provide oxazole-substituted aniline V-3.
In some embodiments the suitable condensation and cyclization reaction conditions are sufficient to provide an intermediate oxazole-substituted halopyridine that provides V-3 after amination under suitable amination reaction conditions. In some embodiments, the intermediate oxazole-substituted halopyridine is an oxazole-substituted bromopyridine. In some embodiments, the condensation and cyclization reaction conditions include an appropriate acid, an appropriate oxidant, and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, two or more components of the condensation and cyclization reaction conditions are combined and maintained for a first time at a first
temperature, one or more additional components of the reaction conditions are added and maintained for a second time at a second temperature, and optionally one or more additional components of the reaction conditions are added and maintained for a third time at a third temperature. In some embodiments, the acid is triflic acid. In some embodiments, the oxidant is 2-iodoxybenzoic acid. In some embodiments, the solvent is DCE or DCM. In some
embodiments, the acid, the oxidant, and the solvent are combined and maintained for the first time at the first temperature. In some embodiments, the methyl ketone V-2 is added and maintained for the second time at the second temperature. In some embodiments, the substituted nitrile is added and maintained for the third time at the third temperature. In some embodiments, triflic acid, 2-iodoxybenzoic acid, and DCE are combined and maintained for the first time at the first temperature, V-2 is added and maintained for the second time at the second temperature, and the substituted nitrile is added and maintained for the third time at the third temperature. In some embodiments, the first time and first temperature are about 2 hours and room temperature, the second time and second temperature are about 2 hours and room temperature, and the third time and third temperature are overnight and about 80 °C. In some embodiments, the suitable amination reaction conditions are sufficient to aminate the intermediate oxazole-substituted halopyridine and provide V-3. In some embodiments, the intermediate oxazole-substituted halopyridine is subjected to suitable palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reaction conditions in the presence of a suitable ammonia source to provide V-3. In some embodiments, the suitable ammonia source is LiHMDS. In some embodiments, suitable palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), an appropriate ligand, and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the appropriate ligand is 2-dicyclohexylphosphino- 2',4',6'-triisopropylbiphenyl. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is dioxane or THE In some embodiments, the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are from about 2 hours to overnight and about 100 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are overnight and about 60 °C.
[00228] In some embodiments, methyl ketone V-2 is reacted with an a-amino acid, where the a-substitution is by R8, under suitable condensation and cyclization reaction conditions followed by suitable amination reaction conditions to provide oxazole-substituted aniline V-3. In some embodiments the suitable condensation and cyclization reaction conditions are sufficient to provide an intermediate oxazole-substituted halopyridine that provides V-3 after amination under suitable amination reaction conditions. In some embodiments, the intermediate oxazole- substituted halopyridine is an oxazole-substituted bromopyridine. In some embodiments, the condensation and cyclization reaction conditions include an appropriate acid, an appropriate supplemental oxidant, and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the acid is / oluenesulfonic acid, pivalic acid,
4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, or acetic acid. In some embodiments, the acid is
4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid. In some embodiments, the acid is acetic acid. In some embodiments, the supplemental oxidant is iodine. In some embodiments, the solvent is DMSO. In some embodiments, the time and temperature are overnight and about 100 °C. In some embodiments, the suitable amination reaction conditions are the same as described in the preceding paragraph.
[00229] In some embodiments, intermediates used in the preparation of compounds described herein are prepared as outlined in Scheme 6.
Scheme 6
Figure imgf000133_0001
[00230] In Scheme 6, X2 and R1 are as described herein. In some embodiments, X is a halide. In some embodiments, the halide is chloride, bromide or iodide. In some
embodiments, the halide is bromide. In some embodiments, R is -C02R’ or -CN. In some embodiments, R’ is -Ci-6alkyl. In some embodiments, R’ is -CH3, -C(CH3)3, or-CH2CH3. In some embodiments, R’ is -CH2CH3.
[00231] In some embodiments, halide VI-1 is cooled to a suitable temperature, reacted under suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions with an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature, and then later reacted with an appropriate ketone VI- 2 for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature to provide a tertiary alcohol. In some embodiments, suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions include an organometallic reagent. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is THF. In some embodiments, the organometallic reagent is an alkyllithium. In some embodiments, the alkyllithium is n- butyllithium. In some embodiments, VI-1 is cooled to about -78 °C before addition of the organometallic reagent. In some embodiments, VI-1 is reacted for about one hour at about - 78 °C before addition of ketone VI-2. In some embodiments, VI-1 is reacted for about 2 hours after the addition of ketone VI-2. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for reacting VI-1 and ketone VI-2 is about -78 °C. In some embodiments, the tertiary alcohol is reacted under appropriate allylation conditions which include use of an allylating reagent and a Lewis acid, in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature to form VI-3. In some embodiments, the appropriate allylating reagent is allyltrimethylsilane. In some embodiments, the appropriate Lewis acid is BF3-OEt2. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is DCM. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is about -78 °C for about 1 hour. In some embodiments, the reaction is further warmed to about room temperature for overnight. In some
embodiments, the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is about 0 °C for overnight.
[00232] In some embodiments, halide VI-1 is cooled to a suitable temperature, reacted under suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions with an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature, and then later reacted with an appropriate ketone VI- 4 for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature to provide a tertiary alcohol. In some embodiments, suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions include an organometallic reagent. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is THF. In some embodiments, the organometallic reagent is an alkyllithium. In some embodiments, the alkyllithium is n- butyllithium. In some embodiments, VI-1 is cooled to about -60 °C before addition of the organometallic reagent. In some embodiments, VI-4 is added slowly for about 45 minutes at about -60 °C. In some embodiments, VI-1 is reacted for about 1 hour at -60 °C after complete addition of ketone VI-4. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for reacting VI-1 and ketone VI-4 is about -60 °C. In some embodiments, the tertiary alcohol is reacted under appropriate allylation conditions which include use of an allylating reagent and a Lewis acid, in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature to form VI-5. In some embodiments, the appropriate allylating reagent is allyltrimethylsilane.
In some embodiments, the appropriate Lewis acid is BF3-OEt2. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is DCM. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is about -65 °C for about 1 hour.
[00233] In some embodiments, VI-5 is reaction under l,3-dioxalane deprotection conditions for an appropriate time period, in an appropriate solvent, and at an appropriate temperature, followed by reductive cyanation of the resulting ketone-intermediate for an appropriate time period, in an appropriate solvent, and at an appropriate temperature to produce VI-6. In some embodiments, l,3-dioxalane deprotection conditions include the use an appropriate acid. In some embodiments, the appropriate acid is formic acid. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is a THF/water mixture. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is from about 40 °C to about 65 °C overnight. In some embodiments, the resulting ketone is reacted under the appropriate reductive cyanation conditions for an appropriate time period, in an appropriate solvent, and at an appropriate temperature to form VI-6. In some embodiments, the appropriate reductive cyanation conditions include the use of the appropriate cyanation reagent and an appropriate base. In some embodiments, the appropriate cyanation reagent is an appropriate isocyanide. In some embodiments, the appropriate isocyanide is toluenesulfonylmethyl isocyanide (Tos-MIC). In some
embodiments, the appropriate base is a strong, non-nucleophilic base. In some embodiments, the strong, non-nucleophilic base is t-BuOK. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is DME. In some embodiments, the ketone intermediate and the appropriate cyanation reagent is cooled to about 0 to 5 °C before addition of the appropriate base. In some embodiments, appropriate base is added slowly over about 1 hour at about 0 to 5 °C. In some embodiments, the reductive cyanation reaction takes place for about 1 hour at 25 °C after complete addition of the base. In some embodiments, the reductive cyanation reaction takes place for about 2 hours at 25 °C after complete addition of the base. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for the reductive cyanation reaction is about 25 °C.
[00234] In some embodiments, VI-3 or VI-6 are reacted under suitable oxidative cleavage conditions for an appropriate time period, in an appropriate solvent, and at an appropriate temperature to produce VI-7. In some embodiments, oxidative cleavage conditions include the use of an osmium reagent and A-methyl morpholi ne A -oxide to form an intermediate diol. In some embodiments, the osmium reagent is Os04 or K20s04-2H20. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is an ACN/water mixture. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is an acetone/water mixture. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is from about 0 °C to about room temperature for overnight. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is from about 0 °C to about room temperature for 2 hours. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is about room temperature for 2 hours. In some embodiments, the diol is cleaved to form VI-7 under the appropriate oxidative cleavage conditions for an appropriate time period, in an appropriate solvent, and at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, appropriate oxidative cleavage conditions include the use of NaI04. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is a THF/water mixture. In some embodiments, the NaI04 is added to the diol intermediate over about 0.5 hours at about 0-5 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time after complete addition of NaI04 is from about 0 °C to about room temperature for 3 hours. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time after complete addition of NaI04 is about room temperature for 3 hours.
[00235] In some embodiments, VI-7 is reduced to a primary alcohol under suitable reducing conditions, and then halogenated under suitable halogenation conditions to produce VI-8. In some embodiments, suitable reducing conditions include the use of a borohydride reagent. In some embodiments, the reducing conditions include the use of NaBFF in an appropriate solvent, at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate amount of time. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is THF. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is about 0 °C for about 1 hour. In some embodiments, the reaction is warmed to about room temperature for about 3 hours. In some embodiments, the primary alcohol is reacted under suitable halogenation conditions to produce an alkyl halide. In some
embodiments, suitable halogenation conditions are bromination conditions that include use of CBr4 in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate initial temperature followed by PPh3 in the appropriate solvent, at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time. In some
embodiments, the appropriate solvent is a halogenated solvent, such as DCM. In some embodiments, the appropriate initial temperature is about 0 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate initial temperature is about 0 °C and PPh3 is slowly added over about 1 hour. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature and time after complete addition of PPh3 is about 25 °C for about 1.5 hour. In some embodiments, an appropriate solvent for addition of PPh3 is THF. In some embodiments, the reaction is further warmed to about room
temperature for overnight.
[00236] In some embodiments, VI-8 is subjected to intramolecular alkylation conditions to form VI-9. In some embodiments, intramolecular alkylation conditions include a suitable base in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate amount of time. In some embodiments, the suitable base is lithium diisopropylamide. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is a HMPA and THF mixture. In some embodiments, the suitable base is slowly added over 1 hour at about -65 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for the appropriate amount of time after complete addition of the appropriate base is
about -65 °C for about 3 hours.
[00237] In some embodiments, when R is -CN, VI-9 is reduced to aldehyde VI-10 by suitable reduction conditions. In some embodiments, when R is -C02Et, VI-9 is reduced by suitable reduction conditions followed by oxidation to aldehyde VI-10 by suitable oxidation conditions. In some embodiments, suitable reduction conditions include the use of DIBALH in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is toluene. In some embodiments, DIBALH is added at appropriate temperature for the appropriate time. In some embodiments, DIBALH is slowly added over 1 hour at about -65 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time after the complete addition of DIBALH is about -65 °C for about 1 hour. In some embodiments, suitable oxidation conditions are chromium-based oxidations. In some embodiments, suitable oxidation conditions include the use of PCC in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time. In some embodiments, silica gel is added.
In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is DCM. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about room temperature for about 2 hours. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the oxidation conditions include the use of oxalyl chloride and DMSO with an amine base in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time. In some
embodiments, the appropriate amine base is TEA. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is DCM. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for the appropriate amount of time is about -78 °C for about 1 hour.
[00238] In some embodiments, aldehyde VI-10 is transformed into bisulfite adduct VI-11 under suitable conditions. In some embodiments, suitable conditions include the use of the appropriate reagent in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time. In some embodiments, the appropriate reagent is aqueous potassium metabisulfite. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is THF. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature and time is about 45 °C for about 3.5 hours. In some embodiments, the reaction is further cooled to about room temperature for overnight.
[00239] In some embodiments, bisulfite adduct VI-11 is converted back to aldehyde VI-10 by suitable conditions. In some embodiments, suitable conditions include the use of the appropriate base in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time. In some embodiments, the appropriate base is a carbonate salt. In some embodiments, the appropriate base is aqueous sodium carbonate. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is DCM. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature and time is about 25 °C for about 1 hour.
[00240] In some embodiments, intermediates used in the preparation of compounds described herein are prepared as outlined in Scheme 7. Scheme 7
Figure imgf000138_0001
VII-5 VII-6
[00241] In Scheme 7, X2, X3, X4, R1, and R2 are as described herein. In some embodiments,
2 3 2 3 2 both X and X are N. In some embodiments, either X or X is N and the other is CR . In some embodiments, both X2 and X3 are CR2.
[00242] In some embodiments, halide VII-1 is cooled to a suitable temperature and reacted under suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions with an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature to provide an aryl or heteroaryl magnesium bromide salt VII-2. In some embodiments, suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions include a metal reagent. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is THF. In some embodiments, the metal reagent is magnesium. In some embodiments, suitable metal- halogen exchange conditions include a salt. In some embodiments, a suitable salt includes lithium chloride. In some embodiments, suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions include a magnesium activating reagent. In some embodiments, a suitable magnesium activating reagent includes DIBAL-H. In some embodiments, the suitable metal, the suitable salt, and the suitable solvent are combined at 10 °C or room temperature. In some embodiments, magnesium, lithium chloride, and THF are combined at 10 °C. In some embodiments, magnesium, lithium chloride, and THF are combined at room temperature. In some embodiments, DIBAL-H is added to the mixture of the suitable metal, the suitable salt, and the suitable solvent at 10 °C or room temperature, and the reaction is stirred for about 15 minutes. In some embodiments, the temperature is reduced or maintained. In some embodiments, the temperature is reduced to 0 °C. In some embodiments, a solution of VII-1 in THF is added to the reaction. In some embodiments, VII-1 is reacted for about 1 hour to two hours after the addition of VII-1. In some embodiments, VII-1 is reacted for about 1 hour at about 10 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for reacting VII-1 is about 25 °C.
[00243] In some embodiments, aryl or heteroaryl magnesium bromide salt VII-2 is reacted under suitable zinc displacement conditions with an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature to provide a zinc aryl or heteroaryl dimer VII-3. In some embodiments, suitable zinc displacement conditions include a zinc halide salt. In some embodiments, suitable zinc displacement conditions include a zinc chloride. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is THF. In some embodiments, VII-2 is reacted for about 1 hour after the addition of the zinc halide salt. In some embodiments, VII-2 is reacted for about 1 hour at about 25 °C after the addition of the zinc halide salt. In some
embodiments, the appropriate temperature for reacting VII-2 is about 25 °C.
[00244] In some embodiments, l,4-endoethylenecyclohexyl carboxylic acid is reacted with /V-hydroxyphthalimide under suitable coupling reaction conditions to provide VII-4. In some embodiments, suitable coupling reaction conditions include an appropriate coupling agent, an appropriate base, and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the coupling agent is N,N-d\ i sopropyl carbodi i i de. In some embodiments, the base is DMAP. In some embodiments, the solvent is DCM or DCE.
In some embodiments, the time and the temperature are overnight and room temperature.
[00245] In some embodiments, VII-2 and VII-4 are reacted under suitable aryl-alkyl cross- coupling reaction conditions to provide aryl-alkyl VII-5. In some embodiments, VII-3 and VII-4 are reacted under suitable aryl-alkyl cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide aryl- alkyl VII-5. In some embodiments, VII-4 is reacted under suitable aryl-alkyl cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide aryl-alkyl VII-5. In some embodiments, the suitable aryl-alkyl cross-coupling reaction conditions include nickel. In some embodiments, the suitable aryl- alkyl cross-coupling reaction conditions include nickel when X2 is -CMe and X3 is -CMe or when X2 is -CMe and X3 is -CH. In some embodiments, the suitable aryl-alkyl cross coupling reaction conditions include nickel when X2 is -CMe and X3 is -CMe. In some embodiments, the suitable aryl-alkyl cross-coupling reaction conditions include nickel when X2 is -CMe and X3 is -CH. In some embodiments, suitable aryl-alkyl cross-coupling reaction conditions include an appropriate source of Ni, an appropriate arylzinc or heteroarylzinc reagent, an appropriate auxiliary ligand, and a solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the source of Ni is nickel(II) acetylacetonate. In some embodiments, the source of Ni is a Ni(II) halide or a solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the Ni(II) halide is a Ni(II) chloride or Ni(II) bromide In some embodiments, the arylzinc reagent is a substituted phenylzinc reagent. In some embodiments, the substituted phenylzinc reagent is a methoxyphenylzinc reagent. In some embodiments, the methoxyphenylzinc reagent is bis(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)zinc or bis(4-methoxy-3,5- dimethylphenyl)zinc. In some embodiments, the heteroarylzinc reagent is a substituted pyridinylzinc reagent. In some embodiments, the substituted pyridinylzinc reagent is a methoxypyridinylzinc reagent. In some embodiments, the methoxypyridinylzinc reagent is bis(6-methoxy-5-methylpyridin-3-yl)zinc. In some embodiments, the auxiliary ligand is 2,2'-bipyridine. In some embodiments, when X2 is -CMe and X3 is -CMe, the auxiliary ligand is 2,2'-bipyridine. In some embodiments, the auxiliary ligand is an alkyl -substituted 2,2'-bipyridine. In some embodiments, the alkyl -substituted 2,2'-bipyridine is 6,6'-dimethyl- 2,2'-bipyridine or 4,4'-di-/er/-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine. In some embodiments, the alkyl- substituted 2,2'-bipyridine is 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine. In some embodiments, when X2 is -CMe and X3 is -CH, the alkyl-substituted 2,2'-bipyridine is 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine. In some embodiments, the suitable aryl-alkyl cross-coupling reaction conditions include iron.
In some embodiments, the suitable aryl-alkyl cross-coupling reaction conditions include iron when X2 is -CMe and X3 is N. In some embodiments, the suitable aryl-alkyl cross-coupling reaction conditions include iron when VII-2 is X2 is -CMe and X3 is N, and reacted with VII-4. In some embodiments, the solvent is acetonitrile, /V, /V'-di m eth yl propyl en eurea
(DMPU), DMF, THF or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent is DMPU. In some embodiments, the time and the temperature are overnight and 25 °C.
[00246] In some embodiments, aryl-alkyl VII-5 is reduced to an alcohol by suitable reduction conditions followed by oxidation to aldehyde VII-6 by suitable oxidation conditions. In some embodiments, suitable reduction conditions include the use of DIBALH in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is DCM. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is about -78 °C for about 1 hour. In some embodiments, the reaction is further warmed to about room temperature for about two hours to produce an alcohol. In some embodiments, suitable oxidation conditions are chromium-based oxidations. In some embodiments, suitable oxidation conditions include the use of PCC in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time. In some embodiments, silica gel is added.
In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is DCM. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about room temperature for about 2 hours. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the oxidation conditions include the use of oxalyl chloride and DMSO with an amine base in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time. In some embodiments, the appropriate amine base is TEA. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is DCM. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for the appropriate amount of time is about -78 °C for about 1 hour.
[00247] In some embodiments, intermediates used in the preparation of compounds described herein are prepared as outlined in Scheme 8.
Scheme 8
Figure imgf000141_0001
[00248] In Scheme 8, substituents X2, X3, X4, R1, R2, and R3 are as described herein. In some embodiments, X2 is C-R2, X3 is C-H, and each X4 is C-H. In some embodiments, X is a halide. In some embodiments, the halide is chloride, bromide, or iodide.
[00249] In some embodiments, boronic ester VIII-2 is reacted with halide VIII-1 under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide VIII-3. In some embodiments, suitable metal -catalyzed cross-coupling conditions include palladium. In some embodiments, suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include palladium, an appropriate base, and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the palladium is delivered in the form of Pd(dppf)Cl2 or Pd(PPh3)4. In some embodiments, the appropriate base is an inorganic base. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is a carbonate, a phosphate, an oxide, or a hydroxide. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is an alkali metal inorganic base. In some
embodiments, the alkali metal is sodium, potassium, cesium, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is Na2C03, K2C03, Cs2C03, or combinations thereof In some embodiments, the combination is a combination of Na2C03 and K2C03. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is K2C03. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is Cs2C03. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is an aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is a mixture of water and an organic solvent. In some embodiments, the organic solvent in the mixture is a Ci-4-alcohol, THF, DMF, DME, dioxane, acetonitrile, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the organic solvent in the mixture is dioxane. In some embodiments, the appropriate time is from about 1 hour to overnight. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is from about 50 °C to about 115 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about 50 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about 100 °C.
[00250] In some embodiments, VIII-3 is subjected to suitable hydrogenation conditions, followed by treatment under appropriate acidic conditions to provide cyclohexanone VIII-4. In some embodiments, suitable hydrogenation conditions include a palladium catalyst. In some embodiments, palladium-catalyzed hydrogenation conditions include 10% Pd/C under an atmosphere including hydrogen gas in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the hydrogen gas is present in the atmosphere at a partial pressure of about 1 atm. In some embodiments, the solvent is EtOAc, ethanol, methanol, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the appropriate time is from about 4.5 hours to overnight and the appropriate temperature is about room temperature. In some embodiments, the acidic conditions include formic acid in a mixture of water and toluene for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the appropriate time is about 4 hours and the appropriate temperature is about 120 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate time is overnight and the appropriate temperature is the boiling point of the solvent. In some embodiments, the acidic conditions include PPTS in a mixture of acetone and water for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the appropriate time is about 10 hours and the appropriate temperature is about 60 °C. In some embodiments, the acidic conditions include 3 M HC1 and THF for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the appropriate time is from about 3 hours to overnight and the appropriate temperature is about 60 °C.
[00251] In some embodiments, VIII-4 is reacted under suitable one carbon-homologation conditions to provide enol ether VIII-5. In some embodiments, suitable one carbon- homologation conditions include deprotonating a phosphonium salt with an appropriate base in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate first time at an appropriate first temperature, before adding the cyclohexanone VIII-4 for a second time at a second temperature. In some embodiments, the phosphonium salt is an alkyltriphenylphosphonium salt. In some embodiments, the alkyltriphenylphosphonium salt is an alkyltriphenylphosphonium chloride. In some embodiments, the alkyltriphenylphosphonium chloride is (methoxymethyl)triphenyl- phosphonium chloride [Ph3P+CH2OCH3 Cl ]. In some embodiments, the appropriate base is LiHMDS, NaHMDS, or KHMDS. In some embodiments, the appropriate base is NaHMDS. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is THF. In some embodiments, the appropriate first time is from about 0.5 hour to about 2 hours and the appropriate first temperature is about 0 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate second time is from about 0.5 hour to about 3 hours and the appropriate second temperature is about 0 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate second time is overnight and the appropriate second
temperature begins at 0 °C and is allowed to increase to about room temperature over the second time.
[00252] In some embodiments, enol ether VIII-5 is hydrolyzed under suitable acidic conditions to provide a mixture of cis- and trans-aldehydes, where the trans-aldehyde is VIII- 6. In some embodiments, suitable acidic conditions include an appropriate acid in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the acid is formic acid, the solvent is a mixture of water and toluene, the time is from about 2 hours to overnight, and the temperature is from about 120 °C to about 130 °C. In some embodiments, the acid is HC1, the solvent is THF, the time is from about 1 hour to about 6 hours, and the temperature is about 60 °C. In some embodiments, treatment of the mixture of cis- and trans-aldehydes under suitable basic conditions provides a mixture further enriched in trans-aldehyde VIII-6. In some embodiments, suitable basic conditions include an appropriate base in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the base is NaOH. In some embodiments, the solvent is an aqueous solvent mixture including EtOH, toluene, THF, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the aqueous solvent mixture includes toluene. In some embodiments, the aqueous solvent mixture includes THF. In some embodiments, the appropriate time is from about 5 hours to overnight and the appropriate temperature is about room temperature. In some embodiments, the base is NaOMe. In some embodiments, the solvent is a Ci-4 alcohol, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent is methanol or ethanol. In some embodiments, the solvent is methanol. In some embodiments, the appropriate time is from 4 hours to overnight and the appropriate temperature is about room temperature. In some embodiments, further purification of the mixture of cis- and trans-aldehydes provides trans- aldehyde VIII-6. In some embodiments, the further purification includes the techniques of crystallization, chromatography, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the further purification includes crystallization.
[00253] In some embodiments, intermediates used in the preparation of compounds described herein are prepared as outlined in Scheme 9. Scheme 9
Figure imgf000144_0001
[00254] In Scheme 9, substituents X2, X3, X4, R1, R2, and R3 are as described herein. In some embodiments, X2 is C-R2, X3 is C-H, and each X4 is C-H. In some embodiments, X is a halide. In some embodiments, the halide is chloride, bromide, or iodide.
[00255] In some embodiments, IX-1 is cooled to a suitable temperature, reacted under suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate first time and at an appropriate first temperature, and then later reacted with an appropriate ketone IX-2 for an appropriate second time and at an appropriate second temperature to provide IX- 3. In some embodiments, suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions include an
organometallic reagent. In some embodiments, the organometallic reagent is an alkyllithium reagent. In some embodiments, the alkylithium reagent is n-butyllithium. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is THF. In some embodiments, IX-1 is cooled to about -78 °C before addition of the organometallic reagent. In some embodiments, the first time is from about 1 hour to about 2 hours and the first temperature is about -78 °C. In some embodiments, the second time is about 3 hours and the second temperature is about -78 °C.
In some embodiments, the second time is overnight and the second temperature is initially about -78 °C and is allowed to warm to room temperature over the course of the second time.
[00256] In some embodiments, alcohol IX-3 is reacted under suitable reduction conditions to form a mixture of saturated and unsaturated substituted cyclohexyl ketals derived from IX-3. In some embodiments, the suitable reduction conditions include an appropriate reducing agent and an appropriate acid in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is a silyl hydride and the acid is trifluoracetic acid. In some embodiments, the silyl hydride is triethylsilane. In some embodiments, the solvent is dichloromethane. In some embodiments, the time is from about 1 hour to overnight. In some embodiments, the temperature is from about 0 °C to about room temperature. In some embodiments, the temperature is about 0 °C. In some embodiments, the mixture of saturated and unsaturated substituted cyclohexyl ketals derived from IX-3 is reacted under suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions to form a mixture of saturated and unsaturated substituted cyclohexyl ketones, including the saturated ketone IX-4. In some embodiments, the suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions include an appropriate acid in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the acid is formic acid, the solvent is a toluene/water mixture, the temperature is about 130 °C, and the time is overnight. In some embodiments, the acid is formic acid, the solvent is a THF/water mixture, the temperature is about 80 °C, and the time is overnight. In some embodiments, the mixture of saturated and unsaturated substituted cyclohexyl ketones, including the saturated ketone IX-4, is reduced under suitable reduction reaction conditions to convert the unsaturated components to IX-4. In some embodiments, the suitable reduction reaction conditions include an appropriate reducing agent and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is hydrogen. In some embodiments, the hydrogen is delivered at a pressure of from about 15 psi to about 30 psi. In some embodiments, suitable reduction reaction conditions include a catalyst. In some embodiments, the catalyst includes palladium. In some embodiments, the catalyst including palladium is 10% palladium on carbon. In some embodiments, the solvent is ethyl acetate and concentrated HC1. In some embodiments, the solvent is ethyl acetate. In some embodiments, the time is from about 30 min to about overnight. In some embodiments, the temperature is about room temperature.
[00257] In some embodiments, ketone IX-4 is transformed into trans-aldehyde IX-6 under reaction conditions also suitable for conversion of ketone VIII-4 to trans-aldehyde VIII-6, as described in Scheme 8.
[00258] In some embodiments, intermediates used in the preparation of compounds described herein are prepared as outlined in Scheme 10.
Scheme 10
Figure imgf000145_0001
[00259] In some embodiments, R" is an alcohol protecting group. In some embodiments, the alcohol protecting group is methyl, a substituted methyl group, a substituted ethyl group, a substituted benzyl group, or a silyl group, as described in, for example, Wuts, P. G. M. “Greene’s Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” (2014) John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 978-1- 118-05748-3. In some embodiments, the alcohol protecting group is a silyl group. In some embodiments, the silyl group is /er/-butyl dimethyl silyl.
[00260] In some embodiments, X-l is subjected to suitable alcohol protection reaction conditions to form a bis-silyl intermediate, followed by suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions to form X-2, in the case where R" is a silyl group. In some embodiments, R" is /c77-butyl di methyl si 1 yl and the alcohol protection reaction conditions include a tert- butyl dimethyl silyl halide and an appropriate base, in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the /f/V-butyl di methyl si 1 yl halide is /c77-butyl di methyl si 1 yl chloride. In some embodiments, the base is imidazole. In some embodiments, the solvent is DMF. In some embodiments, the time is about 2 hours and the temperature is about room temperature. In some embodiments, the bis-silyl intermediate (a silyl ester) is subjected to suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions to form X-2. In some embodiments, the suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions include a base, in an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time, at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the base is K2C03. In some embodiments, the solvent is a mixture of water, ethanol, and THF.
In some embodiments, the solvent is aqueous ethanol, aqueous THF, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the time is about 3 hours and the temperature is about room
temperature.
[00261] In some embodiments, when R" is methyl, a substituted methyl group, a substituted ethyl group, or a substituted benzyl group, X-l is subjected to suitable alcohol protection reaction conditions to form a bis-alkyl intermediate (where both the carboxylic acid and alcohol -OH are alkylated, to form an ester and ether, respectively, and, for the purposes of Scheme 10, and schemes referencing Scheme 10 or schemes referencing intermediates or products disclosed in Scheme 10, the alkyl groups on the bis-alkyl intermediate are methyl, a substituted methyl group, a substituted ethyl group, or a substituted benzyl group), followed by suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions to form X-2.
[00262] In some embodiments, protected alcohol X-2 is converted to acid chloride X-3, under suitable chlorination reaction conditions. In some embodiments, the chlorination reaction conditions include (chloromethylene)dimethyliminium chloride and an appropriate base, in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the base is anhydrous K2C03. In some embodiments, the solvent is toluene.
In some embodiments, the time is from about 0.5 hr to about 2 hours. In some embodiments, the temperature is about 0 °C. In some embodiments, the temperature is room temperature. [00263] In some embodiments, intermediates used in the preparation of compounds described herein are prepared as outlined in Scheme 11.
Scheme 11
Figure imgf000147_0001
[00264] In some embodiments, mixed methyl ester carboxylic acid XI-1 is converted to the corresponding one-carbon-homologated and two-carbon-homologated mixed /f/V-butyl ester carboxylic acids (XI-3 and XI-6, respectively). In some embodiments, XI-1 is converted to XI-3 and XI-6 using one application (for XI-3) or two applications (for XI-6) of a combination of suitable acid halogenation reaction conditions followed by a sequence of reactions referred to alternatively as the Amdt-Eistert synthesis. In some embodiments, mixed methyl ester carboxylic acids XI-1 and XI-4 are converted to mixed methyl tert- butyl diesters XI-2 and XI-5, respectively, using a combination of suitable acid halogenation reaction conditions followed by a sequence of reactions referred to alternatively as the Amdt-Eistert synthesis. In some embodiments, the suitable acid halogenation reaction conditions are suitable acid chlorination reaction conditions and are suitable for converting the mixed methyl ester carboxylic acids XI- 1- and XI-4 to the corresponding acid chlorides. In some embodiments, the suitable acid chlorination reaction conditions include a chlorination agent and a catalyst in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the chlorination agent is oxalyl chloride. In some embodiments, the catalyst is DMF. In some embodiments, the solvent is DCM or DCE. In some embodiments, the solvent is DCM. In some embodiments, the time and temperature are about 2 hours and about room temperature. In some embodiments, the Amdt-Eistert synthesis includes a series of reaction conditions suitable for converting the acid chlorides derived from XI-1 and XI-4 to XI-2 and XI-5, respectively, where the series includes first, diazo ketone-forming reaction conditions, and second, diazo ketone rearrangement reaction conditions. In some embodiments, the diazo ketone-forming reaction conditions include an appropriate diazotization reagent and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the diazotization reagent is trimethylsilyldiazomethane. In some embodiments, the solvent is acetonitrile, THF, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent is a mixture of acetonitrile and THF. In some embodiments, the time is overnight and the temperature is initially about 0 °C and allowed to increase to about room temperature over the time. In some embodiments, the diazo ketone rearrangement reaction conditions include an appropriate silver reagent, an appropriate trapping agent, and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the silver reagent is silver oxide, silver benzoate, or silver nitrate. In some embodiments, the silver reagent is silver benzoate. In some embodiments, the trapping agent is /cvV-butanol. In some embodiments, the solvent is dioxane. In some embodiments, the time and temperature are overnight and about room temperature.
[00265] In some embodiments, the mixed methyl tert- butyl diesters XI-2 and XI-5 are hydrolyzed under suitable selective hydrolysis reaction conditions to provide the corresponding mixed /f/V-butyl ester carboxylic acids XI-3 and XI-6, respectively. In some embodiments, the suitable selective hydrolysis reaction conditions include an appropriate base and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the base is an alkali metal hydroxide or an alkali metal oxide. In some embodiments, the alkali metal is lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the alkali metal hydroxide is LiOH, or hydrates or solvates thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent is a THF/water mixture. In some embodiments, the time is overnight and the temperature is about room temperature. In some embodiments, the time is from about 4 hours to overnight and the temperature is 30 °C.
[00266] In some embodiments, the mixed methyl tert- butyl diester XI-2 is selectively hydrolyzed under suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions to provide the mixed methyl ester carboxylic acid XI-4. In some embodiments, the suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions include an appropriate acid and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the acid is 4M HC1 in dioxane. In some embodiments, the time is about 1 hour and the temperature is about room temperature.
[00267] In some embodiments, compounds described herein are prepared as outlined in Scheme 12. Scheme 12
Figure imgf000149_0001
[00268] In Scheme 12, Ring A, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, and X7 and substituents R1, R2, and R8 are as described herein. In some embodiments, the R is a halide or -OH. In some
embodiments, the halide is iodo, bromo, or chloro. In some embodiments, the halide is chloro. In some embodiments, R is -OH. In some embodiments, R" is an alcohol protecting group. In some embodiments, the alcohol protecting group is methyl, a substituted methyl group, a substituted ethyl group, a substituted benzyl group, or a silyl group, as described in, for example, Wuts, P. G. M.“Greene’s Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” (2014) John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 978-1-118-05748-3. In some embodiments, the alcohol protecting group is a silyl group. In some embodiments, the silyl group is /er/-butyl dimethyl silyl.
[00269] In some embodiments, aldehyde VIII-6 (as in Scheme 8 where X3 and each X4 are CH, for example) is reacted with aniline XII-2 under suitable reductive amination reaction conditions to provide XII-3a. In some embodiments, suitable reductive amination reaction conditions include an appropriate reducing agent and an appropriate solvent, at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is picoline borane, sodium borohydride, or sodium triacetoxyborohydride. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is sodium triacetoxyborohydride. In some embodiments, the solvent is DCM, DCE, THF, acetonitrile, DMF, or A( A -di m ethyl acetam i de . In some embodiments, the solvent is DCM, DCE, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent is DCM. In some embodiments, the time is from about 30 minutes to overnight and the temperature is initially about 0 °C and increased to about room temperature over the time. In some embodiments, the temperature is about room temperature.
[00270] In some embodiments, aldehyde VII-6 (as in Scheme 7 where X3 and each X4 are CH, for example) is reacted with aniline XII-2 under suitable reductive amination reaction conditions to provide XII-3b. In some embodiments, suitable reductive amination reaction conditions include optionally an appropriate condensation catalyst, an appropriate reducing agent, and an appropriate solvent, at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate amount of time. In some embodiments, suitable reductive amination reaction conditions include holding VII-6, XII-2, and the condensation catalyst in the appropriate solvent at a first temperature for a first amount of time, and subsequently adding the reducing agent and holding the resulting mixture at a second temperature for a second amount of time. In some
embodiments, the solvent is an alcohol. In some embodiments, the solvent is methanol. In some embodiments, the condensation catalyst is acetic acid. In some embodiments, the first temperature is from about room temperature to about 60 °C and the first amount of time is about 3 hours to about 68 hours. In some embodiments, the first temperature is about room temperature and the first amount of time is overnight. In some embodiments, the first temperature is about 60 °C and the first amount of time is about 4 hours. In some
embodiments, the reducing agent is picoline-BH3. In some embodiments, the second temperature is room temperature. In some embodiments, the second temperature is about 40 °C. In some embodiments, the second amount of time is from overnight to about 4 days.
[00271] In some embodiments, suitable reductive amination reaction conditions include the addition of a suitable reducing agent to a mixture of VII-6, XII-2, and an appropriate solvent and holding the resulting mixture at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate amount of time. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is sodium triacetoxyborohydride. In some embodiments, 1 equivalent of AcOH is added prior to the reducing agent. In some embodiments, the solvent is DCM or DCE. In some embodiments, the time is about overnight and the temperature is about room temperature. In some embodiments, the temperature is about 45 °C.
[00272] In some embodiments, amine XII-3a or XII-3b (referred to collectively and alternatively as“XII-3” in the disclosure herein relating to Scheme 10) is reacted with cyclohexane X-3 (as in Scheme 10, for example) under suitable acylation reaction conditions followed by suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions to provide XII-4, respectively. In some embodiments, the cyclohexane X-3 is an acid chloride or a carboxylic acid. In some embodiments, when X-3 is an acid chloride, the suitable acylation reaction conditions are sufficient to provide an intermediate protected cyclohexyl alcohol that provides XII-4 after deprotection under suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions. In some embodiments, X1 is N or CH, and the acylation reaction conditions include an appropriate base, an appropriate solvent, and optionally DMAP, at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate amount of time. In some embodiments, the base is TEA or pyridine. In some embodiments, the solvent is DCE, DCM, toluene, pyridine, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent is DCM. In some embodiments, the solvent is toluene. In some embodiments the temperature is 80 °C and the time is from about 1 hour to overnight. In some embodiments the temperature is room temperature and the time is from 1 hour to overnight. In some embodiments the initial temperature is 0 °C and the reaction is warmed to room temperature, and the time is from about 15 minutes to about 5 hours. In some embodiments, the reaction conditions include DMAP. In some embodiments, X1 is N, the reaction conditions include DMAP, the base is TEA, the solvent is toluene, the temperature is about 80 °C, and the time is about 1 hour to about 2 hours. In some embodiments, X1 is N, the reaction conditions include DMAP, the base is pyridine, the solvent is toluene, the temperature is about 80 °C, and the time is from about 1 hour to overnight. In some embodiments, X1 is CH, the base is TEA, the solvent is toluene, the temperature is about room temperature, and the time is from about 1 hour to about 2 hours. In some embodiments, X1 is CH, the base is pyridine, the solvent is toluene, the temperature is about room temperature, and the time is from about 1 hour to overnight. In some embodiments, when X-3 is a carboxylic acid, a coupling reagent is used.
In some embodiments, the coupling reagent is HATEG, EDC, T3P, HBTEG, BCTET, or pyBOP. In some embodiments, X-3 is a carboxylic acid, the base is triethylamine, the solvent is DCM, the coupling reagent is T3P, and optionally DMAP, at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate amount of time. In some embodiments, the base is TEA or pyridine. In some embodiments, the solvent is DCE, DCM, toluene, pyridine, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent is DCM. In some embodiments the temperature is 40 °C and the time is from about 2 hour to about 63 hours. In some embodiments the temperature is room temperature and the time is from 1 hour to overnight. In some embodiments the initial temperature is 25 °C and the reaction is warmed to 40 °C, and the time is from about 2 hours to about 63 hours. In some embodiments, the reaction conditions include DMAP.
[00273] In some embodiments, the suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions are sufficient to deprotect the intermediate protected cyclohexyl alcohol and provide XII-4. In some embodiments, the hydrolysis reaction conditions include an appropriate acid, an appropriate solvent, at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate amount of time. In some embodiments, the acid is aqueous HC1. In some embodiments, the concentration of the aqueous HC1 is about 1 M. In some embodiments, the solvent is THF, methanol, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the temperature is from about 0 °C to about room temperature and the time is from about 1 hour to about 4 hours. In some embodiments, R" is lerl-b uty 1 di m eth y 1 si 1 y 1 , the acid is 1 M HC1, the solvent is a combination of THF and methanol, the temperature is from about 0 °C to about room temperature and the time is from about 1 hour to about 19 hours. In some embodiments, R" is other than
/c/T-butyl di m ethyl si 1 yl , and the protecting group, R", is removed to provide XII-4 according to the corresponding methods, as disclosed, for example, in“Greene’s Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”.
[00274]
[00275] In some embodiments, compounds described herein are prepared as outlined in Scheme 13.
Scheme 13
Figure imgf000152_0001
[00276] In Scheme 13, ring A, X1, and substituents R1, R2, and R8 are as described herein. In some embodiments, R" is as in Scheme 10. In some embodiments, R" is
/c/T-butyl di ethyl si 1 yl . In some embodiments, X is a halide. In some embodiments, the halide is bromide or iodide. In some embodiments, aryl halide XIII-1 is prepared according to the methods disclosed in Scheme 12, where XII-2 in Scheme 12 is 2-amino- 4-bromopyridine, 2-amino-4-iodopyridine, 3-bromoaniline, or 3-iodoaniline.
[00277] In some embodiments, aryl halide XIII-1 is reacted with an appropriate
HO heteroarylboronic acid (an appropriately boron-substituted ring A component,
Figure imgf000152_0002
), under suitable metal-catalyzed cross coupling reaction conditions to provide XIII-2. In some embodiments, suitable metal -catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include palladium. In some embodiments, suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include palladium, an appropriate base, and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the palladium is delivered in the form of Pd(dppf)Cl2 or Pd(PPh3)4. In some embodiments, the palladium is delivered in the form of Pd(PPh3)4. In some embodiments, the appropriate base is an inorganic base. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is a carbonate, a phosphate, an oxide, or a hydroxide. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is an alkali metal inorganic base. In some embodiments, the alkali metal is sodium, potassium, cesium, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is Na2C03, K2C03, Cs2C03, or combinations thereof In some embodiments, the combination is a combination of Na2C03 and K2C03. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is K2C03. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is Cs2C03. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is an aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is a mixture of water and an organic solvent. In some embodiments, the organic solvent in the mixture is a Ci-4-alcohol, THF, DMF, dioxane, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the organic solvent in the mixture is DMF. In some embodiments, the appropriate time is from about 3 hours to about 5 hours. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is from about 50 °C to about 115 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about 50 °C. In some embodiments, the palladium is delivered as Pd(PPh3)4, the base is Cs2C03, the solvent is a DMF/water mixture, the time is about 4.5 hours, and the temperature is about 50 °C. In some embodiments, the palladium is delivered as Pd(PPh3) , the base is Cs2C03, the solvent is 2% water in DMF, the time is about 4.5 hours, and the temperature is about 50 °C.
