WO2019141534A1 - Mo, bi, fe und cu enthaltende multimetalloxidmassen - Google Patents
Mo, bi, fe und cu enthaltende multimetalloxidmassen Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2019141534A1 WO2019141534A1 PCT/EP2019/050292 EP2019050292W WO2019141534A1 WO 2019141534 A1 WO2019141534 A1 WO 2019141534A1 EP 2019050292 W EP2019050292 W EP 2019050292W WO 2019141534 A1 WO2019141534 A1 WO 2019141534A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- multimetal oxide
- mixture
- preparation
- aqueous
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 400
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 269
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propene Chemical compound CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 143
- HGINCPLSRVDWNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrolein Chemical compound C=CC=O HGINCPLSRVDWNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 86
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 84
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 81
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 81
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 135
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 113
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 59
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 46
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 41
- -1 C-atoms alkanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 28
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 3
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 17
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 17
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 12
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 126
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 77
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 73
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 54
- 239000012495 reaction gas Substances 0.000 description 51
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 46
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 43
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 43
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 41
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 40
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 40
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 37
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 37
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 37
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 37
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 34
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 32
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 29
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 28
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 28
- VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutene Chemical compound CC(C)=C VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 26
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 25
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 22
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 21
- RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid Chemical class O[Si](O)(O)O RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 description 20
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 18
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 18
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 18
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 15
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 14
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000012018 catalyst precursor Substances 0.000 description 13
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 13
- XAYGUHUYDMLJJV-UHFFFAOYSA-Z decaazanium;dioxido(dioxo)tungsten;hydron;trioxotungsten Chemical compound [H+].[H+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.[O-][W]([O-])(=O)=O.[O-][W]([O-])(=O)=O.[O-][W]([O-])(=O)=O.[O-][W]([O-])(=O)=O.[O-][W]([O-])(=O)=O.[O-][W]([O-])(=O)=O XAYGUHUYDMLJJV-UHFFFAOYSA-Z 0.000 description 13
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 13
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 11
- STNJBCKSHOAVAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrolein Chemical compound CC(=C)C=O STNJBCKSHOAVAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tert-Butanol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 10
- 150000004677 hydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 10
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 9
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 7
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000011949 solid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 7
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 6
- XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) nitrate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ZrO2 Inorganic materials O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000003701 inert diluent Substances 0.000 description 5
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000001603 reducing effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 5
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 4
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- FGHSTPNOXKDLKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitric acid;hydrate Chemical class O.O[N+]([O-])=O FGHSTPNOXKDLKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium nitrite Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]N=O LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 4
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GYCMBHHDWRMZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylacrylonitrile Chemical compound CC(=C)C#N GYCMBHHDWRMZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- YKTSYUJCYHOUJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O--].[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] Chemical compound [O--].[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] YKTSYUJCYHOUJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000012378 ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 3
- FIXLYHHVMHXSCP-UHFFFAOYSA-H azane;dihydroxy(dioxo)molybdenum;trioxomolybdenum;tetrahydrate Chemical compound N.N.N.N.N.N.O.O.O.O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O[Mo](O)(=O)=O.O[Mo](O)(=O)=O.O[Mo](O)(=O)=O FIXLYHHVMHXSCP-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical class [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000013590 bulk material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000008240 homogeneous mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- SZQUEWJRBJDHSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(3+);trinitrate;nonahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Fe+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O SZQUEWJRBJDHSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000012744 reinforcing agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- ZCUFMDLYAMJYST-UHFFFAOYSA-N thorium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Th]=O ZCUFMDLYAMJYST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RJIYTXBANSMPCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylprop-2-enal;prop-2-enal Chemical group C=CC=O.CC(=C)C=O RJIYTXBANSMPCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MUZDXNQOSGWMJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylprop-2-enoic acid;prop-2-enoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=C.CC(=C)C(O)=O MUZDXNQOSGWMJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000694440 Colpidium aqueous Species 0.000 description 2
- 229910001021 Ferroalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001410 Microfiber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- RJOBGTNMWSHFSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N+](=O)(O)[O-].[N+](=O)([O-])[O-].[Bi+3].[N+](=O)([O-])[O-].[N+](=O)([O-])[O-] Chemical compound [N+](=O)(O)[O-].[N+](=O)([O-])[O-].[Bi+3].[N+](=O)([O-])[O-].[N+](=O)([O-])[O-] RJOBGTNMWSHFSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SJABNTQPPGJFGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N+](=O)([O-])[O-].[Co+2].[N+](=O)(O)[O-].[N+](=O)([O-])[O-] Chemical compound [N+](=O)([O-])[O-].[Co+2].[N+](=O)(O)[O-].[N+](=O)([O-])[O-] SJABNTQPPGJFGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010425 asbestos Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 2
- WTEOIRVLGSZEPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron trifluoride Chemical compound FB(F)F WTEOIRVLGSZEPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001860 citric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- QSQUFRGBXGXOHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(iii) nitrate Chemical compound [Co].O[N+]([O-])=O.O[N+]([O-])=O.O[N+]([O-])=O QSQUFRGBXGXOHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OPQARKPSCNTWTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(ii) acetate Chemical compound [Cu+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O OPQARKPSCNTWTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000013016 damping Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000004683 dihydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 2
- NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipotassium dioxido(oxo)titanium Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Ti]([O-])=O NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000004675 formic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 2
- 238000012432 intermediate storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003658 microfiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- JKQOBWVOAYFWKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum trioxide Chemical compound O=[Mo](=O)=O JKQOBWVOAYFWKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003891 oxalate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000005839 oxidative dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002923 oximes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical compound [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000002459 porosimetry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004323 potassium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003134 recirculating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052895 riebeckite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010944 silver (metal) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 2
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- MSBGPEACXKBQSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N (4-fluorophenyl) carbonochloridate Chemical compound FC1=CC=C(OC(Cl)=O)C=C1 MSBGPEACXKBQSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WALXYTCBNHJWER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,6-tribromopyridine Chemical compound BrC1=CC(Br)=NC(Br)=C1 WALXYTCBNHJWER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HWSISDHAHRVNMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bismuth subnitrate Chemical compound O[NH+]([O-])O[Bi](O[N+]([O-])=O)O[N+]([O-])=O HWSISDHAHRVNMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical compound N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 229920000298 Cellophane Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 229910021589 Copper(I) bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- AZFNGPAYDKGCRB-XCPIVNJJSA-M [(1s,2s)-2-amino-1,2-diphenylethyl]-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonylazanide;chlororuthenium(1+);1-methyl-4-propan-2-ylbenzene Chemical compound [Ru+]Cl.CC(C)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1.C1=CC(C)=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)[N-][C@@H](C=1C=CC=CC=1)[C@@H](N)C1=CC=CC=C1 AZFNGPAYDKGCRB-XCPIVNJJSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001854 alkali hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- APUPEJJSWDHEBO-UHFFFAOYSA-P ammonium molybdate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O APUPEJJSWDHEBO-UHFFFAOYSA-P 0.000 description 1
- VBIXEXWLHSRNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium oxalate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O VBIXEXWLHSRNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012062 aqueous buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000002238 attenuated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012752 auxiliary agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000416 bismuth oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960001482 bismuth subnitrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WMWLMWRWZQELOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Bi]O[Bi]=O WMWLMWRWZQELOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002144 chemical decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
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- QGUAJWGNOXCYJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O QGUAJWGNOXCYJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PFQLIVQUKOIJJD-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(ii) formate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]C=O.[O-]C=O PFQLIVQUKOIJJD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000431 copper oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OXBLHERUFWYNTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M copper(I) chloride Chemical compound [Cu]Cl OXBLHERUFWYNTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910000009 copper(II) carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000366 copper(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GEZOTWYUIKXWOA-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;carbonate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-]C([O-])=O GEZOTWYUIKXWOA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- HFDWIMBEIXDNQS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;diformate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-]C=O.[O-]C=O HFDWIMBEIXDNQS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- VMKYLARTXWTBPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;dinitrate;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Cu+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O VMKYLARTXWTBPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IKUPISAYGBGQDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;dioxido(dioxo)molybdenum Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O IKUPISAYGBGQDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QYCVHILLJSYYBD-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;oxalate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O QYCVHILLJSYYBD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000008120 corn starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011646 cupric carbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019854 cupric carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000280 densification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- TYIXMATWDRGMPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibismuth;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Bi+3].[Bi+3] TYIXMATWDRGMPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007922 dissolution test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013312 flour Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical group [H]C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N furosemide Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(S(=O)(=O)N)=CC(C(O)=O)=C1NCC1=CC=CO1 ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004688 heptahydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007210 heterogeneous catalysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004687 hexahydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000017 hydrogel Substances 0.000 description 1
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- DKZQBCICHVGQIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(3+);trinitrate;hydrate Chemical class O.[Fe+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O DKZQBCICHVGQIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000003734 kidney Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011031 large-scale manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004185 liver Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- HCWCAKKEBCNQJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium orthosilicate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] HCWCAKKEBCNQJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000391 magnesium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052919 magnesium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019792 magnesium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000896 monocarboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000000653 nervous system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- HZPNKQREYVVATQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(2+);diformate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]C=O.[O-]C=O HZPNKQREYVVATQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- DOLZKNFSRCEOFV-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(2+);oxalate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O DOLZKNFSRCEOFV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000008 nickel(II) carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021508 nickel(II) hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000363 nickel(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AIYYMMQIMJOTBM-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(ii) acetate Chemical compound [Ni+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O AIYYMMQIMJOTBM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- ZULUUIKRFGGGTL-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(ii) carbonate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZULUUIKRFGGGTL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- BFDHFSHZJLFAMC-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(ii) hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ni+2] BFDHFSHZJLFAMC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000069 nitrogen hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052756 noble gas Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002835 noble gases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004690 nonahydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006053 organic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- OGCYGKRWXWQOAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxobismuthanyl nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)O[Bi]=O OGCYGKRWXWQOAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003415 peat Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004304 potassium nitrite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010289 potassium nitrite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001592 potato starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 239000008262 pumice Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000275 quality assurance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009774 resonance method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012453 solvate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 150000004685 tetrahydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N thallium Chemical compound [Tl] BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004684 trihydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G39/00—Compounds of molybdenum
- C01G39/006—Compounds containing, besides molybdenum, two or more other elements, with the exception of oxygen or hydrogen
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/002—Mixed oxides other than spinels, e.g. perovskite
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/84—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/85—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
- B01J23/88—Molybdenum
- B01J23/887—Molybdenum containing in addition other metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/8876—Arsenic, antimony or bismuth
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/84—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/85—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
- B01J23/888—Tungsten
- B01J23/8885—Tungsten containing also molybdenum
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J35/34—Mechanical properties
- B01J35/37—Crush or impact strength
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J35/396—Distribution of the active metal ingredient
- B01J35/397—Egg shell like
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/50—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their shape or configuration
- B01J35/55—Cylinders or rings
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
- B01J35/61—Surface area
- B01J35/612—Surface area less than 10 m2/g
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
- B01J35/63—Pore volume
- B01J35/633—Pore volume less than 0.5 ml/g
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to Mo, Bi, Fe and Cu-containing multimetal oxide compositions of general stoichiometry I,
- G one or more than one element from the group consisting of K, Na, Rb and Cs,
- H one element or more than one element from the group consisting of Ba, Ca, Cr, Ce, La, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sn, Sr and Zn,
- L one element or more than one element from the group consisting of B, Nb, P, Sb, Ta, Te, Ti, Y and Zr,
- x a number which is determined by the valence and frequency of the elements other than oxygen in I, and satisfy the following conditions:
- the present invention relates to processes for the preparation of multimetal oxide of the general stoichiometry I and their use as catalytically active Aktivmas- sen of catalysts for the heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation of organic Compounds, in particular those of propene to acrolein as the main product and acrylic acid as a byproduct.