[00278] In some embodiments, aryl halide XIII-1 is reacted with bis(pinacolato)diboron under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide a
pinacolatoboron-substituted arene intermediate which is subsequently reacted with an appropriately bromine-substituted ring A component,
Figure imgf000153_0001
, under suitable metal- catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide XIII-2. In some embodiments, aryl halide XIII-1 is reacted with bis(pinacolato)diboron under suitable metal -catalyzed cross- coupling reaction conditions to provide a pinacolatoboron-substituted arene intermediate which is subsequently reacted with an appropriately iodo- substituted ring A component,
Figure imgf000153_0002
, under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide
XIII-2. In some embodiments, the metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions suitable to provide the pinacolatoboron-substituted arene intermediate include an appropriate palladium source, an appropriate base, and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the palladium source is Pd(dppf)Cl2. In some embodiments, the base is potassium acetate. In some embodiments, the solvent is toluene. In some embodiments, the time is from about 2 hours to about 5 hours. In some embodiments, X1 is CH, X is iodide, and the metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions suitable to provide the pinacolatoboron-substituted arene intermediate include Pd(dppf)Cl2 as the palladium source, potassium acetate as the base, toluene as the solvent, the time is about 3.5 hours, and the temperature is 115 °C under the cross-coupling reaction conditions. In some embodiments, the metal-catalyzed cross-coupling conditions suitable to provide XIII-2 by reacting the pinacolatoboron-substituted arene intermediate with the appropriately bromine-substituted ring A component include an appropriate palladium source, an appropriate base, and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the palladium source is Pd(dppf)Cl2, the base is Cs2C03, the solvent is a DMF/water mixture, the time is about 2 hours, and the temperature is about 80 °C.
[00279] In some embodiments, intermediates used in the preparation of compounds described herein are prepared as outlined in Scheme 14.
Scheme 14
Figure imgf000154_0001
[00280] In Scheme 14, ring A and substituents X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R8, and m are as described herein. In some embodiments, R is independently alkyl, heteroalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or hydrogen, or both R are taken together to form a substituted or unsubstituted fused 4-, 5-, or 6-membered ring with 1-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring.
[00281] In some embodiments, XIV-2 is prepared from XIV-1 and an amine, NHR2. In some embodiments, XIV-1 is subjected to carbonyl diimidazole in an appropriate solvent, such as ACN, at an appropriate temperature, such as at about room temperature to about 80 °C, for an appropriate amount of time to provide an intermediate carbamoyl imidazole. In some embodiments, the appropriate amount of time is from about 2 hours to about 6 hours or about overnight. In some embodiments, the intermediate carbamoyl imidazole is treated with NHR2 in a suitable solvent, and the reaction is allowed to proceed for an appropriate amount of time at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the suitable solvent is acetonitrile. In some embodiments, the suitable solvent is MeOH, THF, or DCM. In some embodiments, the NHR2 is added as a solution in MeOH, THF, or DCM. In some
embodiments, the NHR2 is added neat. In some embodiments, the appropriate amount of time at the appropriate temperature is about 15 minutes to overnight at about room temperature. In some embodiments, the appropriate amount of time is about 1 day to about 7 days. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is from about room temperature to about 50 °C or from about room temperature to about 100 °C. In some embodiments, the amine, NHR2, is delivered as a salt. In some embodiments, the salt is a hydrochloride salt. In some embodiments, when the amine, NHR2, is delivered as the hydrochloride salt, then a suitable base, such as iPr2NEt, is combined with the intermediate carbonyl imidazole, prior to adding the hydrochloride salt.
[00282] In some embodiments, compounds are prepared as described in the Examples.
Certain Terminology
[00283] Unless otherwise stated, the following terms used in this application have the definitions given below. The use of the term“including” as well as other forms, such as “include”,“includes,” and“included,” is not limiting. The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described.
[00284] As used herein, Ci-Cx includes Ci-C2, C1-C3 . . . Ci-Cx. By way of example only, a group designated as "C1-C4" indicates that there are one to four carbon atoms in the moiety, i.e. groups containing 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms or 4 carbon atoms. Thus, by way of example only, "C1-C4 alkyl" indicates that there are one to four carbon atoms in the alkyl group, i.e., the alkyl group is selected from among methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso propyl, «-butyl, Ao-butyl, sec-butyl, and /-butyl.
[00285] An“alkyl” group refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group. The alkyl group is branched or straight chain. In some embodiments, the“alkyl” group has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, i.e. a Ci-Ci0alkyl. Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as“1 to 10” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g.,“1 to 10 carbon atoms” means that the alkyl group consist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, 4 carbon atoms, 5 carbon atoms, 6 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 10 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term“alkyl” where no numerical range is designated. In some embodiments, an alkyl is a Ci-C6alkyl. In one aspect the alkyl is methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, or t-butyl. Typical alkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec- butyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl, neopentyl, or hexyl.
[00286] An“alkylene” group refers to a divalent alkyl group. Any of the above mentioned monovalent alkyl groups may be an alkylene by abstraction of a second hydrogen atom from the alkyl. In some embodiments, an alkylene is a Ci-C6alkylene. In other embodiments, an alkylene is a Ci-C4alkylene. In certain embodiments, an alkylene comprises one to four carbon atoms ( e.g ., C1-C4 alkylene). In other embodiments, an alkylene comprises one to three carbon atoms (e.g., C1-C3 alkylene). In other embodiments, an alkylene comprises one to two carbon atoms (e.g., Ci-C2 alkylene). In other embodiments, an alkylene comprises one carbon atom (e.g., Ci alkylene). In other embodiments, an alkylene comprises two carbon atoms (e.g., C2 alkylene). In other embodiments, an alkylene comprises two to four carbon atoms (e.g., C2-C alkylene). Typical alkylene groups include, but are not limited to, -CH2-, - CH(C¾)-, -C(CH3)2-, -CH2CH2-, -CH2CH(CH3)-, -CH2C(CH3)2-, -CH2CH2CH2-, - CH2CH2CH2CH2-, and the like.
[00287] “Deuteroalkyl” refers to an alkyl group where 1 or more hydrogen atoms of an alkyl are replaced with deuterium.
[00288] The term“alkenyl” refers to a type of alkyl group in which at least one carbon- carbon double bond is present. In one embodiment, an alkenyl group has the formula - C(R)=CR2, wherein R refers to the remaining portions of the alkenyl group, which may be the same or different. In some embodiments, R is H or an alkyl. In some embodiments, an alkenyl is selected from ethenyl (i.e., vinyl), propenyl (i.e., allyl), butenyl, pentenyl, pentadienyl, and the like. Non-limiting examples of an alkenyl group include -CH=CH2, - C(CH3)=CH2, -CH=CHCH3, -C(CH3)=CHCH3, and -CH2CH=CH2.
[00289] The term“alkynyl” refers to a type of alkyl group in which at least one carbon- carbon triple bond is present. In one embodiment, an alkenyl group has the formula -CºC-R, wherein R refers to the remaining portions of the alkynyl group. In some embodiments, R is H or an alkyl. In some embodiments, an alkynyl is selected from ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, and the like. Non-limiting examples of an alkynyl group include -CºCH, - CºCCH3 -CºCCH2CH3, -CH2CºCH.
[00290] An“alkoxy” group refers to a (alkyl)O- group, where alkyl is as defined herein.
[00291] The term“alkylamine” refers to the -N(alkyl)xHy group, where x is 0 and y is 2, or where x is 1 and y is 1, or where x is 2 and y is 0. [00292] The term“aromatic” refers to a planar ring having a delocalized p-electron system containing 4n+2 p electrons, where n is an integer. The term“aromatic” includes both carbocyclic aryl (“aryl”, e.g., phenyl) and heterocyclic aryl (or“heteroaryl” or
“heteroaromatic”) groups (e.g., pyridine). The term includes monocyclic or fused-ring polycyclic (i.e., rings which share adjacent pairs of carbon or nitrogen atoms) groups.
[00293] The term“carbocyclic” or“carbocycle” refers to a ring or ring system where the atoms forming the backbone of the ring are all carbon atoms. The term thus distinguishes carbocyclic from“heterocyclic” rings or“heterocycles” in which the ring backbone contains at least one atom which is different from carbon. In some embodiments, at least one of the two rings of a bicyclic carbocycle is aromatic. In some embodiments, both rings of a bicyclic carbocycle are aromatic. Carbocycle includes cycloalkyl and aryl.
[00294] As used herein, the term“aryl” refers to an aromatic ring wherein each of the atoms forming the ring is a carbon atom. In one aspect, aryl is phenyl or a naphthyl. In some embodiments, an aryl is a phenyl. In some embodiments, an aryl is a C6-Cl0aryl. Depending on the structure, an aryl group is a monoradical or a diradical (i.e., an arylene group).
[00295] The term“cycloalkyl” refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic aliphatic, non-aromatic group, wherein each of the atoms forming the ring (i.e. skeletal atoms) is a carbon atom. In some embodiments, cycloalkyls are spirocyclic or bridged compounds. In some
embodiments, cycloalkyls are optionally fused with an aromatic ring, and the point of attachment is at a carbon that is not an aromatic ring carbon atom. Cycloalkyl groups include groups having from 3 to 10 ring atoms. In some embodiments, cycloalkyl groups are selected from among cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, spiro[2.2]pentyl, norbornyl and bicyclo[l.l. l]pentyl. In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl is a C3-C6cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl is a monocyclic cycloalkyl. Monocyclic cycloalkyls include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. Polycyclic cycloalkyls include, for example, adamantyl, norbornyl (i.e., bicyclo[2.2.l]heptanyl), norbornenyl, decalinyl, 7,7-dimethyl-bicyclo[2.2. l]heptanyl, and the like
[00296] The term“halo” or, alternatively,“halogen” or“halide” means fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo. In some embodiments, halo is fluoro, chloro, or bromo.
[00297] The term“haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen atom. In one aspect, a fluoroalkyl is a Ci-C6fluoroalkyl. [00298] The term“fluoroalkyl” refers to an alkyl in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a fluorine atom. In one aspect, a fluoroalkyl is a Ci-Cefluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, a fluoroalkyl is selected from trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, fluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 1 -fluoromethyl -2 -fluoroethyl, and the like.
[00299] The term“heteroalkyl” refers to an alkyl group in which one or more skeletal atoms of the alkyl are selected from an atom other than carbon, e.g ., oxygen, nitrogen (e.g, -NH-, - N(alkyl)-, sulfur, or combinations thereof. A heteroalkyl is attached to the rest of the molecule at a carbon atom of the heteroalkyl. In one aspect, a heteroalkyl is a Ci- C6heteroalkyl.
[00300] The term“heteroalkylene” refers to a divalent heteroalkyl group.
[00301] The term "heterocycle" or“heterocyclic” refers to heteroaromatic rings (also known as heteroaryls) and heterocycloalkyl rings (also known as heteroalicyclic groups) containing one to four heteroatoms in the ring(s), where each heteroatom in the ring(s) is selected from O, S and N, wherein each heterocyclic group has from 3 to 10 atoms in its ring system, and with the proviso that any ring does not contain two adjacent O or S atoms. In some embodiments, heterocycles are monocyclic, bicyclic, polycyclic, spirocyclic or bridged compounds. Non-aromatic heterocyclic groups (also known as heterocycloalkyls) include rings having 3 to 10 atoms in its ring system and aromatic heterocyclic groups include rings having 5 to 10 atoms in its ring system. The heterocyclic groups include benzo-fused ring systems. Examples of non-aromatic heterocyclic groups are pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, oxazolidinonyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thioxanyl, piperazinyl, aziridinyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, homopiperidinyl, oxepanyl, thiepanyl, oxazepinyl, diazepinyl, thiazepinyl, l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, pyrrolin-2-yl, pyrrolin-3-yl, indolinyl, 2H-pyranyl, 4H-pyranyl, dioxanyl, l,3-dioxolanyl, pyrazolinyl, dithianyl, dithiolanyl, dihydropyranyl, dihydrothienyl, dihydrofuranyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.l.0]hexanyl, 3-azabicyclo[4. l.0]heptanyl, 3H-indolyl, indolin-2-onyl, isoindolin-l-onyl, isoindoline-l,3-dionyl, 3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-l(2H)-onyl, 3,4- dihydroquinolin-2(lH)-onyl, isoindoline-l,3-dithionyl, benzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-onyl, 1H- benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-onyl, benzo[d]thiazol-2(3H)-onyl, and quinolizinyl. Examples of aromatic heterocyclic groups are pyridinyl, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, cinnolinyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, phthalazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, isoindolyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, furazanyl, benzofurazanyl, benzothiophenyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, naphthyridinyl, and furopyridinyl. The foregoing groups are either C-attached (or C-linked) or A -attached where such is possible. For instance, a group derived from pyrrole includes both pyrrol-l-yl (A-attached) or pyrrol-3-yl (C-attached). Further, a group derived from imidazole includes imidazol-l-yl or imidazol-3-yl (both N- attached) or imidazol-2-yl, imidazol-4-yl or imidazol-5-yl (all C-attached). The heterocyclic groups include benzo-fused ring systems. Non-aromatic heterocycles are optionally substituted with one or two oxo (=0) moieties, such as pyrrolidin-2-one. In some embodiments, at least one of the two rings of a bicyclic heterocycle is aromatic. In some embodiments, both rings of a bicyclic heterocycle are aromatic.
[00302] The terms“heteroaryl” or, alternatively,“heteroaromatic” refers to an aryl group that includes one or more ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
Illustrative examples of heteroaryl groups include monocyclic heteroaryls and bicyclic heteroaryls. Monocyclic heteroaryls include pyridinyl, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, and furazanyl. Bicyclic heteroaryls include indolizine, indole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, indazole, benzimidazole, purine, quinolizine, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, 1,8- naphthyridine, and pteridine. In some embodiments, a heteroaryl contains 0-4 N atoms in the ring. In some embodiments, a heteroaryl contains 1-4 N atoms in the ring. In some embodiments, a heteroaryl contains 0-4 N atoms, 0-1 0 atoms, and 0-1 S atoms in the ring. In some embodiments, a heteroaryl contains 1-4 N atoms, 0-1 0 atoms, and 0-1 S atoms in the ring. In some embodiments, heteroaryl is a Ci-C9heteroaryl. In some embodiments, monocyclic heteroaryl is a Ci-C5heteroaryl. In some embodiments, monocyclic heteroaryl is a 5-membered or 6-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, bicyclic heteroaryl is a C6- Cgheteroaryl.
[00303] A“heterocycloalkyl” or“heteroalicyclic” group refers to a cycloalkyl group that includes at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. In some embodiments, a heterocycloalkyl is fused with an aryl or heteroaryl. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl is oxazolidinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidin-2-onyl, pyrrolidine-2, 5-dithionyl, pyrrolidine-2, 5-dionyl,
pyrrolidinonyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolidin-2-onyl, or thiazolidin-2-onyl. The term heteroalicyclic also includes all ring forms of the carbohydrates, including but not limited to the monosaccharides, the disaccharides and the oligosaccharides. In one aspect, a heterocycloalkyl is a C2-Cioheterocycloalkyl. In another aspect, a heterocycloalkyl is a C4- Cioheterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, a heterocycloalkyl contains 0-2 N atoms in the ring. In some embodiments, a heterocycloalkyl contains 0-2 N atoms, 0-2 O atoms and 0-1 S atoms in the ring.
[00304] The term“bond” or“single bond” refers to a chemical bond between two atoms, or two moieties when the atoms joined by the bond are considered to be part of larger substructure. In one aspect, when a group described herein is a bond, the referenced group is absent thereby allowing a bond to be formed between the remaining identified groups.
[00305] The term“moiety” refers to a specific segment or functional group of a molecule. Chemical moieties are often recognized chemical entities embedded in or appended to a molecule.
[00306] The term“optionally substituted” or“substituted” means that the referenced group is optionally substituted with one or more additional group(s). In some other embodiments, optional substituents are individually and independently selected from D, halogen, -CN, - NH2, -NH(alkyl), -N(alkyl)2, -OH, -C02H, -C02alkyl, -C(=0)NH2, -C(=0)NH(alkyl), - C(=0)N(alkyl)2, -S(=0)2NH2, -S(=0)2NH(alkyl), -S(=0)2N(alkyl)2, -CH2C02H, - CH2C02alkyl, -CH2C(=0)NH2, -CH2C(=0)NH(alkyl), -CH2C(=0)N(alkyl)2, - CH2S(=0)2NH2, - CH2S(=0)2NH(alkyl), - CH2S(=0)2N(alkyl)2, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, fluoroalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, alkylsulfoxide, arylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone, and arylsulfone. The term“optionally substituted” or“substituted” means that the referenced group is optionally substituted with one or more additional group(s) individually and independently selected from D, halogen, -CN, -NH2, -NH(alkyl), -N(alkyl)2, -OH, -C02H, -C02alkyl, -C(=0)NH2, - C(=0)NH(alkyl), -C(=0)N(alkyl)2, -S(=0)2NH2, -S(=0)2NH(alkyl), -S(=0)2N(alkyl)2, alkyl, cycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, fluoroalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, alkylsulfoxide, arylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone, and arylsulfone. In some other embodiments, optional substituents are independently selected from D, halogen, - CN, -NH2, -NH(CH3), -N(CH3)2, -OH, -C02H, -C02(Ci-C4alkyl), -C(=0)NH2, - C(=0)NH(Ci-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, -S(=0)2NH2, -S(=0)2NH(Ci-C4alkyl), - S(=0)2N(Ci-C alkyl)2, Ci-C alkyl, C3-C6cycloalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C heteroalkyl, Ci- C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, -SCi-C alkyl, -S(=0)Ci-C alkyl, and -S(=0)2Ci-C alkyl. In some embodiments, optional substituents are independently selected from D, halogen, -CN, - NH2, -OH, -NH(CH3), -N(CH3)2, -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CF3, -OCH3, and -OCF3. In some embodiments, substituted groups are substituted with one or two of the preceding groups. In some embodiments, substituted groups are substituted with one of the preceding groups. In some embodiments, an optional substituent on an aliphatic carbon atom (acyclic or cyclic) includes oxo (=0).
[00307] The term“acceptable” with respect to a formulation, composition or ingredient, as used herein, means having no persistent detrimental effect on the general health of the subject being treated.
[00308] The term“modulate” as used herein, means to interact with a target either directly or indirectly so as to alter the activity of the target, including, by way of example only, to enhance the activity of the target, to inhibit the activity of the target, to limit the activity of the target, or to extend the activity of the target.
[00309] The term“modulator” as used herein, refers to a molecule that interacts with a target either directly or indirectly. The interactions include, but are not limited to, the interactions of an agonist, partial agonist, an inverse agonist, antagonist, degrader, or combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, a modulator is an agonist.
[00310] The terms "administer," "administering", "administration," and the like, as used herein, refer to the methods that may be used to enable delivery of compounds or
compositions to the desired site of biological action. These methods include, but are not limited to oral routes, intraduodenal routes, parenteral injection (including intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intravascular or infusion), topical and rectal administration. Those of skill in the art are familiar with administration techniques that can be employed with the compounds and methods described herein. In some embodiments, the compounds and compositions described herein are administered orally.
[00311] The terms“co-administration” or the like, as used herein, are meant to encompass administration of the selected therapeutic agents to a single patient, and are intended to include treatment regimens in which the agents are administered by the same or different route of administration or at the same or different time.
[00312] The terms“effective amount” or“therapeutically effective amount,” as used herein, refer to a sufficient amount of an agent or a compound being administered, which will relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the disease or condition being treated. The result includes reduction and/or alleviation of the signs, symptoms, or causes of a disease, or any other desired alteration of a biological system. For example, an“effective amount” for therapeutic uses is the amount of the composition comprising a compound as disclosed herein required to provide a clinically significant decrease in disease symptoms. An appropriate “effective” amount in any individual case is optionally determined using techniques, such as a dose escalation study.
[00313] The terms“enhance” or“enhancing,” as used herein, means to increase or prolong either in potency or duration a desired effect. Thus, in regard to enhancing the effect of therapeutic agents, the term“enhancing” refers to the ability to increase or prolong, either in potency or duration, the effect of other therapeutic agents on a system. An“enhancing- effective amount,” as used herein, refers to an amount adequate to enhance the effect of another therapeutic agent in a desired system.
[00314] The term“pharmaceutical combination” as used herein, means a product that results from the mixing or combining of more than one active ingredient and includes both fixed and non-fixed combinations of the active ingredients. The term“fixed combination” means that the active ingredients, e.g ., a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a co-agent, are both administered to a patient simultaneously in the form of a single entity or dosage. The term“non-fixed combination” means that the active ingredients, e.g. , a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a co- agent, are administered to a patient as separate entities either simultaneously, concurrently or sequentially with no specific intervening time limits, wherein such administration provides effective levels of the two compounds in the body of the patient. The latter also applies to cocktail therapy, e.g. , the administration of three or more active ingredients.
[00315] The terms“kit” and“article of manufacture” are used as synonyms.
[00316] The term“subject” or“patient” encompasses mammals. Examples of mammals include, but are not limited to, any member of the Mammalian class: humans, non-human primates such as chimpanzees, and other apes and monkey species; farm animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine; domestic animals such as rabbits, dogs, and cats;
laboratory animals including rodents, such as rats, mice and guinea pigs, and the like. In one aspect, the mammal is a human.
[00317] The terms“treat,”“treating” or“treatment,” as used herein, include alleviating, abating or ameliorating at least one symptom of a disease or condition, preventing additional symptoms, inhibiting the disease or condition, e.g. , arresting the development of the disease or condition, relieving the disease or condition, causing regression of the disease or condition, relieving a condition caused by the disease or condition, or stopping the symptoms of the disease or condition either prophylactically and/or therapeutically.
Pharmaceutical compositions [00318] In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are formulated into pharmaceutical compositions. Pharmaceutical compositions are formulated in a conventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable inactive ingredients that facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations that are used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. A summary of
pharmaceutical compositions described herein is found, for example, in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Nineteenth Ed (Easton, Pa.: Mack Publishing Company, 1995); Hoover, John E., Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co.,
Easton, Pennsylvania 1975; Liberman, H.A. and Lachman, L., Eds., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Decker, New York, N.Y., 1980; and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Seventh Ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 1999), herein incorporated by reference for such disclosure.
[00319] In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are administered either alone or in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents, in a pharmaceutical composition. Administration of the compounds and compositions described herein can be affected by any method that enables delivery of the compounds to the site of action. These methods include, though are not limited to delivery via enteral routes (including oral, gastric or duodenal feeding tube, rectal suppository and rectal enema), parenteral routes (injection or infusion, including intraarterial, intracardiac, intradermal, intraduodenal, intramedullary, intramuscular, intraosseous, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intravascular, intravenous, intravitreal, epidural and subcutaneous), inhalational, transdermal, transmucosal, sublingual, buccal and topical (including epicutaneous, dermal, enema, eye drops, ear drops, intranasal, vaginal) administration, although the most suitable route may depend upon for example the condition and disorder of the recipient. By way of example only, compounds described herein can be administered locally to the area in need of treatment, by for example, local infusion during surgery, topical application such as creams or ointments, injection, catheter, or implant. The administration can also be by direct injection at the site of a diseased tissue or organ.
[00320] In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions suitable for oral administration are presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. In some embodiments, the active ingredient is presented as a bolus, electuary or paste. [00321] Pharmaceutical compositions which can be used orally include tablets, push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol. Tablets may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with binders, inert diluents, or lubricating, surface active or dispersing agents. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. In some embodiments, the tablets are coated or scored and are formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for such administration. The push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers. In soft capsules, the active compounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols. In some embodiments, stabilizers are added. Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings. For this purpose, concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures. Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or Dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.
[00322] In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions are formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g ., by bolus injection or continuous infusion. Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g. , in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative. The compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. The compositions may be presented in unit- dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in powder form or in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example, saline or sterile pyrogen-free water, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.
[00323] Pharmaceutical compositions for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous (oily) sterile injection solutions of the active compounds which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents. Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes. Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran. Optionally, the suspension may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
[00324] Pharmaceutical compositions may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection. Thus, for example, the compounds may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example, as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
[00325] For buccal or sublingual administration, the compositions may take the form of tablets, lozenges, pastilles, or gels formulated in conventional manner. Such compositions may comprise the active ingredient in a flavored basis such as sucrose and acacia or tragacanth.
[00326] Pharmaceutical compositions may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g ., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, or other glycerides.
[00327] Pharmaceutical compositions may be administered topically, that is by non-systemic administration. This includes the application of a compound of the present invention externally to the epidermis or the buccal cavity and the instillation of such a compound into the ear, eye and nose, such that the compound does not significantly enter the blood stream.
In contrast, systemic administration refers to oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal and
intramuscular administration.
[00328] Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for topical administration include liquid or semi -liquid preparations suitable for penetration through the skin to the site of inflammation such as gels, liniments, lotions, creams, ointments or pastes, and drops suitable for administration to the eye, ear or nose. The active ingredient may comprise, for topical administration, from 0.001% to 10% w/w, for instance from 1% to 2% by weight of the formulation. [00329] Pharmaceutical compositions for administration by inhalation are conveniently delivered from an insufflator, nebulizer pressurized packs or other convenient means of delivering an aerosol spray. Pressurized packs may comprise a suitable propellant such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol, the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Alternatively, for administration by inhalation or insufflation, pharmaceutical preparations may take the form of a dry powder composition, for example a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch. The powder composition may be presented in unit dosage form, in for example, capsules, cartridges, gelatin or blister packs from which the powder may be administered with the aid of an inhalator or insufflator.
[00330] In some embodiments, a compound disclosed herein is formulated in such a manner that delivery of the compound to a particular region of the gastrointestinal tract is achieved. For example, a compound disclosed herein is formulated for oral delivery with bioadhesive polymers, pH-sensitive coatings, time dependent, biodegradable polymers, microflora activated systems, and the like, in order to effect delivering of the compound to a particular region of the gastrointestinal tract.
[00331] In some embodiments, a compound disclosed herein is formulated to provide a controlled release of the compound. Controlled release refers to the release of the compound described herein from a dosage form in which it is incorporated according to a desired profile over an extended period of time. Controlled release profiles include, for example, sustained release, prolonged release, pulsatile release, and delayed release profiles. In contrast to immediate release compositions, controlled release compositions allow delivery of an agent to a subject over an extended period of time according to a predetermined profile. Such release rates can provide therapeutically effective levels of agent for an extended period of time and thereby provide a longer period of pharmacologic response while minimizing side effects as compared to conventional rapid release dosage forms. Such longer periods of response provide for many inherent benefits that are not achieved with the corresponding short acting, immediate release preparations.
[00332] Approaches to deliver the intact therapeutic compound to the particular regions of the gastrointestinal tract ( e.g ., such as the colon), include:
[00333] (i) Coating with polymers: The intact molecule can be delivered to the colon without absorbing at the upper part of the intestine by coating of the drug molecule with the suitable polymers, which degrade only in the colon. [00334] (ii) Coating with pH-sensitive polymers: The majority of enteric and colon targeted delivery systems are based on the coating of tablets or pellets, which are filled into conventional hard gelatin capsules. Most commonly used pH-dependent coating polymers are methacrylic acid copolymers, commonly known as Eudragit® S, more specifically Eudragit® L and Eudragit® S. Eudragit® L100 and S 100 are copolymers of methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate.
[00335] (iii) Coating with biodegradable polymers;
[00336] (iv) Embedding in matrices;
[00337] (v) Embedding in biodegradable matrices and hydrogels;
[00338] (vi) Embedding in pH-sensitive matrices;
[00339] (vii) Timed release systems;
[00340] (viii)Redo x-sensitive polymers;
[00341] (ix) Bioadhesive systems;
[00342] (x) Coating with microparticles;
[00343] (xi) Osmotic controlled drug delivery;
[00344] Another approach towards colon-targeted drug delivery or controlled-release systems includes embedding the drug in polymer matrices to trap it and release it in the colon. These matrices can be pH-sensitive or biodegradable. Matrix-Based Systems, such as multi-matrix (MMX)-based delayed-release tablets, ensure the drug release in the colon.
[00345] Additional pharmaceutical approaches to targeted delivery of therapeutics to particular regions of the gastrointestinal tract are known. Chourasia MK, Jain SK,
Pharmaceutical approaches to colon targeted drug delivery systems., J Pharm Sci. 2003 Jan- Apr; 6(l):33-66. Patel M, Shah T, Amin A. Therapeutic opportunities in colon-specific drug- delivery systems Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2007; 24(2): 147-202. Kumar P, Mishra B. Colon targeted drug delivery systems-an overview. Curr Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul; 5(3): 186-98. Van den Mooter G. Colon drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2006 Jan; 3(1): 111-25.
Seth Amidon, Jack E. Brown, and Vivek S. Dave, Colon-Targeted Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Design Trends and Approaches, AAPS PharmSciTech. 2015 Aug; 16(4): 731-741.
[00346] It should be understood that in addition to the ingredients particularly mentioned above, the compounds and compositions described herein may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavoring agents.
Methods of Dosing and Treatment Regimens [00347] In one embodiment, the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, are used in the preparation of medicaments for the treatment of diseases or conditions in a mammal that would benefit from administration of an FXR agonist. Methods for treating any of the diseases or conditions described herein in a mammal in need of such treatment, involves administration of pharmaceutical compositions that include at least one compound described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, active metabolite, prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, in therapeutically effective amounts to said mammal.
[00348] Disclosed herein, are methods of administering an FXR agonist in combination with an additional therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent comprises a therapeutic agent for treatment of diabetes or diabetes related disorder or conditions, alcoholic or non-alcoholic liver disease, inflammation related intestinal conditions, or cell proliferative disorders.
[00349] In certain embodiments, the compositions containing the compound(s) described herein are administered for prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatments. In certain therapeutic applications, the compositions are administered to a patient already suffering from a disease or condition, in an amount sufficient to cure or at least partially arrest at least one of the symptoms of the disease or condition. Amounts effective for this use depend on the severity and course of the disease or condition, previous therapy, the patient's health status, weight, and response to the drugs, and the judgment of the treating physician. Therapeutically effective amounts are optionally determined by methods including, but not limited to, a dose escalation and/or dose ranging clinical trial.
[00350] In prophylactic applications, compositions containing the compounds described herein are administered to a patient susceptible to or otherwise at risk of a particular disease, disorder or condition. Such an amount is defined to be a "prophylactically effective amount or dose." In this use, the precise amounts also depend on the patient's state of health, weight, and the like. When used in patients, effective amounts for this use will depend on the severity and course of the disease, disorder or condition, previous therapy, the patient's health status and response to the drugs, and the judgment of the treating physician. In one aspect, prophylactic treatments include administering to a mammal, who previously experienced at least one symptom of the disease being treated and is currently in remission, a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in order to prevent a return of the symptoms of the disease or condition. [00351] In certain embodiments wherein the patient’s condition does not improve, upon the doctor’s discretion, the compounds are administered chronically, that is, for an extended period of time, including throughout the duration of the patient’s life in order to ameliorate or otherwise control or limit the symptoms of the patient’s disease or condition.
[00352] In certain embodiments wherein a patient’s status does improve, the dose of drug being administered is temporarily reduced or temporarily suspended for a certain length of time (i.e., a“drug holiday”). In specific embodiments, the length of the drug holiday is between 2 days and 1 year, including by way of example only, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 10 days, 12 days, 15 days, 20 days, 28 days, or more than 28 days. The dose reduction during a drug holiday is, by way of example only, by 10%-100%, including by way of example only 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, and 100%.
[00353] Once improvement of the patient's conditions has occurred, a maintenance dose is administered if necessary. Subsequently, in specific embodiments, the dosage or the frequency of administration, or both, is reduced, as a function of the symptoms, to a level at which the improved disease, disorder or condition is retained. In certain embodiments, however, the patient requires intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence of symptoms.
[00354] The amount of a given agent that corresponds to such an amount varies depending upon factors such as the particular compound, disease condition and its severity, the identity ( e.g ., weight, sex) of the subject or host in need of treatment, but nevertheless is determined according to the particular circumstances surrounding the case, including, e.g., the specific agent being administered, the route of administration, the condition being treated, and the subject or host being treated.
[00355] In general, however, doses employed for adult human treatment are typically in the range of 0.01 mg-5000 mg per day. In one aspect, doses employed for adult human treatment are from about 1 mg to about 1000 mg per day. In one embodiment, the desired dose is conveniently presented in a single dose or in divided doses administered simultaneously or at appropriate intervals, for example as two, three, four or more sub-doses per day.
[00356] In one embodiment, the daily dosages appropriate for the compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, are from about 0.01 to about 50 mg/kg per body weight. In some embodiments, the daily dosage or the amount of active in the dosage form are lower or higher than the ranges indicated herein, based on a number of variables in regard to an individual treatment regime. In various embodiments, the daily and unit dosages are altered depending on a number of variables including, but not limited to, the activity of the compound used, the disease or condition to be treated, the mode of
administration, the requirements of the individual subject, the severity of the disease or condition being treated, and the judgment of the practitioner.
[00357] Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such therapeutic regimens are determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, including, but not limited to, the determination of the LD50 and the ED50. The dose ratio between the toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it is expressed as the ratio between LD50 and ED50. In certain embodiments, the data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies are used in formulating the therapeutically effective daily dosage range and/or the therapeutically effective unit dosage amount for use in mammals, including humans. In some embodiments, the daily dosage amount of the compounds described herein lies within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED50 with minimal toxicity. In certain embodiments, the daily dosage range and/or the unit dosage amount varies within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized.
[00358] In any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments in which the effective amount of the compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is: (a) systemically administered to the mammal; and/or (b) administered orally to the mammal; and/or (c) intravenously administered to the mammal; and/or (d) administered by injection to the mammal; and/or (e) administered topically to the mammal; and/or (f) administered non- systemically or locally to the mammal.
[00359] In any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments comprising single administrations of the effective amount of the compound, including further embodiments in which (i) the compound is administered once a day; or (ii) the compound is administered to the mammal multiple times over the span of one day.
[00360] In any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments comprising multiple administrations of the effective amount of the compound, including further embodiments in which (i) the compound is administered continuously or intermittently: as in a single dose;
(ii) the time between multiple administrations is every 6 hours; (iii) the compound is administered to the mammal every 8 hours; (iv) the compound is administered to the mammal every 12 hours; (v) the compound is administered to the mammal every 24 hours. In further or alternative embodiments, the method comprises a drug holiday, wherein the administration of the compound is temporarily suspended or the dose of the compound being administered is temporarily reduced; at the end of the drug holiday, dosing of the compound is resumed. In one embodiment, the length of the drug holiday varies from 2 days to 1 year.
[00361] In certain instances, it is appropriate to administer at least one compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with one or more other therapeutic agents.
[00362] In one embodiment, the therapeutic effectiveness of one of the compounds described herein is enhanced by administration of an adjuvant (z.e., by itself the adjuvant has minimal therapeutic benefit, but in combination with another therapeutic agent, the overall therapeutic benefit to the patient is enhanced). Or, in some embodiments, the benefit experienced by a patient is increased by administering one of the compounds described herein with another agent (which also includes a therapeutic regimen) that also has therapeutic benefit.
[00363] In one specific embodiment, a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is co-administered with a second therapeutic agent, wherein the compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the second therapeutic agent modulate different aspects of the disease, disorder or condition being treated, thereby providing a greater overall benefit than administration of either therapeutic agent alone.
[00364] In any case, regardless of the disease, disorder or condition being treated, the overall benefit experienced by the patient may be additive of the two therapeutic agents or the patient may experience a synergistic benefit.
[00365] In certain embodiments, different therapeutically-effective dosages of the compounds disclosed herein will be utilized in formulating pharmaceutical composition and/or in treatment regimens when the compounds disclosed herein are administered in combination with one or more additional agent, such as an additional therapeutically effective drug, an adjuvant or the like. Therapeutically-effective dosages of drugs and other agents for use in combination treatment regimens is optionally determined by means similar to those set forth hereinabove for the actives themselves. Furthermore, the methods of
prevention/treatment described herein encompasses the use of metronomic dosing, i.e., providing more frequent, lower doses in order to minimize toxic side effects. In some embodiments, a combination treatment regimen encompasses treatment regimens in which administration of a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is initiated prior to, during, or after treatment with a second agent described herein, and continues until any time during treatment with the second agent or after termination of treatment with the second agent. It also includes treatments in which a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the second agent being used in combination are administered simultaneously or at different times and/or at decreasing or increasing intervals during the treatment period. Combination treatment further includes periodic treatments that start and stop at various times to assist with the clinical management of the patient.
[00366] It is understood that the dosage regimen to treat, prevent, or ameliorate the condition(s) for which relief is sought, is modified in accordance with a variety of factors e.g ., the disease, disorder or condition from which the subject suffers; the age, weight, sex, diet, and medical condition of the subject). Thus, in some instances, the dosage regimen actually employed varies and, in some embodiments, deviates from the dosage regimens set forth herein.
[00367] For combination therapies described herein, dosages of the co-administered compounds vary depending on the type of co-drug employed, on the specific drug employed, on the disease or condition being treated and so forth. In additional embodiments, when co- administered with one or more other therapeutic agents, the compound provided herein is administered either simultaneously with the one or more other therapeutic agents, or sequentially.
[00368] In combination therapies, the multiple therapeutic agents (one of which is one of the compounds described herein) are administered in any order or even simultaneously. If administration is simultaneous, the multiple therapeutic agents are, by way of example only, provided in a single, unified form, or in multiple forms (e.g., as a single pill or as two separate pills).
[00369] The compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as well as combination therapies, are administered before, during or after the occurrence of a disease or condition, and the timing of administering the composition containing a compound varies. Thus, in one embodiment, the compounds described herein are used as a prophylactic and are administered continuously to subjects with a propensity to develop conditions or diseases in order to prevent the occurrence of the disease or condition. In another
embodiment, the compounds and compositions are administered to a subject during or as soon as possible after the onset of the symptoms. In specific embodiments, a compound described herein is administered as soon as is practicable after the onset of a disease or condition is detected or suspected, and for a length of time necessary for the treatment of the disease. In some embodiments, the length required for treatment varies, and the treatment length is adjusted to suit the specific needs of each subject. For example, in specific embodiments, a compound described herein or a formulation containing the compound is administered for at least 2 weeks, about 1 month to about 5 years.
[00370] In some embodiments, an FXR agonist is administered in combination with an additional therapeutic agent for the treatment of diabetes or diabetes related disorder or conditions.
[00371] In some instances, the additional therapeutic agent comprises a statin, an insulin sensitizing drug, an insulin secretagogue, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, a GLP agonist, a DPP-4 inhibitor (such as sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, anaglptin, teneligliptin, alogliptin, gemiglptin, or dutoglpitin), a catecholamine (such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, or dopamine), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma agonist ( e.g ., a thiazolidinedione (TZD) [such as pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, rivoglitazone, or troglitazone], aleglitazar, farglitazar, muraglitazar, or tesaglitazar), or a combination thereof. In some cases, the statin is a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. In other instances, additional therapeutic agents include fish oil, fibrate, vitamins such as niacin, retinoic acid (e.g., 9 cis- retinoic acid), nicotinamide ribonucleoside or its analogs thereof, or combinations thereof. In some instances, nicotinamide ribonucleoside or its analogs thereof, which promote NAD+ production, a substrate for many enzymatic reactions including p450s which is a target for FXR (e.g., see Yang et a/., J. Med. Chem. 50:6458-61, 2007).
[00372] In some embodiments, an FXR agonist is administered in combination with an additional therapeutic agent such as a statin, an insulin sensitizing drug, an insulin
secretagogue, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, a GLP agonist, a DPP-4 inhibitor (such as sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, anaglptin, teneligliptin, alogliptin, gemiglptin, or dutoglpitin), a catecholamine (such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, or dopamine), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma agonist (e.g, a thiazolidinedione (TZD) [such as pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, rivoglitazone, or troglitazone], aleglitazar, farglitazar, muraglitazar, or tesaglitazar), or combinations thereof, for the treatment of diabetes or diabetes related disorder or conditions. In some embodiments, an FXR agonist is administered in combination with an additional therapeutic agent such as fish oil, fibrate, vitamins such as niacin, retinoic acid (e.g, 9 cis-retinoic acid), nicotinamide ribonucleoside or its analogs thereof, or combinations thereof, for the treatment of diabetes or diabetes related disorder or conditions. [00373] In some embodiments, an FXR agonist is administered in combination with a statin such as a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, fish oil, fibrate, niacin or a combination thereof, for the treatment of dyslipidemia.
[00374] In additional embodiments, an FXR agonist is administered in combination with a vitamin such as retinoic acid for the treatment of diabetes and diabetes related disorder or condition such as lowering elevated body weight and/or lowering elevated blood glucose from food intake.
[00375] In some embodiments, the farnesoid X receptor agonist is administered with at least one additional therapy. In some embodiments, the at least one additional therapy is a glucose-lowering agent. In some embodiments, the at least one additional therapy is an anti- obesity agent. In some embodiments, the at least one additional therapy is selected from among a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) agonist (gamma, dual, or pan), a dipeptidyl peptidase (IV) inhibitor, a glucagon-like peptide- 1 (GLP-I) analog, insulin or an insulin analog, an insulin secretagogue, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, a glucophage, a human amylin analog, a biguanide, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, a meglitinide, a thiazolidinedione, and sulfonylurea. In some embodiments, the at least one additional therapy is metformin, sitagliptin, saxaglitpin, repaglinide, nateglinide, exenatide, liraglutide, insulin lispro, insulin aspart, insulin glargine, insulin detemir, insulin isophane, and glucagon -like peptide 1, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the at least one additional therapy is a lipid-lowering agent. In certain embodiments, the at least one additional therapy is administered at the same time as the farnesoid X receptor agonist. In certain embodiments, the at least one additional therapy is administered less frequently than the farnesoid X receptor agonist. In certain embodiments, the at least one additional therapy is administered more frequently than the farnesoid X receptor agonist. In certain
embodiments, the at least one additional therapy is administered prior to administration of the farnesoid X receptor agonist. In certain embodiments, the at least one additional therapy is administered after administration of the farnesoid X receptor agonist.