- silane oxide in this document does not mean a simple mixture of different metal oxides, but rather a complex polyoxy compound which, in addition to oxygen, contains elements of the general stoichiometry I in the desired individual stoichiometry.
- Semi-metals such as B, P or Si are attributed to the metals for reasons of expediency.
- Mo, Bi and Fe-containing multimetal oxide compositions having a stoichiometry similar to general stoichiometry I are known, for example, from WO 2013/007736.
- a disadvantage of the multimetal oxide compositions of WO 2013/007736 as active compositions of catalysts for the heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation of propene to acrolein as the main product and acrylic acid as desired by-product is that the overall selectivity of the formation of acrolein and acrylic acid resulting from these multimetal oxide compositions does not be able to satisfy in full.
- the object of the present invention was, inter alia, to provide multimetal oxide compositions containing Mo, Bi and Fe which have improved overall selectivity as catalysts for the heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation of propene to acrolein as the main product and acrylic acid as by-product Bil formation of acrolein and acrylic acid (that is, an improved value product overall selectivity) allow.
- a disadvantage of this task is that measures to improve the aforementioned selectivity known to affect the activity of the corresponding catalysts, as a rule, noticeably.
- a further object of the present invention was therefore to provide Mo, Bi and Fe-containing multimetal oxide compositions which are available as active compositions of catalysts for the heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas-phase oxidation of propene to acrolein as the main product and acrylic acid as a by-product, an improved total product value selectivity is possible without at the same time substantially reducing the catalyst activity.
- multimetal oxide oxides of general stoichiometry I containing Mo, Bi, Fe and Cu were prepared,
- G one or more than one element from the group consisting of K, Na, Rb and Cs,
- H one element or more than one element from the group consisting of Ba, Ca, Cr, Ce, La, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sn, Sr and Zn,
- L one element or more than one element from the group consisting of B, Nb, P, Sb, Ta, Te, Ti, Y and Zr,
- x a number which is determined by the valence and frequency of the elements other than oxygen in I, and satisfy the following conditions:
- US Pat. No. 3,951,861 relates to Mo, Bi and Fe-containing multimetal oxide materials which must contain TI and, as one of several optional elements, may optionally also contain Cu.
- a disadvantage of these multimetal oxide materials, which are likewise used as active compounds for the heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation of propene to acrolein as the main product and acrylic acid as a desired by-product in US Pat. No. 3,956,861 is that thallium is not completely toxicologically toxic. It is always converted into its monovalent form in the organism, which can cause damage to the nervous system as well as kidney and liver.
- CN-A 102247862 relates to Mo, Bi, Ni, Cs and Cu-containing multimetal oxide compositions which, as one of several optional elements, may also contain Fe. They are recommended for active masses of catalysts whose active material is a composite of several layers of different multimetal oxides. The corresponding catalysts are also described as suitable for catalyzing the heterogeneously catalyzed partial oxidation of propene to the corresponding unsaturated aldehyde.
- CN-A 101 168129 describes multimetal oxide compositions containing Mo, Bi, Ni, Mg, La, Na, Al and Cl, which, as one of several optional elements, may optionally also contain Cu, as for the catalysis of the heterogeneously catalyzed partial Ammoxidation of propene to acrylonitrile suitable active materials.
- a disadvantage of these multimetal oxide materials is that they must contain Cl-.
- CN-A 104646012 relates to Mo, Bi, Fe, Ni, Co and Cu-containing multimetal oxide compositions which are recommended in CN-A 104646012 as active compositions for the heterogeneously catalyzed partial oxidation of propene to acrolein.
- a disadvantage of these multimetal oxide materials is that, based on their molar content of Mo, they must contain at least one of the two elements Bi and Cu in comparatively increased molar amounts, which is not conducive to achieving the object according to the invention.
- CN-A 102989471 relates to Mo, Bi, Fe, Ca, Cs, Si and Cu-containing multimetal oxide active compounds which are suitable for the heterogeneous catalysis of the partial gas-phase oxidation of propene to acrolein.
- a disadvantage of these active compositions is that they must contain, based on their molar content of Mo, both the element Bi and the element Cu in comparatively increased molar amounts, which is not conducive to achieving the object of the invention.
- WO 2010/066645 relates to a process for the continuous production of geometric shaped catalyst bodies whose active composition is a multielement oxide comprising the element Mo, the elements Bi and / or V and one or more of the elements Co, Ni, Fe, Cu and alkali metals contains.
- the stoichiometric coefficient c is 0.05 to 0.5, preferably 0.05 to 0.45, more preferably 0.05 to 0.4, particularly advantageously 0.05 to 0.35, better 0.1 to 0.3 and most preferably 0.15 to 0.25 or 0.2.
- the stoichiometric coefficient a according to the invention is advantageously 0.5 to 3, more preferably 0.5 to 2, better 0.5 to 1.5, most preferably 0.5 to 1 or 0.5 to 0.75 and even better 0 ,. 6
- the stoichiometric coefficient b is 0.5 to 3.5, preferably 1 to 3.5, more preferably 1.5 to 3.5, and most preferably 1.5 to 3 or 2 to 3.
- the sum d + e is advantageously 5 to 11, better still 6 to 10, particularly advantageously 6.5 to 9.5 and very particularly advantageously 7 to 9.
- the stoichiometric coefficient g is preferably 0.04 to 0.4, advantageously 0.04 to 0.3, particularly advantageously 0.04 to 0.25 and very particularly preferably 0.05 to 0.15 or 0.06 to 0.13 or 0.08.
- the stoichiometric coefficient h according to the invention is preferably 0 to 15, particularly preferably 0 to 10, advantageously 0 to 5 and with very particular advantage 0 to 2.5.
- the stoichiometric coefficient I according to the invention is advantageously 0 to 8, particularly advantageously 0 to 6, better still 0 to 4 and even better 0 to 2.
- the stoichiometric coefficient m is advantageously from 0.1 to 500, preferably from 0.2 to 100, particularly preferably from 0.3 to 50, better still from 0.4 to 30, even better from 0.5 to 20, very particularly advantageously from 0.6 to 10 or 0.7 to 7 and most preferably 0.8 to 5 or 1 to 3.6.
- variable G advantageously means one or more than one element from the group consisting of Cs, K and Na, or from K and Na. Particularly preferably, the variable G has the meaning of K.
- variable M according to the invention advantageously Si.
- variable H preferably denotes one or more than one element from the group consisting of Ca, Ce, Mg, Mn, Sn, Sr and Zn, and very particularly preferably one or more than one element from the group consisting of Ce, Mg, Mn and Zn.
- variable L advantageously represents one or more than one element from the group consisting of Nb, P, Sb, Te and Zr, and very particularly preferably one or more than one element from the group consisting of P, Ti and Zr.
- Multimetal oxide compositions of the general stoichiometry I according to the invention are customarily molded in bulk (as so-called unsupported catalysts) into geometric shaped bodies, or else in the form of shell catalysts, that is to say preformed inert supports coated with the respective multimetallic oxide (active) composition I (form ) bodies, used for catalysis of the respective heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidation (in particular those of propene to acrolein).
- the desired geometry of the solid catalysts or carrier moldings is not subject to any restriction.
- the corresponding geometric shaped bodies can be shaped both regularly and irregularly, with regularly shaped shaped bodies such as spheres (hollow cylinders) or (full) cylinders being preferred according to the invention both in the case of the solid catalysts and in the case of the shaped support bodies.
- regularly shaped shaped bodies such as spheres (hollow cylinders) or (full) cylinders being preferred according to the invention both in the case of the solid catalysts and in the case of the shaped support bodies.
- multimetal oxide compositions of general stoichiometry I according to the invention can also be used in powder form as catalysts for such catalysis.
- multimetal (oxide) active materials of general stoichiometry I can be prepared in a simple manner by suitable intumescent, preferably finely divided, of the respective stoichiometry of the multimetal oxide (active) composition to be prepared from suitable sources of their (in particular non-oxygen) constituents I correspondingly produced dry mixture and this calcined, optionally after previously made to form shaped articles of regular or irregular geometry, which optionally takes place with the concomitant use of shaping aids, at temperatures of 350 to 650 ° C.
- the calcination can be carried out both under inert gas and under an oxidative atmosphere such as, for example, air (or another mixture of inert gas and molecular oxygen, which, in relatively small proportions, also has a reducing action. can contain constituents) as well as under a reducing atmosphere (for example, a mixture of inert gas, NH 3 , CO and / or H 2 , which may also contain oxidizing constituents in relatively lower proportions) or under vacuum.
- the calcination time can be a few minutes to a few hours and is usually lower at elevated calcination temperature.
- sources of the elemental constituents of the multimetal oxide according to the invention are compounds which are already oxides (which are normally in the solid state at normal conditions (1 atm, 0 ° C.)) (for example metal oxides) and / or those compounds which are obtained by heating ( thermal treatment at elevated temperature), at least in the presence of gaseous oxygen and / or of gaseous (for example molecular) oxygen-releasing components, in (usually under normal conditions in the solid state) oxides are convertible.
- the oxygen source for example in the form of a peroxide, can be a constituent of the mixture to be calcined.
- a starting compound can be a source of more than one elementary constituent of the multimetal oxide composition I according to the invention.
- suitable starting compounds are, in particular, halides, nitrates, formates, acetates, oxalates, citrates, carbonates, ammine complexes, ammonium salts and / or hydroxides and also hydrates of the abovementioned salts.
- calcining decomposing substances are also organic materials such as stearic acid, malonic acid, ammonium salts of the aforementioned acids, starches (for example potato starch, corn starch), ground nutshells and finely divided plastic flour (for example, polyethylene, Polypropylen etc. ).
- organic materials such as stearic acid, malonic acid, ammonium salts of the aforementioned acids, starches (for example potato starch, corn starch), ground nutshells and finely divided plastic flour (for example, polyethylene, Polypropylen etc. ).
- a formation (release) of pore-forming gaseous compounds in the context of the thermal treatment (calcination) outlined is normally also given when the element sources with which the intimately and preferably finely divided dry mixture is produced are partly of an organic nature (for example in US Pat Case of acetates, formates, oxalates and / or citrates) or hydroxide ions, carbonate ions, hydrogencarbonate ions, ammonium ions, halide ions, hydrogen phosphate ions and / or nitrate ions, which normally decompose on calcining.
- the intimate mixing of the starting compounds (sources) for the preparation of multimetal oxide (active) compositions I can be carried out in dry or in wet form. If it takes place in dry form, then the starting compounds (the sources) are expediently used as finely divided powders and subjected to calcination after mixing and optionally compacting to the geometric precursor shaped body.
- the intimate mixing of the (element) sources preferably takes place in wet form.
- the starting compounds are therefore advantageously mixed together in the form of solutions and / or suspensions, and the resulting wet (preferably aqueous) mixture M is then dried to give the intimate dry mixture.
- the solvent and / or suspending agent used is preferably water or an aqueous solution, the wet mixture M resulting in an aqueous mixture M.
- Very particularly intimate dry mixtures are obtained in the mixing method described above if only starting from sources present in dissolved form and / or from colloidally dissolved sources of the elemental constituents is assumed.
- a starting compound can be a source for only one or more than one elementary constituent.
- a solution or colloidal solution listed above can have only one or even more than one elementary constituent of the relevant multimetal oxide material I to be prepared dissolved.
- Preferred solvent is, as already said, water.
- the drying of the resulting aqueous mixtures is preferably carried out by spray drying.