[00376] In some embodiments, a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered in combination with chemotherapy, anti-inflammatory agents, radiation therapy, monoclonal antibodies, or combinations thereof.
[00377] In some embodiments, an FXR agonist is administered in combination with an additional therapeutic agent for the treatment of alcoholic or non-alcoholic liver disease. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent includes antioxidant, corticosteroid, anti tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or a combination thereof. [00378] In some embodiments, an FXR agonist is administered in combination with an additional therapeutic agent such as antioxidant, corticosteroid, anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF), or a combination thereof, for the treatment of alcoholic or non-alcoholic liver disease. In some embodiments, an FXR agonist is administered in combination with an antioxidant, a vitamin precursor, a corticosteroid, an anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF), or a combination thereof, for the treatment of alcoholic or non-alcoholic liver disease.
[00379] In some embodiments, an FXR agonist is administered in combination with an additional therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammation related intestinal conditions.
In some instances, the additional therapeutic agent comprises an antibiotic (such as metronidazole, vancomycin, and/or fidaxomicin), a corticosteroid, or an additional anti inflammatory or immuno-modulatory therapy.
[00380] In some instances, an FXR agonist is administered in combination with an additional therapeutic agent such as an antibiotic, a corticosteroid, or an additional anti inflammatory or immuno-modulatory therapy, for the treatment of inflammation related intestinal conditions. In some cases, an FXR agonist is administered in combination with metronidazole, vancomycin, fidaxomicin, corticosteroid, or combinations thereof, for the treatment of inflammation related intestinal conditions.
[00381] As discussed above, inflammation is sometimes associated with
pseudomembranous colitis. In some instances, pseudomembranous colitis is associated with bacterial overgrowth (such as C. dificile overgrowth). In some embodiments, an FXR agonist is administered in combination with an antibiotic such as metronidazole, vancomycin, fidaxomicin, or a combination thereof, for the treatment of inflammation associated with bacterial overgrowth ( e.g ., pseudomembranous colitis).
[00382] In some embodiments, the FXR agonist is administered in combination with an additional therapeutic agent for the treatment of cell proliferative disorders. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent includes a chemotherapeutic, a biologic (e.g., antibody, for example bevacizumab, cetuximab, or panitumumab), a radiotherapeutic (e.g., FOLFOX, FOLFIRI, CapeOX, 5-FU, leucovorin, regorafenib, irinotecan, or oxaliplatin), or combinations thereof.
[00383] In some embodiments, the FXR agonist is administered in combination with an additional therapeutic agent for the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis. In some
embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent includes ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA).
[00384] In some embodiments, an FXR agonist is administered in combination with an additional therapeutic agent such as a chemotherapeutic, a biologic, a radiotherapeutic, or combinations thereof, for the treatment of a cell proliferative disorder. In some instances, an FXR agonist is administered in combination with an antibody (e.g, bevacizumab, cetuximab, or panitumumab), chemotherapeutic, FOLFOX, FOLFIRI, CapeOX, 5-FU, leucovorin, regorafenib, irinotecan, oxaliplatin, or combinations thereof, for the treatment of a cell proliferative disorder.
EXAMPLES
[00385] The following examples are provided for illustrative purposes only and not to limit the scope of the claims provided herein.
[00386] As used above, and throughout the description of the invention, the following abbreviations, unless otherwise indicated, shall be understood to have the following meanings:
ACN or MeCN acetonitrile
AcOH acetic acid
Ac acetyl
BINAP 2, 2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)- 1, 1 '-binaphthalene
Bn benzyl
BOC or Boc /c/7-butyl carbamate
t-Bu /c77-butyl
Cy cyclohexyl
CDI 1 , 1 -carbonyl diimidazole
DBA or dba dib enzyli deneacetone
DCE dichloroethane (ClCH2CH2Cl)
DCM dichloromethane (CH2Cl2)
DIPEA or DIEA diisopropylethylamine
DMAP 4-(W, A-di m ethyl am i no)pyri dine
DME 1 ,2-dimethoxy ethane
DMF A A-di m ethyl form am i de
DMA A A'-di m ethyl acetam i de
DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
Dppf or dppf 1 , 1 '-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene
EDC or EDCI A-(3 -di methyl a i nopropyl )-A -ethyl carbodi i mi de
hydrochloride
EEDQ 2-Ethoxy- 1 -ethoxycarbonyl- 1 ,2-dihydroquinoline eq equivalent(s)
Et ethyl
Et20 diethyl ether
EtOH ethanol
EtOAc ethyl acetate
HATU 1-[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-lH-l,2,3- triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium 3-oxid hexafluorophosphate
HMPA hexamethylphosphoramide
HOBt 1 -hydroxybenzotri azole
HPLC high performance liquid chromatography
IBX 2-iodoxybenzoic acid
KHMDS potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide
NaHMDS sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide
LiHMDS lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide
LAH lithium aluminum anhydride
LCMS liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
Me methyl
MeOH methanol
MS mass spectroscopy
Ms mesyl
MTBE methyl tert- butyl ether
NBS /V-bromosuccinimide
NMM /V-methyl -morpholine
NMP N-m ethyl -pyrrol i di n-2-one
NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
OTf trifluoromethanesulfonate
PCC pyridinium chlorochromate
PE petroleum ether
Ph phenyl
PPTS pyridium / oluenesulfonate
iPr/i-Pr .vo-propyl
RP-HPLC reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography rt room temperature
TBS /c77-butyl di methyl si 1 yl TBAF tetra-//-butyl ammonium fluoride
TBAI tetra-//-butyl a monium iodide
TEA triethylamine
TFA trifluoroacetic acid
THF tetrahydrofuran
TLC thin layer chromatography
TMEDA A(A(Af',Af'-tetrarn ethyl ethyl enedi a ine
TsOH/p-TsOH p-toluenesulfonic acid
Intermediate 1
//Y//i.v-4-(4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde
Figure imgf000178_0001
Step 1: 8-(4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-l,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-7-ene
[00387] A mixture of l,4-dioxa-spiro[4,5]dec-7-en-8-boronic acid pinacol ester (25.0 g, 93.9 mmol), 4-iodo-2-methylanisole (28.0 g, 1 13 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl2 (1.38 g, 1.89 mmol), dioxane (470 mL) and 1 M Na2C03 (282 mL, 282 mmol) was degassed with 3 vacuum/N2 cycles, stirred at 50 °C for 2.5 h, and then allowed to cool to rt. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (500 mL) and washed with saturated NaHCO, (2x500 mL). The aqueous layers were back extracted with EtOAc (200 mL). The combined EtOAc extracts were dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gel chromatography (0-5% EtOAc in hexanes) to give 8-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-l,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-7-ene (19.9 g, 81%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-£¾): d 7.21-7.16 (m, 2H), 6.85 (d, 1H), 5.89-5.84 (m, 1H), 3.90 (s, 4H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 2.52-2.47 (m, 2H), 2.32 (br s, 2H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 1.77 (t, 2H); LCMS: 261.1 [M+H]+.
Step 2: 8-(4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-l,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane
[00388] Palladium on carbon (10 wt%, 8.08 g, 7.59 mmol) was added to a solution of 8-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-l,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-7-ene (19.8 g, 76.1 mmol) in EtOAc (300 mL) at rt under N2. The N2 inlet was replaced with a balloon of H2. The reaction was stirred for 4.5 h, filtered through Celite with EtOAc, and then concentrated to give 8-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)-l,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane (18.2 g; contains 13% ketone) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 7.00-6.95 (m, 2H), 6.81 (d, 1H), 3.91-3.84 (m, 4H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 2.49-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.11 (s, 3H), 1.76-1.68 (m, 4H), 1.67-1.55 (m, 4H); LCMS: 263.1 [M+H]+.
Step 3: 4-(4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanone
[00389] Formic acid (96%, 14 mL, 356 mmol) and then H20 (2.20 mL, 122 mmol) were added to a solution of 8-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-l,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane (18.2 g) in toluene (60 mL) at rt under N2. The reaction was heated at 120 °C for 4 hours, allowed to cool to rt, and then poured into H20 (200 mL) and toluene (200 mL). The toluene layer was washed (200 mL H20 and then 200 mL saturated NaHC03). The aqueous layers were back extracted with toluene (100 mL). The combined toluene extracts were dried (Na2S04), filtered and concentrated to give 4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanone (15.5 g, 88% over 2 steps) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 7.08-7.03 (m, 2H), 6.84 (d, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.00-2.91 (m, 1H), 2.61-2.51 (m, 2H), 2.28-2.20 (m, 2H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 2.06-1.98 (m, 2H), 1.88-1.76 (m, 2H); LCMS: 219.0 [M+H]+.
Step 4: l-Methoxy-4-(4-(methoxymethylene)cyclohexyl)-2-methylbenzene
[00390] A mixture of (methoxymethyl)triphenyl phosphonium chloride (35.74 g, 104.3 mmol) and THF (260 mL) under N2 was cooled to -2.2 °C in an ice/brine bath. Sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide solution (2 M in THF, 50 mL, 100 mmol) was added dropwise via addition funnel over 12 min (internal temp < 0.6 °C) with THF rinsing (5 mL). The reaction was stirred for 30 min, and then 4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanone (14.5 g, 66.6 mmol) was added portionwise over 5 min (exotherm to 7.3 °C). Residual cyclohexanone was rinsed into the reaction with THF (20 mL). The reaction was stirred at 0 °C for 25 min, and then poured into H20 (400 mL) and toluene (400 mL). The toluene layer was washed (400 mL H20), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gel chromatography (0-5% EtOAc in hexanes) to give l-methoxy-4-(4-(methoxymethylene)cylcohexyl)-2- methylbenzene (15.6 g, 95%) as a pale gold oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 6.99-6.94 (m, 2H), 6.80 (d, 1H), 5.87 (s, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.48 (s, 3H), 2.78-2.71 (m, 1H), 2.56-2.44 (m, 1H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 2.17-2.09 (m, 1H), 2.01-1.91 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.72-1.63 (m, 1H), 1.38-1.23 (m, 2H); LCMS: 247.1 [M+H]+.
Step 5: 4-(4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde
[00391] Formic acid (96%, 12.5 mL, 331 mmol) and then water (2.5 mL, 139 mmol) were added to a solution of l-methoxy-4-(4-(methoxym ethyl ene)cylcohexyl)-2-methylbenzene (16.05 g, 65.15 mmol) in toluene (130 mL) under N2. The reaction was heated at 120 °C for 2 h, allowed to cool to rt, and then poured into 350 mL EtOAc and 350 mL H20. The organic layer was washed with 350 mL H20, dried (Na2S0 ), filtered and concentrated to give 4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde (15.05 g) as a 1 : 1 mixture of stereoisomers.
Step 6 : trans-4-(4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde
[00392] Aqueous sodium hydroxide (3.2 M, 31 mL, 99 mmol) was added to the crude mixture from Step 5 (14.68 g, 63.19 mmoL), toluene (60 mL) and ethanol (250 mL) at rt. The reaction was stirred for 5.5 hours (equilibration monitored by NMR) and then poured into 350 mL H20 and 350 mL EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with 350 mL H20, and the aqueous layers were back extracted with 150 mL EtOAc. The combined extracts were dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gel chromatography (0-5% EtOAc in hexanes) to give /ra//.s-4-(4-methoxy-3 -methyl phenyl )cyclohexanecarbaldehyde (10.17 g, 69%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-r¾): d 9.60 (s, 1H), 7.01-6.97 (m, 2H), 6.82 (d, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 2.41-2.27 (m, 2H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 2.03-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.87-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.51-1.39 (m, 2H), 1.35-1.23 (m, 2H); LCMS: 233.0 [M+H]+.
[00393] The Intermediates below were synthesized from the appropriate aryl halide following the procedures described for Intermediate 1.
Figure imgf000180_0001
THF, 60 °C, 3 h to overnight; Step 4: 4LiHMDS (1 M THF), 0 °C or rt, 0.5-2h; Step 5: 53 M HC1, THF, rt or 60 °C, 1-6 h; Step 6: 6NaOMe, CH3OH, rt, 4 h to overnight. Intermediate 2
trans-4-(3-Chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde
Figure imgf000181_0001
Step 1: 8-(3-Chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)-l,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-ol
[00394] «-Butyllithium (2.5 M in hexanes, 90.21 mL, 1.11 eq) was added to a solution of 4- bromo-2-chloro-l-methoxy-benzene (45.00 g, 203.18 mmol) and THF (450 mL) at -78 °C. The mixture was stirred for 2 h at -78 °C. A solution of l,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-one (34.91 g, 223.50 mmol) in THF (90 mL) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture. The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h at -78 °C. The reaction was quenched with aqueous NH4Cl (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (500 mL). The organic layer was dried (Na2S04), filtered and concentrated. The residue was washed with hexanes (350 mL), filtered and dried under high vacuum. The solid was triturated with hexanes (15 mL), filtered and dried under high vacuum to give 8-(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)-l,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-ol (37 g, 61%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3): d 7.31 (d, 1H), 7.29 (dd, 1H), 7.10 (d, 1H), 3.90-3.92 (m, 4H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 1.99-2.02 (m, 4H), 1.70-1.73 (m, 4H); LCMS: 281.2 [M-OH]+.
Step 2: 8-(3-Chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)-l,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane
[00395] A solution of triethylsilane (19.26 g, 165.6 mmol), TFA (25.18 g, 220.8 mmol), and CH2Cl2 (100 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of 8-(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)-l,4- dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-ol (31.0 g, 110.4 mmol) and CH2CI2 (200 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt overnight and then cooled to 0 °C. The pH was adjusted to ~8 with aqueous NaHCO, and the mixture was extracted with CH2CI2 (2x lOOmL). The organic layer was dried (Na2S04), filtered, and concentrated to dryness to give 8-(3-chloro-4- methoxyphenyl)-l,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane, containing a small amount of 8-(3-chloro-4- methoxyphenyl)-l,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-7-ene, (38 g, crude) as a yellow oil. LCMS: 283.1 [M+H]+.
Step 3: 4-(3-Chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanone
[00396] 8-(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)-l,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane (38.0 g, 134 mmol), formic acid (32.3 g, 672 mmol), H20 (4.84 g, 269 mmol), and toluene (400 mL) was degassed with 3 vacuum/N2 cycles, stirred at 130 °C overnight and then washed with H20 (200 mL) and sat’d NaHCO-, (200 mL). The combined aqueous layers were extracted with toluene (300 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (Na2S04), filtered, and
concentrated to dryness. The residue was triturated (petroleum ethenEtOAc =10: 1, 80 mL) to give 4-(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanone, containing a small amount of 3'-chloro-4'- methoxy-5,6-dihydro-[l,l'-biphenyl]-4(3//)-one, (20 g, 54%) as a light yellow solid. This solid (5.00 g, 21.12 mmol) was added to a mixture of Pd/C (10 wt.%, 820 mg, 0.77 mmol), HC1 (12 M, 1.00 mL), and EtOAc (100 mL). The resulting mixture was degassed with 3 vacuum/H2 cycles, stirred at rt for 30 min under H2 (15 psi), filtered and then diluted with EtOAc (50 mL). The mixture was washed water (100 mL) and washed with sat’d NaHC03 (100 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (100 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (Na2S04), filtered, and concentrated to dryness to give 4-(3-chloro-4- methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanone (4.60 g, 84%) as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): d 7.24 (d, 1H), 7.09 (dd, 1H), 6.88 (d, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 2.88-3.05 (m, 1H), 2.44-2.54 (m,
4H), 2.12-2.25 (m, 2H), 1.79-1.96 (m, 2H); LCMS: 239.1 [M+H]+.
Step 4: 2-Chloro-l-methoxy-4-(4-(methoxymethylene)cyclohexyl)benzene
[00397] Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (1 M, 36 mL) was added dropwise to a mixture of methoxymethyl(triphenyl)phosphonium chloride (12.24 g, 35.71 mmol) and THF (80 mL) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred for 2 h at 0 °C. A solution of 4-(3-chloro-4-methoxy- phenyl)cyclohexanone (5.50 g, 23.04 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was quenched with H20 (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3x l00mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (200mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ethenEtOAc =20: 1) to give 2-chloro-l-methoxy-4-(4- (methoxymethylene)cyclohexyl)benzene (5 g, 77%) as yellow oil. LCMS: 267.1 [M+H]+. Step 5: 4-(3-Chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde
[00398] A mixture of 2-chloro-l-methoxy-4-(4-(methoxymethylene)cyclohexyl)benzene (5.00 g, 18.74 mmol), formic acid (4.50 g, 93.7 mmol), H20 (675.5 mg, 37.48 mmol), and toluene (100 mL) was degassed with 3 vacuum/N2 cycles, stirred at 130 °C overnight, allowed to cool to rt, washed with H20 (200 mL), and then washed with sat’d NaHC03 (200 mL). The combined aqueous layers were extracted with toluene (300 mL). The organic layer was dried (Na2S04), filtered, and concentrated to dryness to give 4-(3-chloro-4-m ethoxy - phenyl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde (5.60 g, crude), a mixture of cis/trans isomers, as a yellow oil. Step 6: trans-4-(3-Chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde
[00399] A solution of NaOH (992.6 mg, 24.82 mmol) in H20 (12 mL) was added to the crude mixture from Step 5 (5.60 g, 15.51 mmol), EtOH (90 mL), and toluene (15 mL). The mixture was stirred at rt overnight, quenched with H20 (100 mL), and then extracted with EtOAc (3 >< l00mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (200 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether :EtO Ac =20: 1) and then triturated with MTBE (20 mL) to give /ra//.s-4-(3- chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde (1.96 g, 49%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMS0 ): d 9.60 (s, 1H), 7.27 (d, 1H), 7.16 (dd, 1H), 7.05 (d, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 2.43 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.37 (m, 1H), 1.95-2.05 (m, 2H), 1.84 (m, 2H), 1.45 (m, 2H), 1.21-1.35 (m, 2H); LCMS: 253.1 [M+H]+.
[00400] The Intermediate below was synthesized from 4-bromo-l-methoxy-2- methylbenzene following the procedures described for Intermediate 2.
Figure imgf000183_0004
Alternate conditions: Step 1: -60 °C; Step 2: 0 °C, 1 h; Step 3a: THF in place of PhMe, 80 °C, 18 h; Step 3b: no HC1, 30 psi H2, 18 h; Step 4: 15 h; Step 5: 3 N HC1, THF, 60 °C, 1 h; Step 6: THF in place of PhMe.
Intermediate 3
trans-4-(6-Chloro-5-methoxypyridin-2-yl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde ci Steps Steps S
1-3
HO .X)
Figure imgf000183_0003
Figure imgf000183_0001
Figure imgf000183_0002
Step 1: 4,6-Dibromo-2-chloropyridin-3-ol
[00401] A-Bromosuccinimide (115.41 g, 648.43 mmol) was added portion-wise over 1 h to a solution of 2-chl oropyri din-3 -ol (40 g, 308.77 mmol) and CH3CN (300 mL) at 0 °C. The mixture was heated at 80 °C for 2 h, allowed to cool to rt, and then concentrated. The residue was diluted with H20 (300 mL) and extracted with MTBE (300 mL x 3). The organic layers were washed with sat’d NaHC03 (300 mL), washed with brine (300 mL), dried over Na2S04, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc: 85/15) to give 4,6-dibromo-2-chloropyridin-3-ol (45 g, 51%) as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMS0 ): d 11.14 (s, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H); LCMS: 285.9 [M+H]+. Step 2: 6-Bromo-2-chloropyridin-3-ol
[00402] «-Buthyllithium (2.5 M in hexanes, 132 mL, 330 mmol) was added drop wise to a solution of 4,6-dibromo-2-chloropyridin-3-ol (45 g, 156.61 mmol) in THF (500 mL) at -78 °C under N2. The mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 2 h, allowed to warm to 10 °C, and then poured into ice H20 (500 mL). The pH was adjusted {pH = 6) with 1 N HC1. The mixture was extracted with MTBE (300 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (300 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel
chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc: 85/15) to give 6-bromo-2-chl oropyri din-3 -ol (23 g, 70%) as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO^): d 11.12 (s, 1H), 7.46 (d, 1H), 7.30 (d, 1H); LCMS: 207.9 [M+H]+.
Step 3: 6-Bromo-2-chloro-3-methoxypyridine
[00403] Methyl iodide (23.49 g, 165.52 mmol) was added to a mixture of 6-bromo-2- chl oropyri din-3 -ol (23 g, 110.34 mmol), Cs2C03 (107.86 g, 331.03 mmol), and CH3CN (200 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to rt, stirred overnight, and then filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc: 95/5) to give 6-bromo-2-chloro-3-methoxypyridine (16 g, 65%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 7.66 (d, 1H), 7.59 (d, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H); LCMS: 221.9 [M+H]+.
Step 4: 2-Chloro-3-methoxy-6-(l,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-7-en-8-yl)pyridine
[00404] A mixture of 6-bromo-2-chloro-3-methoxypyridine (17 g, 76.42 mmol), 4, 4, 5, 5- tetramethyl-2-(l,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-7-en-8-yl)-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (22.37 g, 84.06 mmol), Na2C03 (24.30 g, 229.25 mmol), H20 (70 mL), Pd(dppf)Cl2 (2.80 g, 3.82 mmol), and dioxane (170 mL) was degassed with 3 vacuum/N2 cycles, stirred at 50 °C overnight, allowed to cool to rt, poured into H20 (300 mL), and then extracted with EtOAc (200 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (200 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 85/15) to give 2-chloro-3-methoxy-6-(l,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-7-en-8-yl)pyridine (18 g, 79%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): d 7.27 (d, 1H), 7.14 (d, 1H), 6.53-6.47 (m,
1H), 4.02 (s, 4H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 2.75-2.67 (m, 2H), 2.53-2.46 (m, 2H), 1.94-1.91 (m, 2H); LCMS: 282.0 [M+H]+.
Step 5: 2-Chloro-3-methoxy-6-(l,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)pyridine
[00405] A mixture of 2-chloro-3-methoxy-6-(l,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-7-en-8-yl)pyridine (4.5 g, 15.97 mmol), Pt02 (900 mg, 3.96 mmol), and CH3OH (60 mL) was degassed with 3 vacuum/H2 cycles and then stirred under 15 psi of H2 at rt for 2 h. The reaction mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated to give 2-chloro-3-methoxy-6-(l,4- dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)pyridine (4.25 g) as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): d 7.16 (d, 1H), 7.09 (d, 1H), 3.98 (s, 4H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 2.78-2.68 (m, 1H), 2.02-1.63 (m, 8H); LCMS: 284.0 [M+H]+.
Step 6: 4-(6-Chloro-5-methoxypyridin-2-yl)cyclohexanone
[00406] Formic acid (66.20 g, 1.38 mol) was added to a solution of 2-chloro-3-methoxy-6- (l,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)pyridine (17 g, 59.91 mmol), toluene (170 mL), and H20 (43.2 ml) at rt. The mixture was stirred at 110 °C overnight and then allowed to cool to rt.
The pH was adjusted {pH = 8) with sat’d NaHCO,, and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (200 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (200 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 85/15) to give 4-(6-chloro-5-methoxypyridin-2-yl)cyclohexanone (8.1 g, 56%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): d 7.18 (d, 1H), 7.10 (d, 1H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.22- 3.08 (m, 1H), 2.58-2.47 (m, 4H), 2.36-2.22 (m, 2H), 2.09-1.93 (m, 2H); LCMS: 240.0
[M+H]+.
Step 7 : 2-Chloro-3-methoxy-6-(4-(methoxymethylene)cyclohexyl)pyridine
[00407] Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (1 M in THF, 50 mL, 50 mmol) was added to a solution of methoxymethyl(triphenyl)phosphonium chloride (17.38 g, 50.69 mmol) and THF (60 mL) at -5 °C under N2. The reaction mixture was stirred at -5 °C for 1 h. A solution of 4- (6-chloro-5-methoxypyridin-2-yl)cyclohexanone (8.1 g, 33.79 mmol) and THF (20 mL) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to rt, stirred at rt for 1 h, poured into H20 (200 mL), and then extracted with EtOAc (100 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (100 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 97/3) to give 2-chloro-3- methoxy-6-(4-(methoxymethylene)cyclohexyl)pyridine (6 g, 66%) as a colorless oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): d 7.15 (d, 1H), 7.03 (d, 1H), 5.81 (s, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.56 (s,
3H), 2.95-2.85 (m, 1H), 2.83-2.72 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.13 (m, 1H), 2.11-1.96 (m, 3H), 1.85-1.73 (m, 1H), 1.54-1.41 (m, 2H); LCMS: 268.2 [M+H]+.
Step 8 : trans-4-(6-Chlor o-5-methoxypyridin-2-yl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde
[00408] Aqueous HC1 (3 M, 23 mL, 69 mmol) was added to a solution of 2-chloro-3- methoxy-6-(4-(methoxymethylene)cyclohexyl)pyridine (6 g, 22.41 mmol) and THF (60 mL) at rt. The mixture was stirred at 60 °C for 1 h and then concentrated. The residue was dissolved in sat’d NaHC03 (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL c 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL), dried (Na2S0 ), filtered, and concentrated. The crude material was dissolved in CH3OH (60 mL), and then NaOMe (1.26 g, 23.41 mmol) was added at it under N2. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt overnight, poured into H20 (150 mL), and then extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 97/3) to give /ra//.s-4-(6-chloro-5- methoxypyridin-2-yl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde (3.1 g, 55%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 9.61 (d, 1H), 7.50 (d, 1H), 7.26 (d, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 2.65-2.56 (m, 1H), 2.39-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.11-1.97 (m, 2H), 1.96-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.58-1.45 (m, 2H), 1.37-1.22 (m, 2H); LCMS: 254.1 [M+H]+.
Intermediate 4
4-(4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carbaldehyde
Figure imgf000186_0001
Step 1: Ethyl 4-hydroxy-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate
[00409] «-Butyllithium (2.5 M in hexanes, 60 mL, 150.0 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of 4-bromo-l-m ethoxy-2 -m ethylbenzene (27.78 g, 138.2 mmol) in THF (300 mL) at -78 °C. The mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 1 h and then added dropwise to a solution of ethyl 4-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate (22.34 g, 131.3 mmol) and THF (300 mL) at -78 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 2 h, added to saturated NH4Cl (600 mL) and then extracted with EtOAc (2^600 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed (400 mL water and then 400 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), filtered, and concentrated. The crude was purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 10/1) to give ethyl 4- hydroxy-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (18.9 g, 45%) as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 7.11-7.26 (m, 2H), 6.75-6.84 (m, 1H), 4.59-4.64 (m, 1H), 3.98-4.11 (m, 2H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 2.25-2.39 (m, 1H), 2.07-2.13 (s, 3H), 1.77-1.93 (m,
3H), 1.42-1.75 (m, 5H), 1.11-1.23 (m, 3H); LCMS: 275.2 [M-OH]+.
Step 2: Ethyl 4-allyl-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate
[00410] Boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (24.85 g, 84.03 mmol) was added to a solution of ethyl 4-hydroxy -4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (18.90 g, 64.64 mmol), allyltrimethylsilane (11.82 g, 103.42 mmol), and CH2Cl2 (400 mL) at -78 °C. The mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 1 h, stirred at rt overnight, and then added to brine (200 mL) and CH2Cl2 (200 mL). The organic layer was separated, washed (2x200 mL saturated NaHCO, and then 200 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), filtered, and then concentrated. The crude was purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 20/1) to give ethyl 4- allyl-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (15 g, 71%) as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): d 7.00-7.10 (m, 2H), 6.76 (d, 1H), 5.26-5.50 (m, 1H), 4.81-4.98 (m, 2H), 4.15 (q, 0.5H), 4.03 (q, 1.5H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 2.26-2.42 (m, 3H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 2.15 (d, 1.5H), 1.98 (d, 0.5H), 1.75-1.88 (m, 2.5H), 1.60-1.72 (m, 0.5H), 1.33-1.55 (m, 3H), 1.27 (t, 0.8H), 1.18 (t, 2.2H); LCMS: 339.3 [M+Na]+.
Step 3: Ethyl 4-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexane carboxylate
[00411] Osmium tetroxide (0.1 M in /cvV-butanol, 7.6 mL, 0.76 mmol) was added to a solution of ethyl 4-allyl-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (4.81 g, 15.2 mmol), 4-methylmorpholine /V-oxide (2.67 g, 22.8 mmol), CH3CN (100 mL), and H20 (25 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction was stirred at rt overnight, and then saturated Na2S03 (50 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at rt for 30 min, concentrated, dissolved in water (80 mL), and then extracted with EtOAc (2x 100 mL). The organic layers were dried (Na2S04), filtered, and concentrated. The reside was purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 1/1) to give ethyl 4-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (5.23 g, 94%) as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): d 7.05-7.16 (m, 2H), 6.78 (d, 1H), 4.06-4.17 (m, 0.5H), 3.95-4.05 (m, 1.5H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.48-3.66 (m, 1H), 3.18-3.32 (m, 2H), 2.40-2.53 (m, 2H), 2.27-2.37 (m, 1H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 1.80 (t, 3H), 1.32-1.68 (m, 7H), 1.24 (td, 0.8H), 1.17 (t, 2.2H); LCMS: 373.3 [M+Na]+. Step 4: Ethyl 4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-4-(2-oxoethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate
[00412] Sodium periodate (3.83 g, 17.90 mmol) was added to a solution of ethyl 4-(2,3- dihydroxypropyl)-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (5.23 g, 14.9 mmol), THF (70 mL), and H20 (35 mL) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at rt overnight, added to water (50 mL), and extracted with EtOAc (2x 100 mL). The organic layers were combined, washed (80 mL water and then 80 mL brine), dried (Na2S0 ), filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 5/1) to give ethyl 4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-4-(2-oxoethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (3.95 g, 82%) as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): d 9.28-9.42 (m, 1H), 7.07-7.19 (m, 2H), 6.79 (d, 1H), 4.15 (q, 0.5H), 4.04 (q, 1.5H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 2.41-2.52 (m, 3H), 2.33 (s, 1H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 1.75-1.92 (m, 3H), 1.46-1.63 (m, 4H), 1.23-1.31 (t, 0.5H), 1.19 (t, 2.5H); LCMS: 341.3 [M+Na]+. Step 5: Ethyl 4-(2-h droxyethyl)-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate
[00413] Sodium borohydride (704 mg, 18.6 mmol) was added to a solution of ethyl 4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-4-(2-oxoethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (3.95 g, 12.41 mmol) and THF (100 mL) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h, stirred at rt overnight, and then diluted with water (100 mL). The organic solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH2CI2 (2x300 mL). The organic extracts were dried (Na2S04), filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel
chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 3/1) to give ethyl 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (3.11 g, 67%) as a yellow oil. 1H NIV1R (400 MHz, CDCI3): d 6.96-7.04 (m, 2H), 6.71 (d, 1H), 4.03-4.12 (q, 0.4H), 3.97 (q, , 1.6H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.28-3.38 (m, 2H), 2.19-2.39 (m, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.71-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.60- 1.70 (m, 2H), 1.28-1.50 (m, 4H), 1.17-1.24 (t, 1H), 1.12 (t, 2H); LCMS: 343.2 [M+Na]+.
Step 6: Ethyl 4-(2-bromoethyl)-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate
[00414] A solution of triphenylphosphine (4.60 g, 17.54 mmol) and CH2CI2 (20 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of ethyl 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (2.81 g, 8.77 mmol), CBr4 (4.36 g, 13.16 mmol), and CH2CI2 (40 mL) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h, stirred at rt overnight, and then concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 20/1) to give ethyl 4-(2-bromoethyl)-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (2.62 g, 77%) as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3): d 6.96-7.08 (m, 2H), 6.77 (d, 1H), 4.15 (q, 0.3H), 4.03 (q, 1.7H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 2.91- 3.06 (m, 2H), 2.24-2.41 (m, 3H), 2.15-2.24 (s, 3H), 1.95-2.06 (m, 2H), 1.77-1.87 (m, 2H), 1.34-1.53 (m, 4H), 1.27 (t, 1H), 1.18 (t, 2H); LCMS: 405.1 [M+Na]+.
Step 7: Ethyl 4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carboxylate
[00415] Lithium diisopropylamide (2 M in THF, 4.8 mL, 9.60 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of ethyl 4-(2-bromoethyl)-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (1.81 g, 4.72 mmol), HMPA (4.23 g, 23.61 mmol), and THF (90 mL) at -78 °C. The mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 3 h, added to saturated NH4Cl (90 mL), and then extracted with EtOAc (2x 150 mL). The combined organic layers were washed (100 mL H20 and then 100 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 30/1) to give ethyl 4-(4-m ethoxy-3 - methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carboxylate (1.17 g, 82%) as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3): d 6.98-7.05 (m, 2H), 6.69 (d, 1H), 4.05 (q, 2H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s,
3H), 1.70-1.87 (m, 12H), 1.18 (t, 3H); LCMS: 303.3 [M+H]+. Step 8: (4-(4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methanol
[00416] Diisobutylaluminum hydride (1 M in toluene, 14 mL, 14.0 mmol) was added to a solution of ethyl 4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carboxylate (1.64 g, 5.42 mmol) and CH2Cl2 (100 mL) at -78 °C. The mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 1 h, stirred at rt for 2 h, and then added to ice H20 (80 mL). The pH was adjusted (pH = 6) with 1 N HC1, and the mixture was filtered. The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH2Cl2 (2X200 mL). The combined organic layers were washed (100 mL water and then 100 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 10/1) to give (4-(4-m ethoxy-3 - methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methanol (1.22 g, 82%) as a yellow solid. 1H NMR
(400 MHz, CDCI3): d 6.99-7.07 (m, 2H), 6.64-6.72 (m, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.25 (s, 2H), 2.14
(s, 3H), 1.69-1.81 (m, 6H), 1.40-1.50 (m, 6H); LCMS: 261.2 [M+H]+.
Step 9: 4-(4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carbaldehyde
[00417] Pyridinium chlorochromate (1.03 g, 4.78 mmol) was added to a mixture of (4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methanol (621 mg, 2.39 mmol), Si02 (1.93 g, 32.19 mmol) and CH2Cl2 (120 mL). The mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h, filtered through a neutral alumina plug and then concentrated to give 4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carbaldehyde (601 mg, 93%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3): d 9.48-9.56 (s, 1H), 7.06-7.11 (m, 2H), 6.72-6.78 (m, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 2.22 (s, 3H), 1.83-1.91 (m, 6H), 1.71-1.80 (m, 6H); LCMS: 259.3 [M+H]+.
Intermediate 5
(2-Aminopyridin-4-yl)boronic acid
Figure imgf000189_0001
[00418] Potassium acetate (47.93 g, 488.4 mmol), Pd(OAc)2 (1.04 g, 4.62 mmol), and 2- (dicyclohexylphosphino)biphenyl (3.34 g, 9.54 mmol) were added to a solution of 4- bromopyridin-2-amine (50 g, 289 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (110.1 g, 433.5 mmol), and dioxane (1000 mL) at rt. The mixture was degassed with 3 vacuum/N2 cycles, heated at 100 °C overnight, cooled to rt, and then poured into water (1000 mL) to give an aqueous suspension. This suspension was washed with EtOAc (500 mL x 3) and filtered. The filter cake was washed with H20 (100 mL) and dried under vacuum to give (2-aminopyridin-4- yl)boronic acid (25 g, 62%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400MHz, CD3OD): d 7.57 (d, 1H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 7.01 (d, 1H); LCMS: 139.0 [M+H]+.
Intermediate 6
4-(2-Isopropylthiazol-5-yl)pyridin-2 amine
Figure imgf000190_0001
Step 1: 5-Bromo-2-isopropylthiazole
[00419] /V-Bromosuccinimide (47.57 g, 267.3 mmol) was added portion-wise over 10 min to a solution of 2-isopropylthiazole (17 g, 133.6 mmol) and DMF (300 mL) at rt. The mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h, poured into H20 (500 mL), and extracted with MTBE (100 mL x 3). The organic layers were combined, washed with H20 (200 mL c 3), dried over Na2S04, filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate: 20/1— >T 0/1) to give 5-bromo-2-isopropylthiazole (21 g, 67%) as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): d 7.53 (s, 1H), 3.30-3.20 (m, 1H), 1.37 (d, 6H); LCMS: 206.0 [M+H]+.
Step 2: 4-(2-Isopropylthiazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-amine
[00420] Pd(dppf)Cl2 (2.66 g, 3.64 mmol) was added to a solution of 5-bromo-2- isopropylthi azole (15 g, 72.78 mmol), Intermediate 5 (12.05 g, 87.33 mmol), aqueous K2C03 (2.2 M, 99 mL, 218.3 mmol), and dioxane (150 mL) at rt. The mixture was degassed with 3 vacuum/N2 cycles, heated at 80 °C overnight, cooled to rt, poured into H20 (200 mL), and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL x 3). The organic layers were combined, washed with brine (100 mL x 2), dried over Na2S04, filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate: 10/1— >1/1) to give 4-(2-isopropylthiazol-5- yl)pyridin-2-amine (10 g, 62%) as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.12 (s,
1H), 7.92 (d, 1H), 6.77 (d, 1H), 6.57 (s, 1H), 6.04 (s, 2H), 3.31-3.25 (m, 1H), 1.35 (d, 6H);
LCMS: 220.1 [M+H]+.
[00421] The following Intermediates were synthesized from the appropriate thiazole and the appropriate boronic acid following the procedures described for Intermediate 6.
Figure imgf000191_0002
' Step 2 only; 2Step 2: Pd(dppf)Cl2, Cs2C03, dioxane/H20 (4: 1), 80 °C, overnight.
Intermediate 7
3-(l-Cyclopropyl-l//-pyrazol-4-yl)aniline
Figure imgf000191_0001
[00422] A mixture of 3-iodoaniline (63.36 g, 289.9 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl2 (7.05 g, 9.63 mmol), K2C03 (2.2 M, 265 mL, 583.0 mmol), and dioxane (340 mL) was degassed with vacuum/N2 cycles (3 x). 1 -cyclopropyl -4-(4, 4, 5, 5-tetra ethyl - 1 ,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)- l //-pyrazole (-90%, 50.09 g, 192.6 mmol) was added, and the mixture was heated in a pre-heated oil bath (90 °C) for 20 min (internal temp at 20 min was 72 °C). The reaction was allowed to cool to rt, diluted with EtOAc (800 mL) and H20 (800 mL), and then filtered through Celite with EtOAc washing (-400 mL). The layers were separated, and the organic layer was washed (800 mL H20), dried (Na2S04), filtered, and concentrated (73.88 g). The residue was dry loaded onto silica gel and purified by silica gel chromatography (20-60% EtOAc in hexanes) to give 3-(l-cyclopropyl-liT-pyrazol-4-yl)aniline (31.5 g, 82%) as a beige solid. 1H NIV1R (400 MHz, DMSO-r¾): d 8.03 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, 1H), 6.97 (t, 1H), 6.73-6.72 (m, 1H), 6.71- 6.68 (m, 1H), 6.42-6.38 (m, 1H), 5.00 (s, 2H), 3.75-3.68 (m, 1H), 1.08-1.00 (m, 2H), 1.00- 0.92 (m, 2H); LCMS: 200.3 [M+H]+. Intermediate 8
4-(l-Isopropyl-l//-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-amine
Figure imgf000192_0001
[00423] Pd(dppf)Cl2 (11.62 g, 15.88 mmol) was added to a mixture of l-isopropyl-4- (4,4,5,5-tetramethyl- 1 ,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)- l //-pyrazol e (75 g, 317.6 mmol), 4- bromopyridin-2-amine (58.80 g, 339.9 mmol), aqueous K2C03 (2.2 M, 433 mL), and dioxane (750 mL) at rt under N2. This mixture was degassed with 3 vacuum/N2 cycles, stirred at 90 °C for 0.5 h, cooled to rt, poured into water (300 mL), and then extracted with EtOAc (350 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (200 mL), dried over (Na2S04), filtered, and concentrated. The residue was loaded onto -180 g of 100 mesh silica gel and then purified on 200 g 1000 mesh silica gel [petroleum ether/ethyl acetate/EtOH = 10/3/1 (2.5 L) then petroleum ether/ethyl acetate/EtOH = 6/3/1 (5 L)] to give 55 g of a gray solid. This solid was triturated in petroleum ether/ethyl acetate (1 : 1, 147 mL) at rt overnight. After filtering, the cake was washed with petroleum ether/ethyl acetate (1 : 1, -20 mL) and then dried under vacuum to give 4-( 1 -i sopropyl - 1 //-pyrazol -4-yl ) pyridin-2-amine (46 g, 75%) as a gray solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.23 (s, 1H), 7.85-7.82 (m, 2H), 6.71-6.69 (m, 1H), 6.57 (s, 1H), 5.78 (s, 2H), 4.52-4.49 (m, 1H), 1.43 (d, 6H); LCMS: 203.1 [M+H]+.
[00424] The Intermediates below were synthesized from the appropriate aryl halide and the appropriate boronic ester following the procedures described for Intermediates 7 and 8.
Figure imgf000192_0002
XF rom 4-bromo -6 -methylpyridin-2 -amine .