- a solution of a source (starting compound, starting substance) in a solvent (in particular water) is used in the present specification, the term “dissolving” in the sense of a molecular or ionic solution is meant here. That is, the largest geometric unit of solute starting material (source) in the solution inevitably has “molecular” dimensions, and the solution appears “optically empty.”
- colloidal solutions provide a connection between true (molecular and / or ionic) solutions and suspensions.
- true (molecular and / or ionic) solutions In these colloidal disperse systems are smaller accumulations of molecules or atoms, which, however, are not detectable by the naked eye or the microscope.
- the colloidal solution appears optically completely clear (although often colored), since the particles contained in it only have a diameter of 1 to 250 nm (preferably up to 150 nm and more preferably up to 100 nm).
- elements other than silicon (elemental constituents) of a multimetal oxide composition I according to the invention are preferably introduced from sources dissolved in the form of a solution (particularly preferably in an aqueous solution) for producing the wet (preferably aqueous) mixture M
- the element silicon is preferred introduced in the form of a silica sol for the preparation of the wet (preferably aqueous) mixture M.
- Silica sols are aqueous colloidal solutions of nearly spherical polysilicic acid particles.
- the diameter of the particles is in the colloidal range and is 5 nm to 75 nm, depending on the type.
- the particles are pore-free. They have a core of S1O2 hydroxylated on its surface.
- the spherical individual particles are not crosslinked with each other.
- silica sols often contain a subset of the hydroxyl groups in a form neutralized with alkali hydroxide and / or ammonium hydroxide. This means that the counterions are then in part no protons, but alkali (for example Na + ) ions and / or NH 4 + cations.
- the Si0 2 content of silica sols suitable for producing a wet (preferably aqueous) mixture M according to the invention can be, for example, 30% to 60% of the weight of the silica sol.
- Silica sols are usually water-soluble and contain no sedimentable constituents. They are often stable for years without sedimentation.
- Si sources are the silica sols LUDOX ® from Grace GmbH & KG, in the Holler corner 1, D-67545 Worms. Their particles are discrete uniform spheres of silicon dioxide with no internal surface or detectable crystallinity. Their predominant portion is dispersed in an alkaline medium which reacts with the hydroxylated surface to give repulsive negative charges.
- the particle diameters of silica sols suitable according to the invention can be very narrow (essentially monodisperse) or very broad (polydisperse).
- a silica sol which is particularly suitable for the purposes according to the invention is the silica sol LUDOX TM50 from Grace.
- the Si0 2 content of LUDOX TM50 is 50% of the weight of this hydrogel.
- the specific surface area of the Si0 2 particles colloidally dissolved in LUDOX TM50 is 140 m 2 / g.
- the mass density (1 atm, 25 ° C) of LUDOX TM50 is 1.40 g / cm 3 .
- the titratable alkali content of LUDOX TM50 (calculated as Na 2 O) is 0.21% by weight (based on the weight of the silica sol).
- the dynamic viscosity of LUDOX TM50 is 40 mPas (1 atm, 25 ° C).
- Ch (calculated as NaCl) of LUDOX TM50 is 0.03 wt .-% and the content of S0 4 2 of LU-DOX TM50 (calculated as Na 2 S0 4 ) is 0.08 wt .-% (each based on the weight of LUDOX TM50).
- At least one element source can also be molecularly and / or ionically dissolved and one or more than one other element source can be colloidally dissolved next to one another.
- a favorable Mo source is ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate. This is mainly because it has an excellent solubility in water. According to Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Volume 22, 2003, WILEY-VCH, pages 320/321, a solution of ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate in water at 25 ° C. and 1 atm has a saturation solubility of 30% by weight (calculated as anhydrous salt). on.
- ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate (as a result of process parameters which are not precisely adhered to in its production) may be contaminated in small amounts (usually ppm) with isopolymolybdate which is not soluble in water. If contaminated ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate is dissolved in water in this way, an aqueous solution is formed which, due to the small amounts of finely divided isopolymolybdate contained undissolved, has a certain turbidity.
- ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate even contaminated with isopolymolybdate, whose solution in water (as described in WO 2016/147324 A1) has a turbidity of 20 NTU, or 50 NTU, or 70 NTU, or 100 NTU , or of 150 NTU, or of 200 NTU, or of 250 NTU, or of 300 NTU, is suitable for the production of multimetal oxide (active) compositions I according to the invention, without their performance when used as active compositions of catalysts for the catalysts heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation of propene to acrolein as the main product and acrolein as a byproduct noticeably impaired.
- Mo sources which are suitable for the preparation of multimetal oxide active compositions I according to the invention are, for example, ammonium orthomolybdate ((NH 4 ) 2 MoO 4 ), ammonium monomolybdate ((NH 4 ) 2 Mo 2 07), ammonium tetramolybdate dihydrate ((NH 4 ) 2 Mo 4 O 3 O 2 H 2 0) and ammonium decomolybdate dihydrate ((NH 4 ) 4 Moioq 32 ⁇ 2 H 2 O).
- molybdenum trioxide can also be used.
- Preferred sources of the elements represented by the variable G in the general stoichiometry I of the multimetal oxide compositions according to the invention are their hydroxides in the context of a preparation of multimetal oxide active compounds I according to the invention.
- the nitrates of these elements as well as the hydrates of these nitrates come as such sources into consideration. That is, preferred K-source for the production of multi-inventive metal oxide (active) mass I is KOH, but in principle KNO 3 or its hydrate can also be used as K source.
- bi-source salts of bismuth are preferably used for the preparation of inventive Multimetalloxiditmassen I, which have the Bi as Bi 3+ .
- Such salts are bismuth (III) oxide, bismuth (III) oxide nitrate (bismuth subnitrate), bismuth (III) halide (for example fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide) and in particular bismuth (III) nitrate pentahydrate.
- bismuth (III) oxide bismuth (III) oxide nitrate (bismuth subnitrate)
- bismuth (III) halide for example fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide
- bismuth (III) nitrate pentahydrate bismuth (III) nitrate pentahydrate.
- an aqueous solution of Bi 3+ nitrate or its hydrate as a source (such a solution can also be produced by dissolving elemental Bi in aqueous nitric acid) for the preparation of multimetal oxide active compositions I according to the invention
- aqueous solution of Bi 3+ nitrate or its hydrate
- a solution can also be produced by dissolving elemental Bi in aqueous nitric acid
- This pH is preferably ⁇ 1, more preferably ⁇ 0.5. In general, however, this pH is> -2, usually> 0. From an application point of view, such an aqueous solution is nitric acid.
- Fe sources which are preferred according to the invention for preparing multimetal oximes of the invention are salts of Fe 3+ , of which the various iron (III) nitrate hydrates are particularly preferred (compare, for example, DE-A 102007003076). Particular preference is given according to the invention for the aforementioned purpose iron (III) nitrate nonahydrate used as Fe source. It is of course also possible to use salts of Fe 2+ in the context of an inventive preparation of multimetal oxide active compounds I as Fe source.
- At least 50 mol%, more preferably at least 75 mol%, and preferably at least 95 mol% or 100 mol% in the form of an Fe source is advantageous for producing multimetal oxide compositions I according to the invention in relation to the molar total amount of Fe contained in them introduced, which has the Fe as Fe 3+ .
- Fe sources can be used which have both Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ .
- co-sources according to the invention for the preparation of Co-containing multimetal oxide active compositions I according to the invention are in particular their salts which have the Co as Co 2+ and / or Co 3+ .
- cobalt (II) nitrate hexahydrate, C03O4, CoO, cobalt (II) formate and cobalt (III) nitrate are particularly preferred for the aforementioned purpose.
- Cu sources which are suitable according to the invention for preparing multimetal oximes of the invention are, in particular, their salts which contain the Cu as Cu 1+ (for example copper (I) hydroxide and copper (I) halides such as CuF, CuBr, CuCl and CuJ) and / or have Cu 2+ .
- Cu 2+ salts are preferred.
- Particularly preferred Cu 2+ salts are copper (II) sulfate, copper (II) acetate, copper (II) oxalate, copper (II) nitrate, copper (II) carbonate, copper (II) formate, copper ( ll) hydroxide, copper (II) molybdate and the respective hydrates of these salts.
- hydrates of copper (II) nitrate for example its trihydrate or its hemi (pentyhydrate)
- Cu sources for the preparation of multimetal oxide active compounds I.
- a solution can also be used to prepare multimetal oxide active compositions I according to the invention as Cu source of Cu in aqueous nitric acid, in which the Cu is present as Cu 2+ , such a solution may contain an excess of nitric acid (HNO 3 ) in relation to the stoichiometry "Cu (NO 3 ) 2 ". Value (25 ° C., 1 atm.) Of such an aqueous solution, but not less than 0 (ä 0).
- Ni 2+ salts preference is given to prepare inventive Ni-containing multimetal oxide (active) compositions I.
- the tungsten source which is preferably used is the ammonium paratungstate and its hydrates (for example the heptahydrate). If the multimetal oxide composition I contains aluminum, Al (1) nitrate and / or hydrates thereof (for example the nonahydrate) are used as the preferred Al source for the preparation thereof.
- ammonia also as its aqueous solution
- nitric acid in particular, as an aqueous solution
- a wet (for example aqueous) mixture M can take place in a wide variety of gas atmospheres (for example, in air, argon, nitrogen, water vapor and / or carbon dioxide).
- gas atmospheres for example, in air, argon, nitrogen, water vapor and / or carbon dioxide.
- preference is given to producing a wet (for example aqueous) mixture M in air (advantageously, the aqueous mixture M is saturated in air).
- cobalt and iron source salts of Co 2+ and salts of Fe 2+ are used. Especially if these salts are nitrates and / or their hydrates.
- the wet mixture M according to the invention is preferably an aqueous mixture M, which is produced with particular advantage in the following manner.
- the procedure is preferably as follows. From at least one source of the element Fe, from at least one source of the element Bi, from at least one source of the element Cu, from at least one source of at least one of the elements Co and Ni and, if the multimetal oxide material I contains the element Al, from at least one source of the element Al, an aqueous solution A is prepared whose pH is ⁇ 3, preferably ⁇ 2, more preferably ⁇ 1 and very particularly preferably ⁇ 0 (pH values of aqueous solutions in this document generally refer to (unless explicitly stated) otherwise stated) to a measurement with a glass electrode designed as a single-rod measuring cell at 1 atm and at the temperature at which the respective aqueous solution is prepared, the calibration of the combination electrode required under the same conditions using aqueous buffer solutions whose pH is known under these conditions and is close to the sought reading; In particular, the Mettler Toledo pH electrode Inpro 4260/425 / Pt 100, which
- the pH of the aqueous solution A is not less than -2 and is particularly advantageously in the range from -1 to 0.
- the aqueous solution A is preferably an aqueous solution of the nitrates or nitrate hydrates of the abovementioned Elements.
- the aqueous solution A is particularly preferably an aqueous solution of these nitrates or nitrate hydrates in aqueous nitric acid. Solutions of the relevant elements in aqueous nitric acid are also suitable as element sources for producing such a solution.
- an aqueous solution B is prepared.
- the pH of the aqueous solution B is advantageous according to the invention (at 1 atm and the temperature at which the solution B is prepared) ⁇ 7.
- the pH of the aqueous solution B is particularly preferably ⁇ 6.5 and more particularly advantageous ⁇ 6.
- the pH of the aqueous solution will be B> 3.
- Favorable solutions B to be used according to the invention have a pH of 4 to 6.
- its elemental hydroxide is used (for example KOH).
- Preferred Mo source for preparing an aqueous solution B is completely soluble ammonium umheptamolybdate tetrahydrate ((NH 4 ) 6Mq 7q 24 ⁇ 4H 2 O in water at 25 ° C. (1 atm) to saturation solubility (30% by weight, calculated anhydrous) ).
- the total content of the aqueous solution A to the metal constituents Bi, Fe, Cu, etc., according to the invention is expedient, based on the total amount of the aqueous solution A 5 to 20 wt .-%, advantageously 10 to 15 wt .-%.
- the total content of the aqueous solution B to Mo is expedient according to the invention, based on the total amount of the aqueous solution B, 2 to 25 wt .-%, advantageously 3 to 20 wt .-% and particularly advantageously 5 to 15 wt .-%.
- the aqueous solution A and the aqueous solution B are suitably mixed together in terms of application technology.
- the aqueous solution A is continuously stirred into the aqueous solution B.
- the initially introduced aqueous solution B is stirred intensively.
- the total content of the resulting aqueous mixture of aqueous solution A and aqueous solution B at the metal constituents Bi, Fe, Cu, Mo u. is inventively expedient, based on the total amount of the aqueous mixture, 3 to 20 wt .-%, advantageously 5 to 15 wt .-%.
- the temperature of the initially introduced aqueous solution B and the intensively stirred aqueous mixture resulting from the stirring of the aqueous solution A in the same, as well as the temperature of the aqueous solution A itself, according to the invention advantageously (preferably during the entire mixing process) ⁇ 80 ° C and> 0 ° C.
- the aforementioned temperatures are ⁇ 75 ° C and> 30 ° C, and more preferably they are ⁇ 70 ° C and> 50 ° C or at ⁇ 65 ° C and> 55 ° C.
- the aqueous solutions A and B and the aqueous mixture resulting from the stirring of the aqueous solution A into the aqueous solution B have the same temperature. This is best 60 ° C.
- the temperatures of the aqueous solution A, the aqueous solution B and the resulting aqueous mixture are constant over the course of the stirring process described.
- the working pressure is when stirring the aqueous solution A in the aqueous solution B expediently at 1 atm (1:01 bar).
- the aqueous solution A is stirred into the initially introduced aqueous solution B over a period of time in the range from 5 to 60 minutes, more preferably within a period of 10 to 30 minutes, and most preferably within a period of 15 to 25 minutes.
- the resulting aqueous mixture is subsequently, preferably while maintaining the stirring temperature, suitably used in terms of application for 5 to 60 minutes, preferably 10 to 30 minutes and more preferably stirred for 15 to 25 minutes.
- the process according to the invention is advantageously carried out in a corresponding manner as described above, but with the difference that at least one source in at least one of the aqueous solutions A, B prepared as described is dissolved in the respective additional element. With the aid of an appropriate dissolution test, it can be easily determined which of the two aqueous solutions A, B is more suitable for this, or whether both of the aqueous solutions A, B may be suitable for this purpose. If available, one nitrate and / or nitrate hydrate of the respective additional element is preferably used as such source according to the invention.
- this additional source can also be suspended in at least one of the two solutions A, B (preferably as finely divided as possible).
- the corresponding additional source is preferably suspended in the aqueous mixture produced from the two aqueous solutions A, B (preferably as finely divided as possible).
- the size of the period during which the aqueous solution A and the aqueous solution B are brought together has no influence on the selectivity of the multimetal oxide active mass produced in the further course. Excessive stirring (> 4 h), however, reduces the selectivity. It has also been found that the size of the abovementioned periods exerts a certain influence on the activity of the multimetal oxide active substance I produced in the further course. Thus, slow stirring of the aqueous solution A into the aqueous solution B promotes the activity, while too rapid stirring of the aqueous solution A into the aqueous solution B reduces the activity. The latter also applies to excessive stirring (for example> 3 h or> 4 h).
- V can also be 0.
- the pH of the aqueous mixture of the aqueous solution A and the aqueous solution B is advantageously ⁇ 3, better ⁇ 2. As a rule, it is at values> 0.
- aqueous silica sol is preferably stirred into the aqueous mixture of aqueous solution A and aqueous solution B as source thereof, water being advantageously added to this aqueous mixture prior to this stirring can.
- both the aqueous silica sol and the water can be added all at once.
- Both the temperature of the water and the temperature of the aqueous silica sol advantageously correspond to the temperature of the aqueous mixture of the aqueous solution A and the aqueous solution B.
- stirring is continued for up to 30 minutes in an expedient manner. During the stirring, the aforementioned temperature is advantageously maintained.
- the Si0 2 content of the added aqueous silica sol may be 15 to 60% by weight, or 20 to 60% by weight, or 30 to 60% by weight, preferably 40 to 60% by weight, and more preferably 45% to 55 wt .-% amount (in each case based on its total weight).
- the stirred container can be continuously supplied (for example, by a "3-way T-mixer" through).
- the aqueous solution B can also be continuously stirred into an initially introduced aqueous solution A.
- this procedure is less preferred according to the invention.
- aqueous mixture M is an aqueous suspension (preferably in the aqueous mixture M also described as advantageous ratios V before (given total molar amount of NH3 + NH 4+ to contained a molar amount of Mo
- the pH of the aqueous mixture M obtainable as described is advantageously ⁇ 3, generally 0 to 2).
- aqueous mixtures M obtainable as described advantageously contain no more or less than 60 mol% of the molar total amount of Co and / or Ni contained in them in the aqueous medium (at the temperature and the working pressure at which the aqueous Mixture M was generated).
- the proportion of AT mentioned above dissolved in the aqueous medium of the aqueous mixture M is the molar amount of Co and / or Ni present in the aqueous mixture M at values ⁇ 50 mol% and particularly preferably at values ⁇ 40 mol -%, or ⁇ 30 mol% or ⁇ 20 mol%.
- the total content of the aqueous mixture M of Bi, Fe, Cu, Mo, etc. which is to be dried is preferably according to the invention, based on the amount of the aqueous mixture M, 3 to 20% by weight, advantageously 5 to 15 wt .-%.
- AT is> 10 mol%, or> 15 mol%.
- the transfer of the aqueous mixture M into a finely divided intimate dry mixture takes place according to the invention preferably by spray-drying the aqueous mixture M (the drying of the aqueous mixture M is preferably carried out as soon as possible during its production). That is, the aqueous mixture M is first in a spray dryer in finely divided droplets (sprayed) and the same then dried in a spray dryer.
- spray drying preferably takes place in the hot air stream.
- other hot gases can also be used for the aforementioned spray drying (for example nitrogen or air diluted with nitrogen and other inert gases).
- the spray drying can be done both in cocurrent and in countercurrent of the droplets to the hot gas.
- Typical gas inlet temperatures are in the range of 250 to 450 ° C, preferably 270 to 370 ° C.
- Typical gas outlet temperatures are in the range of 100 to 160 ° C.
- the spray drying takes place in the direct current of the droplets to the hot gas.
- the mean particle diameter of the resulting spray powder is typically from 10 to 100 .mu.m, preferably from 15 to 60 gm and more preferably from 25 to 50 .mu.m (the diameter is determined according to ISO 13320 by means of light scattering in water at 25.degree. spray powder (0.1 g of spray powder are added to 100 g of water and dispersed in the same with an ultrasonic homogenizer (type Hydro 2000G, Malvern Instruments Ltd, 1020602 in England) for 10 minutes).
- ultrasonic homogenizer type Hydro 2000G, Malvern Instruments Ltd, 1020602 in England
- the vibration mass density (25 ° C, 1 atm) of the spray powder is typically 500 to 1300 g / l and preferably 700 to 1100 g / l.
- the loss on ignition of the spray powder (3 hours at 600 ° C (powder temperature) under standing (in excess) glow) is typically 20 to 40 wt .-%, preferably 25 to 35 wt .-% of its initial weight.
- the spray powder can be stored in preferably hermetically sealed containers (for example, barrels made of plastic).
- the storage temperature should not exceed 70 ° C and is preferably ⁇ 50 ° C. As a rule, the storage temperature will not fall below 10 ° C. Since the spray powder is usually hygroscopic, prolonged contact thereof with humid air should be avoided. Exposure to moist air may affect the handling properties of the spray powder (for example its flowability) and ultimately reduce the catalytic performance of the active multimetal oxide I produced therewith.
- the aqueous mixture M can also be dried by conventional evaporation (preferably at reduced pressure, the drying temperature will generally not exceed 150 ° C).
- the drying of an aqueous mixture M can also be carried out by freeze-drying.
- the dried aqueous mixture M can be calcined as such to form a multimetal oxide (active) composition of general stoichiometry I according to the invention.
- the spray powder may be first coarsened, for example, by subsequent compacting prior to calcining. If the compacting is carried out dry, it is possible for the compacting of, for example, finely divided graphite and / or other shaping aids (for example lubricants and / or reinforcing agents) mentioned herein to be mixed under the spray powder (for example with a Röhnrad mixer).
- the compaction can be carried out with a, two counter-rotating steel rolls having calender. Subsequently, the compact material can be purposefully shredded to the appropriate particle size for the contemplated reuse. This can be done in the simplest way, for example, by pressing the compact material through a sieve with a defined mesh width. Basically, the compaction can also be done wet.
- the spray powder can be kneaded with the addition of water. Following the kneading, the kneaded mass can be comminuted again to the desired fineness (see, for example, DE-A 10049873), adjusted to the subsequent use, and dried.
- the finely divided precursor materials obtainable as described can now be calcined as such and the multimetal oxide (active) mass l powder obtainable as such can be used to catalyze heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidations of, for example, propene to acrolein (for example in a fluidized bed or fluidized bed reactor) ).
- the multimetal oxide (active) mass-l powder obtained can also first be shaped into shaped bodies of regular or irregular geometry and the resultant shaped bodies used as catalysts for the heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation of, for example, propene to acrolein (for example in a Thermoplate or tube bundle fixed bed reactor) (cf., for example, DE-A 10063162).
- full catalysts can be prepared from the powder form of the active composition by compacting to the desired catalyst geometry (for example by tableting, extruding or extrusion molding), with additives such as graphite or stearic acid as lubricants and / or Formge - Auxiliary and reinforcing agents such as microfibers of glass, asbestos, silicon carbide or potassium titanate can be added.
- Suitable Vollkatalysatorgeometrien are, for example, solid cylinder or hollow cylinder with an outer diameter and a length of 2 to 10 mm or from 2 to 8 mm.
- the full catalyst may also have spherical geometry, wherein the ball diameter may be 2 to 10 mm or 2 to 8 mm.
- the shaping of the powdery active composition can also be carried out by applying to the outer surface of preformed inert (with respect to the later catalyzed with the catalysts ren partial oxidation) catalyst supports.
- the coating of the carrier moldings for producing such coated catalysts can be carried out, for example, in a suitable rotatable container, as described in DE-A 10063162, DE-A 2909671, EP-A 293859, EP-A 714700 and DE -A 4442346 is known.
- the coating of the shaped carrier bodies can also be carried out with the uncalcined precursor powder itself and the calcination carried out only after the application has taken place and if appropriate drying (cf., for example, DE-A 10049873).
- the carrier moldings to be used for the production of coated catalysts are preferably chemically inert, that is, they essentially do not interfere with the course of the partial gas-phase oxidation of, for example, propene to acrolein to be catalyzed.
- aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, silicates such as clay, kaolin, steatite, pumice, aluminum silicate and magnesium silicate are used as materials for the carrier moldings.
- the surface of the carrier molding may be both smooth and rough.
- the surface of the carrier molded body is rough, since an increased surface roughness usually requires an increased adhesive strength of the applied shell of finely divided oxidic active material or finely divided precursor composition.