Intermediate 9
4-(2-Cyclopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridine-2-amine
Figure imgf000193_0001
Step 1: 2-Bromo-l-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)ethanone
[00425] Bromine (12.94 g, 80.99 mmol) and HBr (19.5 mL, 108.0 mmol, 30% in AcOH) were added to a mixture of l-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)ethanone (14 g, 90 mmol) and AcOH (280 mL) at rt. The mixture was stirred at rt overnight, diluted with MTBE (400 mL), and filtered. The filter cake was washed (400 mL MTBE), added to a mixture of saturated NaHC03 (300 mL) and EtOAc (500 mL), and then stirred for 1 h. The organic layer was separated and washed (300 mL saturated NaHC03). The combined aqueous layers were extracted with EtOAc (2x300 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (Na2S04), filtered, and concentrated to give 2-bromo-l-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)ethanone (15 g, crude) as a red solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): d 8.65 (d, 1H), 7.80 (s, 1H), 7.70 (d, 1H), 4.40 (s, 2H); LCMS 234.0 [M+H]+.
Step 2: 4-(2-Chloropyridin-4-yl)-2-cyclopropyloxazole
[00426] A mixture of 2-bromo-l-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)ethanone (20 g, 85 mmol), cyclopropanecarboxamide (9.07 g, 106 mmol), AgOTf (43.83 g, 170.6 mmol), and EtOAc (300 mL) was stirred at 70 °C overnight in darkness under N2 and then allowed to cool to rt. Brine (300 mL) was added to the mixture, and the mixture was stirred for 3 h and filtered.
The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with EtOAc (3x300 mL). The combined organic layers were washed (2x300 mL saturated NaHC03 and then 200 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 9/1) to give 4-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-2-cyclopropyloxazole (13.2 g, 70%) as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): d 8.38 (d, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, 1H), 7.49 (d, 1H), 2.17-2.09 (m, 1H), 1.18-1.07 (m, 4H); LCMS 220.9 [M+H]+.
Step 3: 4-(2-Cyclopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-amine
[00427] Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (1 M in THF, 126 mL, 126 mmol) was added to a mixture of 4-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-2-cyclopropyl-oxazole (13.2 g, 59.8 mmol), XPhos (2.28 g, 4.80 mmol), Pd2(dba)3 (2.19 g, 2.394 mmol), and THF (150 mL) at rt under N2. The reaction mixture was heated at 60 °C overnight, allowed to cool to rt, added to ice-cold HC1 (200 mL,
1 M), and then stirred for 2 h. Sodium hydroxide (1 M) was added to the mixture (pH = 11), and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3x300 mL). The combined organic layers were washed (200 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc/EtOH = 36/3/1) and then triturated (petroleum ether/EtOAc/EtOH = 36/3/1) to give 4-(2-cyclopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridine-2- amine (3.53 g, 29%) as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i/6): d 8.46 (s, 1H), 7.88 (d, 1H), 6.80 (s, 1H), 6.77 (d, 1H), 5.96 (s, 2H), 2.25-2.05 (m, 1H), 1.09-1.03 (m, 2H), 1.02- 0.96 (m, 2H); LCMS 202.1 [M+H]+.
[00428] The following Intermediate was synthesized from isobutyramide following the procedures described for Intermediate 9.
Figure imgf000194_0002
Intermediate 10
4-(2-Ethyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-amine
Figure imgf000194_0001
Step 1: 2-Chloroisonicotinoyl chloride
[00429] Oxalyl chloride (96.67 g, 761.64 mmol) was added to a solution of 2- chloropyridine-4-carboxylic acid (75 g, 476.03 mmol), DMF (3.48 g, 47.60 mmol), and CH2CI2 (850 mL) at 0 °C under N2. The reaction was stirred at rt for 2.5 h and then concentrated to dryness to give 2-chloroisonicotinoyl chloride (85 g, crude) as a black brown oil.
Step 2: l-(2-Chloropyridin-4-yl)-2-diazoethanone
[00430] A suspension of 2-chloropyridine-4-carbonyl chloride (85 g, crude) in CH3CN (50 mL) and THF (50 mL) was added to a solution of diazomethyl(trimethyl)silane (2 M in n- hexane, 483 mL, 966 mmol), CH3CN (400 mL), and THF (400 mL) at 0 °C under N2. The reaction was stirred at rt for 1 h and then concentrated to dryness to give l-(2-chloropyridin- 4-yl)-2-diazoethanone (90 g, crude) as a black brown oil. LCMS: 182.2 [M+H]+.
Step 3: 2-Chloro-l-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)ethanone
[00431] Hydrochloric acid (12 M, 85.4 mL, 1025 mmols) was added to a solution of l-(2- chloro-4-pyridyl)-2-diazo-ethanone (60 g, crude), THF (200 mL), and CH3CN (200 mL) at 0 °C under N2. The reaction was stirred at rt for 30 min, quenched with NaHC03 (100 g), and then filtered. The filtrate was diluted with H20 (1000 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2x250 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water (2x 150 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 20/1) to give 2-chloro-l-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)ethanone (36 g) as a green solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): d 8.63 (d, 1H), 7.78 (s, 1H), 7.67 (d, 1H), 4.65 (s, 2H); LCMS: 189.8 [M+H]+.
Step 4: 4-(2-Chloropyridin-4-yl)-2-ethyloxazole
[00432] Silver trifluoromethanesulfonate (59.5 g, 231.55 mmol) was added to a solution of 2-chloro-l-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)ethanone (22 g, 115.77 mmol), propanamide (11.00 g, 150.51 mmol), and dioxane (250 mL) at rt under N2. The mixture was refluxed overnight in the dark, allowed to cool to rt, poured into a mixture of saturated NaHCO, (800 mL) and EtOAc (1000 mL), and then filtered. The filtrate was extracted with EtOAc (2x 1000 mL), and the combined organic phase was washed (800 mL brine), dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 3/1) to give 4-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-2-ethyloxazole (15.1 g, 60%) as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): d 8.31 (d, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.53-7.37 (m, 1H), 2.79 (q, 2H), 1.32 (t, 3H); LCMS: 209.1 [M+H]+.
Step 5: 4-(2-Ethyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin -2-amine
[00433] Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (1 M in THF, 76 mL, 76 mmol) was added to a solution of 4-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-2-ethyloxazole (16 g, 76.69 mmol), XPhos (3.66 g, 7.67 mmol), Pd2(dba)3 (3.51 g, 3.83 mmol), and dioxane (320 mL) at rt. The mixture was heated at 100 °C under N2 for 2 h, allowed to cool to rt, poured into water (500 mL), and then extracted with EtOAc (2x600 mL). The combined organic layers were washed (300 mL brine), dried (Na2S0 ), filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 3/1 -1/1) and then triturated (100 mL 1 : 1 petroleum ether: MTBE) to give 4-(2-ethyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-amine (8.02 g, 55%) as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i/e): d 8.51 (s, 1H), 7.87 (d, 1H), 6.82 (s, 1H), 6.77 (d, 1H), 5.95 (s, 2H), 2.78 (q, 2H), 1.25 (t, 3H); LCMS: 190.1 [M+H]+.
Intermediate 11
4-(2-Cyclopropyloxazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-amine
Figure imgf000195_0001
Step 1: 2-Bromo-/V-methoxy-/V-methylisonicotinamide [00434] A solution of 2-bromopyridine-4-carboxylic acid (100 g, 495.04 mmol), CDI (88.30 g, 544.54 mmol), and CH2Cl2 (2 L) was stirred at rt for 0.5 h. N-M eth ox y m eth an am i n e hydrochloride (96.58 g, 990.07 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at rt overnight and then poured into H20 (1 L). The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with EtOAc (750 mL x 2). The organic layers were combined, washed with brine (500 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, and concentrated to give 2-brorno-A-rnethoxy-Af-m ethyl isonicotinamide (180 g, crude) as a yellow oil. LCMS: 244.8 [M+H]+.
Step 2: l-(2-Bromopyridin-4-yl)ethanone
[00435] Methylmagnesium bromide (3 M in ether, 306 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of 2-bromo-/V-methoxy-/V-methyl-pyridine-4-carboxamide (90 g, 367.24 mmol) in THF (2 L) at 0 °C under N2. The reaction was allowed to warm to rt overnight, poured into sat’d NH4Cl (200 mL), diluted with H20 (1000 mL), and then extracted with EtOAc (1000 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (300 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, and concentrated. The residue was triturated in petroleum ether (100 mL) at rt overnight. After filtering, the filter cake was dried under vacuum to give l-(2-bromopyridin-4-yl)ethanone (37.5 g, 50%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) d 8.56 (d, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.69 (d, 1H), 2.62 (s, 3H); LCMS: 200.0 [M+H]+.
Step 3: 5-(2-Bromopyridin-4-yl)-2-cyclopropyloxazole
[00436] Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (69.03 g, 459.93 mmol) was added to a solution of P3C (28.00 g, 99.98 mmol) in DCE (50 mL) at rt under N2, and the reaction was stirred for 2 h. l-(2-Bromo-4-pyridyl)ethanone (20 g, 99.98 mmol) was added, and after stirring for 2 h, cyclopropanecarbonitrile (33.54 g, 499.92 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred at 80 °C overnight, allowed to cool to rt, poured into sat’d NaHC03 (300 mL), and then extracted with EtOAc (150 mL x 2). The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (Na2S04), filtered, and concentrated to give 2-bromo-l-(2-bromopyridin-4-yl)ethanone (5 g, crude) as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) d 8.36 (d, 1H), 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.42 (s, 1H), 7.38 (d, 1H), 2.20-2.13 (m, 1H), 1.19-1.13 (m, 4H); LCMS: 264.7 [M+H]+.
Step 4: 4-(2-Cyclopropyloxazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-amine
[00437] Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (1 M in THF, 18 mL) was added to a mixture of 5- (2-bromo-4-pyridyl)-2-cyclopropyl-oxazole (5 g, 18.86 mmol), Pd2(dba)3 (863.5 mg, 0.943 mmol), XPhos (899.1 mg, 1.89 mmol), and dioxane (200 mL). The mixture was degassed with 3 vacuum/N2 cycles, stirred at 100 °C overnight, allowed to cool to rt, poured into water (50 mL), and then filtered through Celite. The filtrate was extracted with EtOAc (100 mL c 2). The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 1/1) to give an impure solid. This solid was triturated with MTBE (5 mL) at rt overnight. After filtering, the filter cake was dried under vacuum to give 4-(2-cyclopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin- 2-amine (1.3 g, 50%) as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 7.92 (d, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 6.73 (d, 1H), 6.63 (s, 1H), 6.06 (s, 2H), 2.11-2.23 (m, 1H), 1.14-0.95 (m, 4H);
LCMS: 202.1 [M+H]+.
Intermediate 12
/ra/i.v-4-((fer/-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclohexanecarbonyl chloride
Figure imgf000197_0001
Step 1: tranv-tert-Butyldimethylsilyl 4-((tert- butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclohexanecarboxylate
[00438] ter l- B utyl di methyl si 1 yl chloride (31.47 g, 208.8 mmol) was added to a mixture of /m«x-4-hydroxy-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (10.03 g, 69.57 mmol), imidazole (18.96 g, 278.5 mmol), and DMF (140 mL) at rt under N2 (reaction exothermed to 32 °C). The reaction was stirred at rt for 2 h and then diluted with diethyl ether (300 mL). The organic layer was washed (2x300 mL 1 N HC1 and then 300 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), filtered, and concentrated to give trans-tert- butyldimethylsilyl 4 - tert- butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclohexanecarboxylate (31.5 g) as a clear oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMS0 ): d 3.61-3.53 (m, 1H), 2.26-2.18 (m, 1H), 2.04-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.92-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.51-1.39 (m, 2H), 1.39-1.27 (m, 2H), 0.94 (s, 9H), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.26 (s, 6H), 0.06 (s, 6H). Step 2: tranx-4-((tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid
[00439] Potassium carbonate (58.01 g, 419.7 mmol) in H20 (300 mL) was added to a mixture of trans-tert- butyldimethylsilyl 4 - tert- butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclohexanecarboxylate (31.5 g crude, 69.6 mmol), ethanol (1000 mL) and THF (300 mL) at rt under N2. The reaction was stirred at rt for 3 h, concentrated until 300 mL remained, diluted with brine (600 mL), and then acidified to pH 2-3 with 20% NaHS04 (550 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with diethyl ether (800 mL). The organic layer was washed (800 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and dried under high vacuum (to remove silanol byproducts) to give trans-4-((tert- butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (17.3 g, 96% over 2 steps) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 12.30 (br s, 1H), 3.59-3.51 (m, 1H), 2.15-2.05 (m, 1H), 1.88-1.74 (m, 4H), 1.41-1.29 (m, 2H), 1.28-1.16 (m, 2H), 0.84 (s, 9H), 0.02 (s, 6H). Step 3: trans-4-((tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclohexanecarbonyl chloride
[00440] (Chloromethylene)dimethyl iminium chloride (34.02 g, 265.78 mmol) was weighed into a 1000 mL round bottom flask (3 neck) and degassed with vacuum/N2 cycles (3 x).
Toluene (240 mL) was added to the flask, and the mixture was cooled (1.3 °C) in an ice bath. Anhydrous potassium carbonate* (68.71 g, 497.14 mmol) and trans-4-((tert- butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (34.29 g, 132.69 mmol) were
sequentially added to the reaction. The ice bath was removed, and the mixture was stirred for 35 min. Celite (7 g) was added to the reaction, and then the reaction was filtered through Celite (70 g, Chemglass 465 mL fritted funnel) with toluene washes (3 x 100 mL). This solution (451 g, 8.5% acid chloride, 100% yield, 72 mg/mL) was used immediately in the acylation reaction. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): d 3.77-3.68 (m, 1H), 2.83-2.74 (m, 1H), 2.31-2.22 (m, 2H), 2.09-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.63 (m, 2H), 1.54-1.42 (m, 2H), 1.02 (s, 9H), 0.20 (s, 6H). *Potassium carbonate was dried under vacuum by heating with a heat gun for ~5 min and then allowing to cool overnight.
[00441] The Intermediates below were synthesized from the appropriate starting materials following the procedures described for Intermediate 12.
Figure imgf000198_0002
'Step 3 only.
Intermediate 13
3-Propylazetidin-3-ol hydrochloride
Figure imgf000198_0001
Step 1: l-Benzhydryl-3-propylazetidin-3-ol
[00442] A mixture of l-benzhydrylazetidin-3-one (2.0 g, 8.4 mmol) and THF (17 mL) in a 200 mL RB flask was degassed with 2 vacuum/N2 cycles, and then cooled in an ice/water bath. Propylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M in THF, 18 mL, 18.0 mmol) was added at 0 °C under N2. The ice/water bath was removed. The mixture was stirred at rt for 90 min, cooled in an ice/water bath, and then quenched with sat’d NH4Cl (20 mL). The mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and then extracted with EtOAc (2 x 40 mL). The combined organic layers were washed (100 mL water and then 100 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-20% EtOAc in hexanes). The material was re-purified by silica gel chromatography (0-20% EtOAc in hexanes) to give l-benzhydryl-3- propylazeti din-3 -ol (1.40 g, 59%) as a clear oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 7.49 (d,
4H), 7.25 (t, 4H), 7.18-7.11 (m, 2H), 5.01 (s, 1H), 4.38 (s, 1H), 3.06 (d, 2H), 2.77 (d, 2H),
1.67-1.61 (m, 2H), 1.43-1.32 (m, 2H), 0.90 (t, 3H).
Step 2: 3-Propylazetidin-3-ol hydrochloride
[00443] Aqueous hydrochloric acid (1 N, 5 mL, 5 mmol) was added to a solution of 1- benzhydryl-3-propylazetidin-3-ol (1.40 g, 4.98 mmol) in C¾OH (20 mL). Palladium on carbon (10 wt%, 190 mg, 0.18 mmol) was added. The mixture was degassed and backfilled with H2 (3 times). The mixture was stirred at rt overnight under a balloon of H2, filtered through a pad of Celite, and then washed with C¾OH (20 mL). The filtrate was concentrated to give 3-propylazetidin-3-ol hydrochloride (703 mg, 93%) as a beige solid. 1H NMR (400
MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 9.22 (br s, 2H), 6.05 (s, 1H), 3.84-3.74 (m, 4H), 1.76-1.62 (m, 2H), 1.39- 1.22 (m, 2H), 0.88 (t, 3H).
Intermediate 14
2,2-Dimethylazetidin-3-ol hydrochloride
Figure imgf000199_0001
[00444] A solution of l-benzhydryl-2,2-dimethylazeti din-3 -ol (6.03 g, 22.6 mmol) in CH3OH (90 mL) was degassed with 2 vacuum/N2 cycles. Aqueous hydrochloric acid (1.0 N, 22 mL, 22 mmol) and then Pd/C (10 wt%, 2.40 g, 2.25 mmol) were added to the reaction. The reaction was stirred under a balloon of H2 at rt for 15 h, filtered through Celite, and the filter cake was rinsed with CH3OH (5 x 20 mL). The filtrate was concentrated, lyophilized, and then dried under vacuum to give 2,2-dimethylazetidin-3-ol hydrochloride (1.99 g, 64%) as a pale yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.94 (s, 2H), 6.12 (s, 1H), 4.17 (t, 1H), 3.88 (dd, 1H), 3.54 (dd, 1H), 1.41 (d, 6H).
Intermediate 15
4-(4-Methoxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carbaldehyde
Figure imgf000200_0001
Step 1: l-(l,3-Dioxoisoindolin-2-yl) 4-methyl bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l,4-dicarboxylate
[00445] A,/V-Diisopropylcarbodiimide (17.98 g, 142.5 mmol) was added to a solution of 4- (methoxycarbonyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carboxylic acid (25 g, 117.8 mmol), 2- hydroxyisoindoline-l,3-dione (19.22 g, 117.8 mmol), DMAP (4.32 g, 35.3 mmol), and CH2Cl2 (500 mL) at rt under N2. The mixture was stirred at rt overnight, washed with H20 (300 mL x 2), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc: 10/1 - 2/1) to give l-(l,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl) 4- methyl bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l,4-dicarboxylate (23 g) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400MHz, CDCl3): d 7.88 (d, 2H), 7.78 (d, 2H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 2.10-2.04 (m, 6H), 1.93-1.87 (m, 6H); LCMS: 358.1 [M+H]+.
Step 2a: (4-Methoxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)magnesium lithium bromide chloride
[00446] Magnesium (2.37 g, 97.6 mmol) and dry LiCl (4.14 g, 97.6 mmol) were weighed into an oven-dried 250 mL 2-necked flask connected to a double manifold. The flask was sealed, evacuated, and backfilled with N2 (3 times). Tetrahydrofuran (70 mL) was added, the mixture was stirred for 15 min, and then DIBAL-H (1 M in toluene, 1.30 mL) was added dropwise at rt. The reaction was stirred for 15 min, cooled to 0 °C, and then a solution of 5- bromo-2-methoxy-l,3-dimethylbenzene (14 g, 65.09 mmol) and THF (70 mL) was added dropwise. The mixture was allowed to warm to rt and stirred for 2 h to give (4-methoxy-3,5- dimethylphenyl)magnesium lithium bromide chloride as a gray solution in THF (-140 mL). Step 2b: Bis(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)zinc
[00447] Zinc (II) chloride (1 M THF, 39 mL) was added dropwise to the (4-methoxy-3,5- dimethylphenyl)magnesium lithium bromide chloride THF solution (-140 mL) at rt. The mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h to give bis(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)zinc as a gray solution in THF (-180 mL).
Step 2c: Methyl 4-(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carboxylate
[00448] The bis(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)zinc THF solution (-180 mL) was added to a solution of l-(l,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl) 4-methyl bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l,4-dicarboxylate (4.9 g, 13.71 mmol), 2-methyl-6-(6-methyl-2-pyridyl)pyridine (1.52 g, 8.23 mmol), Ni(acac)2 (1.76 g, 6.86 mmol), and DMF (50 mL) at rt. The mixture was stirred at rt overnight, concentrated to remove the organic solvent, and then diluted with EtOAc (500 mL). The organic layer was washed with water (200 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 50/1) to give methyl 4- (4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carboxylate (2.3 g) as white solid. LCMS: 303.2 [M+H]+
Step 3: (4-(4-Methoxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methanol
[00449] DIBAL-H (1 M in toluene, 34 mL) was added to a solution of methyl 4-(4-methoxy- 3,5-dimethylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carboxylate (3.4 g, 11.24 mmol) and CH2Cl2 (30 mL) at -78 °C. The mixture was allowed to warm to rt, stirred at rt overnight, poured into a saturated sodium potassium tartrate solution (100 mL), diluted with CH2Cl2 (100 mL), and then stirred at rt for 3 h. The aqueous phase was extracted with CH2Cl2 (50 mL c 2). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 mL), dried over Na2S04, filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 2/1) to give (4-(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methanol (2.3 g, 74%) as a black brown solid. 1H NMR (400MHz, CDCl3): d 6.95 (s, 2H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 3.33 (s, 2H), 2.27 (s, 6H), 1.84-1.80 (m, 6H), 1.56-1.52 (m, 6H); LCMS: 275.2 [M+H]+.
Step 4: 4-(4-Methoxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carbaldehyde
[00450] Pyridinium chlorochromate (3.61 g, 16.76 mmol) and Si02 (6.80 g, 113.16 mmol) were added to a solution of (4-(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l- yl)methanol (2.3 g, 8.38 mmol) and CH2Cl2 (20 mL) at rt. The mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h and then filtered through a neutral alumina plug. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 20/1) to give 4-(4-methoxy-3,5- dimethylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carbaldehyde (1.9 g, 74%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 9.46 (s, 1H), 6.95 (s, 2H), 3.59 (s, 3H), 2.18 (s, 6H), 1.78-1.74 (m, 6H), 1.69-1.64 (m, 6H); LCMS: 273.1 [M +H]+.
[00451] The Intermediates below were synthesized from Intermediate 15 (Step 1) and the appropriate starting materials following the procedures described for Intermediate 15.
Figure imgf000201_0001
Intermediate 16
4-(6-Methoxy-5-methylpyridin-3-yl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carbaldehyde O
HO Steps Steps
Figure imgf000202_0001
1-2 3-4
O
Figure imgf000202_0002
Figure imgf000202_0003
Step 1: l-(l,3-Dioxoisoindolin-2-yl) 4-methyl bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l,4-dicarboxylate
[00452] A,/V-Diisopropylcarbodiimide (17.98 g, 142.5 mmol) was added to a solution of 4- (methoxycarbonyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carboxylic acid (25 g, 117.8 mmol), 2- hydroxyisoindoline-l,3-dione (19.22 g, 117.8 mmol), DMAP (4.32 g, 35.3 mmol), and CH2Cl2 (500 mL) at rt under N2. The mixture was stirred at rt overnight, washed with H20 (300 mL x 2), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc: 10/1 - 2/1) to give l-(l,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl) 4- methyl bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l,4-dicarboxylate (23 g) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400MHz, CDCl3): d 7.88 (d, 2H), 7.78 (d, 2H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 2.10-2.04 (m, 6H), 1.93-1.87 (m, 6H); LCMS: 358.1 [M+H]+.
Step 2a: (6-Methoxy-5-methylpyridin-3-yl)magnesium lithium bromide chloride
[00453] Magnesium (154.0 mg, 6.34 mmol) and LiCl (262.3 mg, 6.19 mmol) were added to an oven-dried 100 mL 3 -necked flask loaded with N2 balloon and thermometer. The flask was sealed with a rubber stopper and degassed with 3 vacuum/N2 cycles. Tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) was added, and the reaction was stirred at 10 °C for 15 min. DIBAL-H (1 M, 0.1 mL) was added via syringe at 10 °C. The reaction was stirred at 10 °C for 15 min, cooled to 0 °C, and then 5-bromo-2-methoxy-3-methylpyridine (1.0 g, 4.95 mmol) in THF (2.0 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at 10 °C for 1 h to give (6-methoxy-5- methylpyri din-3 -yl)magnesium lithium bromide chloride.
Step 2b: Methyl 4-(6-methoxy-5-methylpyridin-3-yl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carboxylate
[00454] Iron(III) acetyl acetonate (543.5 mg, 1.54 mmol) was added to a solution of l-(l,3- dioxoisoindolin-2-yl) 4-methyl bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l,4-dicarboxylate (550.0 mg, 1.54 mmol), THF (3.5 mL), and DMPU (3.15 mL) at rt under N2. The mixture was stirred for 5 min. The Grignard reagent solution prepared above was added in one portion. The mixture was stirred overnight, diluted with sat’d NH4Cl (20 mL), and then extracted with ethyl acetate (10 mL x 2). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL), dried over Na2S04, filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate = 70/l 40/l) to give methyl 4-(6-methoxy-5-methylpyridin-3- yl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carboxylate (500 mg, 27%) as a light yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3): d 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.53 (s, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 1.94-1.90 (m, 6H), 1.85-1.81 (m, 6H); LCMS: 290.2 [M+H]+.
Step 3: (4-(6-Methoxy-5-methylpyridin-3-yl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methanol
[00455] DIBAL-H (1 M in toluene, 10.5 mL) was added to a solution of methyl 4-(6- methoxy-5-methylpyridin-3-yl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carboxylate (3.30 g, crude) and CH2CI2 (33 mL) at -78 °C under N2. The mixture was stirred for 1 h, warmed to 0 °C, and diluted slowly with sat’d potassium sodium tartrate (~ 100 mL). No gas released. The mixture was stirred at rt for 0.5 h and then extracted with CH2Cl2 (20 mL x 2). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL), dried over Na2S04, filtered, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate = 10/1) to give (4-(6-m ethoxy-5 - methylpyridin-3-yl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methanol (900 mg) as a dark green solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3): d 7.92 (d, 1H), 7.36 (s, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.33 (s, 2H), 2.18 (s,
3H), 1.84-1.80 (m, 6H), 1.57-1.53 (m, 6H); LCMS: 262.2 [M+H]+.
Step 4: 4-(6-Methoxy-5-methylpyridin-3-yl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carbaldehyde
[00456] Pyridinium chlorochromate (1.65 g, 7.65 mmol) and S1O2 (3.10 g, 51.65 mmol) were added to a solution of (4-(6-methoxy-5-methylpyridin-3-yl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l- yl)methanol (1.00 g, 3.83 mmol) and CH2CI2 (15 mL) at rt. The mixture was stirred for 1 h, and the solids were removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated and then purified by AI2O3 chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate = 50/1) to give 4-(6-methoxy-5- methylpyridin-3-yl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carbaldehyde (540 mg, 51%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i/6): d 9.53 (s, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 1.87-1.83 (m, 6H), 1.76-1.72 (m, 6H); LCMS: 260.1 [M+H]+.
Intermediate 4
4-(4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carbaldehyde
Figure imgf000203_0001
Step 1: 8-(4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-l,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-ol
[00457] 3 batches were run in parallel: «-BuLi (762 mL, 1.90 mol, 2.5 M in w-hexane) was added dropwise over 1 h to a solution of 4-bromo-l-methoxy-2-m ethylbenzene (333 g, 1.66 mol) and dry THF (2 L) at -60 °C under N2. The reaction was stirred at -60 °C for 1 h, and then a solution of l,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-one (284.53 g, 1.82 mol) and dry THF (1 L) was added dropwise over 45 min. The reaction was stirred at -60 °C for 1 h, and then the 3 batches were poured into sat. aq. NH4Cl (3 L). This mixture was extracted with EtOAc (5 L c 2). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (5 L), dried over Na2S04, filtered, concentrated, and then triturated in «-hexane (1.2 L) at rt overnight. The mixture was filtered, and the filter cake was washed with cool n-hexane (200 mL c 2) and then dried under vacuum to give 8-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-l,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-ol (1100 g, 82%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400MHz, CDCl3): 57.30-7.20 (m, 2H), 6.74 (d, 1H), 4.02-3.87 (m, 4H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 2.15-2.00 (m, 4H), 1.82-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.68-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.48 (s, 1H).
Step 2: 8-Allyl-8-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-l,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane
[00458] 4 batches were run in parallel: BF3 »Et20 (376.95 g, 2.65 mol) was added to a solution of 8-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-l,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-ol (275 g, 0.99 mol), allyltrimethylsilane (180.62 g, 1.58 mol), and dry DCM (3 L) at -65 °C under N2, The reaction mixture was stirred at -65 °C for 1 h, and then the 4 batches were carefully poured into sat. aq. NaHC03 (10 L). This mixture was extracted with DCM (5 L 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (5 L), dried over Na2S0 , filtered, and concentrated to give 8-allyl-8-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-l,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane (1350 g) as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (400MHz, CDCl3): 5 7.17-7.01 (m, 2H), 6.85-6.75 (m, 1H), 5.53-5.37 (m, 1H), 5.01-4.85 (m, 2H), 3.99-3.87 (m, 4H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 2.37-2.29 (m, 1H), 2.28-2.21 (m, 5H), 2.20-2.10 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.71 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.52 (m, 3H).
Step 3: 4-Allyl-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanone
[00459] 3 batches were run in parallel: Water (450 mL) and then formic acid (285.95 g, 5.95 mol) were added to a solution of 8-allyl-8-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-l,4- dioxaspiro[4.5]decane (450 g) and THF (1.8 L) at rt. The reaction mixture was refluxed overnight, allowed to cool to rt, and then the 3 batches were poured into sat. aq. NaHC03 (3 L). This mixture was extracted with EA (3 L x 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3 L), dried over Na2S0 , filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 1/0-50/1) to give 4-allyl-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexanone (800 g, 69.3% over 2 steps) as a yellow oil. 1H NMR
(400MHz, CDCl3): 57.16-7.06 (m, 2H), 6.80-6.73 (m, 1H), 5.48-5.30 (m, 1H), 4.96-4.79 (m, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 2.48-2.35 (m, 2H), 2.32-2.05 (m, 9H), 1.89-1.77 (m, 2H).
Step 4: 4-Allyl-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarbonitrile
[00460] 3 batches were run in parallel: /-BuOK (299.69 g, 2.67 mol) was added portionwise over 1 h (keeping internal temp. < 5 °C) to a solution of 4-allyl-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexanone (230 g, 890.25 mmol), Tos-MIC (260.72 g, 1.34 mol), and DME (2 L) at 0 °C under N2. The mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h, and then the 3 batches were poured into sat. aq. NH4Cl (5 L). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (5 L x 2). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (5 L), dried over Na2S04, filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 1/0- 50/1) to give 4-allyl-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarbonitrile (508 g, 70.6%) as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (400MHz, CDCl3): d 7.13-6.99 (m, 2H), 6.83-6.75 (m, 1H), 5.51- 5.31 (m, 1H), 5.03-4.85 (m, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 2.58-2.48 (m, 1H), 2.38-2.02 (m, 7H), 1.98- 1.79 (m, 2H), 1.78-1.56 (m, 3H), 1.54-1.40 (m, 1H).
Step 5: 4-(2,3-Dihydroxypropyl)-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarbonitrile
[00461] 3 batches were run in parallel: NMO (242.66 g, 2.07 mol) and then K20s0 »2H20 (7.63 g, 20.71 mmol) were added to a solution of 4-allyl-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarbonitrile (186 g, 690.47 mmol), acetone (2 L), and H20 (250 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction was allowed to warm to rt and stirred for 2 h. The 3 batches were poured into sat. aq. Na2S03 (4 L), and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3 L c 2). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3 L), dried over Na2S0 , filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 5/1 - 1/2) to give 4-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarbonitrile (600 g, 95.4%) as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (400MHz, CDCl3): d 7.21-7.01 (m, 2H), 6.87-6.74 (m, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.65-3.49 (m, 1H), 3.35-3.17 (m, 2H), 2.60-2.45 (m, 1H), 2.41-2.11 (m, 5H), 2.01-1.81 (m, 4H), 1.79-1.38 (m, 6H).
Step 6: 4-(4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-4-(2-oxoethyl)cyclohexanecarbonitrile
[00462] 3 batches were run in parallel: NaI0 (169.20 g, 791.05 mmol) was added portionwise over 30 min (keeping internal temp. < 5 °C) to a solution of 4-(2,3- dihydroxypropyl)-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarbonitrile (200 g, 659.21 mmol), THF (2 L), and H20 (1 L) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at rt for 3 h, and then the 3 batches were poured into water (2 L). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2 L c 2). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2 L), dried over Na2S0 , filtered, and concentrated to give 4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-4-(2-oxoethyl)cyclohexanecarbonitrile (510 g) as a colorless oil. 1H NMR (400MHz, CDCl3): d 9.43-9.22 (m, 1H), 7.20-6.99 (m, 2H), 6.87-6.71 (m, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 2.63-2.48 (m, 2H), 2.46-2.36 (m, 1H), 2.33-2.13 (m, 4H), 2.02-1.71 (m, 5H), 1.71-1.57 (m, 2H).
Step 7 : 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarbonitrile [00463] 3 batches were run in parallel: NaBH4 (35.55 g, 939.73 mmol) was added to a solution of 4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-4-(2-oxoethyl)cyclohexanecarbonitrile (170 g) and THF (1.7 L) at 0 °C under N2. The mixture was stirred at rt for 3 h, and then the 3 batches were poured into ice-cold water (3 L). This mixture was extracted with EtOAc (1.5 L x 2). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2 L), dried over Na2S04, filtered, concentrated to give 4-(2-hydroxy ethyl)-4-(4-m ethoxy-3 - methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarbonitrile (495 g) as a colorless oil. 1H NIV1R (400MHz, CDCl3): d 7.18-6.97 (m, 2H), 6.88-6.71 (m, 1H), 3.85-3.78 (m, 3H), 3.76-3.70 (m, 1H), 3.44-3.33 (m, 2H), 2.71-2.69 (m, 0.5H), 2.60-2.48 (m, 0.5H), 2.37-2.35 (m, 0.5H), 2.27-2.19 (m, 3H), 2.14- 2.12 (m, 0.5H), 1.96-1.79 (m, 5H), 1.78-1.61 (m, 3H), 1.58-1.45 (m, 1H).
Step 8: 4-(2-Bromoethyl)-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarbonitrile
[00464] 3 batches were run in parallel: A solution of PPh3 (316.62 g, 1.21 mol) and DCM (1 L) was added dropwise over 1 h to a solution of 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(4-methoxy-3-methyl- phenyl)cyclohexanecarbonitrile (165 g), CBr4 (300.24 g, 905.37 mmol), and DCM (1.5 L) at 0 °C under N2. The mixture was stirred at rt for 1.5 h, combined with the other 2 batches, and concentrated. The crude product was triturated in MTBE (5 L) at rt overnight. The solid was removed by filtration, the cake was washed with MTBE (500 mL c 2), and the filtrate was concentrated and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 30/1) to give 4-(2-bromoethyl)-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarbonitrile (530 g,
80%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400MHz, CDCI3): d 7.11-6.96 (m, 2H), 6.86-6.73 (m, 1H), 3.87-3.73 (m, 3H), 3.09-2.93 (m, 2H), 2.78-2.68 (m, 0.5H), 2.62-2.50 (m, 0.5H), 2.38-2.34 (m, 1H), 2.28-2.18 (m, 3H), 2.17-2.10 (m, 2H), 2.08-1.99 (m, 1H), 1.99-1.79 (m, 3H), 1.77- 1.45 (m, 3H).
Step 9: 4-(4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carbonitrile
[00465] 3 batches were run in parallel: LDA (420 mL, 840 mmol, 2 M in THF) was added dropwise over 1 h to a solution of 4-(2-bromoethyl)-4-(4-methoxy-3-methyl- phenyl)cyclohexanecarbonitrile (143 g, 425.26 mmol), HMPA (381.03 g, 2.13 mol), and THF (1430 mL) at -65 °C under N2. The mixture was stirred at -65 °C for 3 h, and then the 3 batches were poured into sat. aq. NH Cl (5 L). This mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3 L c 2). The combined organic layers were washed with water (3 L), washed with brine (3 L), dried over Na2S0 , filtered, concentrated, and then triturated in EA:Hexane (1 :30, 775 mL) at rt overnight. The mixture was filtered, and the filter cake was washed with EA:Hexane (1 :30, 150 mL) and dried under vacuum to give 4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carbonitrile (240 g, 73%) as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (400MHz, CDCI3): d 7.13-6.98 (m, 2H), 6.83-6.73 (m, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 2.22 (s, 3H), 2.12- 1.98 (m, 6H), 1.94-1.80 (m, 6H).
Step 10: 4-(4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carbaldehyde
[00466] 3 batches were run in parallel: DIBAL-H (1 M PhMe, 830 mL, 830 mmol) was added to a solution of 4-(4-methoxy-3-methyl-phenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carbonitrile (106 g, 415.11 mmol) in DCM (1 L) at -65 °C under N2. The mixture was stirred at -65 °C for 1 h, and then the 3 batches were poured into sat. aq. NaK tartrate (3 L) and diluted by DCM (1.5 L). This mixture was stirred at rt for 3 h. The organic layer was separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (2 L c 2). The organic layers were combined, washed with brine (3 L), dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated to give 4-(4-methoxy- 3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carbaldehyde (336 g) as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 9.50-9.43 (m, 1H), 7.11-7.00 (m, 2H), 6.83-6.79 (m, 1H), 3.77-3.68 (m, 3H), 2.18-2.02 (m, 3H), 1.82-1.72 (m, 6H), 1.71-1.60 (m, 6H).
Step 11: Potassium-hydroxy(4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l- yl)methanesulfonate
[00467] 6 batches were run in parallel: Aqueous potassium metabisulfite (2 M, 54 mL, 108 mmol) was added over 10 min to a solution of 4-(4-m ethoxy-3 -m ethyl - phenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carbaldehyde (56 g) in THF (300 mL) at 45 °C. The mixture was stirred for 3.5 h at 45 °C, allowed to cool to rt, and then stirred at rt overnight. The 6 batches were filtered, and the filter cake was washed with PE (400 mL) and dried under vacuum to give potassium-hydroxy(4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l- yl)methanesulfonate (381 g, 81% over 2 steps) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400MHz, DMSO- d6) 7.12-6.97 (m, 2H), 6.88-6.71 (m, 1H), 4.51 (d, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.56 (d, 1H), 2.11 (s,
3H), 1.88-1.56 (m, 12H).
Step 12: 4-(4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carbaldehyde
[00468] 6 batches were run in parallel: Saturated aq. Na?CO, (300 mL) was added to a mixture of potassium-hy droxy(4-(4-methoxy-3 -methylphenyl)bi cyclo[2.2.2] octan- 1 - yl)methanesulfonate (63.5 g, 167.76 mmol) and DCM (300 mL) at rt under N2. The mixture was stirred for 1 h, and then the 6 batches were poured into a mixture of DCM (1500 mL) and H20 (1500 mL). The organic layer was separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (1500 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2 L), dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated to give 4-(4-m ethoxy-3 - methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-l-carbaldehyde (240.3 g, 92%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 9.52-9.41 (m, 1H), 7.14 - 7.02 (m, 2H), 6.84-7.80 (m, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 1.83-1.72 (m, 6H), 1.71-1.56 (m, 6H); LCMS: 259.1 [M+H]+.
Intermediate 17
4-(3-Cyclopropyl-l//-l,2,4-triazol-l-yl)pyridin-2-amine
Figure imgf000208_0001
Step 1: tert- Butyl (4-fluoropyridin-2-yl)carbamate
[00469] Palladium (II) acetate (85.3 mg, 0.38 mmol) was added to a solution of 2-chloro-4- fluoropyridine (5 g, 38 mmol), /er/-butyl carbamate (4.9 g, 41.8 mmol), Xantphos (439.9 mg, 0.76 mmol), NaOH (2.28 g, 57.0 mmol), dioxane (30 mL), and H20 (1 mL) at rt. The mixture was degassed with 3 vacuum/N2 cycles, stirred at 100 °C overnight, allowed to cool to rt, and then filtered. The filter cake was washed with EtOAc (10 mL c 3), and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was partitioned between H20 (100 mL) and EtOAc (100 mL), and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (100 mL c 2). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (100 mL), dried over Na2S04, and concentrated. 2-Propanol (15 mL) was added to the residue, and the mixture was heated at 80 °C until a clear solution formed. The solution was allowed to cool to rt with moderate agitation. After 14 h, the mixture was filtered. The filter cake was washed with cold z-PrOH (2 mL c 2), and then dried under vacuum to give /c/V-butyl (4-fluoropyridin-2-yl)carbamate (2.5 g, 40%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): d 9.44 (s, 1H), 8.29 (d, 1H), 7.80 (d, 1H), 6.72-6.68 (m, 1H), 1.56 (s, 9H); LCMS: 213.1 [M+H]+
Step 2: tert- Butyl (4-(3-cyclopropyl-l//-l,2,4-tnazol-l-yl)pyndin-2-yl)carbamate
[00470] A mixture of /er/-butyl (4-fluoropyridin-2-yl)carbamate (2 g, 9.42 mmol), 3- cyclopropyl-liT-l, 2, 4-triazole (1.03 g, 9.42 mmol), K2C03 (1.95 g, 14.1 mmol), and NMP (25 mL) were degassed with 3 vacuum/N2 cycles, stirred at 100 °C overnight, allowed to cool to rt, poured into water (60 mL), and then extracted with CH2Cl2 (60 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were washed with aqueous LiCl (1 M, 100 mL), dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated to give /c/V-butyl (4-fluoropyridin-2-yl)carbamate (2 g, crude) as a white solid. LCMS: 302.4 [M+H]+
Step 3: 4-(3-Cyclopropyl-l -l,2,4-triazol-l-yl)pyridin-2-amine [00471] Aqueous HC1 (1 M, 10 mL) was added to a solution of /er/-butyl (4-fluoropyridin-2- yl)carbamate (2 g, 6.64 mmol) and CH3OH (20 mL). The mixture was stirred at 35 °C for 3 h and then concentrated to remove CH3OH. The residue was poured into sat’d NaHC03 (20 mL) and extracted with CH2Cl2 (30 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 mL), dried over Na2S04, concentrated, and then purified by reverse-phase HPLC (water (0.05% ammonia hydroxide)-CH3CN) to give 4-(3 -cyclopropyl- \H- 1,2,· 4-triazol-l- yl)pyridin-2-amine (870 mg, 65%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 9.14 (s, 1H), 7.98 (d, 1H), 6.96-6.93 (m, 1H), 6.84 (s, 1H), 6.25 (s, 2H), 2.15-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.1 1- 0.81 (m, 4H); LCMS: 202.1 [M+H]+.
[00472] The Intermediate below was synthesized from 3-isopropyl-liT-l, 2, 4-triazole following the procedures described for Intermediate 17.
Figure imgf000209_0002
Alternate conditions: Step 2: Pd2(dba)3 instead of Pd(OAc)2. Step 3: rt, overnight.
Intermediate 18
4-(2-Isopropyloxazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-amine
Figure imgf000209_0001
Step 1: 5-(2-Bromopyridin-4-yl)-2-isopropyloxazole
[00473] A mixture of l-(2-bromopyridin-4-yl)ethanone (5 g, 25.0 mmol), 2-amino-3 -methyl - butanoic acid (3.51 g, 30.0 mmol), I2 (12.69 g, 49.99 mmol), AcOH (1.4 mL, 25.0 mmol), and DMSO (20 mL) was stirred at 100 °C overnight under N2. The mixture was allowed to cool to rt, poured into sat’d NaHCCL (30 mL), and then extracted with EtOAc (15 mL c 2). The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc: 5/1) to give 5-(2- bromopyridin-4-yl)-2-isopropyloxazole (2.5 g, 37%) as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3): d 8.37 (d, 1H), 7.67 (d, 1H), 7.46 (s, 1H), 7.42 (d, 1H), 3.23-3.13 (m, 1H), 1.42 (d, 6H); LCMS: 266.8 [M+H]+.
Step 2: 4-(2-Isopropyloxazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-amine
[00474] Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (1 M in THF, 14 mL) was added to a solution of 5- (2-bromo-4-pyridyl)-2-isopropyl-oxazole (2.5 g, 9.36 mmol), Pd2(dba)3 (428.5 mg, 0.467 mmol), XPhos (892.3 mg, 1.87 mmol), and dioxane (120 mL) at rt under N2. The mixture was degassed with 3 vacuum/N2 cycles, stirred at 100 °C overnight, allowed to cool to rt, poured into water (50 mL), and then filtered through Celite. The filtrate was extracted with EtOAc (100 mL c 2). The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum
ether/EtOAc: 1/1) to give an impure solid. This solid was triturated with MTBE (5 mL) at rt overnight. After filtering, the filter cake was dried under vacuum to give 4-(2- isopropyloxazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-amine (1.5 g, 77%) as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMS0 ): d 7.94 (d, 1H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 6.76 (d, 1H), 6.67 (s, 1H), 6.06 (s, 2H), 3.19-3.06 (m, 1H), 1.31 (d, 6H); LCMS: 204.1 [M+H]+.
Intermediate 19
4-(5-Isopropylisoxazol-3-yl)pyridin-2-amine
Figure imgf000210_0001
Step 1: (E)-2-Bromoisonicotinaldehyde oxime
[00475] Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (20.73 g, 298.38 mmol) was added to a solution of 2- bromoisonicotinaldehyde (37 g, 198.92 mmol), CH3OH (300 mL), and H20 (300 mL) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 60 °C overnight, cooled to rt, and filtered. The filter cake was dried under vacuum to give (//)-2-bromoisonicotinaldehyde oxime (50 g, 92%) as a white solid. LCMS: 201.1 [M+H]+.
Step 2: 3-(2-Bromopyridin-4-yl)-5-isopropylisoxazole
[00476] Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodobenzene (85.57 g, 198.98 mmol) was added to a solution of (//)-2-bromoisoni cotin aldehyde oxime (40 g, 198.98 mmol), 3-methylbut-l-yne (13.6 mL, 132.66 mmol), CH3OH (200 mL), and H20 (40 mL) at 0 °C under N2. The mixture was stirred at rt for 4 h, concentrated to remove CH3OH, and then extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (100 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate: 20/l 10/1) to give 3-(2-bromopyridin-4-yl)-5-isopropylisoxazole (12 g, 33%) as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.52 (d, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.89-7.88 (m, 1H), 7.07 (s, 1H), 3.18-3.09 (m, 1H), 1.29 (d, 6H); LCMS: 267.2 [M+H]+.
Step 3: 4-(5-Isopropylisoxazol-3-yl)pyridin-2-amine [00477] Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (1 M in THF, 82.0 mL) was added to a mixture of 3-(2-bromopyridin-4-yl)-5-isopropylisoxazole (11 g, 41.18 mmol), XPhos (1.96 g, 4.12 mmol), Pd2(dba)3 (3.77 g, 4.12 mmol), and dioxane (150 mL) at rt under N2. The reaction was degassed with 3 vacuum/N2 cycles, stirred at 90 °C overnight, cooled to rt, poured into water (150 mL), and then extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (100 mL), dried over Na2S04, filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate: 10/3 to 2/1) to give 4.3 g of impure material. This material was suspended in petroleum ether/ethyl acetate (1/1, 14 mL), stirred at rt for 1 h, and then filtered. The filter cake was washed with cold petroleum ether/ethyl acetate (1/1, ~2 mL) and dried under vacuum to give 4-(5-isopropylisoxazol-3- yl)pyridin-2-amine (2.4 g, 28%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.02 (d, 1H), 6.87-6.86 (m, 2H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 6.12 (s, 2H), 3.16-3.09 (m, 1H), 1.29 (d, 6H); LCMS: 204.1 [M+H]+.
Intermediate 20
4-(5-Cyclopropylisoxazol-3-yl)pyridin-2-amine
Figure imgf000211_0001
Step 1: (Z)-2-Bromo-/V-hydroxyisonicotinimidoyl chloride
[00478] /V-Chlorosuccinimide (13.55 g, 101.48 mmol) was added to a mixture of
Intermediate 19, Step 1 (17 g, 84.57 mmol) and DMF (200 mL) at 0 °C under N2. The reaction was stirred at rt overnight, poured into H20 (200 mL), and extracted with EtOAc (150 mL x 3). The organic layers were combined, washed with brine (200 mL x 2), dried over Na2S04, filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography
(petroleum ether/ethyl acetate: l0/l 4/l) to give (Z)-2-bromo-/V-hydroxyisonicotinimidoyl chloride (15 g, 75%) as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 13.17 (s, 1H), 8.49 (d, 1H), 7.87 (s, 1H), 7.79-7.77 (m, 1H); LCMS: 235.0 [M+H]+.
Step 2: Ethyl 3-(2-bromopyridin-4-yl)-5-cyclopropylisoxazole-4-carboxylate
[00479] Triethylamine (30.00 mL, 215.54 mmol) was added to a solution of ethyl 3- cyclopropyl-3-oxopropanoate (7.30 g, 46.72 mmol) and THF (150 mL). A solution of ( Z)-2 - bro o-A'-hydroxyi soni coti ni mi doyl chloride (10 g, 42.47 mmol) in THF (150 mL) was then added dropwise at 0 °C under N2. The mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h, poured into H20 (400 mL), and then extracted with EtOAc (200 mL x 3). The organic layers were combined, washed with brine (300 mL c 2), dried over Na2S04, filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate: l0/l 6/l) to give ethyl 3-(2- bromopyridin-4-yl)-5-cyclopropylisoxazole-4-carboxylate (10 g, 70%) as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.52 (d, 1H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.72-7.64 (m, 1H), 4.19 (q, 2H), 2.91-2.80 (m, 1H), 1.37-1.28 (m, 2H), 1.26-1.20 (m, 2H), 1.19-1.13 (m, 3H); LCMS: 337.0 [M+H]+.
Step 3: 3-(2-Bromopyridin-4-yl)-5-cyclopropylisoxazole-4-carboxylic acid
[00480] Lithium hydroxide monohydrate (13.94 g, 332.2 mmol) was added to a solution of ethyl 3-(2-bromopyridin-4-yl)-5-cyclopropylisoxazole-4-carboxylate (14 g, 41.52 mmol),
THF (200 mL), CH3OH (50 mL), and H20 (50 mL) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h and concentrated. Aqueous HC1 (1 M) was added until pH=3, and then the suspended white solid was filtered and dried to give 3-(2-bromopyridin-4-yl)-5-cyclopropylisoxazole-4- carboxylic acid (8.5 g, 66%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMS0 ): d 13.32 (br s, 1H), 8.52 (d,
1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.68-7.66 (m, 1H), 2.95-2.82 (m, 1H), 1.37-1.18 (m, 4H); LCMS: 309.0 [M+H]+.
Step 4: 3-(2-Bromopyridin-4-yl)-5-cyclopropylisoxazole
[00481] Copper (I) oxide (393.5 mg, 2.75 mmol) was added to a mixture of 3-(2- bromopyridin-4-yl)-5-cyclopropylisoxazole-4-carboxylic acid (8.5 g, 27.50 mmol), tetramethyl ethyl enedi amine (319.5 mg, 2.75 mmol), and NMP (100 mL). The mixture was stirred at 140 °C overnight, cooled to rt, poured into H20 (200 mL), and then extracted with EtOAc (100 mL x 3). The organic layers were combined, washed with brine (200 mL x 2), dried over Na2S04, filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate: l0/l 5/l) to give 3-(2-bromopyridin-4-yl)-5- cyclopropylisoxazole (2.83 g, 39%) as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.52 (d, 1H), 8.03 (s, 1H), 7.85-7.83 (m, 1H), 6.96 (s, 1H), 2.27-2.14 (m, 1H), 1.19-1.08 (m, 2H), 0.98-0.89 (m, 2H); LCMS: 265.0 [M+H]+.
Step 5: 4-(5-Cyclopropylisoxazol-3-yl)pyridin-2-amine
[00482] Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (1 M in THF, 9.5 mL, 9.50 mmol) was added to a solution of 3-(2-bromopyridin-4-yl)-5-cyclopropylisoxazole (2.5 g, 9.43 mmol), XPhos (449.5 mg, 0.943 mmol), Pd2(dba)3 (431.8 mg, 0.471 mmol), and dioxane (25 mL) at rt under N2. The mixture was degassed with 3 vacuum/N2 cycles, heated at 100 °C overnight, cooled to rt, poured into H20 (50 mL), and then extracted with EtOAc (30 mLx3). The organic layers were combined, washed with brine (50 mL c 2), dried over Na2S0 , filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate: l0/l 3/l) to give an impure solid. This solid was triturated in EtOAc/hexanes (2: 1, 15 mL) at rt overnight. After filtering, the filter cake was dried under vacuum to give 4-(5- cyclopropylisoxazol-3-yl)pyridin-2-amine (950.6 mg, 54%) as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.01 (d, 1H), 6.90-6.70 (m, 2H), 6.65 (s, 1H), 6.11 (s, 2H), 2.25-2.10 (m, 1H), 1.19-1.08 (m, 2H), 0.98-0.89 (m, 2H); LCMS: 202.1 [M+H]+.
Intermediate 21
4-(l-(l-Methylcyclobutyl)-l//-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-amine
Figure imgf000213_0001
Step 1: 1-Methylcyclobutanol
[00483] Methyl magnesium bromide (107 mL, 3 M in Et20) was added dropwise over 25 min to a solution of cyclobutanone (15 g, 214 mmol) in Et20 (150 mL) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at rt for 16 h, poured into cold 1 M HC1 (-100 mL), and then extracted with EtOAc (3 x 120 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (2 x 100 mL), dried over Na2S04, filtered, and then concentrated to give 1 -methyl cyclobutanol (15 g) as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): d 2.09-1.97 (m, 4H), 1.92 (s, 1H), 1.69-1.64 (m,
1H), 1.54-1.48 (m, 1H), 1.36 (s, 3H).
Step 2: 4-Bromo-l-(l-methylcyclobutyl)-l -pyrazole
[00484] A mixture of 4-bromo-liT-pyrazole (4.5 g, 30.62 mmol) and 1 -methyl cyclobutanol (10.55 g, 122.47 mmol) was charged into a 50 mL autoclave at rt. Concentrated sulfuric acid (1.63 mL, 98% purity) was added carefully. The reaction was sealed, stirred at 100 °C for 24 h, cooled to rt, slowly poured into sat’d NaHC03 (80 mL), and then extracted with EtOAc (3 x lOOmL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (80 mL), dried over Na2S04, filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate=l/0 to 60/1) to give 4-bromo- 1 -( 1 - ethyl cyclobutyl )- 1 //-pyrazole (4.95 g) as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3); d 7.48-7.47 (m, 2H), 2.70-2.65 (m, 2H), 2.22-2.17 (m, 2H), 1.99-1.87 (m, 2H), 1.68 (s, 3H); LCMS: 215.1 [M+H]+.
Step 3: 4-(l-(l-Methylcyclobutyl)-Li/-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-amine
[00485] Pd(dppf)Cl2 (501.7 mg, 0.685 mmol) was added to a mixture of 4-bromo-l-(l- methylcycl obutyl )- l //-pyrazol e (2.95 g, 13.72 mmol), Intermediate 5 (4.73 g, 34.29 mmol), K2C03 (5.69 g, 41.15 mmol), dioxane (25 mL), and H20 (10 mL) under N2. The mixture was degassed with 3 vacuum/N2 cycles, stirred at 80 °C for 6 h, poured into water (40 mL) at rt, and then extracted with EtOAc (3 c 50 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (2 c 40 mL), dried over Na2S04, filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate=60/l to 5/1) to give 4-(l-(l- methylcyclobutyl)-liT-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-amine (1.6 g) as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i/e); d 8.27 (s, 1H), 7.86-7.83 (m, 2H), 6.74-6.73 (m, 1H), 6.60 (s, 1H), 5.77 (s, 2H), 2.69-2.64 (m, 2H), 2.16-2.11 (m, 2H), 1.92-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.67 (s, 3H); LCMS: 229.1 [M+H]+.
Intermediate 22
5-Fluoro-4-(l-isopropyl-l//-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-amine
Figure imgf000214_0001
[00486] 1,4 -Dioxane (4.2 mL) and aqueous K2C03 (3.0 M, 4.2 mL) was added to a mixture of 1 -isopropyl -4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl- 1 ,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)- l //-pyrazole (1.49 g, 6.30 mmol), 5-fluoro-4-iodopyridin-2-amine (1.00 g, 4.20 mmol), and Pd(dppf)Cl2 (154 mg, 0.21 mmol) in a 20 mL microwave vial at rt. The vial was sealed, heated in a microwave at 120 °C for 20 min, and then cooled to rt. The aqueous layer was pipetted off, and the remaining solution was diluted with EtOAc (15 mL). The organic layer was washed with water (15 mL), dried over (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-100% EtOAc in CH2Cl2 then 0-6% C¾OH in CH2Cl2) to give 5 -fluoro-4-(l -isopropyl - liT-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-amine (629 mg, 68%) as a dark pink solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.20 (d, 1H), 7.88 (d, 1H), 7.85 (s, 1H), 6.68 (d, 1H), 5.76 (s, 2H), 4.58 (sep, 1H), 1.44 (d, 6H); LCMS: 221.1 [M+H]+.
[00487] The Intermediate below was synthesized from the appropriate amino bromide and 1 - isopropyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl- 1 ,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)- 1 //-pyrazole following the procedure described for Intermediate 22.
Figure imgf000214_0002
Alternate conditions: 150 °C; 30 min.
Compound 1
/ra/?.v-4-((3-(l-Cyclopropyl-l//-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)((/ra/?.v-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl 4-methoxypiperidine-l- carboxylate
Figure imgf000215_0001
Step 1 : 3-Iodo-/V-((/ra/f.v-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)aniline
[00488] Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (3.74 g, 17.6 mmol) was added to a solution of Intermediate 1 (2.56 g, 11.0 mmol), 3-iodoaniline (2.56 g, 11.7 mmol), acetic acid (1.3 mL,
23 mmol), and dichloroethane (45 mL) at rt under N2. The reaction was stirred for 80 min, poured into 50 mL sat’d NaHC03, and then extracted with 50 mL EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed with 50 mL sat’d NaHC03 and washed with 50 mL brine. The aqueous layers were combined and then extracted with 25 mL EtOAc. The combined organics were dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-5%
EtOAc in hexanes) to give 3 -iodo-A -((/ra//.s -4-(4-rn ethoxy-3 - methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)aniline (4.43 g, 88%) as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMS0 ): d 7.01-6.95 (m, 2H), 6.91 (s, 1H), 6.86-6.77 (m, 3H), 6.57 (d, 1H), 5.92 (t, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 2.85 (t, 2H), 2.42-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.11 (s, 3H), 1.94-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.63-1.50 (m, 1H), 1.45-1.31 (m, 2H), 1.14-1.00 (m, 2H); LCMS: 436.4 [M+H]+.
Step 2: /ra/?.v-4-((fe/7-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-/V-(3-iodophenyl)-/V-((/ra/?.v-4-(4-methoxy- 3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00489] Intermediate 12 (74 mg/mL in toluene, 43 mL, 11.49 mmol) was added to a solution of 3-iodo-/V-((/ra ,-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)aniline (3.32 g, 7.63 mmol), pyridine (2.5 mL, 31 mmol), and toluene (15 mL). The mixture was stirred at rt for 90 min, diluted with EtOAc (50 mL), and then washed (50 mL H20, 50 mL sat’d NaHC03 and then 50 mL brine). The organic layer was dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-10% EtOAc in hexanes) to give trans-4-((tert- butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-A-(3-iodophenyl)-A-((/ra//.s-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (4.05 g, 79%) as a white foam.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 7.76 (d, 1H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.31 (d, 1H), 7.27 (t, 1H), 6.97- 6.92 (m, 2H), 6.80-6.76 (m, 1H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.60-3.40 (m, 3H), 2.37-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.09 (s, 3H), 2.01-1.91 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.67 (m, 6H), 1.65-1.56 (m, 2H), 1.49-1.21 (m, 5H), 1.10-0.94 (m, 2H), 0.92-0.76 (m, 1 1H), -0.01 (s, 6H); LCMS: 676.6 [M+H]+.
Step 3: /ra/f.v-4-((fe/7-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-/V-((//Y//?.v-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-/V-(3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2- yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00490] A mixture of bis(pinacolato)diboron (1.42 g, 5.59 mmol), potassium acetate (1.45 g, 14.8 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl2 (135 mg, 0.18 mmol), and toluene (23 mL) was degassed with 3 vacuum/N2 cycles. //7///.s-4-((/t77-Butyldi methyl si lyl)oxy)-A -(3-iodophenyl)-Af-((/ra//.s-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (2.50 g, 3.70 mmol) was added to the mixture, and the reaction was degassed with 2 vacuum/N2 cycles, heated at 115 °C for 3.5 h, and then allowed to cool to rt. The mixture was diluted with 75 mL EtOAc, washed with sat’d NaHC03 (2x75 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then dried under vacuum overnight to give /ra//.s-4-((/tv7-butyl di ethyl si lyl )oxy)-A-((/ra//.s-4-(4- m ethoxy-3 -methylphenyl )cyclohexyl)m ethyl )-Af-(3 -(4, 4, 5, 5-tetram ethyl - 1 ,3,2-dioxaborolan- 2-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (2.99 g, 120% crude product) as a brown solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): d 7.82-7.78 (m, 1H), 7.61-7.57 (m, 1H), 7.43 (t, 1H), 7.27-7.24 (m, 1H), 6.99-6.94 (m, 2H), 6.74 (d, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.72-3.45 (m, 3H), 2.44-2.33 (m, 1H),
2.20 (s, 3H), 2.11-2.01 (m, 1H), 1.90-1.76 (m, 6H), 1.75-1.65 (m, 3H), 1.58-1.47 (m, 2H), 1.42-1.32 (m, 14H), 1.24-1.10 (m, 2H), 1.06-0.92 (m, 2H), 0.84 (s, 9H), 0.01 (s, 6H); LCMS: 676.6 [M+H]+.
Step 4: /ra/i.v-4-((/t77-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-Ar-(3-(l-cyclopropyl-l//-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)-/V-((tra/i.v-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00491] A mixture of 4-bromo-l -cyclopropyl- liT-pyrazole (65 mg, 0.35 mmol), trans-4- ((/tv7-butyldi methyl si lyl )oxy)-A-((/ra//.s-4-(4-methoxy-3 -methyl phenyl )cyclohexyl (methyl)- A-(3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (163 mg, 0.20 mmol), Cs2C03 (196 mg, 0.60 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl2, DMF (2 mL), and H20 (20 pL) was degassed with 3 vacuum/N2 cycles, heated at 80 °C for 110 min, and then allowed to cool to rt. The reaction was poured into 20 mL sat’d NaHC03 and then extracted with EtOAc (2x20 mL). The combined organics were washed with 20 mL brine, dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (10-30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give /ra//.s-4-((/tv7-butyl di methyl si 1 yl )oxy)-Af-(3 -( 1 -cycl opropyl - 1 //-pyrazol -4- yl (phenyl )-A-((/ra//.s-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (63 mg, 48%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.34 (s, 1H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, 1H), 7.56-7.52 (m, 1H), 7.43 (t, 1H), 7.08 (d, 1H), 6.98-6.91 (m, 2H), 6.81-6.75 (m, 1H), 3.77-3.69 (m, 4H), 3.64- 3.45 (m, 3H), 2.38-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.13-2.02 (m, 4H), 1.81-1.68 (m, 6H), 1.68-1.59 (m, 2H), 1.51-1.36 (m, 3H), 1.36-1.22 (m, 2H), 1.12-0.95 (m, 6H), 0.89-0.74 (m, 11H), -0.03 (s, 6H); LCMS: 656.6 [M+H]+.
Step 5: /ra/?.s V-(3-(l-Cyclopropyl-l//-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-Ar-((t/Yi/?.v-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00492] Aqueous hydrochloric acid (6 N, 0.13 mL, 0.78 mmol) was added to a solution of /ra//.s-4-((/c77-butyl di methyl si lyl )oxy)-A-(3 -( 1 -cyd opropyl - 1 //-pyrazol -4-yl )phenyl )-Af- ((/ra//.s-4-(4-m ethoxy-3 -methyl phenyl )cyclohexyl (methyl )cyclohexanecarboxamide (62 mg, 0.095 mmol), methanol (0.5 mL), and tetrahydrofuran (0.5 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction was allowed to warm to rt, stirred for 40 min, poured into 20 mL cold sat’d NaHCO,, and then extracted with EtOAc. The organics were washed with 20 mL sat’d NaHCO-, and washed with 20 mL brine. The first aqueous wash was extracted with 20 mL EtOAc. The combined extracts were dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-7% C¾OH in CH2CI2) to give trans-N-(3-( 1 -cyd opropyl - 1 //-pyrazol -4- yl (phenyl )-4-hydroxy-A -((//<7//.s-4-(4-m ethoxy-3 - methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (50 mg, 98%) as an off-white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.34 (s, 1H), 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, 1H), 7.56-7.51 (m, 1H), 7.44 (t, 1H), 7.09 (d, 1H), 6.98-6.92 (m, 2H), 6.81-6.75 (m, 1H), 4.39 (d, 1H), 3.78- 3.69 (m, 4H), 3.63-3.48 (m, 2H), 3.30-3.20 (m, 1H), 2.38-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.09 (s, 3H), 2.08- 1.99 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.68 (m, 6H), 1.67-1.58 (m, 2H), 1.48-1.37 (m, 3H), 1.32-1.20 (m, 2H), 1.11-0.95 (m, 6H), 0.81-0.67 (m, 2H); LCMS: 542.5 [M+H]+.
Step 6: trans-4-((3-(l-Cyclopropyl-l -pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl 4-methoxypiperidine-l- carboxylate
[00493] A mixture of trans-N-( -( 1 -cyd opropyl - 1 //-pyrazol -4-yl )phenyl (-4-hydroxy-A- ((/ra//.s-4-(4-m ethoxy-3 -methyl phenyl (cyclohexyl (methyl (cyclohexanecarboxamide (200 mg, 0.369 mmol), CDI (96 mg, 0.592 mmol), and acetonitrile (4 mL) was heated at 80 °C for 95 min. Additional CDI (99 mg, 0.611 mmol) was added to the reaction, and the reaction was heated for 95 min and then cooled to rt. A portion of this solution (2 mL, 0.185 mmol) was added to 4-methoxypiperidine (209 mg, 1.814 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 2.5 h, diluted (15 mL EtOAc), washed (15 mL water and then 15 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-5% CH3OH in CH2CI2) to give /ra//.s-4-((3-( l -cyclopropyl - 1 //-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)((/ra//.s-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl 4-methoxypiperidine- 1 -carboxylate (108 mg, 86%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.34 (s, 1H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.44 (t, 1H), 7.10 (d, 1H), 6.97-6.90 (m, 2H), 6.81-6.74 (m, 1H), 4.41-4.31 (m, 1H), 3.78-3.68 (m, 4H), 3.65-3.43 (m, 3H), 3.31-3.24 (m, 1H), 3.20 (s, 3H), 3.05-2.92 (m, 2H), 2.37-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.05 (m, 4H), 1.89-1.81 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.64 (m, 8H), 1.54-1.18 (m, 8H), 1.11-1.04 (m, 3H), 1.03-0.96 (m, 3H), 0.96-0.86 (m, 2H); LCMS: 683.5 [M+H]+.
[00494] The Compounds below were synthesized from the appropriate Intermediates and the appropriate amines following the procedures described for Compound 1.
Figure imgf000218_0001
Figure imgf000219_0002
Alternate conditions: Step 6a: 1.5 eq of CDI usually sufficient for full conversion to acyl imidazole; Step 6b: iPr2NEt (2 equiv relative to amine) was added when the amine was an HC1 salt.
Compound 2
/ra/i.s-4-((3-(l-Isopropyl-l//-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)((tra/i.v-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin- 2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl 3-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methylazetidine-l- carboxylate
Figure imgf000219_0001
Step 1 : 3-(l-Isopropyl-l -pyrazol-4-yl)-A-((trans-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)aniline
[00495] Intermediate 1.01 (3.49 g, 14.96 mmol) and then sodium triacetoxyborohydride (5.12 g, 24.16 mmol) were added to a solution Intermediate 8.01 (3.01 g, 14.94 mmol) and dichloromethane (45 mL) at 0 °C. The ice bath was removed after 5 min. The mixture was stirred for 1 h, diluted with EtOAc (90 mL), washed (25 mL 3M K2C03 and then 25 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-50% EtOAc in hexanes) to give 3-(l-isopropyl-liT-pyrazol-4-yl)-/V-((/ra ,-4-(5-methoxy-6- methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)aniline (5.89 g, 94%) as a white solid. 1H NIV1R (400 MHz, DMSO-r¾): d 8.06 (d, 1H), 7.71 (s, 1H), 7.21 (d, 1H), 7.05-6.99 (m, 2H), 6.75-6.72 (m, 1H), 6.72-6.68 (m, 1H), 6.42 (dd, 1H), 5.55 (t, 1H), 4.49 (sept, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 2.93 (t, 2H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 1.99-1.91 (m, 2H), 1.90-1.81 (m, 2H), 1.68-1.54 (m, 1H), 1.53-1.40 (m, 9H), 1.16-1.04 (m, 2H); LCMS: 419.4 [M+H]+.
Step 2: /ra/i.v-4-((fe/7-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-/V-(3-(l-isopropyl-l//-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-
/V-((/ra/i.v-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00496] Intermediate 12 (100 mL, 75 mg/mL, 27.09 mmol) was added dropwise to a mixture of 3-(l-isopropyl-liT-pyrazol-4-yl)-/V-((/ra ,-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyri din-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)aniline (5.89 g, 14.07 mmol), pyridine (4.5 mL, 55.64 mmol), and CH2Cl2 (25 mL) at rt. The mixture was stirred for 100 min, poured into 25 mL EtOAc, washed (100 mL water, 100 mL sat’d NaHC03, and then 100 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-40% EtOAc in hexanes) to give /ra//.s-4-((/tv7-butyl di methyl si 1 yl )oxy)-Af-(3 -( 1 -i sopropyl - 1 //-pyrazol -4- yl)phenyl)-A-((/ra//.s-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (8.19 g, 91%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.31 (s, 1H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, 1H), 7.56-7.51 (m, 1H), 7.43 (t, 1H), 7.18 (d, 1H), 7.07 (d, 1H), 6.98 (d, 1H), 4.50 (sept, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.65-3.43 (m, 3H), 2.47-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.15-2.02 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.59 (m, 8H), 1.51-1.30 (m, 11H), 1.12-0.96 (m, 2H), 0.89-0.65 (m, 11H), -0.03 (s, 6H); LCMS: 659.6 [M+H]+.
Step 3: /ra/i.s-4-Hydroxy-Ar-(3-(l-isopropyl-l//-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-Ar-((t/Yi/i.v-4-(5- methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00497] Aqueous hydrochloric acid (1 N, 17 mL, 17 mmol) was added to a solution of trans- 4-((/er/-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-A-(4-(2-isopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyri din-2 -yl)-A-((/ra«x-4-(5- methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (8.19 g, 12.43 mmol), CH3OH (35 mL), and THF (35 mL) at 0 °C. The ice/water bath was removed. The reaction was stirred at rt for 155 min, cooled in an ice/water bath, diluted with sat’d NaHC03 (50 mL), and then extracted with EtOAc (100 mL). The organic layer was washed (50 mL sat’d NaHC03 and then 50 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-3.5% CH3OH in CH2Cl2) to give /ra//.s-4-hydroxy- A-(3-(l -isopropyl- liT-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-/V-((/ra ,-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyri din-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (6.29 g, 89%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.32 (s, 1H), 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, 1H), 7.56-7.52 (m, 1H), 7.44 (t, 1H), 7.18 (d, 1H), 7.08 (d, 1H), 6.98 (d, 1H), 4.50 (sept, 1H), 4.38 (d, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.68- 3.37 (m, 2H), 3.31-3.20 (m, 1H), 2.48-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.10-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.85- 1.68 (m, 6H), 1.68-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.50-1.35 (m, 11H), 1.12-0.98 (m, 2H), 0.89-0.65 (m, 2H); LCMS: 545.5 [M+H]+.
Step 4: trans-4-((3-(l -Isopropyl- l -pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)((trans-4-(5-methoxy-6- methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl 3-(hydroxymethyl)-3- methylazetidine-l-carboxylate
[00498] A mixture of /ra//.s-4-hydroxy-A-(3 -( 1 -i sopropyl - 1 //-pyrazol -4-yl )phenyl )-Af- ((/ra//.s-4-(5-m ethoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl (methyl )cyclohexanecarboxamide (5.5 mg, 0.928 mmol), CDI (227 mg, 1.40 mmol), and CH3CN (5 mL) was heated at 80 °C for 3.5 h. Additional CDI (74 mg, 0.46 mmol) was added at rt, and the reaction was heated at 80 °C for 1.5 h and then allowed to cool to rt. A portion of this solution (0.6 mL, 0.11 mmol) was added to a mixture of (3 -methylazeti din-3 -yl)m ethanol hydrochloride (81 mg, 0.59 mmol) and iPr2NEt (0.3 mL, 1.7 mmol) at rt. The reaction was stirred at rt for 2.5 h and then placed in the freezer. The next day, the reaction was diluted with 20 mL EtOAc, washed (20 mL H20 and 20 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-5% CH3OH in CH2Cl2) to give /ra//.s-4-((3-( l -isopropyl - 1 //-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)((//-< v-4-(5-methoxy-6-m ethyl pyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl 3 -(hydroxymethyl)-3 -methylazeti dine- 1- carboxylate (70 mg, 93%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-r¾): d 8.33 (s, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, 1H), 7.58-7.54 (m, 1H), 7.44 (t, 1H), 7.19 (d, 1H), 7.10 (d, 1H), 6.99 (d, 1H), 4.87 (t, 1H), 4.56-4.44 (m, 1H), 4.37-4.27 (m, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.70-3.45 (m, 4H), 3.34 (d, 2H), 3.27 (d, 2H), 2.54-2.43 (m, 1H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.18-2.08 (m, 1H), 1.88-1.66 (m, 8H), 1.54-1.30 (m, 11H), 1.13-0.99 (m, 5H), 0.98-0.83 (m, 2H); LCMS: 672.6 [M+H]+.
[00499] The Compounds below were synthesized from the appropriate Intermediates and the appropriate amines following the procedures described for Compound 2.
Figure imgf000221_0001
Figure imgf000222_0002
Alternate conditions: Step 1 : DCE instead of CH2Cl2; Step 4a: 1.5 eq of CDI usually sufficient for full conversion to acyl imidazole; Step 4b: iPr2NEt not used when the amine was a free base.
Compound 3
irans-4-((4-(2-Isopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridine-2-yl)((irans-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin- 2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl 4-hydroxy-4-methylpiperidine-l- carboxylate
Figure imgf000222_0001
Step 1 : 4-(2-Isopropyloxazol-4-yl)-A-((trans-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine
[00500] Intermediate 1.01 (631 mg, 2.70 mmol) and then sodium triacetoxyborohydride (917 mg, 4.33 mmol) were added to a solution of Intermediate 9.01 (502 mg, 2.47 mmol) and dichloromethane (9 mL) at 0 °C. The ice/water bath was removed, and the mixture was stirred at rt overnight, washed with 3.0 M K2C03 (11 mL), and then extracted with EtOAc (5 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, and then concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-100% EtOAc in hexanes) to give 4-(2-isopropyloxazol-4-yl)-Af-((/ra//.s-4-(5-methoxy-6- methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)m ethyl )pyridin-2-amine (801 mg, 77%) as a white powder. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-T¾): d 8.53 (s, 1H), 7.99 (d, 1H), 7.26 (d, 1H), 7.01 (d, 1H), 6.89 (s, 1H), 6.74 (dd, 1H), 6.67 (t, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.16-3.08 (m, 3H), 2.55-2.44 (m, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 1.98-1.82 (m, 4H), 1.67-1.53 (m, 1H), 1.50-1.47 (m, 1H), 1.30 (d, 6H), 1.13-1.02 (m, 2H); LCMS: 421.4 [M+H]+.
Step 2: tra/f.v-4-((fe/7-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-/V-(4-(2-isopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyndin-2-yl)-
/V-((tra/i.v-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00501] Intermediate 12 (2.6 mL, 58 mg/mL, 3.14 mmol) was added dropwise to a mixture of 4-(2-i sopropyloxazol -4-yl)-A-((/ra//.s-4-(5-methoxy-6-rn ethyl pyri din-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine (825 mg, 1.96 mmol), DMAP (239 mg, 1.96 mmol), toluene (3.0 mL), and Et3N (1.10 mL, 7.85 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 1 h, cooled to rt, washed with 1 M KH2P04 (15 mL), and then extracted with EtOAc (10 mL).
The organic layer was washed with brine (10 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, and then concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-50% EtOAc in hexanes) to give /ra//.s-4-((/c77-butyldi methyl si lyl)oxy)-Af-(4-(2-isopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin- 2-yl)-A-((/ra//.s-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (1.16 g, 89%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.85 (s, 1H), 8.54 (d, 1H), 7.73-7.67 (m, 2H), 7.18 (d, 1H), 6.96 (d, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.71-3.67 (m, 2H), 3.59-3.47 (m, 1H), 3.15 (sep, 1H), 2.50-2.43 (m, 1H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.26-2.15 (m, 1H), 1.70-1.59 (m, 8H), 1.52-1.39 (m, 3H), 1.37-1.25 (m, 8H), 1.09-0.90 (m, 4H), 0.79 (s, 9H), 0.14 (s, 6H); LCMS: 661.7 [M+H]+.
Step 3: tranx-4-Hydroxy-A-(4-(2-isopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-A-((tranx-4-(5- methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00502] Aqueous hydrochloric acid (1 N, 2.60 mL, 2.60 mmol) was added to a solution of /ra//.s-4-((/c77-butyldi methyl si lyl)oxy)-A -(4-(2-isopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-Af-((/ra//.s- 4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (1.15 g,
1.74 mmol), CH3OH (5.5 mL), and THF (5.5 mL) at 0 °C. The ice/water bath was removed. The reaction was stirred at rt for 3 h, cooled in an ice/water bath, diluted with sat’d NaHC03 (10 mL), and then extracted with EtOAc (2 x 10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL), dried (Na2S0 ), filtered, and then concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-100% EtOAc in CH2Cl2 and then 0-10% CH3OH in CH2Cl2) to give /ra//.s-4-hydroxy-Af-(4-(2-isopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-Af-((/ra//.s-4-(5- methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (881 mg, 92%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.84 (s, 1H), 8.54 (d, 1H), 7.73-7.67 (m, 2H), 7.18 (d, 1H), 6.97 (d, 1H), 4.43 (d, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.71-3.67 (m, 2H), 3.33-3.23 (m, 1H), 3.16 (sep, 1H), 2.50-2.43 (m, 1H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.20-2.13 (m, 1H), 1.81-1.68 (m, 8H), 1.50-1.35 (m, 3H), 1.34-1.25 (m, 8H), 1.09-0.97 (m, 2H), 0.95-0.87 (m, 2H); LCMS: 547.6 [M+H]+.
Step 4: trans-4-((4-(2-Isopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridine-2-yl)((trans-4-(5-methoxy-6- methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl 4-hydroxy-4- methylpiperidine-l-carboxylate
[00503] A mixture of /ra//.s-4-hydroxy-A-(4-(2-isopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-Af- ((/ra//.s-4-(5-m ethoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl (methyl )cyclohexanecarboxamide (45 mg, 0.082 mmol), CDI (21 mg, 0.13 mmol), and acetonitrile (1 mL) was heated at 80 °C overnight and then cooled to rt. 4-Methoxy-4-methylpiperidine hydrochloride (50 mg, 0.32 mmol) and iPr2NEt (0.15 mL, 0.86 mmol) were added to the reaction. The mixture was stirred at rt for 3 d, diluted with EtOAc (15 mL), washed (15 mL water and then 15 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), and then concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-5% CH3OH in CH2Cl2) to give /ra//.s-4-((4-(2-isopropyloxazol-4- yl)pyridine-2-yl)((//-< v-4-(5-methoxy-6-m ethyl pyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl 4-hydroxy-4-methylpiperidine-l-carboxylate (44 mg, 77%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.84 (s, 1H), 8.54 (d, 1H), 7.74 (s, 1H), 7.69 (d, 1H), 7.18 (d, 1H), 6.97 (d, 1H), 4.44-4.32 (m, 1H), 4.30 (s, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.72-3.64 (m, 2H), 3.58-3.34 (m, 2H), 3.16 (sept, 1H), 3.12-3.00 (m, 2H), 2.47-2.39 (m, 1H), 2.34-2.16 (m, 4H), 1.94-1.67 (m, 8H), 1.56-1.41 (m, 3H), 1.40-1.25 (m, 12H), 1.13-0.94 (m, 7H); LCMS: 688.5 [M+H]+.
[00504] The Compounds below were synthesized from the appropriate Intermediates and the appropriate amines following the procedures described for Compound 3.
Figure imgf000224_0001
Figure imgf000225_0001
Figure imgf000226_0001
Figure imgf000227_0001
Figure imgf000228_0001
Figure imgf000229_0001
Figure imgf000230_0001
Figure imgf000231_0001
Figure imgf000232_0001
Figure imgf000233_0001
Figure imgf000234_0001
Figure imgf000235_0001
Figure imgf000236_0002
Alternate conditions: Step 1 : DCE instead of CH2Cl2; Step 2: Et3N, DCM, rt, 20 h; Step 4: iPr2NEt not used when the amine was a free base. Additional step: ' From Compound 3.32 (1 M NaOH, THF, CH3OH, rt); 2From Compound 3.35, 3Compound 3.49, or 4 Compound 3.52 (NaH, DMF, 0 °C-rt, 30 min; CH3I, 0 °C-rt, 2-16 h).
Compound 4
/ra/f.s-4-((4-(l-Isopropyl-l//-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)((t/Y//f.v-4-(5-methoxy-6- methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl (tetrahydro-2//-pyran-4- yl)carbamate
Figure imgf000236_0001
Step 1 : 4-(l-Isopropyl-l//-pyrazol-4-yl)-/V-((fra«,s-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine
[00505] Intermediate 1.01 (3.00 g, 12.86 mmol) and then sodium triacetoxyborohydride (3.96 g, 18.68 mmol) were added to a solution of Intermediate 8 (1.76 g, 8.83 mmol) and dichloromethane (35 mL) at 0 °C. The ice bath was removed after 10 min. The reaction was stirred overnight, diluted with EtOAc (70 mL), washed (35 mL 3M K2C03 and then 35 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), and then concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (50-100% EtOAc/hexanes) to give 4-( 1 -i sopropyl - 1 //-pyrazol -4-yl )-A- ((/ra//.s-4-(5-m ethoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl (methyl )pyridin-2-amine (4.36 g,
89%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.23 (s, 1H), 7.88 (d, 1H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.21 (d, 1H), 7.01 (d, 1H), 6.66 (dd, 1H), 6.61 (s, 1H), 6.38 (t, 1H), 4.51 (sept, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.13 (t, 2H), 2.57-2.51 (m, 1H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 1.96-1.78 (m, 4H), 1.68-1.52 (m, 1H),
1.51-1.36 (m, 8H), 1.13-1.00 (m, 2H), LCMS: 420.3 [M+H]+.
Step 2: /ra/f.v-4-((fe/7-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-/V-(4-(l-isopropyl-l//-pyrazol-4-yl)pyndin-
2-yl)-/V-((//Yi/f.s-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00506] Intermediate 12 (58 mg/mL toluene solution, 54 mL, 11.31 mmol) was added to a solution 4-(l -isopropyl- liT-pyrazol-4-yl)-/V-((/ra ,-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine (2.30 g, 5.48 mmol), DMAP (675 mg, 5.53 mmol), Et3N (3.1 mL, 22.24 mmol), and toluene (10 mL). The mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 30 min, cooled to rt, diluted with EtOAc (50 mL), washed (50 mL water, 50 mL saturated NaHC03 and then 50 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-50% EtOAc in hexanes) to give trans-4-((tert- butyldi methyl si lyl)oxy)-A -(4-( l -i sopropyl - 1 //-pyrazol -4-yl )pyridin-2-yl)-Af-((/ra//.s-4-(5- methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (3.02 g, 84%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.55 (s, 1H), 8.42 (d, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.56 (dd, 1H), 7.18 (d, 1H), 6.97 (d, 1H), 4.52 (sept, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.67 (d, 2H), 3.57-3.45 (m, 1H), 2.47-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.25-2.10 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.66 (m, 8H),
1.52-1.37 (m, 9H), 1.37-1.26 (m, 2H), 1.05-0.85 (m, 4H), 0.79 (s, 9H), -0.02 (s, 6H); LCMS: 660.7 [M+H]+.