- the surface roughness R z of the carrier molded body is in the range from 40 to 200 ⁇ m, often in the range from 40 to 100 ⁇ m (determined in accordance with DIN 4768 Part 1 with a "Hommel tester for DIN-ISO surface measurement sizes" from Hommeltechnike , DE).
- the support material may be porous or non-porous. Conveniently, the carrier material is not porous (the total volume of the pores is based on the volume of the carrier molding is advantageously ⁇ 1 vol .-%).
- the fineness of the applied to the surface of the carrier molding finely divided mass is of course adapted to the desired shell thickness.
- the distribution of the longitudinal expansion of the powder particles corresponds to a Gaussian distribution as a result of the production.
- the surface thereof and / or the finely divided powder mass to be applied is moistened with a liquid binder (for example water or organic solvents such as glycerol or a mixture thereof) and the tray shaped body is dried again after application, for example by means of hot air.
- a liquid binder for example water or organic solvents such as glycerol or a mixture thereof
- the layer thickness of the finely divided powder mass applied to the carrier molding is expediently chosen to be in the range from 10 to 1000 ⁇ m, preferably in the range from 100 to 700 ⁇ m and particularly preferably in the range from 300 to 500 ⁇ m. Possible shell thicknesses are also 10 to 500 pm or 200 to 300 pm.
- the support molding itself may, as already mentioned, be regularly or irregularly shaped, with regularly shaped support bodies such as spheres, solid cylinders or hollow cylinders being preferred.
- Suitable for use in accordance with the invention is, for example, the use of spherical shaped carrier bodies whose diameter is 1 to 8 mm, preferably 4 to 5 mm.
- the wall thickness is usually from 1 to 4 mm.
- Cylinder dimensions suitable according to the invention are also 3 to 6 mm (length), 4 to 8 mm (outer diameter) and, in the case of rings, 1 to 2 mm (wall thickness).
- suitable ring geometry according to the invention is also considered to be 2 to 4 mm (length), 4 to 8 mm (outer diameter) and 1 to 2 mm (wall thickness).
- Erfindungsge- striking carrier ring geometries are, for example, 7 mm ⁇ 3 mm ⁇ 1, 5 mm (outside diameter ⁇ length ⁇ wall thickness) and 5 mm ⁇ 3 mm ⁇ 1.5 mm (outside diameter ⁇ length ⁇ wall thickness).
- drying and / or thermal treatment (calcination) after application of the shell can be carried out as described in DE-A 10063162 and DE-A 10049873.
- the procedure is particularly advantageous in that from finely divided precursor mass (from the finely divided intimate dry mixture of the sources of the elemental constituents) moldings of regular or irregular geometry are expediently formed by compression (compacting or compacting) and closing by thermal treatment (calcination, calcination) in so-called Vollkataly- satorform analyses be transferred.
- shaping aids it is possible in this case, for example before and / or during shaping, to again use lubricants, such as e.g. Graphite, carbon black, polyethylene glycol, polyacrylic acid, stearic acid, starch, mineral oil, vegetable oil, water, boron trifluoride and / or boron nitride are added to the finely divided precursor composition.
- lubricants such as e.g. Graphite, carbon black, polyethylene glycol, polyacrylic acid, stearic acid, starch, mineral oil, vegetable oil, water, boron trifluoride and / or boron nitride are added to the finely divided precursor composition.
- reinforcing agents such as microfibers made of glass, asbestos, silicon carbide or potassium titanate are considered as shaping aids, which after completion of shaping by compaction have a beneficial effect on the cohesion of the resulting compact (the resulting shaped body).
- Suitable finely divided graphites to be used are in particular those which are recommended in the publications WO 2005/030393, US-A 2005/0131253, WO 2008/0871 16 and DE-A 102007005606. This applies in particular to those graphites which are used in these documents in the examples and comparative examples.
- Especially pre- ferred graphites are Asbury 3160 and Asbury 4012 the company Asbury Graphite Mills, Inc., New Jersey 08802, USA and Timrex ® T44 Timcal Ltd., 6743 Bodio, Switzerland.
- the finely divided precursor composition to be molded may contain, based on its total weight, for example, up to 15% by weight of finely divided lubricant (for example graphite).
- finely divided lubricant for example graphite
- the lubricant content in the finely divided precursor composition is usually ⁇ 9% by weight, in many cases ⁇ 5% by weight, often ⁇ 4% by weight; this is especially true when the finely divided lubricant is graphite.
- the aforementioned additional amount is> 0.5 wt .-%, usually> 2.5 wt .-%.
- the compacting of the finely divided precursor composition comprising the finely divided, optionally forming auxiliaries (of the finely divided intimate dry mixture) to the desired geometry of the shaped body (of the geometric catalyst precursor shaped body) takes place by action external forces (pressure) on the precursor mass.
- auxiliaries of the finely divided intimate dry mixture
- the molding apparatus to be used or the molding method to be used are not subject to any restrictions.
- the compacting shaping can take place by extrusion, tabletting or extrusion.
- the finely divided precursor composition (the finely divided intimate dry mixture) is preferably used dry to the touch. However, it may still contain, for example, up to 10% of its total weight added to substances which are liquid under normal conditions (25 ° C, 1 atm (1, 01 bar)). Also, the finely divided precursor composition (the finely divided intimate dry mixture) may contain solid solvates (e.g., hydrates) having such liquid substances in chemically and / or physically bound form. Of course, the finely divided precursor composition can also be completely free of such substances.
- Forming method preferred according to the invention by compacting the finely divided precursor mass (of the finely divided intimate dry mixture) is tableting.
- the basic features of tabletting are described, for example, in "The Tablet", Handbook of Development, Production and Quality Assurance, WARitschel and A.Bauer-Brandl, 2nd edition, Edition Verlag Aulendorf, 2002, and in a completely corresponding manner to a tabletting method according to the invention transferable.
- a tabletting according to the invention is carried out as described in the publications WO 2005/030393, DE-A 102008040093, DE-A 102008040094 and WO 2007/017431.
- the temperature surrounding the tabletting machine is normally 25 ° C.
- the particle diameters of the precursor mass to be compacted are in the range from 100 to 2000 .mu.m, preferably from 150 to 1500 .mu.m, particularly preferably from 400 to 1250 pm, or 400 to 1000 pm, or 400 to 800 pm (forming agent previously mixed in the compaction is not taken into account).
- the desired geometry of the resulting shaped bodies in the method according to the invention is not subject to any restrictions. That is, the catalyst precursor moldings produced during compaction may be formed both regularly and irregularly, wherein regularly shaped moldings are generally preferred according to the invention.
- the catalyst precursor shaped body may have spherical geometry.
- the ball diameter may be, for example, 2 to 10 mm, or 4 to 8 mm.
- the geometry of the catalyst precursor shaped body can also be full-cylindrical or hollow-cylindrical (ring-shaped). In both cases, outer diameter and height (length) may be, for example, 2 to 10 mm, or 2 to 8 mm, or 3 to 8 mm.
- a preferred geometry of the invention is the geometry 5mm x 5mm x 2mm (outside diameter x height (length) x inside diameter). This is because packed catalyst beds of rings of this geometry require a particularly low pressure drop in the reaction mixture flowing through the catalyst fixed bed (in particular in reaction tubes having an inside diameter of 22 mm to 26 mm).
- a slight pressure drop is particularly advantageous when the partial oxidation catalyzed by the fixed catalyst bed is operated at a high loading of the fixed bed bed with reaction gas mixture (at a high current strength of the reaction gas mixture flowing through the fixed catalyst bed).
- Another ring geometry preferred according to the invention is the geometry 5 mm ⁇ 3 mm ⁇ 2 mm (outer diameter ⁇ height (length) ⁇ inner diameter).
- the outside diameter may also be 1 to 10 mm.
- the molding pressures used in the course of a densification of finely divided precursor mass (finely divided intimate dry mixture) to be carried out as described will advantageously be 50 kg / cm 2 to 5000 kg / cm 2 .
- the forming pressures are from 200 to 3500 kg / cm 2 , more preferably from 600 to 2500 kg / cm 2 .
- the shaping according to the invention should advantageously be carried out in such a way that the lateral compressive strength SD of the resulting shaped body (see DE-A 102008040093, DE-A 102008040094 and WO 2005/030393) satisfies the relation 12 N ⁇ SD ⁇ 40 N, preferably 15 N ⁇ SD ⁇ 35 N, and particularly preferably 19 N ⁇ SD ⁇ 32 N.
- ring-like green compacts as recommended by DE-A 102008040093, are very particularly preferred according to the invention.
- the end faces of ring-shaped or ring-like shaped bodies can both (both or only one of two end faces) in the described production method according to the invention (flat or convex) (curved) (see, in particular, DE-A 102007004961, EP -A 184790, DE-A 102008040093 (for example its paragraph [0032]) and DE-A 10200804009 (for example its paragraph [0074]) and those in US Pat These documents individualized illustrated embodiments).
- Rings or ring-like shaped bodies with convexly curved (curved) end faces are advantageous in this respect as catalyst fixed bed charges of annular or ring-like shaped bodies with a convexly curved (curved) end face (With otherwise the same geometry) cause a lower pressure drop in the catalyst fixed bed by flowing reaction gas mixture (especially in catalyst peat beds in reaction tubes) as Katalysatorfestbett feature dressed of annular or ring-like moldings with a flat face.
- the ring geometry is 5 mm x 5 mm x 2 mm (outside diameter x height (length) x inside diameter).
- the radius of such a convex curvature is usually 0.4 to 5 times (eg 0.8 to 4 times, or 1, 2 to 3 times, or 1, 6 to 2 times) , 6 times) of the outer diameter of the circular cylinder of the catalyst ring.
- a catalyst fixed bed causing a lower pressure loss is particularly advantageous when the partial oxidation catalyzed by the fixed catalyst bed is operated with a high loading of the fixed bed bed with reaction gas mixture (at a high current strength of the reaction gas mixture flowing through the catalyst fixed bed).
- H / A 0.5 to 1, 1 or to 1, 0 is particularly preferred.
- the ratio I / A (where I is the inner diameter of the ring geometry) is 0.3 to 1.5, preferably 0.6 to 1.1.
- the aforementioned ring geometries are particularly advantageous if they simultaneously have one of the advantageous H / A ratios and one of the advantageous I / A ratios.
- H / A can be 0.5 to 1, 1 or to 1, 0 and l / A can be 0.3 to 1, 5 or 0.6 to 1.1 at the same time.
- it is favorable for the relevant ring geometries if H is 2 to 7 mm and preferably 2 to 6 mm or 3 to 6 mm.
- the wall thickness of inventively preferred green-ring geometries is 1 to 2 mm or to 1, 5 mm.
- Possible ring geometries according to the invention are thus (A ⁇ H ⁇ I) 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm ⁇ 2 mm, or 5 mm ⁇ 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm, or 5 mm ⁇ 3 mm ⁇ 2 mm, 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm ⁇ 2.5 mm, or 5 mm ⁇ 3 mm ⁇ 2.5 mm, or 5.5 mm ⁇ 5.5 mm ⁇ 2.5 mm, or 5.5 mm ⁇ 5.5 mm ⁇ 3 mm, or 5 mm ⁇ 3 mm x 3 mm, or 5.5 mm ⁇ 3 mm ⁇ 3.5 mm, or 6 mm ⁇ 3 mm ⁇ 4 mm, or 6 mm ⁇ 6 mm ⁇ 3 mm, or 6 mm ⁇ 6 mm ⁇ 3.5 mm, or 6.5mm x 3mm x 4.5mm, or 7mm x 3mm x 5mm, or 7mm x 7mm x 3mm, or 7mm x 3mm x
- the requirement d Q go ⁇ 5 gm is basically fulfilled when dissolving a source in a solvent (the term “dissolving” is meant in the sense of a molecular or ionic solution). This is due to the fact that when a source is dissolved (starting compound) in a solvent, the source in the solvent is molecularly or ionically broken up. That is, the largest geometric unit of solute starting material (source) in the solution inevitably has "molecular" dimensions, which are thus substantially less than 5 gm (as already said, one source may be a source for be more than one element, and a solution may have more than one source solved).