Step 3: /ra/?.s-4-Hydroxy-Ar-(4-(l-isopropyl-l//-pyrazol-4-yl)pyndin-2-yl)-Ar-((t/Yi/?.v-4-(5- methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00507] Aqueous hydrochloric acid (1N, 6.5 mL, 6.5 mmol) was added to a solution of /ra//.s-4-((/tv7-butyl di methyl si lyl )oxy)-A-(4-( 1 -i sopropyl - 1 //-pyrazol -4-yl )pyri di n-2-yl )-N- ((//< v-4-(5-m ethoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl (cyclohexyl (methyl )cycl oh exanecarboxamide (3.02 g, 4.58 mmol), methanol (13 mL), and tetrahydrofuran (13 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction was allowed to warm to rt, stirred for 3 h, diluted with EtOAc (100 mL), washed (2x 100 mL sat’d NaHC03 and then 100 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), filtered, and then concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-5% CH3OH in CH2CI2) to give trans-4- ((4-(l -isopropyl- liT-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)((/ra«5-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl (tetrahydro-2//-pyran-4-yl (carba ate (1.95 g, 78%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.55 (s, 1H), 8.43 (d, 1H), 8.14 (s, 1H), 7.64 (d, 1H), 7.57 (dd, 1H), 7.18 (d, 1H), 6.97 (d, 1H), 4.53 (sept, 1H), 4.40 (d, 1H),
3.74 (s, 3H), 3.37 (d, 2H), 3.32-3.22 (m, 1H), 2.48-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.20-2.05 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.66 (m, 8H), 1.48-1.25 (m, 11H), 1.09-0.93 (m, 2H), 0.88-0.70 (m, 2H); LCMS: 546.5 [M+H]+.
Step 4: trans-4- {4- \ -Isopropyl- l/ -pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)((trans-4-(5-methoxy-6- methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl (tetrahydro-2//-pyran-4- yl)carbamate
[00508] A mixture of /ra//.s-4-hydroxy-A-(4-( 1 -i sopropyl - 1 //-pyrazol -4-yl )pyri di n-2-yl (-A- ((/ra//.s-4-(5-m ethoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl(cyclohexyl (methyl (cyclohexanecarboxamide (503 mg, 0.922 mmol), CDI (227 mg, 1.40 mmol), and acetonitrile (10 mL) was heated at 80 °C for 220 min and then cooled to rt. A portion of this solution (2 mL, 0.184 mmol) was added to tetrahydro-2//-pyran-4-amine (75 rng, 0.74 mmol), and the mixture was stirred at rt overnight. Additional tetrahydro-2//-pyran-4-amine (75 rng, 0.74 mmol) was added to the reaction. The mixture was stirred for 3 days, diluted with EtOAc (15 mL), washed (15 mL water and then 15 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), and then concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-5% CH3OH/CH2CI2) to give /ra//.s-4-((4-( l - i sopropyl - 1 //-pyrazol -4-yl (pyridin-2-yl(((/ra//.s-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl (tetrahydro-2//-pyran-4-yl (carbarn ate (95 mg, 77%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.55 (s, 1H), 8.43 (d, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 7.60-7.56 (m, 1H), 7.18 (d, 1H), 7.02 (d, 1H), 6.97 (d, 1H), 4.52 (sept, 1H), 4.43-4.29 (m, 1H), 3.82-3.72 (m, 5H), 3.72-3.63 (m, 2H), 3.50-3.35 (m, 1H), 3.31-3.20 (m, 2H), 2.48-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.33-2.15 (m, 4H), 1.94-1.70 (m, 8H), 1.67-1.59 (m, 2H), 1.56-1.39 (m, 9H), 1.39-1.24 (m, 4H), 1.09-0.88 (m, 4H); LCMS: 673.4 [M+H]+.
[00509] The Compounds below were synthesized from the appropriate Intermediates and the appropriate amines following the procedures described for Compound 4.
Figure imgf000238_0001
Figure imgf000239_0001
Figure imgf000240_0001
Figure imgf000241_0001
Figure imgf000242_0001
Figure imgf000243_0001
Figure imgf000244_0002
Alternate conditions: Step 1 : DCE instead of CH2Cl2; Step 2: Pyridine instead of toluene, also Et3N, CH2Cl2, 0 °C-rt; Step 4: iPr2NEt (2 equiv relative to amine) added when the amine was an HC1 salt. Additional step: 1 From Compound 4.08 or 2Compound 4.11 (NaH, DMF, 0 °C-rt, 30 min; CH3I, 0 °C- rt, 2-16 h).
Compound 5
/ra/i.s-4-((4-(2-Cyclopropylthiazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)(((t/Yi/i.v)-4-(5-methoxy-6- methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl 2-oxa-6- azaspiro[3.3]heptane-6-carboxylate
Figure imgf000244_0001
Step 1 : 4-(2-Cyclopropylthiazol-5-yl)-/V-((tra/i.v-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine
[00510] Intermediate 6.01 (155 mg, 0.715 mmol) and then sodium triacetoxyborohydride (244 mg, 1.15 mmol) were added to a solution Intermediate 1.01 (88% pure, 188 mg, 0.708 mmol) in l,2-dichloroethane (7 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction was stirred at rt for 35 min, heated at 40 °C for 2 h, allowed to cool to rt, diluted with 50 mL EtOAc, washed (40 mL sat’d NaHCCL and 40 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (20-70% EtOAc in hexanes) to give 4-(2-cyclopropylthiazol-5-yl)-/V- ((/ra//.s-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl )pyridin-2-amine (199 mg, 65%) as an off-white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-r¾): d 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.95 (d, 1H),
7.21 (d, 1H), 7.01 (d, 1H), 6.72-6.67 (m, 2H), 6.60-6.58 (m, 1H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.15 (t, 2H), 2.58-2.48 (m, 1H), 2.48-2.39 (m, 1H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 1.94-1.81 (m, 4H), 1.66-1.52 (m, 1H), 1.51-1.37 (m, 2H), 1.19-0.98 (m, 6H); LCMS: 435.3 [M+H]+.
Step 2: tra/i.v-4-((fe/7-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-/V-(4-(2-cyclopropylthiazol-5-yl)pyndin-2- yl)-/V-((tra/i.v-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00511] Intermediate 12 (1.6 mL toluene solution, 0.42 mmol) was added to a mixture of 4- (2-cyclopropylthiazol-5-yl)-Af-((/ra//.s-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine (90 mg, 0.21 mmol), DMAP (25 mg, 0.20 mmol), and pyridine (1.5 mL). The reaction was heated at 80 °C for 2.5 h, allowed to cool to rt, diluted with 20 mL EtOAc, washed (20 mL sat’d NaHC03, 20 mL H20, and 20 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (20-50% EtOAc in hexanes) to give /ra ,-4-((/er/-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-/V-(4-(2-cyclopropylthiazol- 5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-A-((/ra//.s-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (106 mg, 76%) as a pale yellow foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.51 (d, 1H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 7.69-7.65 (m, 1H), 7.55 (dd, 1H), 7.19 (d, 1H), 6.97 (d, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.70 (s, 2H), 3.58-3.47 (m, 1H), 2.48-2.43 (m, 2H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.24-2.15 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.69 (m, 8H), 1.52-1.39 (m, 3H), 1.38-1.27 (m, 2H), 1.22-1.15 (m, 2H), 1.08-0.90 (m, 6H), 0.80 (s, 9H), -0.01 (s, 6H); LCMS: 675.6 [M+H]+.
Step 3: /ra/?.s V-(4-(2-Cyclopropylthiazol-5-yl)pyndin-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-Ar-((tra/?.v-4-(5- methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00512] Aqueous hydrochloric acid (1 N, 0.20 mL, 0.20 mmol) was added to a solution of /ra//.s-4-((/t77-butyldi methyl si lyl)oxy)-A -(4-(2-cyclopropylthiazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-Af- ((/ra//.s-4-(5-m ethoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl (methyl )cyclohexanecarboxamide (101 mg, 0.149 mmol), THF (1 mL), and CH3OH (1 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction was stirred at rt for 3.5 h, cooled to 0 °C, diluted with 20 mL sat’d NaHC03, and then extracted with 20 mL EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed (20 mL sat’d NaHC03 and then 20 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-7% CH3OH in CH2Cl2) to give /ra//.s-A-(4-(2-cyclopropylthiazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-Af- ((/ra//.s-4-(5-m ethoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl (methyl (cyclohexanecarboxamide (76 mg, 91%) as an off-white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.52 (d, 1H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 7.69-7.66 (m, 1H), 7.55 (dd, 1H), 7.19 (d, 1H), 6.98 (d, 1H), 4.43 (d, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.70 (d, 2H), 3.31-3.24 (m, 1H), 2.48-2.41 (m, 2H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.21-2.10 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.67 (m, 8H), 1.50-1.37 (m, 3H), 1.37-1.26 (m, 2H), 1.22-1.15 (m, 2H), 1.08-0.94 (m, 4H), 0.92-0.78 (m, 2H); LCMS: 561.4 [M+H]+.
Step 4: trans-4-((4-(2-Cyclopropylthiazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)(((trans)-4-(5-methoxy-6- methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl 2-oxa-6- azaspiro[3.3]heptane-6-carboxylate
[00513] A solution of //<7//.s-A-(4-(2-cyclopropylthiazol-5-yl(pyridin-2-yl(-4-hydroxy-A- ((/ra//.s-4-(5-m ethoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl(cyclohexyl (methyl (cyclohexanecarboxamide (299 mg, 0.53 mmol), CDI (130 mg, 0.80 mmol), and CH3CN (3 mL) was heated at 80 °C overnight, and then cooled to rt. 2-Oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptane (43 mg, 0.43 mmol) was added to a portion of this solution (0.55 mL, 0.098 mmol). The mixture was stirred at rt for 3 days, diluted with EtOAc (10 mL), washed (10 mL water and then 10 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-100% EtOAc in CH2CI2 then 0-10% CH3OH in CH2CI2) to give /ra//.s-4-((4-(2-cyclopropylthiazol- 5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)((//v///.s-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3 3]heptane-6-carboxylate (48 mg, 71%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.52 (d, 1H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.55 (dd, 1H), 7.19 (d, 1H), 6.98 (d, 1H), 4.60 (s, 4H), 4.40-4.29 (m, 1H), 3.98 (s, 4H), 3.77-3.68 (m, 5H), 2.50-2.44 (m, 2H), 2.32-2.20 (m, 4H), 1.90-1.71 (m, 8H), 1.55-1.40 (m, 3H), 1.39-1.26 (m, 2H), 1.22-1.16 (m, 2H), 1.10-0.95 (m, 6H); LCMS: 686.5 [M+H]+.
[00514] The Compounds below were synthesized from the appropriate Intermediates and the appropriate amines following the procedures described for Compound 5.
Figure imgf000246_0001
Figure imgf000247_0002
salt.
Compound 6
/ra/i.v-4-((4-(l-Isopropyl-l//-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)(((//Y//i.v)-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl (tetrahydro-2//-pyran-4- yl)carbamate
Figure imgf000247_0001
Step 1 : 4-(l-Isopropyl-l -pyrazol-4-yl)-A-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine
[00515] Intermediate 1 (2.50 g, 10.71 mmol) and then sodium triacetoxyborohydride (3.31 g, 15.58 mmol) were added to a solution of Intermediate 8 (1.97 g, 9.74 mmol) in dichloromethane (30 mL) at 0 °C. The ice/water bath was removed. The mixture was stirred at rt overnight, diluted with 30 mL EtOAc, and washed with 3.0 M K2C03 (40 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with 15 mL EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, and concentrated to give 4-(l -isopropyl- \H- pyrazol -4-yl)-Af-((/ra//.s-4-(4-methoxy-3 -methyl phenyl )cyclohexyl (methyl )pyridin-2-amine (4.40 g) as a light tan foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.24 (s, 1H), 7.89 (d, 1H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.00-6.94 (m, 2H), 6.83-6.78 (m, 1H), 6.66 (dd, 1H), 6.61 (s, 1H), 6.40 (t, 1H), 4.51 (sep, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.14 (t, 2H), 2.42-2.33 (m, 1H), 2.11 (s, 3H), 1.95-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.68-1.53 (m, 1H), 1.47-1.32 (m, 8H), 1.15-0.98 (m, 2H); LCMS: 419.4 [M+H]+.
Step 2: /ra/f.v-4-((fe/7-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-/V-(4-(l-isopropyl-l//-pyrazol-4-yl)pyndin- 2-yl)- V-((//Y//7v-4-(4-metho\y-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00516] Toluene (28 mL) and triethylamine (7.38 mL, 52.94 mmol) were added to a mixture of 4-( 1 -isopropyl - 1 //-pyrazol -4-yl)-A-((/ra//.s-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine (5.92 g, 13.23 mmol) and DMAP (1.62 g, 13.2 mmol) in a 250 mL RB flask. Intermediate 12 (111 mL, 58.4 mg/mL, 23.41 mmol) was added to the mixture via syringe. The mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 1 h, cooled to rt, and washed with aq. KH2P04 (1.0 M, 103 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with 50 mL EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2 x 100 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-50% EtOAc in hexanes) to give /ra//.s-4-((/c77-butyl di methyl si 1 yl )oxy)-Af-(4-( 1 -i sopropyl - 1 //-pyrazol -4- yl )pyri din-2 -yl)-A-((/m/7x-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (5.90 g, 67% over 2 steps) as an off-white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMS0 ): d 8.57 (s, 1H), 8.44 (d, 1H), 8.15 (s, 1H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, 1H), 6.98-6.92 (m, 2H), 6.82-6.77 (m, 1H), 4.54 (sep, 1H), 3.75-3.65 (m, 5H), 3.59-3.47 (m, 1H), 2.38-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.25-2.15 (m, 1H), 2.09 (s, 3H), 1.83-1.69 (m, 8H), 1.52-1.39 (m, 9H), 1.35-1.22 (m, 2H), 1.08-0.87 (m, 4H), 0.81 (s, 9H), 0.00 (s, 6H); LCMS: 659.6 [M+H]+.
Step 3: i/Y«i.v-4-Hydroxy-/V-(4-(l-isopropyl-l//-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-/V-((t/Y«i.v-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00517] Aqueous hydrochloric acid (1 N, 13.6 mL, 13.56 mmol) was added to a solution of /ra ,-4-((/er/-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-/V-(4-(l -isopropyl- l/7-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-/V- ((/ra«s-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (5.96 g, 9.04 mmol), CH3OH (30 mL), and THF (30 mL) at 0 °C. The ice/water bath was removed. The reaction was stirred at rt for 1 h, cooled in an ice/water bath, diluted with sat’d NaHC03 (45 mL), and then extracted with 100 mL EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with brine (100 mL), dried (Na2S0 ), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-10% CH3OH in CH2CI2). The material was re-purified by silica gel chromatography (0-100% EtOAc in CH2CI2 then 0-10% CH3OH in CH2CI2) to give trans-4- hydroxy-/V-(4-(l-isopropyl-li -pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-/V-((/ra ,-4-(4-m ethoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (4.3 g, 87%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.56 (s, 1H), 8.44 (d, 1H), 8.14 (s, 1H), 7.65 (s, 1H), 7.56 (d, 1H), 6.96-6.91 (m, 2H), 6.80-6.75 (m, 1H), 4.53 (sep, 1H), 4.43 (d, 1H), 3.71-3.67 (m, 5H), 3.33-3.25 (m, 1H), 2.35-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.21-2.08 (m, 4H), 1.85-1.67 (m, 8H), 1.51-1.35 (m, 9H), 1.35-1.20 (m, 2H), 1.09-0.95 (m, 2H), 0.92-0.77 (m, 2H); LCMS: 545.4 [M+H]+.
Step 4: trans-4-((4-(l-Isopropyl-l -pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)(((trans)-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl (tetrahydro-2//-pyran-4- yl)carbamate
[00518] A solution of /ra//.s-4-hydroxy-Af-(4-( 1 -i sopropyl - 1 //-pyrazol -4-yl )pyridin-2-yl)-Af- ((/ra//.s-4-(4-m ethoxy-3 -methyl phenyl )cyclohexyl (methyl )cyclohexanecarboxamide (750 mg, 1.38 mmol), CDI (338 mg, 2.08 mmol), and C¾CN (8 mL) was heated at 80 °C overnight, and then cooled to rt. 4-Aminotetrahydropyran (43 pL, 0.42 mmol) was added to a portion of this solution (0.6 mL, 0.105 mmol). The mixture was stirred at rt overnight. Additional 4- aminotetrahydropyran (43 pL, 0.42 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred at rt overnight. Additional 4-aminotetrahydropyran (43 pL, 0.42 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at rt overnight, diluted with EtOAc (10 mL), washed (10 mL sat’d NaHC03 and then 10 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-100% EtOAc in CH2CI2 and then 0-10% CH3OH in CH2CI2) to give trans-4-((4-(\ -isopropyl- liT-pyrazol -4-yl)pyri din-2-yl)((/m«5-4-(4-m ethoxy-3 - methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl (tetrahydro-2//-pyran-4- yl)carbamate (67 mg, 93%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.56 (s, 1H), 8.44 (d, 1H), 8.15 (s, 1H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, 1H), 7.04 (d, 1H), 6.97-6.91 (m, 2H), 6.80- 6.75 (m, 1H), 4.53 (sep, 1H), 4.42-4.32 (m, 1H), 3.82-3.66 (m, 7H), 3.48-3.35 (m, 1H), 3.27 (t, 2H), 2.37-2.18 (m, 2H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.92-1.75 (m, 6H), 1.75-1.60 (m, 4H), 1.55-1.40 (m, 9H), 1.39-1.20 (m, 4H), 1.09-0.92 (m, 4H); LCMS: 672.5 [M+H]+.
[00519] The Compounds below were synthesized from the appropriate Intermediates and the appropriate amines following the procedures described for Compound 6.
Figure imgf000249_0001
Figure imgf000250_0001
Figure imgf000251_0001
Figure imgf000252_0002
Alternate conditions: Step 4: iPr2NEt (2 equiv relative to amine) added when the amine was an HC1 or oxalate salt.
Compound 7
/ra/i.s-4-((4-(2-Isopropylthiazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)((tra/i.v-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl 4-hydroxypiperidine-l- carboxylate
Figure imgf000252_0001
Step 1: 4-(2-Isopropylthiazol-5-yl)-A-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine
[00520] Intermediate 1 (1.22 g, 5.25 mmol) and then sodium triacetoxyborohydride (1.76 g, 8.30 mmol) were added to a solution of Intermediate 6 (1.14 g, 5.20 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (40 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction was stirred at rt for 2.5 days, diluted with 50 mL EtOAc, washed (30 mL of 3 M K2C03 and then 30 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (10-30% EtOAc in hexanes) to give 4-(2- isopropylthiazol -5-yl )-Af-((/ra//.s-4-(4-methoxy-3 -methyl phenyl (cyclohexyl (methyl (pyridin -2- amine (1.47 g, 67%) as a pale yellow foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.97 (d, 1H), 7.01-6.95 (m, 2H), 6.80 (d, 1H), 6.76-6.69 (m, 2H), 6.64 (s, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.34-3.26 (m, 1H), 3.15 (t, 2H), 2.43-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.11 (s, 3H), 1.93-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.83-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.65-1.52 (m, 1H), 1.44-1.31 (m, 8H), 1.15-1.01 (m, 2H); LCMS: 436.4 [M+H]+. Step 2: /ra/i.s-4-((fert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-/V-(4-(2-isopropylthiazol-5-yl)pyndin-2-yl)- /V-((tra/i.v-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00521] 4-(Dimethylamino)pyridine (210 mg, 1.72 mmol), triethylamine (1 mL, 7.17 mmol), and then Intermediate 12 (15 mL toluene solution, 3.34 mmol) were added to a solution of 4- (2-isopropylthiazol-5-yl)-A-((/ra//.s-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine (730 mg, 1.68 mmol) in CH2CI2 (5 mL) at rt. The reaction was heated at 80 °C for 1.5 h, allowed to cool to rt, diluted with 50 mL EtOAc, washed (14 mL of 1 M KH2P04 and then 20 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (10-30% EtOAc in hexanes) to give /ra//.s-4-((/tv7-butyldi methyl si lyl)oxy)-A -(4-(2-isopropylthiazol -5-yl )pyridin-2-yl)-A - ((/ra//.s-4-(4-m ethoxy-3 -methyl phenyl (cyclohexyl (methyl (cyclohexanecarboxamide (911 mg, 80%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-T¾): d 8.52 (d, 1H), 8.46 (s, 1H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, 1H), 6.96-6.90 (m, 2H), 6.77 (d, 1H), 3.76-3.65 (m, 5H), 3.57-3.47 (m, 1H), 3.40-3.27 (m, 1H), 2.36-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.25-2.15 (m, 1H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.83-1.64 (m, 8H), 1.53-1.39 (m, 3H), 1.37 (d, 6H), 1.32-1.19 (m, 2H), 1.07-0.89 (m, 4H), 0.80 (s, 9H), -0.01 (s, 6H); LCMS: 676.5 [M+H]+.
Step 3: tranx-4-Hydroxy-A-(4-(2-isopropylthiazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-A-((tranx-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00522] Aqueous hydrochloric acid (1 N, 2 mL, 2 mmol) was added to a solution of trans-4- ((/c77-butyldi methyl si lyl(oxy(-A -(4-(2-isopropylthiazol -5-yl (pyridin-2-yl(-Af-((/ra//.s-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (907 mg, 1.34 mmol), THF (4 mL), and CH3OH (4 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction was stirred at rt for 2 h, cooled to 0 °C, diluted with 30 mL sat’d NaHC03, and then extracted with 30 mL EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed (30 mL sat’d NaHC03 and 30 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (50-100% EtOAc in hexanes) to give /ra//.s-4-hydroxy-A-(4-(2-isopropylthiazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-A-((/ra//.s-4-(4- ethoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (680 mg, 90%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.53 (d, 1H), 8.46 (s, 1H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.60 (dd, 1H), 6.97-6.89 (m, 2H), 6.77 (d, 1H), 4.44 (d, 1H), 3.75-3.66 (m, 5H), 3.40-3.23 (m, 2H), 2.35- 2.25 (m, 1H), 2.23-2.11 (m, 1H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.82-1.65 (m, 8H), 1.51-1.34 (m, 9H), 1.32- 1.20 (m, 2H), 1.07-0.94 (m, 2H), 0.93-0.78 (m, 2H); LCMS: 562.6 [M+H]+.
Step 4: trans-4-((4-(2-Isopropylthiazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl 4-hydroxypiperidine-l- carboxylate
[00523] A solution of /ra//.s-4-hydroxy-Af-(4-(2-isopropylthiazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-Af- ((/ra//.s-4-(4-m ethoxy-3 -methyl phenyl )cyclohexyl (methyl )cyclohexanecarboxamide (181 mg, 0.32 mmol), CDI (78 mg, 0.48 mmol), and CH3CN (2 mL) was heated at 80 °C for 4.5 h. Additional CDI (41 mg, 0.25 mmol) was added at rt, and the reaction was heated at 80 °C for 14 h. Additional CDI (24 mg, 0.15 mmol) was added, and the reaction was stirred at rt for 2 h. A portion of this solution (0.65 mL, 0.12 mmol) was added to piperdin-4-ol (114 mg, 1.13 mmol) at rt. The mixture was stirred at rt for 1.5 h, diluted with 20 mL EtOAc, washed (20 mL sat’d NaHC03 and then 20 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-6% CH3OH in CH2Cl2) to give /ra//.s-4-((4-(2- isopropylthiazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)((/ra//.s-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl 4-hydroxypiperidine-l-carboxylate (65 mg, 81%) as an off-white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.53 (d, 1H), 8.47 (s, 1H), 7.74 (s, 1H), 7.60 (dd, 1H), 6.96-6.90 (m, 2H), 6.77 (d, 1H), 4.69 (d, 1H), 4.44-4.34 (m, 1H), 3.75-3.67 (m, 5H), 3.67-3.54 (m, 3H), 3.40-3.29 (m, 1H), 2.99-2.89 (m, 2H), 2.35-2.22 (m, 2H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.93-1.57 (m, 10H), 1.56-1.41 (m, 3H), 1.37 (d, 6H), 1.32-1.14 (m,
4H), 1.13-0.95 (m, 4H); LCMS: 689.5 [M+H]+.
[00524] The Compounds below were synthesized from the appropriate Intermediates and the appropriate amines following the procedures described for Compound 7.
Figure imgf000254_0001
Figure imgf000255_0001
Alternate conditions: Step 2: toluene instead of CH2Cl2, rt instead of 80 °C, and/or no DMAP; Step 4a: Acyl imidazole formation at 60 °C instead of 80 °C; Step 4b: iPr2NEt (2 equiv relative to amine) added when the amine was an HC1 salt.
Compound 8
/ra/i.v-4-((4-(2-Cyclopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)((//Y//i.v-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl 3-(dimethylamino)pyrrolidine-
1-carboxylate
Figure imgf000256_0001
Step 1: 4-(2-Cyclopropyloxazol-4-yl)-/V-((t/Yi/f.v-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine
[00525] Intermediate 1 (1.00 g, 4.30 mmol) and then sodium triacetoxyborohydride (1.34 g, 6.32 mmol) were added to a solution of Intermediate 9 (800 mg, 3.94 mmol) and CH2Cl2 (12 mL). The reaction was stirred at rt overnight, diluted with aqueous K2C03 (3 M, 20 mL), and extracted with 20 mL EtOAc. The separated organic layer was washed with brine (20 mL), dried (Na2S0 ), filtered, concentrated and then purified by silica gel chromatography (10- 40% EtOAc in hexanes) to give 4-(2-cyclopropyloxazol-4-yl)-A-((/ra//.s-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine (1.42 g, 86%) as a pale yellow foam. 1H
NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.47 (s, 1H), 7.93 (d, 1H), 7.00-6.95 (m, 2H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 6.80 (d, 1H), 6.73 (d, 1H), 6.68 (t, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.14 (t, 2H), 2.41-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.20- 2.12 (m, 1H), 2.11 (s, 3H), 1.93-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.65-1.53 (m, 1H), 1.44-
1.30 (m, 2H), 1.14-1.01 (m, 4H), 1.01-0.95 (m, 2H); LCMS: 418.5 [M+H]+.
Step 2: /ra/?.v-4-((fer/-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-Ar-(4-(2-cyclopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyndin-2- yl)-/V-((/ra/f.v-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00526] A solution of 4-(2-cyclopropyloxazol-4-yl)-/V-((/ra ,-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine (694 mg, 1.66 mmol), DMAP (205 mg,
1.68 mmol), and toluene (4 mL) was placed in a it water bath. Triethylamine (1 mL, 7.17 mmol) and then Intermediate 12 (15 mL, 61.6 mg/mL in toluene, 3.34 mmol) were added at rt. The reaction was heated at 80 °C for 50 min, allowed to cool to rt, diluted with aqueous KH2P04 (1 M, 14 mL), and then extracted with 50 mL EtOAc. The separated organic layer was washed with brine (30 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-20% EtOAc in hexanes) to give trans-4-((tert- butyldi methyl si lyl)oxy)-A -(4-(2-cyclopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-A -((/ra//.s-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (966 mg, 88%) as an off-white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.77 (s, 1H), 8.53 (d, 1H), 7.70 (s, 1H),
7.66 (d, 1H), 6.96-6.90 (m, 2H), 6.77 (d, 1H), 3.76-3.64 (m, 5H), 3.58-3.46 (m, 1H), 2.36- 2.25 (m, 1H), 2.25-2.14 (m, 2H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.81-1.65 (m, 8H), 1.52-1.38 (m, 3H), 1.33- 1.18 (m, 2H), 1.14-0.89 (m, 8H), 0.80 (s, 9H), -0.01 (s, 6H); LCMS: 658.6 [M+H]+. Step 3: /ra/i.s-/V-(4-(2-Cyclopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-/V-((//Y/«.v-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 077-090
[00527] Aqueous hydrochloric acid (1 N, 2 mL, 2 mmol) was added to a solution of trans-4- ((/er/-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-/V-(4-(2-cyclopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyri din-2 -y\)-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (946 mg, 1.44 mmol), CH3OH (4 mL), and THF (4 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction was stirred at rt for 3.5 h, cooled to 0 °C, diluted with 20 mL sat’d NaHC03, and then extracted with 20 mL EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed (20 mL sat’d NaHC03 and 20 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-5% CH3OH in CH2CI2) to give /ra//.s-A-(4-(2-cyclopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-Af-((/ra//.s-4-(4- ethoxy- 3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (759 mg, 97%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.77 (s, 1H), 8.54 (d, 1H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d,
1H), 6.96-6.91 (m, 2H), 6.77 (d, 1H), 4.43 (d, 1H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 3.68 (d, 2H), 3.32-3.23 (m, 1H), 2.36-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.25-2.11 (m, 2H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.81-1.65 (m, 8H), 1.50-1.35 (m, 3H), 1.32-1.19 (m, 2H), 1.14-0.94 (m, 6H), 0.92-0.75 (m, 2H); LCMS: 544.5 [M+H]+.
Step 4: tranx-4-((4-(2-Cyclopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)((tranx-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl 3-(dimethylamino)pyrrolidine- 1-carboxylate
[00528] A mixture of /ra//.s-Af-(4-(2-cycl opropyl oxazol -4-yl )pyri di n-2-yl )-4-hydroxy-Af- ((/ra//.s-4-(4-m ethoxy-3 -methyl phenyl )cyclohexyl (methyl )cyclohexanecarboxamide (110 mg, 0.202 mmol), CDI (50 mg, 0.308 mmol), and acetonitrile (3 mL) was heated at 80 °C for 100 min. Additional CDI (10 mg, 0.06 mmol) was added, and the reaction was heated for 75 min and then cooled to rt. A portion of this solution (1 mL, 0.067 mmol) was added to NN- dimethylpyrrolidin-3 -amine (39 mg, 0.342 mmol). The mixture was stirred at rt for 155 min, diluted with EtOAc (15 mL), washed (15 mL water and then 15 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), and then concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-10%
CH3OH in CH2CI2) to give /ra«x-4-((4-(2-cyclopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)((/m«x-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl 3- (dimethylamino)pyrrolidine-l-carboxylate (38 mg, 83%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-£¾): d 8.77 (s, 1H), 8.53 (d, 1H), 7.71 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, 1H), 6.95-6.88 (m, 2H), 6.79-6.74 (m, 1H), 4.45-4.34 (m, 1H), 3.74-3.61 (m, 5H), 3.48-3.24 (m, 2H), 3.19-3.06 (m, 1H), 2.96-2.83 (m, 1H), 2.63-2.53 (m, 1H), 2.35-2.16 (m, 3H), 2.11 (s, 3H), 2.09 (s, 3H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 2.00-1.91 (m, 1H), 1.91-1.66 (m, 8H), 1.65-1.55 (m, 1H), 1.55-1.38 (m, 3H), 1.32- 1.20 (m, 2H), 1.12-0.94 (m, 8H); LCMS: 684.7 [M+H]+. [00529] The Compounds below were synthesized from the appropriate Intermediates and the appropriate amines following the procedures described for Compound 8.
Figure imgf000258_0001
Figure imgf000259_0002
Step 4b: iPr2NEt (2 equiv relative to amine) added when the amine was an HC1 salt.
Compound 9
4-((4-(l-Isopropyl-l -pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)((4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl 4- hydroxypiperidine-frans-l-carboxylate
Figure imgf000259_0001
Step 1: 4-(l-Isopropyl-l//-pyrazol-4-yl)-/V-((4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine
[00530] Acetic acid (13 pL, 0.30 mmol) was added to a mixture of Intermediate 4 (201 mg, 0.778 mmol), Intermediate 8 (188 mg, 0.929 mmol), and CH3OH (4 mL) at rt under N2. The reaction was heated at 60 °C for 4 h and then allowed to cool to rt. 2-Methylpyridine borane complex (82 mg, 0.77 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred for 24 h, diluted with 20 mL sat’d NH4Cl, and then extracted with 20 mL EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed with 20 mL brine, dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (20-60% EtOAc in hexanes) to give 4-( 1 -i sopropyl - 1 //-pyrazol -4-yl )-A-((4- (4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine (244 mg, 70%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-r¾): d 8.22 (s, 1H), 7.86 (d, 1H), 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.09-7.04 (m, 2H), 6.80 (d, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 6.64 (dd, 1H), 6.20 (t, 1H), 4.57-4.46 (m, 1H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.11 (d, 2H), 2.11 (s, 3H), 1.76-1.67 (m, 6H), 1.58-1.48 (m, 6H), 1.44 (d, 6H); LCMS: 445.6 [M+H]+. Step 2: /ra/f.v-4-((fer/-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-/V-(4-(l-isopropyl-l//-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-
2-yl)-/V-((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l- yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00531] 4-(Dimethylamino)pyridine (35 mg, 0.29 mmol), triethylamine (0.16 mL, 1.15 mmol), and then Intermediate 12 (2.2 mL toluene solution, 0.55 mmol) were added to a mixture of 4-(l-isopropyl-li7-pyrazol-4-yl)-/V-((4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine (126 mg, 0.283 mmol) and toluene (1 mL). The reaction was heated at 80 °C for 2 h, allowed to cool to rt, washed with 1 M KH2PO4 (12 mL), and then extracted with 20 mL EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed with 20 mL brine, dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and purified by silica gel chromatography (10-30% EtOAc in hexanes) to give /ra//.s-4-((/c77-butyl di ethyl si 1 yl )oxy)- N-(4-( \ -isopropyl - l //-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-A-((4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (158 mg, 81%) as an off-white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): d 8.56 (s, 1H), 8.41 (d, 1H), 8.14 (s,
1H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, 1H), 7.02-6.96 (m, 2H), 6.76 (d, 1H), 4.58-4.47 (m, 1H), 3.75-3.66 (m, 5H), 3.55-3.46 (m, 1H), 2.32-2.20 (m, 1H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.79-1.68 (m, 4H), 1.65-1.55 (m, 6H), 1.48-1.39 (m, 8H), 1.39-1.31 (m, 6H), 0.96-0.86 (m, 2H), 0.80 (s, 9H), -0.016 (s, 6H); LCMS: 685.7 [M+H]+.
Step 3: fra«,s-4-Hydroxy-/V-(4-(l-isopropyl-Li/-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-/V-((4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00532] Aqueous hydrochloric acid (1 N, 0.32 mL) was added to a solution of trans-4-((tert- butyldi methyl si lyl)oxy)-A -(4-( l -isopropyl - 1 //-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-Af-((4-(4-methoxy-
3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (152 mg, 0.22 mmol), THF (1 mL), and CH3OH (1 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction was stirred at rt for 2 h, cooled to 0 °C, diluted with 20 mL sat’d NaHC03, and then extracted with 20 mL EtOAc.
The EtOAc layer was washed (20 mL sat’d NaHC03 and then 20 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-5% CH3OH in CH2Cl2) to give /ra//.s-4-hydroxy-Af-(4-( l -isopropyl - l //-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-A-((4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (120 mg, 95%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-T¾): d 8.56 (s, 1H), 8.42 (d, 1H), 8.14 (s, 1H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.54 (dd, 1H), 7.02-6.96 (m, 2H), 6.76 (d, 1H), 4.58-4.47 (m, 1H), 4.42 (d, 1H), 3.76-3.65 (m, 5H), 3.32-3.22 (m, 1H), 2.92-2.17 (m, 1H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.80-1.67 (m, 4H), 1.65-1.55 (m, 6H), 1.46 (d, 6H), 1.43-1.30 (m, 8H), 0.90-0.73 (m, 2H); LCMS: 571.7 [M+H]+. Step 4: 4-((4-(l-Isopropyl-l//-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)((4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl 4- hydroxypiperidine-trans-l-carboxylate
[00533] A mixture of /ra//.s-4-hydroxy-A-(4-( 1 -i sopropyl - 1 //-pyrazol -4-yl )pyri di n-2-yl )-N- ((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (110 mg, 0.19 mmol), CDI (61 mg, 0.38 mmol), and C¾CN (2 mL) was heated at 80 °C for 3 h. Additional CDI (60 mg, 0.37 mmol) was added at rt, and the reaction was heated at 80 °C for 1.5 h and then allowed to cool to rt. A portion of this solution (0.65 mL, 0.062 mmol) was added to piperdin-4-ol (33 mg, 0.33 mmol) at rt. The mixture was stirred at rt for 17 h, diluted with 20 mL sat’d NaHCO,, and then extracted with 20 mL EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed with 20 mL brine, dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-5% CH3OH in CH2Cl2) to give 4-((4-( 1 -i sopropyl - 1 //-pyrazol- 4-yl )pyridin-2-yl)((4-(4-methoxy-3 -methyl phenyl )bicyclo[2.2.2]octan- l - yl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl 4-hydroxypiperidine-/ra//.s- 1 -carboxyl ate (21 mg, 49%) as an off-white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-r¾): d 8.56 (s, 1H), 8.41 (d, 1H), 8.15 (s, 1H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.55 (d, 1H), 7.03-6.96 (m, 2H), 6.76 (d, 1H), 4.68 (d, 1H), 4.58-4.47 (m, 1H), 4.43-4.33 (m, 1H), 3.77-3.67 (m, 5H), 3.67-3.54 (m, 3H), 2.99-2.88 (m, 2H), 2.37-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.91-1.73 (m, 4H), 1.69-1.55 (m, 8H), 1.55-1.40 (m, 8H), 1.40-1.30 (m, 6H), 1.27-1.13 (m, 2H), 1.09-0.93 (m, 2H); LCMS: 698.4 [M+H]+.
[00534] The Compounds below were synthesized from the appropriate Intermediates and the appropriate amines following the procedures described for Compound 9.
Figure imgf000261_0001
Figure imgf000262_0001
Figure imgf000263_0001
Alternate conditions: Step la: rt-60 °C; 3 h-ovemight; In some instances, up to 0.66 equiv AcOH was used. Step lb: rt-30 °C; 14-64 h. Step 2: rt-80 °C; 0.5-6 h; In some instances, additional Int. 12 and Et3N were added. Step 3: 1-4 h. Step 4a: rt-80 °C; 4.5-23 h; 1.5 eq of CDI usually sufficient for full conversion to acyl imidazole; Step 4b: iPr2NEt (2 equiv relative to amine) added when the amine was an HC1 salt; 2-90 h.
Compound 10
/ra/i.v-4-((4-(2-Cyclopropyloxazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)((//Y//i.v-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl 3-hydroxy-2,2- dimethylazetidine-l-carboxylate
Figure imgf000264_0001
Step 1: 4-(2-Cyclopropyloxazol-5-yl)-/V-((t/Y//f.v-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine
[00535] Intermediate 1 (323 mg, 1.39 mmol) and then sodium triacetoxyborohydride (431 mg, 2.03 mmol) were added to a solution of Intermediate 11 (258 mg, 1.28 mmol) and CH2Cl2 (9 mL) at 0 °C under N2. The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. Additional sodium triacetoxyborohydride (380 mg, 1.79 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred at rt for 6.5 h, diluted with 3 M K2C03 (20 mL), and then extracted with 20 mL EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed with 20 mL brine, dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (20-50% EtOAc in hexanes) to give 4-(2-cyclopropyloxazol-5-yl)- Af-((/ra//.s-4-(4-m ethoxy-3 -methyl phenyl )cyclohexyl (methyl )pyridin-2-amine (300 mg, 56%) as a pale yellow foam.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 7.97 (d, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.00-6.95 (m, 2H), 6.80 (d,
1H), 6.74 (t, 1H), 6.71-6.65 (m, 2H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.15 (t, 2H), 2.42-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.21-2.13 (m, 1H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 1.93-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.65-1.52 (m, 1H), 1.44-1.30
(m, 2H), 1.14-1.04 (m, 4H), 1.04-0.97 (m, 2H); LCMS: 418.5 [M+H]+.
Step 2: tra/f.v-4-((fe/7-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-/V-(4-(2-cyclopropyloxazol-5-yl)pyndin-2- yl)-/V-((tra/f.v-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00536] Triethylamine (0.4 mL, 2.9 mmol) and then Intermediate 12 (5.6 mL toluene solution, 1.4 mmol) were added to a solution of 4-(2-cyclopropyloxazol-5-yl)-Af-((/ra//.s-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine (294 mg, 0.704 mmol), 4- (dimethylamino)pyridine (86 mg, 0.70 mmol), and toluene (1.5 mL). The reaction was heated at 80 °C for 30 min, allowed to cool to rt, washed with 1 M KH2P04 (6 mL), and then extracted with 20 mL EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed with 20 mL brine, dried
(Na2S0 ), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (10-30% EtOAc in hexanes) to give /ra ,-4-((/er/-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-/V-(4-(2-cyclopropyloxazol- 5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-A-((/ra//.s-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (352 mg, 76%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.55 (d, 1H), 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, 1H), 6.96- 6.90 (m, 2H), 6.77 (d, 1H), 3.76-3.64 (m, 5H), 3.58-3.47 (m, 1H), 2.35-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.25- 2.14 (m, 2H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.81-1.64 (m, 8H), 1.52-1.38 (m, 3H), 1.32-1.19 (m, 2H), 1.16- 0.90 (m, 8H), 0.80 (s, 9H), -0.01 (s, 6H); LCMS: 658.6 [M+H]+.
Step 3: /ra/?.s V-(4-(2-Cyclopropyloxazol-5-yl)pyndin-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-Ar-((t/Yi/?.v-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00537] Aqueous hydrochloric acid (1 N, 0.75 mL, 0.75 mmol) was added to a solution /ra//.s-4-((/t77-butyldi methyl si lyl)oxy)-A -(4-(2-cyclopropyloxazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-Af- ((/ra//.s-4-(4-m ethoxy-3 -methyl phenyl )cyclohexyl (methyl )cyclohexanecarboxamide (346 mg, 0.526 mmol), THF (1.5 mL), and CH3OH (1.5 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction was stirred at rt for 2.5 h, cooled to 0 °C, diluted with 20 mL sat’d NaHC03, and then extracted with 20 mL EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed with 20 mL sat’d NaHC03 and then 20 mL brine. All aqueous washes were extracted with 40 mL CH2Cl2 (the compound was observed in all aqueous washes). The combined organic extracts were dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-5% CH3OH in CH2Cl2) to give trans-N-{ 4- (2-cyclopropyloxazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-A-((/ra//.s-4-(4- ethoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (243 mg, 85%) as an off-white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMS0 ): d 8.56 (d, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d,
1H), 6.97-6.89 (m, 2H), 6.77 (d, 1H), 4.45 (d, 1H), 3.78-3.62 (m, 5H), 3.32-3.23 (m, 1H), 2.35-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.25-2.11 (m, 2H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.82-1.64 (m, 8H), 1.51-1.35 (m, 3H), 1.32-1.18 (m, 2H), 1.16-0.93 (m, 6H), 0.92-0.78 (m, 2H); LCMS: 544.5 [M+H]+.
Step 4: tranx-4-((4-(2-Cyclopropyloxazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)((tranx-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl 3-hydroxy-2,2- dimethylazetidine-l-carboxylate
[00538] A solution of /ra//.s-A-(4-(2-cycl opropyl oxazol -5-yl )pyri di n-2-yl )-4-hydroxy-A- ((/ra//.s-4-(4-m ethoxy-3 -methyl phenyl (cyclohexyl (methyl (cyclohexanecarboxamide (128 mg, 0.235 mmol), CDI (84 mg, 0.52 mmol), and CH3CN (2 mL) was heated at 50 °C overnight and then allowed to cool to rt. A portion of this solution (0.65 mL, 0.059 mmol) was added to a mixture of diisopropyethylamine (0.15 mL, 0.86 mmol) and 2,2-dimethylazetidin-3-ol hydrochloride (42 mg, 0.31 mmol) at rt. The reaction was stirred at rt for 4 days, diluted with 20 mL sat’d NaHC03, and then extracted with 20 mL EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed with 20 mL brine, dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-5% CH3OH in CH2CI2) to give /ra//.s-4-((4-(2-cyclopropyloxazol-5- yl)pyridin-2-yl)((/ra//.s-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl 3 -hydroxy-2, 2-dimethylazeti dine- 1- carboxylate (24 mg, 60%) as a yellow foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.55 (d, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, 1H), 6.97-6.90 (m, 2H), 6.77 (d, 1H), 5.52-5.46 (m, 1H), 4.44-4.29 (m, 1H), 3.99-3.91 (m, 1H), 3.89-3.79 (m, 1H), 3.75-3.64 (m, 5H), 3.40-3.31 (m, 1H), 2.36-2.16 (m, 2H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.90-1.65 (m, 8H), 1.55-1.39 (m, 3H), 1.32-0.94 (m, 17H); LCMS: 671.5 [M+H]+.
[00539] The Compounds below were synthesized from the appropriate Intermediates and the appropriate amines following the procedures described for Compound 10.
Figure imgf000266_0002
Alternate conditions: Step 4: iPr2NEt not used when the amine was a free base.
Compound 11
tra/i.v-4-((6-(Dimethylamino)-[3,4,-bipyridin|-2,-yl)((tra/i.v-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl 3-hydroxy-2,2- dimethylazetidine-l-carboxylate
Figure imgf000266_0001
Step 1 : 4-Bromo-A-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)pyridin-2- amine
[00540] Acetic acid (0.7 mL, 12.28 mmol) and then sodium triacetoxyborohydride (1.99 g, 9.35 mmol) were added to a solution of Intermediate 1 (1.37 g, 5.88 mmol), 4-bromopyridin- 2-amine (1.05 g, 5.87 mmol), and DCE (15 mL). The mixture was stirred at rt for 70 min, diluted with EtOAc (100 mL), washed (2x 100 mL saturated NaHCO, and then 100 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-25% EtOAc in hexanes) to give 4-bromo-/V-((/ra ,-4-(4-m ethoxy-3 - methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine (1.53 g, 67%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 7.83 (d, 1H), 6.99-6.94 (m, 2H), 6.87-6.81 (m, 1H), 6.81-6.77 (m, 1H), 6.69 (d, 1H), 6.60 (dd, 1H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.11 (t, 2H), 2.42-2.29 (m, 1H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 1.89-1.81 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.71 (m, 2H), 1.64-1.48 (m, 1H), 1.42-1.28 (m, 2H), 1.12-0.97 (m, 2H); LCMS: 389.2 [M+H]+.
Step 2: /ra/f.v-/V-(4-Bromopyndin-2-yl)-4-((fe/7-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-/V-((//Yi/f.v-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00541] Intermediate 12 (9 mL, 89 mg/mL, 2.86 mmol) was added to a solution of 4-bromo- Af-((/ra//.s-4-(4-m ethoxy-3 -methyl phenyl )cyclohexyl (methyl )pyridin-2-amine (550 mg, 1.41 mmol), DMAP (177 mg, 1.45 mmol), and pyridine (9 mL). The mixture was heated at 80 °C overnight, cooled to rt, diluted with EtOAc (100 mL), washed (100 mL H20, 100 mL saturated NaHC03, and then 100 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-10% EtOAc in hexanes) to give trans-N-( 4-bromopyridin-2- yl)-4-((ter/-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-A-((/ra«x-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (1.07 g, >100%, 77% pure). LCMS: 629.4 [M+H]+.
Step 3: trans-4-((tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-A-(6-(dimethylamino)-[3,4,-bipyridin]-2'- yl)-A-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00542] A mixture of /ra//.s-Af-(4-bromopyridin-2-yl)-4-((/t77-butyl di methyl si lyl)oxy)-Af- ((/ra//.s-4-(4-m ethoxy-3 -methyl phenyl (cyclohexyl (methyl (cyclohexanecarboxamide (415 mg, 77% pure, 0.507 mmol), (6-(dimethylamino)pyridin-3-yl)boronic acid (129 mg, 0.777 mmol), Cs2C03 (521 mg, 1.603 mmol), Pd(PPh3) (62 mg, 0.054 mmol), DMF (5 mL), and water (2% by volume) was degassed with vacuum/nitrogen cycles (3 x), heated at 50 °C for 4.5 h, and then cooled to rt. The reaction was diluted (50 mL EtOAc and 50 mL water) and filtered through a cotton plug. The filtrate was washed (50 mL water and then 50 mL brine), dried (Na2S0 ), and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-45% EtOAc in hexanes) to give /ra//.s-4-((/t77-butyldi methyl si lyl(oxy(-A -(6-(di methyl ami no(- [3,4l-bipyridin]-2l-yl)-Af-((/ra//.s-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide as a pale yellow foam (267 mg, 79%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-T¾): d 8.67 (d, 1H), 8.47 (d, 1H), 8.03 (dd, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, 1H), 6.95-6.90 (m, 2H), 6.79-6.74 (m, 2H), 3.75-3.65 (m, 5H), 3.56-3.46 (m, 1H), 3.10 (s, 6H), 2.36-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.24-2.13 (m, 1H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.83-1.64 (m, 8H), 1.53-1.38 (m, 3H), 1.32-1.20 (m, 2H), 1.07-0.87 (m, 4H), 0.80 (s, 9H), -0.02 (s, 6H); LCMS: 671.6 [M+H]+.
Step 4: trans-A-(6-(Dimethylamino)-[3,4'-bipyridin]-2,-yl)-4-hydroxy-A-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00543] Aqueous hydrochloric acid (1 N, 1.0 mL, 1.0 mmol) was added to a solution of /ra//.s-4-((/tv7-butyldi methyl si lyl)oxy)-A-(6-(di methyl ami no)-[3,4l-bipyridin]-2l-yl)-Af-((/ra//.s- 4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (260 mg, 0.388 mmol), CH3OH (2 mL), and THF (2 mL). The mixture was stirred for 45 min, diluted with EtOAc (20 mL), washed (2x 15 mL saturated NaHCO, and then 15 mL brine), dried
(Na2S04), and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-5% CH3OH in CH2CI2) to give /ra//.s-A-(6-(dimethylamino)-[3,4l-bipyridin]-2l-yl)-4-hydroxy-A- ((/ra//.s-4-(4-m ethoxy-3 -methyl phenyl )cyclohexyl (methyl )cyclohexanecarboxamide (220 mg, 100%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.67 (d, 1H), 8.48 (d, 1H), 8.03 (dd, 1H), 7.71- 7.68 (m, 1H), 7.68-7.66 (m, 1H), 6.96-6.90 (m, 2H), 6.80-6.74 (m, 2H), 4.41 (d, 1H), 3.74- 3.65 (m, 5H), 3.31-3.23 (m, 1H), 3.10 (s, 6H), 2.36-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.10 (m, 1H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.84-1.64 (m, 8H), 1.52-1.35 (m, 3H), 1.32-1.19 (m, 2H), 1.08-0.92 (m, 2H), 0.91-0.75 (m, 2H); LCMS: 557.5 [M+H]+.
Step 5: trans-4-((6-(Dimethylamino)-[3,4,-bipyridin]-2,-yl)((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl 3-hydroxy-2,2- dimethylazetidine-l-carboxylate
[00544] A mixture of /ra//.s-Af-(6-(di methyl ami no)-[3,4l-bipyridin]-2l-yl)-4-hydroxy-Af- ((/ra//.s-4-(4-m ethoxy-3 -methyl phenyl (cyclohexyl (methyl (cyclohexanecarboxamide (133 mg, 0.239 mmol), CDI (60 mg, 0.370 mmol), and acetonitrile (4 mL) was heated at 80 °C for 290 min. Additional CDI (62 mg, 0.382 mmol) was added, and the reaction was stirred overnight at rt. Additional CDI (61 mg, 0.382 mmol) was added to the reaction, and the reaction was heated at 80 °C for 160 min and cooled to rt. A portion of this solution (2 mL, 0.120 mmol) was added to a mixture of 2,2-dimethylazetidin-3-ol hydrochloride (160 mg, 1.16 mmol) and iPr2NEt (0.4 mL, 2.30 mmol). The mixture was stirred at rt overnight, diluted with EtOAc (15 mL), washed (15 mL saturated NaHC03 and then 15 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-5% CH3OH in CH2CI2) to give /ra//.s-4-((6-(di ethyl amino(-[3,4’-bipyridin]-2’-yl(((/ra//.s-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl 3 -hydroxy-2, 2-dimethylazeti dine- 1 - carboxylate (38 mg, 46%) as a pale yellow foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.68 (s, 1H), 8.49 (d, 1H), 8.05 (dd, 1H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.68 (d, 1H), 6.96-6.91 (m, 2H), 6.80-6.75 (m, 2H), 5.51-5.45 (m, 1H), 4.45-4.28 (m, 1H), 4.00-3.92 (m, 1H), 3.89-3.78 (m, 1H), 3.74-3.62 (m, 5H), 3.40-3.30 (m, 1H), 3.11 (s, 6H), 2.37-2.16 (m, 2H), 2.09 (s, 3H), 1.90-1.65 (m, 8H), 1.57-1.40 (m, 3H), 1.34-1.11 (m, 8H), 1.11-0.92 (m, 4H); LCMS: 684.5 [M+H]+.
[00545] The Compounds below were synthesized using the appropriate boronic acid and the appropriate amine following the procedures described for Compound 11.
Figure imgf000269_0002
Compound 12
((//Y//f.s)-4-((4-(2-Cyclopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)(((t/Y//f.v)-4-(5-methoxy-6- methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl)methyl (2- hydroxyethyl)carbamate
Figure imgf000269_0001
Step 1 : 4-(2-Cyclopropyloxazol-4-yl)-/V-((fra«,s-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine
[00546] Intermediate 1.01 (2.65 mg, 11.4 mmol) and then sodium triacetoxyborohydride (3.49 g, 16.5 mmol) were added to a suspension of Intermediate 9 (2.07 g, 10.3 mmol) and CH2Cl2 (30 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction was stirred at rt overnight, diluted with 30 mL EtOAc, and washed with sat’d NaHC03 (41 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with 15 mL EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with 30 mL brine, dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-80% EtOAc in hexanes). The impure material was dissolved in CH2Cl2 (10 mL). Hexane (10 mL) was added, and the mixture was sonicated for 10 min. The solids were filtered and washed with CH2Cl2/hexanes (1 : 1; 20 mL) to give 4-(2-cyclopropyloxazol-4-yl)-A-((/ra//.s-4-(5-methoxy- 6-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine (3.49 g, 81%) as a pale yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.46 (s, 1H), 7.93 (dd, 1H), 7.20 (d, 1H), 7.01 (d, 1H), 6.84 (s, 1H), 6.72 (dd, 1H), 6.65 (t, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.14 (t, 2H), 2.56-2.48 (m, 1H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.20-2.11 (m, 1H), 1.95-1.81 (m, 4H), 1.65-1.52 (m, 1H), 1.49-1.37 (m, 2H), 1.13-1.00 (m, 4H), 0.99-0.94 (m, 2H); LCMS: 419.5 [M+H]+.
Step 2: /ranv-M eth l 4-((4-(2-cyclopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyndin-2-yl)((/ra/?.v-4-(5-methoxy- 6-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate
[00547] Toluene (3 mL) and triethylamine (999 pL, 7.17 mmol) were added to a mixture of 4-(2-cyclopropyloxazol-4-yl)-/V-((/ra ,-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyri din-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine (755 mg, 1.80 mmol) and DMAP (218 mg, 1.78 mmol) in a 40 mL vial. Intermediate 12.02 (8.9 mL, 62 mg/mL, 2.69 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 2 h, cooled to rt, and then washed with aqueous KH2P04 (1.0 M, 13.5 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (5 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL), dried (Na2S0 ), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (20-60% EtOAc in hexanes) to give /ra//.s-methyl 4- ((4-(2-cyclopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)((/ra//.s-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (921 mg, 87%) as an off-white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.76 (s, 1H), 8.54 (d, 1H), 7.71 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d,
1H), 7.19 (d, 1H), 6.97 (d, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.69 (d, 2H), 3.52 (s, 3H), 2.50-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.30-2.15 (m, 6H), 1.89-1.70 (m, 8H), 1.51-1.26 (m, 5H), 1.15-0.97 (m, 8H); LCMS: 587.7 [M+H]+.
Step 3: /ra/f.s-/V-(4-(2-Cyclopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyndin-2-yl)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-/V-((tra/f.v- 4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00548] Sodium borohydride (362 mg, 9.54 mmol) was added to a mixture of /ra//.s-methyl 4-((4-(2-cyclopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)((/ra//.s-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (561 mg, 0.96 mmol), LiCl (100 mg, 2.36 mmol), and THF (10 mL). The mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 5 h. Additional LiCl (94 mg, 2.22 mmol) and sodium borohydride (362 mg, 9.54 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred at 80 °C overnight, cooled to rt, and then diluted with EtOAc (30 mL). The organic layer was carefully washed with sat’d NaHC03 (2 x 30 mL), washed with brine (30 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (10-100% EtOAc in hexanes) to give /ra//.s-A-(4-(2-cyclopropyloxazol-4- yl)pyri din-2 -yl)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-/V-((/ra ,-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyri din-2 - yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (201 mg, 37%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-£¾): d 8.76 (s, 1H), 8.54 (d, 1H), 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, 1H), 7.19 (d, 1H), 6.97 (d, 1H), 4.28 (t, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.68 (d, 2H), 3.09 (t, 2H), 2.50-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.25-2.13 (m, 2H), 1.83-1.70 (m, 6H), 1.69-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.51-1.21 (m, 6H), 1.12-0.97 (m, 6H), 0.71-0.50 (m, 2H); LCMS: 559.6 [M+H]+.
Step 4: ((trans)-4-((4-(2-Cyclopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)(((trans)-4-(5-methoxy-6- methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl)methyl (2- hydroxyethyl)carbamate
[00549] A solution of /ra//.s-A-(4-(2-cycl opropyl oxazol -4-yl )pyri di n-2-yl )-4- (hydroxym ethyl )-Af-((/ra//.s-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (202 mg, 0.36 mmol), CDI (88 mg, 0.54 mmol), and C¾CN (5 mL) was heated at 80 °C overnight, and then cooled to rt.
Ethanolamine (22 mg, 0.36 mmol) was added to a portion of this solution (1 mL, 0.072 mmol). The mixture was stirred at rt overnight, diluted with EtOAc (10 mL), washed (10 mL water and 10 mL brine), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-100% EtOAc in CH2Cl2) to give (/ra//.s-4-((4-(2-cyclopropyloxazol-4- yl)pyri din-2 -yl)((/ra/75-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl)methyl (2-hydroxyethyl)carbamate (27 mg, 58%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.76 (s, 1H), 8.54 (d, 1H), 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, 1H), 7.19 (d, 1H), 7.00-6.89 (m, 1.90H), 6.63-6.58 (m, 0.10H), 4.56 (t, 1H),
3.74 (s, 3H), 3.72-3.61 (m, 4H), 3.39-3.29 (m, 2H), 3.03-2.93 (m, 2H), 2.50-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.25-2.13 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.71 (m, 6H), 1.69-1.59 (m, 2H), 1.55-1.21 (m, 6H), 1.13-0.96 (m, 6H), 0.80-0.62 (m, 2H); LCMS: 646.6 [M+H]+.
[00550] The Compounds below were synthesized from the appropriate Intermediates and the appropriate amines following the procedures described for Compound 12.
Figure imgf000271_0001
Figure imgf000272_0001
Figure imgf000273_0001
Figure imgf000274_0002
Alternate conditions: Step 1: DCE instead of CH2Cl2; Step 2: pyridine instead of Et3N, rt instead of 80 °C, and/or no DMAP; Also for Step 2: Intermediate 12.01 used followed by desilylation (1 N HC1, THF/CH3OH, 0 °C-rt) instead of reduction; Step 4: iPr2NEt (2 equiv relative to amine) added when the amine was an HC1 salt.
Compound 13
( ?)-4-((4-(l-Isopropyl-l -pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)((4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2|octan-l-yl)methyl)carbamoyl)(/ra/i.v-cyclohexyl) 3- hydroxypyrrolidine-l-carboxylate
Figure imgf000274_0001
Step 1: 4-(l-Isopropyl-l -pyrazol-4-yl)-A-((4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine
[00551] Methanol (5 mL) and acetic acid (36.5 pL, 0.64 mmol) were added to a mixture of Intermediate 4 (500 mg, 1.94 mmol) and Intermediate 8 (431 mg, 2.13 mmol) at rt under N2. The suspension was heated at 60 °C for 3 h and then cooled to rt. 2-Methylpyridine borane complex (207 mg, 1.94 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred at 30 °C for 16 h. The precipitate was filtered, and the filter cake was washed with CH3OH (5 mL) and dried to give 4-( 1 -isopropyl - 1 //-pyrazol -4-yl)-A-((4-(4- ethoxy-3 - ethyl phenyl )bicyclo[2 2 2]octan- l - yl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine (664 mg, 77%) as an off-white powder. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMS0 ): d 8.22 (s, 1H), 7.86 (d, 1H), 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.09-7.04 (m, 2H), 6.80 (d, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 6.64 (dd, 1H), 6.20 (t, 1H), 4.57-4.46 (m, 1H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.11 (d, 2H), 2.11 (s,
3H), 1.76-1.67 (m, 6H), 1.58-1.48 (m, 6H), 1.44 (d, 6H); LCMS: 445.4 [M+H]+.
Step 2: /ra/i.v-4-((fe/7-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-/V-(4-(l-isopropyl-l//-pyrazol-4-yl)pyndin-
2-yl)-A-((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l- yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00552] Triethylamine (1.62 mL, 11.59 mmol) was added dropwise to Intermediate 12 (16.3 mL, 98.6 mg/mL, 5.80 mmol) at 0 °C under N2. The mixture was stirred for 5 min. A solution of 4-( 1 -isopropyl - 1 //-pyrazol -4-yl)-A-((4-(4-methoxy-3 -methyl phenyl )bicyclo[2 2 2]octan- l - yl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine (1.28 g, 2.90 mmol) and CH2Cl2 (5 mL) was added, and the reaction was stirred at rt for 75 min. The mixture was washed with H20 (20 mL), washed with brine (20 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-50% EtOAc in hexanes) to give /ra//.s-4-((/t77-butyl di m ethyl si lyl )oxy)-A- (4-( 1 -isopropyl- li7-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-/V-((4-(4-methoxy-3 - methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (1.69 g, 84%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): d 8.56 (s, 1H), 8.41 (d, 1H), 8.14 (s, 1H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, 1H), 7.02-6.96 (m, 2H), 6.76 (d, 1H), 4.58-4.47 (m, 1H), 3.75-3.66 (m, 5H), 3.55-3.46 (m, 1H), 2.32-2.20 (m, 1H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.79-1.68 (m, 4H), 1.65-1.55 (m, 6H), 1.48-1.39 (m, 8H), 1.39-1.31 (m, 6H), 0.96-0.86 (m, 2H), 0.80 (s, 9H), -0.016 (s, 6H);
LCMS: 685.6 [M+H]+.
Step 3: fra«,s-4-Hydroxy-/V-(4-(l-isopropyl-Li/-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-/V-((4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00553] Aqueous hydrochloric acid (1 N, 3.70 mL, 3.70 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of /ra//.s-4-((/t77-butyl di methyl si 1 yl )oxy)-Af-(4-( 1 -i sopropyl - 1 //-pyrazol -4-yl )pyri din- 2-yl)-A-((4-(4-methoxy-3 -methyl phenyl )bicyclo[2.2.2]octan- l - yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (1.69 g, 2.47 mmol) and THF/CH3OH (1 : 1, 17 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction was stirred at rt for 1 h, diluted with EtOAc (17 mL), washed with sat’d NaHC03 (20 mL), washed with brine (20 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-100% EtOAc in CH2Cl2 then 0-10% CH3OH in CH2Cl2) to give /ra ,-4-hydroxy-/V-(4-(l-isopropyl-liT-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-/V-((4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (1.31 g, 90%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.56 (s, 1H), 8.42 (d, 1H), 8.14 (s, 1H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.54 (dd, 1H), 7.02-6.96 (m, 2H), 6.76 (d, 1H), 4.58-4.47 (m, 1H), 4.42 (d, 1H), 3.76-3.65 (m, 5H), 3.32-3.22 (m, 1H), 2.92-2.17 (m, 1H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.80-1.67 (m, 4H), 1.65-1.55 (m, 6H), 1.46 (d, 6H), 1.43-1.30 (m, 8H), 0.90-0.73 (m, 2H); LCMS: 571.5 [M+H]+.
Step 4 : (/?)-4-((4-(l -Isopropyl- l/ -pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)((4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2|octan- l-yl)methyl)carbamoyl)(/ra«.v-cyclohexyl) 3- hydroxypyrrolidine-l-carboxylate
[00554] A mixture of /ra//.s-4-hydroxy-A-(4-( 1 -i sopropyl - 1 //-pyrazol -4-yl )pyri di n-2-yl )-N- ((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (50 mg, 0.088 mmol), CDI (22 mg, 0.14 mmol), and CH3CN (0.5 mL) was stirred at 50 °C for 3 h. Additional CDI (22 mg, 0.14 mmol) was added, and the reaction was stirred at 50 °C for 30 min and then cooled to rt. A( A-Di i sopropyl ethyl a i ne (153 pL, 0.876 mmol) and then (3A)-pyrrolidin-3-ol hydrochloride (54 mg, 0.438 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred for 15 h, diluted with EtOAc (10 mL), washed with sat’d NaHC03 (10 mL), washed with brine (10 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-8% CH3OH in CH2CI2) to give ( A)-4-((4-( l -i sopropyl - 1 //-pyrazol -4- yl)pyridin-2-yl)((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l- yl ( ethyl )carba oyl )(/ra//.s-cyclohexyl ) 3-hydroxypyrrolidine-l-carboxylate (43 mg, 71%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.57 (s, 1H), 8.42 (d, 1H), 8.15 (s, 1H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.56 (d, 1H), 7.04-6.97 (m, 2H), 6.77 (d, 1H), 4.90-4.86 (m, 1H), 4.59-4.48 (m, 1H), 4.44-4.34 (m, 1H), 4.22-4.16 (m, 1H), 3.77-3.69 (m, 5H), 3.31-3.19 (m, 3H), 3.15-3.01 (m, 1H), 2.40-2.26 (m, 1H), 2.09 (s, 3H), 1.94-1.75 (m, 5H), 1.75-1.56 (m, 7H), 1.54-1.41 (m, 8H), 1.41-1.31 (m, 6H), 1.10-0.94 (m, 2H); LCMS: 684.6 [M+H]+.
[00555] The Compounds below were synthesized from the appropriate Intermediates and the appropriate amines following the procedures described for Compound 13.
Figure imgf000276_0001
Figure imgf000277_0001
Figure imgf000278_0001
Figure imgf000279_0001
Figure imgf000280_0002
Alternate conditions: Step la: 3-4.5 h. Step lb: rt-30 °C; 15-21 h. Step 2: 20 min-5 h. Step 3: 40 min- 4 h. Step 4a: rt-80 °C; 3-20 h; 1.5 equiv of CDI usually sufficient for full conversion to acyl imidazole. Step 4b: rt-50 °C; 2-206 h; In some instances, up to 20 equiv of amine free base was used; iPr2NEt not used when the amine was a free base; In some instances, Et3N, DMF, and/or excess CH3CN was added to help solubility. Synthesized from Compound 13.31 via standard oxidation conditions (sulfoxide: NaI04, THF/H20 (14: 1), 0 °C-rt, 15 h; sulfone: m-CBPA. CH2Cl2, 0 °C-rt, 1 h).
Compound 14
4-((4-(2-Isopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)((4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)bicyclo|2.2.2|octan- l-yl)methyl)carbamoyl)(/ra«.v-cyclohexyl) 3-hydroxy-
3-methylazetidine-l-carboxylate
Figure imgf000280_0001
Step 1: 4-(2-Isopropyloxazol-4-yl)-/V-((4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine
[00556] Acetic acid (55 pL, 0.96 mmol) was added to a mixture of Intermediate 4 (801 mg,
3.10 mmol), Intermediate 9.01 (693 mg, 3.41 mmol), and CH3OH (8 mL) under N2. The reaction was stirred at 60 °C for 3 h and allowed to cool to rt. 2-Methylpyridine borane complex (333 mg, 3.11 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred at 30 °C for 14 h and then diluted with EtOAc (30 mL) and sat’d NaHC03 (30 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (30 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (10-35% EtOAc in hexanes) to give 4-(2-isopropyloxazol-4-yl)-/V-((4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine (1.17 g, 85%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.53 (s, 1H), 7.91 (d, 1H), 7.09-7.04 (m, 2H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 6.80 (d, 1H), 6.72 (d, 1H), 6.50 (t, 1H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.16-3.10 (m, 3H),
2.11 (s, 3H), 1.76-1.66 (m, 6H), 1.57-1.48 (m, 6H), 1.31 (d, 6H); LCMS: 446.6 [M+H]+.
Step 2: /ra/?.s-4-((feH-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-A-(4-(2-isopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyndin-2-yl)- /V-((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1- yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00557] Triethylamine was added to a solution of 4-(2-isopropyloxazol-4-yl)-/V-((4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine (1.17 g, 2.66 mmol), Intermediate 12, Step 2 (825 mg, 3.19 mmol), and CH2Cl2 (12 mL). 1- Propylphosphonic acid cyclic anhydride (T3P 50+% w/w soln. in CH2Cl2, 3.39 g, 5.33 mmol) was weighed into a separate vial and then added to the reaction. Dichloromethane (1 mL) was added to the T3P vial, and this solution was added to the reaction. The reaction was stirred for 63 h, washed with water (15 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-20% EtOAc in hexanes) to give trans-4-((tert- butyldi methyl si lyl)oxy)-A -(4-(2-isopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-A -((4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (1.71 g, 89%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.84 (s, 1H), 8.53 (d, 1H), 7.77 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, 1H), 7.02-6.96 (m, 2H), 6.75 (d, 1H), 3.77-3.72 (m, 2H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.56-3.47 (m, 1H), 3.20-3.11 (m, 1H), 2.34-2.21 (m, 1H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.79-1.67 (m, 4H), 1.65-1.55 (m, 6H), 1.51-1.38 (m, 2H), 1.38-1.29 (m, 12H), 1.02-0.88 (m, 2H), 0.80 (s, 9H), -0.013 (s, 6H);
LCMS: 686.9 [M+H]+.
Step 3: fra«,s-4-Hydroxy-/V-(4-(2-isopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-/V-((4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide [00558] Aqueous hydrochloric acid (1 N, 3.6 mL, 3.6 mmol) was added to a solution of /ra//.s-4-((/tv7-butyldi methyl si lyl)oxy)-A -(4-(2-isopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-Af-((4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (1.70 g, 2.48 mmol), CH3OH (5 mL), and THF (5 mL) at 0 °C. The ice/water bath was removed. The reaction was stirred at rt for 1 h, cooled in ice/water bath, diluted with sat’d NaHCO, (30 mL), and then extracted with EtOAc (30 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (20 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-5% CH3OH in CH2Cl2) to give /ra//.s-4-hydroxy-A-(4-(2-isopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin-2- yl )-A-((4-(4-methoxy-3 -methyl phenyl )bicyclo[2.2.2]octan- l - yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (1.38 g, 93%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.85 (s, 1H), 8.54 (d, 1H), 7.77 (s, 1H), 7.67 (d, 1H), 7.03-6.96 (m, 2H), 6.76 (d, 1H), 4.44 (d, 1H), 3.78-3.67 (m, 5H), 3.32-3.23 (m, 1H), 3.22-3.10 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.18 (m, 1H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.81-1.65 (m, 4H), 1.65-1.54 (m, 6H), 1.48-1.28 (m, 14 H), 0.93-0.76 (m, 2H); LCMS: 572.4 [M+H]+.
Step 4: 4-((4-(2-Isopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)((4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2|octan- l-yl)methyl)carbamoyl)(/ra«.v-cyclohexyl) 3-hydroxy- 3-methylazetidine-l-carboxylate
[00559] A mixture of /ra//.s-4-hydroxy-A-(4-(2-isopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-Af-((4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (150 mg, 0.262 mmol), CDI (64 mg, 0.394 mmol), and CH3CN (1.5 mL) was heated at 80 °C for 16 h and then cooled to rt. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylazetidine hydrochloride (43 mg, 0.35 mmol) and then DIEA (122 pL, 0.70 mmol) were added to a portion of this mixture (0.5 mL, 0.087 mmol). The mixture was stirred at rt for 4 h, diluted with EtOAc (10 mL), washed with sat’d NaHC03 (10 mL), washed with brine (10 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-5.5% CH3OH in CH2CI2) to give 4-((4-(2- isopropyloxazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l- yl ( ethyl )carbamoyl )(/ra//.s-cyclohexyl ) 3-hydroxy-3-methylazetidine-l-carboxylate (48 mg, 79%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.86 (s, 1H), 8.54 (d, 1H), 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.68 (d, 1H), 7.04-6.96 (m, 2H), 6.77 (d, 1H), 5.58 (s, 1H), 4.42-4.31 (m, 1H), 3.78-3.61 (m, 9H), 3.23-3.11 (m, 1H), 2.37-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.91-1.73 (m, 4H), 1.67-1.55 (m, 6H), 1.55-1.41 (m, 2H), 1.40-1.28 (m, 15H), 1.11-0.94 (m, 2H); LCMS: 685.4 [M+H]+.
[00560] The Compounds below were synthesized from the appropriate Intermediates and the appropriate amines following the procedures described for Compound 14.
Figure imgf000282_0001
Figure imgf000283_0001
Alternate conditions: Step la: 3-23 h; In some instances, 1 equiv AcOH was used. Step lb: 14-23 h. Step 2: rt-40 °C; 16-63 h. Step 3: 1-2 h. Step 4a: rt-80 °C; 1-40 h. Step 4b: rt-50 °C; 4-117 h. In some instances, up to 24 equiv amine free base was used; iPr2NEt not used when the amine was a free base. Synthesized using tc t rah yd ro -2//-th i o py ran -4 -am i n c following the procedures described for Compound 14 and then oxidized using standard conditions (ra-CBPA, CH2Cl2, 0 °C-rt, 1 h).
Compound 15
4-(((4-(4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)(4-(l-(l- methylcyclobiityl)- l//-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)carbamoyl)(//Yi«.v-cyclohexyl) 4- hydroxypiperidine-l-carboxylate
Figure imgf000284_0001
Step 1: /V-((4-(4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo [2.2.2] octan-l-yl)methyl)-4-(l-(l- methylcyclobutyl)-l -pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-amine
[00561] Dichloromethane (2 mL), AcOH (30 pL, 0.526 mmol), and then sodium
triacetoxyborohydride (178 mg, 0841 mmol) were added to a mixture of Intermediate 4 (136 mg, 0.526 mmol) and Intermediate 21 (86 mg, 0.526 mmol) at rt under N2. The reaction was stirred for 15 h, diluted with CH2CI2 (10 mL), washed with sat’d NaHC03 (2 x 10 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-50% EtOAc in CH2CI2 then 0-10% CH3OH in CH2CI2) to give /V-((4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)-4-(l-(l-methylcyclobutyl)-liT-pyrazol-4- yl)pyridin-2-amine (83 mg, 46%) as a brown foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3): d 7.97 (d, 1H), 7.85 (s, 1H), 7.77 (s, 1H), 7.10-7.09 (m, 2H), 6.77-6.75 (m, 1H), 6.66 (d, 1H), 6.50 (s, 1H), 5.23 (s, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.10 (d, 2H), 2.85-2.70 (m, 2H), 2.26-2.21 (m, 5H), 1.98-1.97 (m, 2H), 1.86-1.82 (m, 6H), 1.75 (s, 3H), 1.65-1.63 (m, 6H); LCMS: 471.4 [M+H]+.
Step 2: /ra/i.s-4-((/er/-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-A-((4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2|octan-l-yl)methyl)-/V-(4-(l-(l-methylcyclobutyl)-l//- pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00562] Toluene (2 mL), Et3N (190 pL, 1.36 mmol), and then Intermediate 12 (1.91 mL, 98.2 mg/mL, 0.680 mmol) were added to /V-((4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)-4-(l-(l-methylcyclobutyl)-liT-pyrazol-4- yl)pyridin-2-amine (160 mg, 0.340 mmol)24 mmol) at rt under N2. The reaction was stirred for 1 h, diluted with CH2CI2 (10 mL), washed with H20 (10 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-50% EtOAc in hexanes) to give /ra//.s-4-((/tv7-butyldi methyl si lyl)oxy)-A -((4-(4- ethoxy-3- methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)-/V-(4-(l-(l-methylcyclobutyl)-li7-pyrazol-4- yl)pyridin-2-yl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (179 mg, 74%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.63 (s, 1H), 8.43 (d, 1H), 8.20 (s, 1H), 7.76 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, 1H), 7.05- 6.98 (m, 2H), 6.78 (d, 1H), 3.77-3.69 (m, 5H), 3.57-3.47 (m, 1H), 2.75-2.63 (m, 2H), 2.33- 2.23 (m, 1H), 2.23-2.14 (m, 2H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 2.03-1.81 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.69 (m, 7H), 1.66- 1.57 (m, 6H), 1.50-1.32 (m, 8H), 0.98-0.85 (m, 2H), 0.81 (s, 9H), -0.002 (s, 6H); LCMS:
711.5 [M+H]+.
Step 3: fra«,s-4-Hydroxy-/V-((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l- yl)methyl)-/V-(4-(l-(l-methylcyclobutyl)-l//-pyrazol-4-yl)pyndin-2- yl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00563] Aqueous hydrochloric acid (363 pL, 0.363 mmol, 1 M) was added dropwise to a mixture of /ra ,-4-((/er/-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-/V-((4-(4-m ethoxy-3 - methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)-/V-(4-(l-(l-methylcyclobutyl)-li7-pyrazol-4- yl)pyridin-2-yl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (172 mg, 0.242 mmol) and THF/CH3OH (1 : 1, 2 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction was stirred at rt for 1 h, diluted with EtOAc (10 mL), washed with sat’d NaHC03 (10 mL), washed with brine (10 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-5.5% CH3OH in CH2CI2) to give trans-4- hydroxy-Af-((4-(4- ethoxy-3 - ethyl phenyl )bicyclo[2.2.2]octan- l -yl)rn ethyl )-A-(4-(l -(] - methylcyclobutyl)- l //-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (131 mg, 90%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.45 (s, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.85 (s, 1H), 7.31-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.03-7.02 (m, 2H), 6.72 (d, 1H), 5.30 (s, 1H), 4.23-4.08 (m, 1H), 3.79- 3.78 (m, 5H), 3.65-3.55 (m, 1H), 2.79-2.76 (m, 2H), 2.35-2.25 (m, 2H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 2.05- 1.80 (m, 6H), 1.75 (s, 3H), 1.70-1.60 (m, 8H), 1.50-1.38 (m, 6H), 1.10-0.97 (m, 2H); LCMS:
597.5 [M+H]+.
Step 4: 4-(((4-(4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)(4-(l-(l- methylcyclobutyl)-l//-pyrazol-4-yl)pyndin-2-yl)carbamoyl)(/r«/f.v-cyclohexyl) 4- hydroxypiperidine-l-carboxylate
[00564] A mixture of of /ra//.s-4-hydroxy-Af-((4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)-/V-(4-(l-(l-methylcyclobutyl)-li7-pyrazol-4- yl)pyridin-2-yl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (127 mg, 0.213 mmol), CDI (104 mg, 0.638 mmol), and CH3CN (1.5 mL) was stirred at 50 °C for 1 h and then cooled to rt. Piperidin-4-ol (36 mg, 0.355 mmol) was added to a portion of this mixture (0.5 mL, 0.071 mmol). The reaction was stirred at rt for 2 h, and then additional piperidin-4-ol (36 mg, 0.355 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred for 1 h, diluted with EtOAc (10 mL), washed with sat’d NaHC03 (10 mL), washed with brine (10 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (0-6% CH3OH in CH2CI2) to give 4-(((4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)(4-(l-(l-methylcyclobutyl)-li7-pyrazol-4- yl)pyri din-2 -yl)carbamoyl)(/ra/75-cyclohexyl) 4-hydroxypiperidine-l-carboxylate (50 mg, 98%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.63 (s, 1H), 8.42 (d, 1H), 8.20 (s, 1H), 7.77 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, 1H), 7.04-6.96 (m, 2H), 6.77 (d, 1H), 4.69 (d, 1H), 4.43-4.34 (m, 1H), 3.76-3.69 (m, 5H), 3.67-3.54 (3 H), 3.01-2.89 (m, 2H), 2.74-2.62 (m, 2H), 2.39-2.26 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.13 (m, 2H), 2.09 (s, 3H), 2.02-1.75 (m, 6H), 1.70 (s, 3H), 1.68-1.56 (m, 8H), 1.53-1.32 (m, 8H), 1.27-1.14 (m, 2H), 1.09-0.94 (m, 2H); LCMS: 724.6 [M+H]+.
[00565] The Compounds below were synthesized from the appropriate Intermediates and the appropriate amines following the procedures described for Compound 15.
Figure imgf000286_0001
Figure imgf000287_0002
Alternate conditions: Step 1: DCE as solvent; 2-23 h; In some instances, additional reagents were needed (up to 1.5 equiv AcOH and/or up to 1.3 equiv aldehyde); In some instances, AcOH was not used. Step 2: CH2Cl2 as solvent; 1-16 h. Step 3: CH3OH/THF (1: 1 or 2: 1); 1-9 h; In some instances, up to 3 equiv 1 N HC1 was used; In some instances CH2Cl2 was added to help solubility. Step 4a: rt- 80 °C; 1-16 h. Step 4b: rt-40 °C; 2-216 h; iPr2NEt (2 equiv relative to amine) was added when the amine was an HC1 salt; In some instances, up to 21 equiv amine was added. Synthesized using tetrahydro-2//-thiopyran -4-amine following the procedures described for Compound 15 and then oxidized using standard conditions (sulfoxide: NaI04, H20/THF (1: 1 or 2.5: 1), 40 °C, 1-22 h; sulfone: m- CBPA, CH2Cl2, 0 °C-rt, 1 h).
Compound 16
4-((4-(l-Isopropyl-l -pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)((4-(6-methoxy-5-methylpyridin-3- yl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)carbamoyl)(irans-cyclohexyl) 3-hydroxypyrrolidine-
1-carboxylate
Figure imgf000287_0001
Step 1: 4-(l-Isopropyl-l -pyrazol-4-yl)-A-((4-(6-methoxy-5-methylpyridin-3- yl)bicyclo [2.2.2] octan-l-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine
[00566] Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (735.5 mg, 3.47 mmol) was added to a mixture of Intermediate 16 (450 mg, 1.74 mmol), Intermediate 8 (421.1 mg, 2.08 mmol), and DCE (15 mL) at 0 °C under N2. The mixture was stirred at rt overnight, diluted with sat’d NaHC03 (20 mL), and then extracted with CH2Cl2 (3 x 10 mL). The organic layers were combined, washed with brine (10 mL), dried over Na2S04, filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (CH2Cl2/CH3OH = l50/l 50/l) to obtain 4-( 1 -isopropyl - 1 H- pyrazol-4-yl)-Af-((4-(6-m ethoxy-5 -methyl pyridin-3-yl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l - yl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine (450 mg, 46%) as a light yellow foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3): d 7.91-7.90 (m, 1H), 7.88-7.86 (s, 1H), 7.83-7.81 (s, 1H), 7.76-7.74 (m, 1H), 7.35 (s, 1H), 6.66 (d, 1H), 6.53 (s, 1H), 6.39 (s, 1H), 4.58-4.50 (m, 1H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.09 (s, 2H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 1.85-1.82 (m, 6H), 1.67-1.65 (m, 6H), 1.57-1.54 (m, 6H); LCMS: 446.3
[M+H]+.