- the requirement d Q go ⁇ 5 gm is also satisfied if, for example, a source is comminuted dry to this particle size (for example by grinding).
- the particle diameter d Q go refers to the particle diameter distribution of the dry powder, which is to be determined as follows.
- the finely divided powder is passed through a dispersing trough into the dry disperser Scirocco 2000 (from Malvern Instruments Ltd., Worcestershire WR14 1AT, United Kingdom), where it is dry-dispersed with compressed air and blown into the measuring cell in the free jet.
- the volume-related particle diameter distribution is then determined in accordance with ISO 13320 using the Malvern Mastersizer S laser diffraction spectrometer (also from Malvern Instruments Ltd.).
- a particle diameter d x related to such a particle diameter distribution is defined such that X% of the total particle volume consists of particles with this or a smaller diameter. That is, (100 - X)% of the total particle volume consists of particles with a diameter> d x .
- particle diameter determinations and d x taken from them such as eg dgo, döo and dio, refer to one used in the determination (the strength of the dispersion of the dry powder during the measurement) dispersing pressure of 2 bar absolute.
- d Q go is such a particle diameter dgo of a powdery source.
- unsupported catalyst precursor moldings have as low a residual moisture as possible. This is especially true if the intimate mixing of the various sources of the elemental constituents other than oxygen of the multimetal oxide composition I took place wet (in particular if it was carried out to form an aqueous mixture M).
- the residual moisture content according to the invention is preferably green at values ⁇ 10% by weight, better ⁇ 8% by weight, even better ⁇ 6% by weight, and most preferably ⁇ 4% by weight or ⁇ 2% by weight. % (the residual moisture determination can be carried out as described in "The Library of Technology", Volume 229, “Thermo-gravimetric Material Moisture Determination", Fundamentals and Practical Applications, Horst Nagel, Publishing Modern Industry (eg using a Computrac MAX 5000 XL from Arizona Instruments )).
- the determination of the residual moisture is expediently carried out using microwaves (for example with the LB 456 microwave system from BERTHOLD TECHNOLOGIES).
- the microwave irradiates in this procedure with very low power (0.1 mW), the material to be examined (the latter undergoes due to the comparatively low power in Essentially no change in its temperature).
- the material components are polarized differently strong.
- the microwave loses speed and energy.
- the influence of water molecules is much greater than the influence of other components, which allows the selective determination of residual water contents. This is due to the fact that owing to their size and their dipole property, water molecules are able to follow an electromagnetic alternating field in the microwave frequency range particularly well by means of dipole orientation. In doing so, they absorb energy and change the electromagnetic alternating field with their electrical properties. This field weakening and field change is based on the measuring principle.
- a weak microwave field can be built up over the sensor surface of a planar sensor, and the resonance frequency of the sensor system can be analyzed permanently by scanning the microwave frequency.
- the resonance frequency shifts and its amplitude is attenuated.
- Both the damping and the resonance frequency shift increase with the increasing amount of water, thus also with increasing bulk density of the measured material.
- the ratio of frequency shift and damping is a density-independent measure of the percentage of water and thus the key to moisture measurement.
- the ratio forms the so-called microwave moisture measurement, which represents the total moisture content.
- the microwave resonance method is an indirect moisture measurement method, calibration is necessary. With such a calibra- tion measurement, material samples with defined moisture are measured with the sensor.
- the combination of the microwave moisture readings with the associated defined absolute moisture content then forms the calibration of the measuring system.
- the measuring accuracy is usually ⁇ 0.1% humidity (for example, the water humidity can be determined with a Sartorius PMD300PA online moisture meter).
- Green compacts produced according to the invention should, taking into account the aspect just considered, be stored as far as possible in the absence of (ambient humidity) ambient air (storage preferably takes place until calcination under anhydrous inert gas or under pre-dried air or in hermetically sealed containers).
- the shaping / shaping and storage of finely divided, intimate dry mixture is already carried out with the exclusion of ambient air (having an air humidity) (for example under 1 h atmosphere).
- the calcination of the green compacts is usually carried out at temperatures (calcination temperatures) that reach or at least 350 ° C, as a rule exceed. Normally, however, the temperature of 650 ° C. is not exceeded in the context of calcination (the term "calcination temperature” in this document means the temperature present in the calcination product (according to the invention, the calcination material advantageously has a uniform (homogeneous) calcination temperature; applies in a corresponding manner to the other calcination conditions)). According to the invention, the temperature is preferably 600 ° C., preferably the temperature of 550 ° C.
- the temperature of 380 ° C. advantageously the temperature of 400 ° C., with particular advantage the temperature of 420 ° C. and very particularly preferably the temperature of 440 ° C., is preferably exceeded within the scope of the above calcination.
- the calcination in its time sequence can also be divided into several sections.
- the calcination is advantageously preceded by a thermal treatment at temperatures of> 120 ° C. and ⁇ 350 ° C., preferably> 150 ° C. and ⁇ 320 ° C., particularly preferably> 170 ° C. and ⁇ 290 ° C.
- a thermal treatment is suitably carried out for application purposes until the components contained within the mass to be thermally treated and decomposing under the conditions of thermal treatment to gaseous compounds have been largely (preferably completely) decomposed into gaseous compounds (the time required in this regard can be, for example, 3 hours to 15 hours, frequently 4 hours to 10 hours or 5 hours to 8 hours).
- the molar amount of cations other than metal ions contained in the mass subsequently to be calcined based on the total molar amount of cations present, ⁇ 20 mol% (preferably ⁇ 10 mol %) and, on the other hand, the molar amount of anions other than O 2_ contained in the same mass, based on the total molar amount of anions contained, is also ⁇ 20 mol% (preferably ⁇ 10 mol%).
- Temperature windows according to the invention for the final calcination temperature are therefore in the temperature range 400 ° C. to 600 ° C., or preferably in the temperature range 420 to 550 ° C., or more preferably in the temperature range 450 to 530 ° C.
- the total duration of calcination usually extends to more than 0.5 h, and often to more than 2 h. Usually during the calcination treatment periods of 45 h, or 30 h are not exceeded. Often the total calcination time is less than 25 hours. In principle, a shorter calcination time is generally sufficient at higher calcination temperatures than at lower calcination temperatures. In an embodiment of the calcination which is advantageous according to the invention, 550 ° C. are not exceeded and the calcination time in the temperature window> 430 ° C. and ⁇ 550 ° C. extends to> 4 to 25 h.
- the entire thermal treatment (including a decomposition phase) of a precursor composition may be carried out both under inert gas and under an oxidative atmosphere such as air (or other mixture of inert gas and molten metal).
- a precursor composition eg, a green compact
- an oxidative atmosphere such as air (or other mixture of inert gas and molten metal).
- kularem oxygen and under reducing atmosphere (for example, a mixture of inert gas, NH 3 , CO and / or H 2 or under methane, acrolein, methacrolein) take place.
- the thermal treatment can also be carried out under vacuum.
- the atmosphere can be made variable over the course of the thermal treatment.
- the thermal treatment (in particular the calcination phase) preferably takes place in an oxidizing atmosphere.
- this consists predominantly of non-agitated or (preferably) moving air (particularly preferably, the mass to be thermally treated (the calcination material) flows through an air stream).
- the oxidizing atmosphere may also consist of a stationary or agitated mixture of e.g. 25% by volume of N 2 and 75% by volume of air, or 50% by volume of N 2 and 50% by volume of air, or 75% by volume of N 2 and 25% by volume of air (a treatment atmosphere consisting of 100 vol .-% N2 is also possible).
- the thermal treatment (for example calcination) of the precursor material can be carried out in a wide variety of furnace types such as, for example, heatable recirculating air chambers (circulating air ovens, for example recirculating shaft ovens), hearth ovens, rotary kilns, belt calciners or shaft kilns.
- the thermal treatment advantageously takes place in a belt calcining device, as recommended by DE-A 10046957 and WO 02/24620.
- a hot spot formation within the material to be treated (within the calcination material) is thereby largely avoided by conveying increased volume flows of calcination atmosphere through the calcination material with the aid of fans through a gas-permeable conveyor belt carrying the calcination material (these ensure the most uniform possible calcination temperature in calcination).
- co-used shaping aids can be retained both in the resulting shaped catalyst body and by thermal and / or chemical decomposition to gaseous compounds (eg CO, CO2) at least partially form this escape.
- gaseous compounds eg CO, CO2
- the shaping assistants remaining in the shaped catalyst body act in the same to dilute essentially exclusively the multi-element oxide I active mass.
- the thermal treatment in this regard can be carried out as described in US 2005/0131253.
- the lateral compressive strengths of annular unsupported catalyst bodies obtainable according to the invention as described are 5 to 20 N, frequently 6 to 15 N or 6 to 13 N.
- the specific (BET) surface area of multimetal oxide (active) compositions I according to the invention is advantageously from 2 to 20 or to 15 m 2 / g, in terms of application technology. preferably 3 to 10 m 2 / g and particularly preferably 4 to 8 m 2 / g.
- the associated pore total volume is advantageously in the range from 0.1 to 1 cm 3 / g or to 0.8 cm 3 / g, preferably in the range from 0.1 to 0.6 cm 3 / g and particularly preferably in the range 0.2 to 0.5 cm 3 / g.
- the contribution of pores having a pore radius in the range of 0.2 to 0.4 pm to the total pore volume, based on the total pore volume is> 70% by volume 75% by volume, more preferably> 85% by volume, preferably> 90% by volume, and particularly preferably> 95% by volume or> 98% by volume.
- a multimetal oxide (active) composition of general stoichiometry I according to the invention can also be used diluted with inert materials for the catalysis of heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidations.
- Suitable inert diluents of this type include, among other elemental oxides which are calcined at high temperatures and therefore comparatively low in pores, such as aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, thorium dioxide and zirconium dioxide.
- finely divided silicon carbide or finely divided silicates such as magnesium and aluminum silicate or steatite can also be used for the aforementioned purpose.
- the procedure is such that the calcined multimetal oxide (active) composition of general stoichiometry I is ground to a finely divided powder. This is then appropriately mixed in terms of application with finely divided dilution material, and the resulting mixed powder is molded (preferably by tabletting) into a geometric shaped body using a shaping method presented in this document. By subsequent recalcining, the same is then transformed into the associated shaped catalyst body.
- the finely divided inert diluent material can, for example, already be incorporated into a wet (for example aqueous) mixture M beforehand the drying thereof.
- such procedures are less preferred according to the invention.
- multimetal oxide (active) compositions of the general stoichiometry I (or self-comprising unsupported catalyst bodies) produced in accordance with the described advantageous preparation processes are characterized by the fact that they essentially do not contain any local centers of elemental oxides (for example bismuth oxide, iron oxide or copper oxide ) respectively. Rather, these elements are largely part of complex, mixed, Bi, Fe, Cu and Mo containing Oxomolybdate. With regard to a minimization of undesired full combustion of organic reaction gas mixture constituents according to the invention, this has proved favorable in the context of the relevant heterogeneously catalyzed partial oxidations.
- elemental oxides for example bismuth oxide, iron oxide or copper oxide
- Inventive multimetal oxide (active) compositions of general stoichiometry I are suitable as active compositions not only for catalyzing the heterogeneously catalyzed partial oxidation of propene to acrolein but generally for catalyzing heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidations of alkanes, alkanols having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms.
- Alkenes and / or alkenyls (partial oxidations are to be understood in this document in particular those reactions of organic compounds under the reactive action of molecular oxygen, in which the partially oxidized organic compound contains at least one oxygen atom more chemically bound after completion of the reaction before the partial oxidation is carried out).
- partial oxidation in this document is also intended to include oxidative dehydrogenation and partial ammoxidation, that is, partial oxidation in the presence of ammonia.
- the heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas-phase oxidation of propene (isobutene and / or tert-butanol) to acrolein (methacrolein) forms the first stage of a two-stage heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation of propene (isobutene and / or tert-butanol) Acrylic acid (methacrylic acid), as described by way of example in WO 2006/42459.
- the heterogeneously catalyzed partial oxidation (in particular that of propene to acrolein) can be carried out, for example, as described in DE-A 102007004961, WO 02/49757, WO 02/24620, DE-A 102008040093, WO 2005/030393, EP-A 575897, WO 2007/082827, WO 2005/113127, WO 2005/047224, WO 2005/042459, WO 2007/017431, DE-A 102008042060, WO 2008/087116, DE-A 102010048405, DE-A 102009047291, DE-A 102008042064, DE -A 102008042061, WO 2015/067656 and DE-A 102008040094 are described for similar multimetal oxide compositions and the same catalysts described comprehensive (in particular, it can be done in a corresponding manner as in the exemplary embodiments of these documents).
- catalysts shaped catalyst bodies
- annular especially the ring geometries individually highlighted in this document
- multimetal oxide (active) compositions of general stoichiometry I catalysts (shaped catalyst bodies) are also present if the loading of the catalyst feed of a reactor with propene contained in the reaction gas input mixture, isobutene and / or tert.
- the aforesaid load on the catalyst feed will be ⁇ 600 Nl / l-h, often ⁇ 500 Nl / l-h, often ⁇ 400 Nl / l-h or ⁇ 350 Nl / l-h.
- Loads in the range of> 160 Nl / l-h or> 180 Nl / l-h to ⁇ 300 or ⁇ 250 or ⁇ 200 Nl / l-h are particularly expedient.
- the load can also be related to only one constituent of the reaction gas input mixture (for example, only to the organic starting compound to be partially oxidized). Then it is the amount by volume of this component (for example, the partial oxidation organic starting compound) which is fed per hour to the fixed catalyst bed (the catalyst charge of the reactor), based on the volume of its bed.
- catalysts for example ringför shaped Vollkatalysatorform analyses as catalysts for the partial oxidation of propene to Acrol- or of iso-butene and / or tert.
- Butanol (or its methyl ether) to me- thacrolein even at loads of the catalyst charge with the partially oxidized starting compound of ⁇ 130 Nl / lh, or ⁇ 120 Nl / lh, or ⁇ 1 10 Nl / lh, or ⁇ 100 Nl / lh, or ⁇ 90 Nl / lh be operated in an advantageous manner according to the invention.
- this load is at values> 20 Nl / lh, or> 30 Nl / lh, or> 40 Nl / lh, or> 50 Nl / lh, or> 60 Nl / lh, or> 70 Nl / lh, or> 80 Nl / lh.
- the loading of the catalyst charge of a reactor (a fixed bed of catalyst) with the starting compound to be partially oxidized (propene, isobutene and / or tert-butanol (or its methyl ether)) can be adjusted via two set screws: a) the load the catalyst feed with reaction gas input mixture (the reaction gas mixture which is fed to the fixed catalyst bed),
- the catalysts obtainable according to the invention are also particularly suitable if the loads imposed on the catalyst feed with the organic compound to be partially oxidized are above 130 Nl / l-h, in particular via the abovementioned adjusting screw a).
- the propene content (isobutene content or tert-butanol content (or the methyl ether content)) in the reaction gas input mixture is essentially independent of the charge of the catalyst charge 4 to 20% by volume, frequently 5 to 15% by volume, or From 5 to 12% by volume, or from 5 to 8% by volume (in each case based on the total volume (stream) of the reaction gas input mixture flowing to the catalyst bed).
- the gas phase partial oxidation process of the catalysts of the invention as described catalyzed partial oxidation (essentially independent of the load) in the case of a partially oxidized (organic) compound (for example propene): oxygen : inert gases (including water vapor) Volume ratio in the reaction gas input mixture of 1: (1, 0 to 3.0) :( 5 to 25), preferably 1: (1, 5 to 2.3) :( 10 to 20), perform.
- Indifferent gases are understood to mean those gases which, in the course of the partial oxidation, remain chemically unchanged for at least 95 mol%, preferably at least 98 mol%, for the single pass of the reaction gas mixture through the catalyst bed.
- the inert gas may be 20% by volume or 30% by volume, or 40% by volume or more
- Under circulating gas is understood to mean the residual gas which remains when the target compound is essentially selectively separated from the product gas mixture of the partial oxidation.
- the partial oxidations to acrolein or methacrolein with the inventively obtainable, for example, annular, shaped catalyst bodies can only be the first stage of a two-stage partial oxidation to acrylic acid or methacrylic acid as the actual target compounds, so that the recycle gas formation then usually only occurs after the second stage (typical recycle gas compositions for the case of a heterogeneously catalyzed Partialloxidation of propene to acrolein and / or acrylic acid shows the DE-A 10232482 in her paragraphs [0063] and [0075]).
- the product mixture of the first stage as such, if appropriate after cooling and / or secondary oxygen addition (as a rule as air), is generally fed to the second partial oxidation stage.
- a typical composition of the reaction gas input mixture measured at the reactor inlet may contain, for example, the following components:
- the former compositions are particularly suitable for propene loadings of> 130 Nl / l-h and the latter composition in particular at propene loads ⁇ 130 Nl / l-h, in particular ⁇ 100 Nl / l-h (for example, for the commissioning of the partial oxidation) of the catalyst fixed bed.
- Suitable alternative compositions of the reaction gas input mixture for a propene-partial oxidation to acrolein according to the invention are those which have the following component contents:
- reaction gas input mixture of a heterogeneously catalyzed partial propene partial oxidation with catalysts according to the invention to form acrolein can also be composed as follows:
- Another possible reaction gas input mixture composition may include:
- reaction gas input mixtures of the composition according to Example 1 of EP-A 990 636, or according to Example 2 of EP-A 990 636, or according to Example 3 of EP-A 1 106 598, or according to Example 26 of EP-A 1 106,598 or according to Example 53 of EP-A 1,106,598 are used for a propene partial oxidation according to the invention to give acrolein.
- the catalysts according to the invention which are obtainable as described, for example annular shaped catalyst bodies, are also suitable for the processes of DE-A 10246119 and DE-A 10245585.
- reaction gas input mixtures which are suitable according to the invention can be in the following composition grid:
- reaction gas input mixture may in particular also be composed as described in DE-A 44 07 020.
- the reaction temperature for a heterogeneously catalyzed propene partial oxidation to acrolein according to the invention is, when using the catalysts according to the invention obtainable as described (for example annular unsupported catalyst bodies) often at 300 to 450 ° C., or up to 400 ° C., or up to 380 ° C.
- a reaction temperature window which is particularly preferred according to the invention is 305 to 345 ° C. The same applies in the case of methacrolein as the target compound.
- reaction pressure for the abovementioned partial oxidations is generally 0.5 to 4 or 3 bar, or preferably 1, 1 or 1.5 to 4 or 3 bar (meaning in this document, if not expressly mentioned otherwise, always absolute pressures).
- the total loading of the catalyst charge with reaction gas input mixture in the abovementioned partial oxidations according to the invention is typically 1000 to 10000 Nl / l-h, usually 1500 to 5000 Nl / l-h and often 2000 to 4000 Nl / l-h.
- Suitable propylene to be used in the reaction gas input mixture are, in particular, polymer-grade propene and chemical grade propene, such as, for example, WO
- the source of oxygen is normally air (possibly together with recycle gas).
- the partial oxidation using the catalysts according to the invention obtainable as described can be carried out, for example, in a one-zone multiple contact tube fixed bed reactor, as described in DE-A 44 31 957, EP-A 700 714 and US Pat EP-A 700 893 describe.
- the contact tubes are made of ferritic steel and typically have a wall thickness of 1 to 3 mm. Their inside diameter is usually 20 to 30 mm, often 21 to 26 mm. A typical contact tube length is, for example, 3.20 m.
- the number of catalyst tubes accommodated in the tube bundle container amounts to at least 1000, preferably to at least 5000. Frequently, the number of catalyst tubes accommodated in the reaction container is 15,000 to 40,000. Tube bundle reactors with a number of contact tubes above 45,000 tend to be the exception.
- the contact tubes are normally distributed homogeneously, the distribution is suitably chosen so that the distance between the central inner axes of closest contact tubes (the so-called contact tube pitch) is 35 to 45 mm (see EP-B 468 290).
- the partial oxidation can also be carried out in a multizone (for example, "two-zone") multi-contact-tube fixed-bed reactor, as described in DE-A 199 10 506, DE-A 103 13 213, DE-A 103 13 208 and US Pat EP-A 1 106 598, in particular at elevated pressures of the catalyst charge of the multi-contact tube reactor with the organic compound to be partially oxidized.
- a typical contact tube length in the case of a two-zone multi-contact fixed bed reactor is 3.50 m. Everything else is essentially as described in the single-zone multi-contact fixed bed reactor.
- a heat exchange medium is introduced in each tempering zone (the single zone multiple contact tube reactor fixed bed reactor has only one tempering zone) of the single zone or multi-zone multiple contact tube fixed bed reactor.
- melting salts such as potassium nitrate, potassium nitrite, sodium nitrite and / or sodium nitrate, or of lower melting metals such as sodium, mercury and alloys of various metals.
- the flow rate of the heat exchange medium within the respective tempering zone is generally selected so that the temperature of the heat exchange medium from the point of entry into the tempering zone to the exit point from the tempering zone by 0 to 15 ° C, often 1 to 10 ° C, or 2 to 8 ° C, or 3 to 6 ° C increases.
- the inlet temperature of the heat exchange medium which, viewed over the respective temperature control zone, can be conducted in cocurrent or in countercurrent to the reaction gas mixture is preferably as described in EP-A 1 106 598,
- the heat exchange medium is preferred meandering guided.
- the difference between the highest and the lowest temperature of the heat exchange medium located within a tempering zone should, over the longitudinal section of the tempering zone in which there is a catalytically active (not pure inert packing) section of the fixed catalyst bed, be advantageously> 0 ° C. and ⁇ 5 ° C (preferably this difference is small).
- the multi-contact fixed-bed reactor has in addition thermo tubes for determining the temperature of the reaction gas in the catalyst bed (thermal tubes and reaction tubes are charged with the same fixed bed).
- thermowell the inner diameter of the thermo tubes and the diameter of the centered therein and parallel to the longitudinal axis of the thermotube extending receiving sleeve (thermowell) is selected for the thermocouple so that the ratio of heat of reaction developing volume to heat dissipating surface in thermal tubes and Work tubes equal or only slightly different from each other.
- a pressure loss compensation in the thermal tube can be done, for example, by adding split catalyst to the shaped catalyst bodies. This compensation is expediently homogeneous over the entire thermal tube length.
- the filling of thermal tubes can be designed as described in EP-A 873783.
- annular catalysts of the invention for example the annular unsupported catalyst bodies
- substantially homogeneous mixtures of novel catalyst moldings obtainable as described for example the annular unsupported catalyst bodies
- Suitable materials for such inert molded articles are, for example, porous or non-porous aluminum oxides, silicon dioxide, zirconium dioxide, silicon carbide, silicates such as magnesium or aluminum silicate and / or steatite (for example of the type C220 from CeramTec, DE).