Step 2: /ra/f.v-4-((fe/7-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-/V-(4-(l-isopropyl-l//-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-
2-yl)-/V-((4-(6-methoxy-5-methylpyridin-3-yl)bicyclo[2.2.2|octan-l- yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00567] Propylphosphonic anhydride (50% in EtOAc, 1.39 g, 2.18 mmol), Et3N (0.45 mL, 3.23 mmol), and then DMAP (29.6 mg, 0.242 mmol) were added to a mixture of 4-(l- isopropyl- 1 //-pyrazol -4-yl)-Af-((4-(6-methoxy-5 -methyl pyridin-3-yl)bicyclo[2 2 2]octan- l _ yl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine (450 mg, 0.808 mmol), Intermediate 12, Step 2 (397 mg, 1.54 mmol), and CH2Cl2 (15 mL) at rt. The reaction was stirred at 40 °C for 3 h, poured into water (10 mL), and then extracted with CH2Cl2 (3 x 10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL ), dried over Na2S04, filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate = 5/1) to give trans-4-((tert- butyldi methyl si lyl)oxy)-A -(4-( l -isopropyl - 1 //-pyrazol -4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-Af-((4-(6-methoxy- 5-methylpyridin-3-yl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (280 mg, 50%) as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3): d 8.41 (d, 1H), 7.87 (s, 1H), 7.82-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.26-7.23 (s, 3H), 4.60-4.53 (m, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.77 (s, 2H), 2.38-2.23 (m, 1H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 1.75-1.87 (m, 5H), 1.70-1.66 (m, 6H), 1.58-1.56 (m, 6H), 1.46-1.43 (m, 6H),
1.25 (s, 2H), 1.15-1.10 (m, 2H), 0.87-0.82 (m, 9H), 0.00 (s, 6H); LCMS: 686.5 [M+H]+.
Step 3: tra/f.v-4-Hydroxy-/V-(4-(l-isopropyl-l//-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-/V-((4-(6- methoxy-5-methylpyridin-3-yl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[00568] Aqueous hydrochloric acid (1 M, 0.39 mL, 0.39 mmol) was added to a solution of /ra//.s-4-((/tv7-butyl di methyl si lyl )oxy)-A-(4-( 1 -i sopropyl - 1 //-pyrazol -4-yl )pyri di n-2-yl )-Af- ((4-(6-methoxy-5-methylpyridin-3-yl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l- yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (270 mg, 0.394 mmol) and THF/CH3OH (1 : 1, 8.0 mL) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at rt for 3 h, diluted with sat’d NaHC03 (20 mL) slowly, and then extracted with EtOAc (3 c 20 mL). The organic layers were combined, washed with brine (20 mL), dried over Na2S04, filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel chromatography (CH2Cl2/CH3OH = 200/l 50/l) to give /ra//.s-4-hydroxy-Af-(4-( ] - isopropyl-l//-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-/V-((4-(6-methoxy-5-methylpyridin-3- yl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (250 mg, 93%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾): d 8.56 (s, 1H), 8.41 (d, 1H), 8.14 (s, 1H), 7.80 (s, 1H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 4.54-4.51 (m, 1H), 4.43 (d, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.71 (s, 2H), 3.27 (s, 1H), 2.22 (s, 1H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.76-1.69 (m, 5H), 1.63 (s, 6H), 1.47 (s, 6H), 1.45- 1.37 (m, 7H), 0.82-0.79 (m, 2H); LCMS: 572.3 [M+H]+.
Step 4 : 4-((4-(l -Isopropyl- l/ -pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)((4-(6-methoxy-5- methylpyridin-3-yl)bicyclo [2.2.2] octan-l-yl)methyl)carbamoyl)(trans-cyclohexyl) 3- hydroxypyrrolidine-l-carboxylate
A mixture of /ra//.s-4-hydroxy-Af-(4-( l -isopropyl - 1 //-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-A-((4-(6- methoxy-5-methylpyridin-3-yl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (30 mg, 0.052 mmol), CDI (13 mg, 0.080 mmol), and CH3CN (0.5 mL) was stirred at 60 °C for 2 h. Additional CDI (7 mg, 0.043 mmol) was added, and the reaction was heated at 80 °C for 1 h. Additional CDI (7 mg, 0.043 mmol) was added, and the reaction was stirred at 80 °C for 17.5 h. Additional CDI (5 mg, 0.031 mmol) was added, and the reaction was stirred at 80 °C for 1 h and then cooled to rt. Pyrrolidin-3-ol (103 pL, 1.31 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at rt for 24.5 h, concentrated, and then purified by reverse-phase HPLC (40-90% CH3CN in H20 with 0.1% TFA). The fractions were concentrated to remove CH3CN, diluted with EtOAc (10 mL), washed with sat’d NaHC03 (10 mL), washed with brine (10 mL), dried (Na2S04), filtered, and then concentrated to give 4-((4-( l -i sopropyl - 1 //-pyrazol -4-yl )pyri din- 2-yl)((4-(6-methoxy-5-methylpyridin-3-yl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-l- yl ( ethyl (carba oyl )(/ra//.s-cyclohexyl ) 3-hydroxypyrrolidine-l-carboxylate (28 mg,
77%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-r¾): d 8.57 (s, 1H), 8.43 (d, 1H), 8.15 (s, 1H), 7.81 (d, 1H), 7.73 (s, 1H), 7.56 (d, 1H), 7.45 (d, 1H), 4.90-4.86 (m, 1H), 4.59-2.48 (m, 1H), 4.44-4.34 (m, 1H), 4.22-4.16 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.74 (bs, 2H), 3.31-3.19 (m, 3H), 3.15-3.02 (m, 1H), 2.37-2.26 (m, 1H), 2.09 (s, 3H), 1.93-1.75 (m, 5H), 1.74-1.59 (m, 7H), 1.54-1.33 (m, 14H), 1.09-0.94 (m, 2H); LCMS: 685.5 [M+H]+.
[00569] The Compound below was synthesized from Intermediate 15, Intermediate 8, Intermediate 12 (Step 2), and pyrrolidin-3-ol following the procedures described for
Compound 16.
Figure imgf000289_0001
Example A-l: Parenteral Pharmaceutical Composition [00570] To prepare a parenteral pharmaceutical composition suitable for administration by injection (subcutaneous, intravenous), 1-1000 mg of a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is dissolved in sterile water and then mixed with 10 mL of 0.9% sterile saline. A suitable buffer is optionally added as well as optional acid or base to adjust the pH. The mixture is incorporated into a dosage unit form suitable for administration by injection
Example A-2: Oral Solution
[00571] To prepare a pharmaceutical composition for oral delivery, a sufficient amount of a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is added to water (with optional solubilizer(s), optional buffer(s), and taste masking excipients) to provide a 20 mg/mL solution.
Example A-3: Oral Tablet
[00572] A tablet is prepared by mixing 20-50% by weight of a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 20-50% by weight of microcrystalline cellulose, 1-10% by weight of low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, and 1-10% by weight of magnesium stearate or other appropriate excipients. Tablets are prepared by direct compression. The total weight of the compressed tablets is maintained at 100 -500 mg.
Example A-4: Oral Capsule
[00573] To prepare a pharmaceutical composition for oral delivery, 10-500 mg of a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is mixed with starch or other suitable powder blend. The mixture is incorporated into an oral dosage unit such as a hard gelatin capsule, which is suitable for oral administration.
[00574] In another embodiment, 10-500 mg of a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is placed into size 4 capsule, or size 1 capsule (hypromellose or hard gelatin) and the capsule is closed.
Example A-5: Topical Gel Composition
[00575] To prepare a pharmaceutical topical gel composition, a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is mixed with hydroxypropyl cellulose, propylene glycol, isopropyl myristate and purified alcohol USP. The resulting gel mixture is then incorporated into containers, such as tubes, which are suitable for topical administration. Example B-l: In Vitro FXR Assay (TK)
Seeding
[00576] CV-l cells were seeded at a density of 2,000,000 cells in a T175 flask with DMEM + 10% charcoal double-stripped FBS and incubated at 37 °C in 5% C02 for 18 h (O/N).
Transfection
[00577] After 18 h of incubation, the medium in the T 175 flask was changed with fresh DMEM + 10% charcoal super-stripped serum. In a polypropylene tube, 2500 pL OptiMEM (Life Technologies, Cat # 31985-062) was combined with expression plasmids for hFXR, hRXR, TK-ECRE-luc and pCMX-YFP. The tube was then briefly vortexed and incubated at room temperature for 5 minutes. Transfection reagent (X-tremeGENE HP from Roche, Cat # 06 366 236 001) was added to the OptiMEM/plasmid mixture vortexed and incubated at room temperature for 20 minutes. Following incubation, the transfection reagent/DNA mixture complex was added to cells in the T175 flask and the cells were incubated at 37 °C in 5% C02 for 18 h (O/N).
Test Compounds
[00578] Compounds were serially diluted in DMSO and added to transfected CV-l cells.
The cells were then incubated for 18 hrs. The next day cells were lysed and examined for luminescence.
[00579] Representative data for exemplary compounds disclosed herein is presented in Table 2.
TABLE 2
Figure imgf000291_0001
Figure imgf000292_0001
Figure imgf000293_0002
‘+++’ means EC50 <0.05 mM;‘++’ means EC50 >0.05 mM and <1 mM;‘+’ means EC50 >1 mM and <10 mM.
Example B-2: In Vitro FXR Assay
Figure imgf000293_0001
Seeding
[00580] CV-l cells were seeded at a density of 2,000,000 cells in a T175 flask with DMEM + 10% charcoal double-stripped FBS and incubated at 37 °C in 5% C02 for 18 h (O/N).
Transfection
[00581] After 18 h of incubation, the medium in the T 175 flask was changed with fresh DMEM + 10% charcoal super-stripped serum. In a polypropylene tube, 2500 pL OptiMEM (Life Technologies, Cat # 31985-062) was combined with expression plasmids for hFXR, hRXR, hSHP- luc and pCMX-YFP. The tube was then briefly vortexed and incubated at room temperature for 5 minutes. Transfection reagent (X-tremeGENE HP from Roche, Cat # 06 366 236 001) was added to the OptiMEM/plasmid mixture vortexed and incubated at room temperature for 20 minutes. Following incubation, the transfection reagent/DNA mixture complex was added to cells in the T175 flask and the cells were incubated at 37 °C in 5% C02 for 18 h (O/N).
Test Compounds
[00582] Compounds were serially diluted in DMSO and added to transfected CV-l cells.
The cells were then incubated for 18 hrs. The next day cells were lysed and examined for luminescence.
Example B-3: NASH Activity Study (STZ Model)
[00583] NASH can be induced in male C57BL/6 by a single subcutaneous injection of 200 ug STZ 2 days after birth followed by feeding high fat diet (HFD) ad libitum after 4 weeks of age. While continuing HFD, compounds can be dosed for 4-8 weeks to determine the effects on NASH. Fasting glucose can be measured throughout the study with a hand-held glucose meter. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and triglyceride (TG) can be measured by a clinical chemistry analyzer. The contents of TG in the liver tissue can be measured using the Triglyceride E-test kit (Wako, Tokyo, Japan).
Histological analysis of liver sections can be performed on tissue embedded in Tissue-TEK O.C.T. compound, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80 °C. The sections can be cut (5 um), air dried and fixed in acetone. For hematoxylin and eosin staining, liver sections can be prefixed by Bouin’s solution and then stained with hematoxylin and eosin solution.
The degree of (zone-3) liver fibrosis can be assessed with Sirius red staining.
Example B-4: NASH Activity Study (AMLN model)
[00584] NASH is induced in male C57BL/6 mice by diet-induction with AMLN diet (DIO- NASH) (D09100301, Research Diet, ETSA) (40% fat (18% trans-fat), 40% carbohydrates (20% fructose) and 2% cholesterol). The animals are kept on the diet for 29 weeks. After 26 weeks of diet induction, liver biopsies are performed for base line histological assessment of disease progression (hepatosteatosis and fibrosis), stratified and randomized into treatment groups according to liver fibrosis stage, steatosis score, and body weight. Three weeks after biopsy the mice are stratified into treatment groups and dosed daily by oral gavage with FXR agonists for 8 weeks. At the end of the study liver biopsies are performed to assess hepatic steatosis and fibrosis by examining tissue sections stained with H&E and Sirius Red, respectively. Total collagen content in the liver is measured by colorimetric determination of hydroxyproline residues by acid hydrolysis of collagen. Triglycerides and total cholesterol content in liver homogenates are measured in single determinations using autoanalyzer Cobas C-l 11 with commercial kit (Roche Diagnostics, Germany) according to manufacturer's instructions.
Example B-5: CC14 Fibrosis Model
[00585] Fibrosis can be induced in BALB/c male mice by bi-weekly administration of CCl4 administered by intraperitoneal injection. CCl4 is formulated 1 : 1 in oil and is injected IP at lmL/kg. After 2-4 weeks of fibrosis induction the compounds can be administered daily by oral gavage for 2-6 weeks of treatment while continuing CCI4 administration. At study termination livers can be formalin fixed and stained with Sirius Red stain for
histopathological evaluation of fibrosis. Total collagen content can be measured by colorimetric determination of hydroxyproline residues by acid hydrolysis of collagen. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) can be measured by a clinical chemistry analyzer.
Example B-6: Intrahepatic Cholestasis Model
[00586] Experimental intrahepatic cholestasis induced by l7a-ethynylestradiol (EE2) treatment in rodents is a widely used in vivo model to examine the mechanisms involved in estrogen-induced cholestasis. Intrahepatic cholestasis can be induced in adult male mice by subcutaneous injection of lOmg/kg l7a-ethynyl estradiol (E2) daily for 5 days. Testing of FXR ligands can be performed by administration of compounds during E2 induction of cholestasis. Cholestatic effects can be quantitated by assessing liver/body weight ratio and measuring serum total bile acids and alkaline phosphatase levels can be measured using reagents and controls from Diagnostic Chemicals Ltd. and the Cobas Mira plus CC analyzer (Roche Diagnostics). For histology and mitosis measurements, liver samples from each mouse can be fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Slides are stained with hematoxylin and eosin using standard protocols and examined microscopically for structural changes. Hepatocyte proliferation is evaluated by immunohistochemical staining for Ki67.
Example B-7: Direct target gene regulation
[00587] Direct target gene regulation by FXR ligands can be assessed by dosing mice either acutely or chronically with compounds and collecting tissues at various time points after dosing. RNA can be isolated from tissues such as the ileum and liver, and reverse transcribed to cDNA for quantitative PCR analysis of genes known in the literature to be directly and indirectly regulated by FXR such as SHP, BSEP, IBABP, FGF15, CYP7A1, CYP8B1 and C3. Example B-8: Mouse PK Study
[00588] The plasma pharmacokinetics of any one of the compounds disclosed herein as a test article is measured following a single bolus intravenous and oral administration to mice (CD-l, C57BL, and diet induced obesity mice). Test article is formulated for intravenous administration in a vehicle solution of DMSO, PEG400, hydroxypropyl-P-cyclodextrin (HPpCD) and is administered (for example at a dose volume of 3 mL/kg) at selected dose levels. An oral dosing formulation is prepared in appropriate oral dosing vehicles (vegetable oils, PEG400, Solutol, citrate buffer, or carboxymethyl cellulose) and is administered at a dose volume of 5—10 mL/kg at selected dose levels. Blood samples (approximately 0.15 mL) are collected by cheek pouch method at pre-determined time intervals post intravenous or oral doses into tubes containing EDTA. Plasma is isolated by centrifugation of blood at 10,000 g for 5 minutes, and aliquots are transferred into a 96-well plate and stored at -60°C or below until analysis.
[00589] Calibration standards of test article are prepared by diluting DMSO stock solution with DMSO in a concentration range. Aliquots of calibration standards in DMSO are combined with plasma from naive mouse so that the final concentrations of calibration standards in plasma are lO-fold lower than the calibration standards in DMSO. PK plasma samples are combined with blank DMSO to match the matrix. The calibration standards and PK samples are combined with ice-cold acetonitrile containing an analytical internal standard and centrifuged at 1850 g for 30 minutes at 4°C. The supernatant fractions are analyzed by LC/MS/MS and quantitated against the calibration curve. Pharmacokinetic parameters (area under the curve (AETC), Cmax, Tmax, elimination half-life (Tl/2), clearance (CL), steady state volume of distribution (VdSS), and mean residence time (MRT)) are calculated via non- compartmental analysis using Microsoft Excel (version 2013).
Example B-9: Rat ANIT Model
[00590] A compound described herein is evaluated in a chronic treatment model of cholestasis over a range of doses (for example, doses in the range of 0.01 to 100 mg/kg). This model is used to evaluate the suitability of the use of FXR agonists, e.g ., a compound described herein, for the treatment of cholestatic liver disorders such as bile acid
malabsorption (e.g, primary or secondary bile acid diarrhea), bile reflux gastritis,
collagenous colitis, lymphocytic colitis, diversion colitis, indeterminate colitis, Alagille syndrome, biliary atresia, ductopenic liver transplant rejection, bone marrow or stem cell transplant associated graft versus host disease, cystic fibrosis liver disease, and parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease.
[00591] Rats are treated with alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) (0.1% w/w) in food for 3 days prior to treatment with a compound described herein, at a range of doses (for example, doses in the range of 0.01 to 100 mg/kg). A noncholestatic control group is fed standard chow diet without ANIT and serves as the noncholestatic control animals (“Control”). After 14 days of oral dosing, rat serum is analyzed for levels of analytes. LLQ, lower limit of quantitation. Mean ± SEM; n = 5.
[00592] Levels of hepatobiliary injury indicators are measured in rat serum, such as elevated levels of circulating aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), bilirubin and bile acids. ANIT exposure induces profound cholestasis and hepatocellular damage. A compound that improves many of these indicators is useful in the treatment of the aforementioned diseases or conditions.
[00593] Reductions in the accumulation of bile acids in the liver, enhancements in bile acid excretion in the biliary tract and inhibition of bile acid synthesis is consistent with the pharmacological action of an FXR agonist. An improvement in the serum conjugated bilirubin (a direct indicator for hepatic function) implies recovery from cholestasis with improved bile excretion.
[00594] Furthermore, an analysis is made to ascertain the effects of the compound described herein on serum FGF15 fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15 in rodent; FGF19 in human) expression, a hormone that is secreted in the portal blood and signals to the liver to repress CYP7A1 expression synergistically with SHP. The direct FXR-dependent induction of FGF15/19 along with FGFl5/l9’s anti-cholestatic properties makes it a convenient serum biomarker for detecting target engagement of FXR agonists.
[00595] Serum FGF15 levels are quantified using an FGF15 Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) assay. For example, Mouse FGF15 antibody from R&D Systems (AF6755) is used both as capture and detection antibody in the assay. MSD SULFO-TAG NHS-Ester is used to label the FGF15 antibody. MSD standard 96-well plates are coated with the FGF15 capture antibody and the plates are blocked with MSD Blocker A (R93 AA-2). After washing the plate with PBS + 0.05% Tween 20, MSD diluent 4 is dispensed into each well and incubated for 30 min. 25 pi of calibrator dilutions or samples (serum or EDTA plasma) are dispensed into each well and incubated with shaking at RT.
[00596] After washing, detection antibody is added and incubated with shaking for 1 h at RT. After washing and the addition of MSD Read buffer (R92TC-2), the plate is read on an MSD SECTOR Imager 6000. Plots of the standard curve and unknown samples are calculated using MSD data analysis software.
[00597] The examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and various modifications or changes suggested to persons skilled in the art are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the appended claims.
Example B-10: Mouse Chronic DSS Colitis Model
[00598] The chronic Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS)-induced mouse can be used to test the therapeutic potential of compounds against inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Chronic colitis can be induced by feeding mice DSS in drinking water. For example, 2% DSS in drinking water for 5 days and regular drinking water for 5 days, then this feeding cycle can be repeated two more times with higher concentrations of DSS, 2.5% and 3%, respectively for a total of three cycles. Colitis develops approximately after the first cycle of DSS feeding, which can be monitored by loss of body weight, stool consistency and rectal bleeding. An FXR agonist can be tested by administering to mice at the same time of starting 2% DSS water feeding. Alternatively, testing of an FXR agonist can be performed post the first feeding cycle of 2%DSS water and regular water. During the period of administering the FXR agonist to mice, the therapeutic effects can be monitored by observations on body weights, stool consistency and rectal bleeding. After euthanasia, the disease development and effects of the FXR agonist can be further quantified by measuring colon weight and length, colon histology by H&E staining for inflammation and structural changes in mucosa, and protein and RNA expression of genes related to the disease.
Example B-ll: Adoptive T-cell Transfer Colitis Mouse Model
[00599] The adoptive T-cell transfer colitis model is accepted as a relevant mouse model for human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). To induce colitis in this model, the CD4 T- lymphocyte population is isolated from the spleens of donor mice, subsequently a
subpopulation of CD4+CD45RB high T-cells is purified by cell sorting using flow cytometry. The purified CD4+CD45RB high T-cells are injected into the peritoneal cavity of the recipient SCID mice. Colitis develops approximately three to six weeks after T-cell transfer, which can be monitored by loss of body weight (although loss of body weight can be variable), inconsistent stool or bloody diarrhea. Testing of an FXR agonist can be initiated at the same time of injecting purified CD4+CD45RB high T-cells to the recipient SCID mice. Alternatively, the FXR agonist can be administered two or three weeks post T-cell transfer, when colitis has already developed in the model. During the period of administering the FXR agonist to mice, the therapeutic effects can be monitored by observations on body weights, stool consistency and rectal bleeding. After euthanasia, the disease development and effects of the FXR agonist can be further quantified by measuring colon weight and length, colon and ileum histology by H&E staining for inflammation and structural changes in mucosa, and protein and RNA expression of genes related to the disease.
Example B-12: Mdrla-/- Mouse Model
[00600] The Mdrla-/- mouse model is a spontaneous colitis model that has been used in testing new therapies for human IBD. Loss of the Mdrla gene in this model leads to impaired intestinal barrier function, which results in increased infiltration of gut bacteria and subsequent colitis. Under proper housing conditions, Mdrla-/- mice can develop colitis at about 8 to 13 weeks of age. During disease progression, a disease activity index (DAI) summing the clinical observation scores on rectal prolapse, stool consistency and rectal bleeding can be used to monitor the disease. Testing of an FXR agonist can be started at the initial stage of disease, generally with DAI score less than 1.0. Alternatively, administration of an FXR agonist can be initiated when colitis has developed, typically with a DAI score above 2.0. Therapeutic effects of the FXR agonist can be monitored by measuring the DAI, and testing can be terminated when desired disease severity has been achieved, generally with a DAI score around 5.0. After euthanasia, the disease development and effects of the FXR agonist can be further quantified by measuring colon weight and length, colon histology by H&E staining for inflammation and structural changes in mucosa, and protein and RNA expression of genes related to the disease.
[00601] The examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and various modifications or changes suggested to persons skilled in the art are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the appended claims.

Claims

CLAIMS WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. A compound of Formula (G), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:
Figure imgf000300_0001
Formula (F);
wherein:
ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl;
or ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,
pyridazinyl, or triazinyl;
or ring A is phenyl;
X1, X5, X6, and X7 are each independently CR7 or N; wherein at least one of X1, X5, X6, and X7 are CR7;
R1 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, - OC(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci- C4alkyl), -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), -0C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR15C(=0)N(R17)2, -SH, -S(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2(C1-C4alkyl), C1-C4alkyl, C2- C alkenyl, C2-C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, Ci- C heteroalkyl, C3-C6cycloalkyl, or monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl;
X2 is CR2 or N;
R2 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, - OC(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci- C4alkyl), -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), -0C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR15C(=0)N(R17)2, -SH, -S(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2(C1-C4alkyl), C1-C4alkyl, C2- C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, Ci- C heteroalkyl, C3-C6cycloalkyl, or monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl; or R1 and R2 are taken together with the intervening atoms to form a fused 5- or 6- membered ring with 0-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring, wherein the fused 5- or 6-membered ring is optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-C4alkyl;
X3 is CR3 or N;
R3 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -OC(=0)(Ci-
C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(Ci-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), Ci- C alkyl, C2-C alkenyl, C2-C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci- C fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C heteroalkyl;
each X4 is independently CH, CF, or N;
R4 is H, F, or -C¾;
R5 is H, F, or -C¾;
or R4 and R5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH2- or -CH2CH2-;
each R6 is independently H, F, -OH, or -CH3;
each R7 is independently selected from H, halogen, -CN, -OH, Ci-C4alkyl, C2-
C alkenyl, C2-C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, C3- C6cycloalkyl, and Ci-C heteroalkyl;
L is absent, -Y2-L'-, -L'-Y2-, cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene, or
bicyclo[ 1.1.1 Jpentylene;
Y2 is absent, -O-, -S-, -S(=0)-, -S(=0)2-, -S(=0)2NR17-, -CH2-, -CH=CH-, -CºC-, -C(=0)-, -C(=0)0-, -OC(=0)-, -0C(=0)0-, -C(=0)NR17-, -NR17C(=0)-, - OC(=0)NR17-, -NR17C(=0)0-, -NR17C(=0)NR17-, -NR17S(=0)2-, or -NR17-; L1 is absent or Ci-C4alkylene;
R8 is H, -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C3fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6heteroalkyl, -C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02(Ci-C4alkyl), -N(R17)2, - C(=0)N(R17)2, -S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, C3-C6cycloalkyl, monocyclic C2-C6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl, wherein C3-C6cycloalkyl, monocyclic C2-C6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl are optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen and Ci-C6alkyl;
R9 is H, F, or -CH3;
R10 is -0C(=0)N(R12)(R13), -OC(=0)R14, or -Ci-C6alkyl-0C(=0)N(R15)(R16);
R11 is H, F, or -CH3;
or R9 and R11 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH2- or -CH2CH2-; R12 is a monocyclic C 2-C 5 h eterocy d oal k y 1 optionally substituted with one or two oxo groups, or a C4-C6cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C6alkyl;
R13 is H or Ci-C6alkyl;
or R12 andR13 are taken together to form a C -G spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, and G- C6alkoxy;
Figure imgf000302_0001
R14a is selected from Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -C02H, -C02(Ci-C4alkyl), and G- C6fluoroalkyl;
each R14b is independently selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, -S(=0)2(G- C4alkyl), Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -Ci-C6alkyl-0-Ci-C6alkyl, -G-Galkyl- N(C!-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6fluoroalkoxy, and Ci-C6alkoxy;
each R14C is independently selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, -S(=0)2(G- C4alkyl), Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -Ci-C6alkyl-0-Ci-C6alkyl, -G-Galkyl- N(C!-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6fluoroalkoxy, and Ci-C6alkoxy;
R15 is Ci-C4alkyl or C3-C6cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C4alkyl or C3-C6cycloalkyl is
optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(G- C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy;
R16 is H or Ci-C6alkyl;
or R15 andR16 are taken together to form a C2-C6heterocycloalkyl optionally
containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6alkoxy, and -C02R17;
each R17 is independently H or Ci-C6alkyl;
each R18 is independently halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), - S(C1-C4alkyl), -S(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2(G-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, - C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -OC(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), - NR17C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), - 0C(=0)N(R17)2, Ci-C4alkyl, C2-C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci- C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C4heteroalkyl, C3-C6cycloalkyl, monocyclic C2-C6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl;
m is 0, 1, or 2;
n is 0, 1, or 2;
p is 2 or 3; and
q is 0, 1, 2, or 3.
2. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein the compound has the structure of Formula (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:
Figure imgf000303_0001
Formula (la’).
3. The compound of claim 1 or 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate
thereof, wherein X1 is N, and X5, X6, and X7 are CH.
4. The compound of claim 1 or 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate
thereof, wherein X1 and X6 are N, and X5 and X7 are CH.
5. The compound of claim 1 or 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate
thereof, wherein X1 and X7 are N, and X5 and X6 are CH.
6 The compound of claim 1 or 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate
thereof, wherein X1, X5, X6, and X7 are CH.
7. A compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:
Figure imgf000303_0002
Formula (I);
wherein: ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl;
or ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,
pyridazinyl, or triazinyl;
or ring A is phenyl;
X1 is CH or N;
R1 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, - OC(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci- C4alkyl), -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), -0C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR15C(=0)N(R17)2, -SH, -S(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2(C1-C4alkyl), C1-C4alkyl, C2- C alkenyl, C2-C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, Ci- C4heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl;
X2 is CR2 or N;
R2 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, - OC(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci- C4alkyl), -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), -0C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR15C(=0)N(R17)2, -SH, -S(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2(C1-C4alkyl), C1-C4alkyl, C2- C alkenyl, C2-C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, Ci- C heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C2-C5heterocycloalkyl;
or R1 and R2 are taken together with the intervening atoms to form a fused 5- or 6- membered ring with 0-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring, wherein the fused 5- or 6-membered ring is optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-C alkyl;
X3 is CR3 or N;
R3 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -OC(=0)(Ci-
C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), Ci- C alkyl, C2-C alkenyl, C2-C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci- C fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C heteroalkyl;
each X4 is independently CH or N;
R4 is H, F, or -C¾;
R5 is H, F, or -C¾;
or R4 and R5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH2- or -CH2CH2-;
each R6 is independently H, F, -OH, or -CH3; R7 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, Ci-C4alkyl, C2-C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C4heteroalkyl;
L is absent, -Y2-L'-, -L'-Y2-, cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene, or
bicyclo[ 1.1.1 Jpentylene;
Y2 is absent, -0-, -S-, -S(=0)-, -S(=0)2-, -S(=0)2NR17-, -CH2-, -CH=CH-, -CºC-,
-C(=0)-, -C(=0)0-, -OC(=0)-, -0C(=0)0-, -C(=0)NR17-, -NR17C(=0)-, - OC(=0)NR17-, -NR17C(=0)0-, -NR17C(=0)NR17-, -NR17S(=0)2-, or -NR17-;
L1 is absent or Ci-C alkylene;
R8 is H, -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci-C3fluoroalkyl,
Ci-Ceheteroalkyl, -C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C02(Ci-C4alkyl), -N(R17)2, - C(=0)N(R17)2, -S(=0)2(C1-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, C3-C6cycloalkyl, monocyclic C2-C6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl, wherein C3-C6cycloalkyl, monocyclic C2-C6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl are optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen and Ci-C6alkyl;
R9 is H, F, or -CH3;
R10 is -0C(=0)N(R12)(R13), -0C(=0)R14, or -Ci-C6alkyl-0C(=0)N(R15)(R16);
R11 is H, F, or -CH3;
or R9 and R11 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH2- or -CH2CH2-;
R12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C -C6cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C6alkyl;
R13 is H or Ci-C6alkyl;
or R12 andR13 are taken together to form a Cj-G spirocydic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, and Ci- C6alkoxy;
Figure imgf000305_0001
R14a is selected from Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -C02H, -C02(Ci-C alkyl), and Ci- C6fluoroalkyl each R14b is independently selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, -S(=0)2(Cl- C4alkyl), Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -Ci-C6alkyl-0-Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl- N(Ci-C alkyl)2, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy;
each R14C is independently selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl)2, -S(=0)2(Ci- C4alkyl), Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -Ci-C6alkyl-0-Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl- N(C!-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy;
R15 is Ci-C alkyl or C3-C6cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C alkyl or C3-C6cycloalkyl is
optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci- C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy;
R16 is H or Ci-C6alkyl;
or R15 andR16 are taken together to form a C2-C6heterocycloalkyl optionally
containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6alkoxy, and -CO2R17;
each R17 is independently H or Ci-C6alkyl;
each R18 is independently halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R17)2, -NR17S(=0)2(Ci-C alkyl), - S(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2(Ci-C4alkyl), -S(=0)2N(R17)2, - C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -OC(=0)(C1-C4alkyl), -C02H, -C02(C1-C4alkyl), - NR17C(=0)(Ci-C4alkyl), -C(=0)N(R17)2, -NR17C(=0)0(Ci-C4alkyl), - 0C(=0)N(R17)2, Ci-C4alkyl, C2-C4alkenyl, C2-C4alkynyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, Ci- C4fluoroalkyl, Ci-C4fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C4heteroalkyl, C3-C6cycloalkyl, monocyclic C2-C6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl;
m is 0, 1, or 2;
n is 0, 1, or 2;
p is 2 or 3; and
q is 0, 1, 2, or 3.
8. The compound of any one of claims 1-7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein L is absent.
9. The compound of any one of claims 1-8, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R9 is H.
10. The compound of any one of claims 1-9, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R7 is H.
11. The compound of any one of claims 1-10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein m is 0.
12. The compound of any one of claims 1-11, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X1 is N.
13. The compound of any one of claims 1-11, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X1 is CH.
14. The compound of any one of claims 1-13, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein one X4 is CH and one X4 is N.
15. The compound of any one of claims 1-13, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each X4 is CH.
16. The compound of any one of claims 1-15, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R4 is H and R5 is H.
17. The compound of any one of claims 1-15, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R4 andR5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH2- or -CH2CH2-.
18. The compound of claim 17, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R4 and R5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH2CH2-.
19. The compound of any one of claims 1-18, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein n is 0.
20. The compound of any one of claims 1-19, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R11 is H.
21. The compound of claim 1 or claim 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, having the structure of Formula (la):
Figure imgf000307_0001
Formula (la).
22. The compound of claim 21, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, having the structure of Formula (Iaa):
Figure imgf000308_0001
Formula (Iaa).
23. The compound of claim 1 or claim 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, having the structure of Formula (lb):
Figure imgf000308_0002
Formula (lb).
24. The compound of claim 23, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, having the structure of Formula (Ibb):
Figure imgf000308_0003
Formula (Ibb).
25. The compound of claim 1 or claim 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, having the structure of Formula (Ic):
Figure imgf000308_0004
Formula (Ic).
26. The compound of claim 25, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, having the structure of Formula (Icc):
Figure imgf000309_0001
Formula (Icc).
27. The compound of any one of claims 1-26, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R10 is -0C(=0)N(R12)(R13).
28. The compound of any one of claims 1-27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R13 is H.
29. The compound of any one of claims 1-28, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C4- C6cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci- C6alkyl.
30. The compound of any one of claims 1-29, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is a tetrahydropyran ring optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C6alkyl.
31. The compound of claim 30, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,
Figure imgf000309_0002
32. The compound of any one of claims 1-29, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 is C4-C6cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C6alkyl.
33. The compound of claim 32, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,
wherein
Figure imgf000309_0003
34. The compound of any one of claims 1-27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 and R13 are taken together to form a C5-C9spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci- C6alkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy.
35. The compound of claim 34, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 and R13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted C -Cyspirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N.
36. The compound of claim 35, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R12 and R13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted C -Cyspirocyclic ring
having the structure:
Figure imgf000310_0001
37. The compound of any one of claims 1-26, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R10 is -0C(=0)R14.
38. The compound of claim 37, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,
14a
,X / R
wherein R14 is £f
39. The compound of claim 38, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R14a is selected from Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, -C02H, and -C02(Ci- C4alkyl).
40. The compound of claim 37, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein
Figure imgf000310_0002
41. The compound of claim 40, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each R14b is independently selected from -OH, Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, and Ci-C6alkoxy.
42. The compound of claim 37, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein
Figure imgf000310_0003
43. The compound of claim 37, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein
Figure imgf000310_0004
44. The compound of claim 42 or claim 43, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each R14c is independently selected from -OH, -N(Ci-
C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, and Ci-C6alkoxy.
45. The compound of any one of claims 42-44, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein q is 1, 2, or 3.
46. The compound of any one of claims 42-45, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein q is 1.
47. The compound of any one of claims 1-26, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R10 is -Ci-C6alkyl-0C(=0)N(R15)(R16).
48. The compound of claim 47, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R16 is H.
49. The compound of claim 47 or claim 48, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or
solvate thereof, wherein R15 is Ci-C4alkyl or C3-C6cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C4alkyl or C3-C6cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci- C6alkoxy.
50. The compound of any one of claims 47-49, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R15 is Ci-C4alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci- C6fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy.
51. The compound of claim 47, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R15 and R16 are taken together to form a C2-C6heterocycloalkyl optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl)2, Ci- C6alkyl, -Ci-C6alkyl-OH, Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, Ci-C6alkoxy, and -C02R17.
52. The compound of claim 51, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R15 and R16 are taken together to form a C2-C6heterocycloalkyl optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH, Ci-C6alkyl, and Ci-C6alkoxy.
53. The compound of any one of claims 1-52, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyrazolyl; or ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl.
54. The compound of any one of claims 1-53, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or
solvate thereof, wherein
Figure imgf000311_0001
Figure imgf000311_0002
55. The compound of any one of claims 1-54, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or
solvate thereof, wherein
Figure imgf000312_0001
56. The compound of any one of claims 1-54, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or
solvate thereof, wherein
Figure imgf000312_0002
57. The compound of any one of claims 1-54, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein
Figure imgf000312_0003
58. The compound of any one of claims 1-54, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein
Figure imgf000312_0004
59. The compound of any one of claims 1-58, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2 or C3- C6cycloalkyl.
60. The compound of any one of claims 1-59, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is -C¾, -CH2CH3, -CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2.
61. The compound of any one of claims 1-59, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is C3-C6cycloalkyl.
62. The compound of any one of claims 1-61, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R2 is halogen, -CN, or Ci-C4alkyl.
63. The compound of any one of claims 1-62, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R2 is Ci-C4alkyl.
64. The compound of any one of claims 1-63, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is Ci-C alkyl or Ci-C alkoxy.
65. The compound of any one of claims 1-64, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is Ci-C4alkoxy.
66 The compound of any one of claims 1-65, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is -OCH3.
67 A compound selected from:
Figure imgf000313_0001
Figure imgf000314_0001
Figure imgf000315_0001
Figure imgf000316_0001
Figure imgf000317_0001
Figure imgf000318_0001
Figure imgf000319_0001
Figure imgf000320_0001
319
Figure imgf000321_0001
Figure imgf000322_0001
Figure imgf000323_0001
Figure imgf000324_0001
Figure imgf000325_0001
Figure imgf000326_0001
Figure imgf000326_0002
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
68. A compound selected from:
Figure imgf000327_0001
Figure imgf000328_0001
Figure imgf000329_0001
Figure imgf000330_0001
Figure imgf000330_0002
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
69. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any one of claims 1-68, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and at least one
pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
70. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 69, wherein the pharmaceutical
composition is formulated for administration to a mammal by intravenous administration, subcutaneous administration, oral administration, inhalation, nasal administration, dermal administration, or ophthalmic administration.
71. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 69, wherein the pharmaceutical
composition is in the form of a tablet, a pill, a capsule, a liquid, a suspension, a gel, a dispersion, a solution, an emulsion, an ointment, or a lotion.
72. A method of treating or preventing a liver disease or condition in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal a compound of any one of claims 1-68, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
73. The method of claim 72, wherein the liver disease or condition is an alcoholic or non alcoholic liver disease or condition.
74. The method of claim 72, wherein the liver disease or condition is primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, cholestasis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
75. The method of claim 73, wherein the alcoholic liver disease or condition is fatty liver (steatosis), cirrhosis, or alcoholic hepatitis.
76. The method of claim 73, wherein the non-alcoholic liver disease or condition is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
77. The method of claim 73, wherein the non-alcoholic liver disease or condition is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
78. The method of claim 73, wherein the non-alcoholic liver disease or condition is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and is accompanied by liver fibrosis.
79. The method of claim 73, wherein the non-alcoholic liver disease or condition is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) without liver fibrosis.
80. The method of claim 73, wherein the non-alcoholic liver disease or condition is intrahepatic cholestasis or extrahepatic cholestasis.
81. A method of treating or preventing a liver fibrosis in a mammal, comprising
administering to the mammal a compound of any one of claims 1-68, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
82. The method of claim 81, wherein the mammal is diagnosed with hepatitis C virus (HCV), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), cirrhosis, Wilson's disease, hepatitis B virus (HBV), HIV associated steatohepatitis and cirrhosis, chronic viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), or biliary cirrhosis.
83. The method of claim 81, wherein the mammal is diagnosed with nonalcoholic
steatohepatitis (NASH).
84. A method of treating or preventing a liver inflammation in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal a compound of any one of claims 1-68, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
85. The method of claim 84, wherein the mammal is diagnosed with hepatitis C virus (HCV), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), cirrhosis, Wilson's disease, hepatitis B virus (HBV), HIV associated steatohepatitis and cirrhosis, chronic viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), or biliary cirrhosis.
86. The method of claim 84, wherein the mammal is diagnosed with nonalcoholic
steatohepatitis (NASH).
87. The method of claim 84, wherein the liver inflammation is associated with
inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract.
88. The method of claim 84, wherein the mammal is diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease.
89. A method of treating or preventing a gastrointestinal disease or condition in a
mammal, comprising administering to the mammal a compound of any one of claims 1-68, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
90. The method of claim 89, wherein the gastrointestinal disease or condition is
necrotizing enterocolitis, gastritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, gastroenteritis, radiation induced enteritis, pseudomembranous colitis, chemotherapy induced enteritis, gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer, non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD), celiac disease, intestinal celiac disease, post-surgical inflammation, gastric carcinogenesis, graft versus host disease, or any combination thereof.
91. The method of claim 89, wherein the gastrointestinal disease or condition is irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D), irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C), mixed IBS (IBS-M), unsubtyped IBS (IBS-U), or bile acid diarrhea (BAD).
92. A method of treating or preventing a disease or condition in a mammal that would benefit from treatment with an FXR agonist, comprising administering to the mammal a compound of any one of claims 1-68, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
93. The method of any one of claims 72-92, further comprising administering at least one additional therapeutic agent in addition to the compound of any one of claims 1-68, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
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WO2021144330A1 (en) 2020-01-15 2021-07-22 INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Use of fxr agonists for treating an infection by hepatitis d virus
US11084817B2 (en) 2018-09-18 2021-08-10 Metacrine, Inc. Farnesoid X receptor agonists and uses thereof
US11236071B1 (en) 2017-03-15 2022-02-01 Metacrine, Inc. Farnesoid X receptor agonists and uses thereof
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