- inert shaped diluent bodies can in principle be arbitrary. That is, it can be, for example, balls, polygons, solid cylinders or, as in the case of annular shaped catalyst bodies, rings. Often one will choose as inert diluent moldings those whose geometry corresponds to that of the catalyst moldings to be diluted with them.
- the geometry of the shaped catalyst body can also be changed or shaped catalyst bodies of different geometry can be used in substantially homogeneous mixing.
- the active composition of the shaped catalyst body can also be changed along the catalyst feed.
- the catalyst feed is advantageously designed so that the volume-specific (ie normalized to the unit of volume) activity in the flow direction of the reaction gas mixture either remains constant or increases (continuously, discontinuously or stepwise).
- a reduction in the volume-specific activity can be achieved in a simple manner, for example, by homogeneously diluting a basic amount of uniformly prepared, for example annular, shaped catalyst bodies (for example annular shaped catalyst bodies) with inert shaped diluent bodies.
- a reduction can also be achieved by modifying the geometry of the shaped catalyst bodies obtainable in accordance with the invention such that the amount of active composition contained in the unit of the inner wall of the reaction tube becomes smaller.
- the catalyst charge is preferably designed either uniformly over the entire length with only one type of shaped catalyst bodies (for example one type of annular unsupported catalyst body) or structured as follows.
- At the reactor inlet is at a length of 10 to 60%, preferably 10 to 50%, more preferably 20 to 40% and most preferably 25 to 35% (that is, for example, to a length of 0.70 to 1, 50th m, preferably 0.90 to 1.20 m), in each case the total length of the catalyst charge, a substantially homogeneous mixture of catalyst shaped bodies obtainable according to the invention (for example annular unsupported catalyst body) and inert shaped diluent (both preferably having essentially the same geometry - Rie have), wherein the weight fraction of the diluent molding (the mass densities of shaped catalyst bodies and diluent moldings usually differ only slightly) normally 5 to 40 wt .-%, or 10 to 40 wt .-%, or 20 to 40 wt .-%, or 25 to 35 wt .-% is.
- the weight fraction of the diluent molding normally 5 to 40 wt .-%, or 10 to 40 wt .-
- the end of the length of the catalyst charge (that is, for example, to a length of 1, 00 to 3.00 m or from 1, 00 to 2.70 m, preferably 1, 40 to 3.00 m, or 2.00 to 3.00 m) either only a small amount (as in the first section) diluted bed of the same as in accordance with the invention available catalyst lysatorformMechs (for example, annular Vollkatalysatorform redesigns), or, very particular It is preferred that a sole (undiluted) bed of the same catalyst according to the invention shaped shaped article (for example, annular Vollkatalysatorform stresses), which has also been used in the first section.
- a constant dilution can be selected throughout the feed.
- an inventively obtainable shaped catalyst body for example annular Vollkatalysatorformkör- per
- active mass density for example, 6.5 mm x 3 mm x 4.5 mm [outer diameter x height x inner diameter] in the first section , and 5 x 2 x 2 mm [A x H x I] in the second section).
- this temperature difference at each point is positive but ⁇ 100 ° C (especially 40 to 100 ° C), particularly advantageous ⁇
- this (positive) temperature difference can also be ⁇ 50 ° C or ⁇ 40 ° C.
- the embodiment is preferably such that this temperature difference with an increase in the temperature of the heat exchange medium by 1 ° C at each point of the fixed catalyst bed by> 0 ° C but ⁇ + 9 ° C, better ⁇ + 7 ° C, preferably ⁇ + 5 ° C, more preferably ⁇ + 3 ° C increases (see also EP-A 1 106598).
- a heterogeneously catalyzed partial oxidation for the production of acrolein (from propene) or of methacrolein (from the C 4 precursor compounds mentioned in the present specification) with annular unsupported catalyst bodies produced according to the invention can advantageously be carried out in complete correspondence with the statements in WO 2015 / 067656.
- the catalyst charge, the reaction gas starting mixture, the charge and the reaction temperature are generally selected such that, in the case of a single passage of the reaction gas mixture through the catalyst charge, a conversion of the partially oxidized organic compound (propene, isobutene, tert-butanol or its methyl ether) of at least 90 mol%, or at least 92 mol% %, preferably of at least 93 mol% or at least 94 mol% or at least 95 mol% or at least 97 mol%, but normally ⁇ 99 mol% results.
- the selectivity of the acrolein or me- Thacrolein formation is regularly> 80 mol%, or> 85 mol% or> 90 mol%. In a natural way, the lowest possible hotspot temperatures are aimed
- annular shaped unsupported catalyst bodies obtainable as described according to the invention also have an advantageous fracture behavior during reactor filling.
- geometrically shaped catalyst bodies obtainable according to the invention can be accelerated by carrying them out with an essentially constant conversion under increased loading of the catalyst charge with reaction gas input mixture.
- multimetal oxide compositions of the general stoichiometry I according to the invention and catalysts containing them as active composition are very generally suitable for catalyzing the gas phase partial (amm) oxidation of an alkanol containing 3 to 6 (that is, 3, 4, 5 or 6) C atoms, Alkanals, alkenes, alkanes and alkenals to, for example, olefinically unsaturated aldehydes and / or carboxylic acids and the corresponding nitriles, and suitable for gas-phase catalytic oxidative dehydrogenation of the aforementioned 3, 4, 5 or 6 C-containing organic compounds.
- G one or more than one element from the group consisting of K, Na, Rb and Cs,
- H one element or more than one element from the group consisting of Ba, Ca, Cr, Ce, La, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sn, Sr and Zn
- L one element or more than one element from the group consisting of B, Nb, P, Sb, Ta, Te, Ti, Y and Zr,
- x a number which is determined by the valence and frequency of the elements other than oxygen in I, and satisfy the following conditions:
- the stoichiometric coefficient c is 0.05 to 0.5.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to embodiment 1 or 2 whose stoichiometric coefficient C is 0.05 to 0.45.
- the stoichiometric coefficient c is 0.05 to 0.4.
- Multimetal oxide according to any one of embodiments 1 to 4 the stoichiometric coefficient c is 0.05 to 0.35.
- the stoichiometric coefficient c is 0.1 to 0.3.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments 1 to 33 whose stoichiometric coefficient a is 0.5 to 0.75.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments 1 to 34 whose stoichiometric coefficient a is 0.6.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of the embodiments to 35 whose stoichiometric coefficient b is 0.5 to 3.5.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments to 37 whose stoichiometric coefficient b is 1, 5 to 3.5.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of the embodiments to 43 whose stoichiometric coefficient g is 0.04 to 0.4.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments to 44 whose stoichiometric coefficient g is 0.04 to 0.3.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of the embodiments to 45 whose stoichiometric coefficient g is 0.04 to 0.25.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments to 46 whose stoichiometric coefficient g is 0.05 to 0.15.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments to 47 whose stoichiometric coefficient g is 0.06 to 0.13.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of the embodiments to 48 whose stoichiometric coefficient g is 0.08.
- the multimetal oxide composition according to one of the embodiments to 50 whose stoichiometric coefficient h is 0 to 10.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of the embodiments to 52 whose stoichiometric coefficient h is 0 to 2.5.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of the embodiments to 54 whose stoichiometric coefficient I is 0 to 6.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of the embodiments to 55 whose stoichiometric coefficient I is 0 to 4.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments to 59 whose stoichiometric coefficient m is 0.3 to 50.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments to 61 whose stoichiometric coefficient m is 0.5 to 20.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments to 62 whose stoichiometric coefficient m is 0.6 to 10.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments 1 to 63 whose stoichiometric coefficient m is 0.7 to 7.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments 1 to 68, in which the variable G has the meaning G K.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments 1 to 69, in which the variable M has the meaning M Si.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 74, wherein the variable L is L one element or more than one of P, Ti and Zr. 76. Multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments 1 to 75, whose specific surface area is 2 to 20 m 2 / g.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments 1 to 76 whose specific surface area is 2 to 15 m 2 / g.
- Multimetal oxide according to any of embodiments 1 to 77 whose specific surface area is 3 to 10 m 2 / g.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments 1 to 76 whose specific surface area is 4 to 8 m 2 / g.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments 1 to 79 the total pore volume in the range of 0.1 to 1 cm 3 / g.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments 1 to 80 whose total pore volume in the range of 0.1 to 0.8 cm 3 / g.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments 1 to 81 whose total pore volume is in the range of 0.1 to 0.6 cm 3 / g.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments 1 to 82 whose total pore volume is in the range of 0.2 to 0.5 cm 3 / g.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments 1 to 84 in which the contribution of pores having a pore radius in the range of 0.2 to 0.4 ⁇ m to the total pore volume, based on the total pore volume, is> 70% by volume.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments 1 to 85 in which the contribution of pores having a pore radius in the range of 0.2 to 0.4 ⁇ m to the total pore volume, based on the total pore volume, is> 75% by volume.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments 1 to 88 in which the contribution of pores having a pore radius in the range of 0.2 to 0.4 gm to the total pore volume, based on the total pore volume,> 95 vol .-%.
- Multimetal oxide according to any of embodiments 1 to 87 wherein the contribution of pores having a pore radius in the range of 0.2 to 0.4 gm to the total pore volume, based on the total pore volume,> 98 vol .-%.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of the embodiments 1 to 90 wherein in an application of their pore diameter in gm on the abscissa and the logarithm of the diffe profitable contribution in cm 3 / g of the respective pore diameter to the total pore volume in cm 3 / g on the ordinate a substantially monomodal distribution curve results.
- coated catalyst comprising a carrier molding and a shell located on the outer surface of the carrier molding of at least one multimetal oxide according to any of embodiments 1 to 91.
- coated catalyst according to one of the embodiments 92 to 95 whose Tarrägerform- body is a ball, a solid cylinder or a hollow cylinder.
- coated catalyst according to one of the embodiments 92 to 96 whose T rägerform- body is a ball whose diameter is 1 to 8 mm.
- Shell catalyst according to one of the embodiments 92 to 96 whose T rägerform- body is a cylinder whose length is 2 to 10 mm and whose outer diameter is 4 to 10 mm. 100.
- a coated catalyst according to embodiment 100 whose carrier molding is a ring having a wall thickness of 1 to 2 mm, a length of 3 to 6 mm and an outer diameter of 4 to 8 mm.
- a coated catalyst according to embodiment 100 whose carrier molding is a ring with a wall thickness of 1 to 2 mm, a length of 2 to 4 mm and an outer diameter of 4 to 8 mm.
- the unsupported catalyst body according to embodiment 104 which has the geometry of a sphere, a cylinder or a ring.
- a full catalyst according to embodiment 105 which has the geometry of a ball with a diameter of 2 to 10 mm.
- a full catalyst according to embodiment 105 which has the geometry of a ball with a diameter of 2 to 8 mm.
- a full catalyst according to embodiment 105 which has the geometry of a ball with a diameter of 4 to 8 mm.
- Fully catalytic converter according to embodiment 105 which has the geometry of a cylinder with a length of 2 to 10 mm and an outer diameter of 2 to 10 mm.
- Full catalyst according to embodiment 105 which has the geometry of a cylinder with a length of 2 to 8 mm and an outer diameter of 2 to 8 mm.
- a full catalyst according to embodiment 105 which has the geometry of a cylinder having a length of 3 to 8 mm and an outer diameter of 3 to 8 mm. 1 12. Full catalyst according to embodiment 105, which has the geometry of a ring with a wall thickness of 1 to 3 mm, a length of 2 to 10 mm and an outer diameter of 2 to 10 mm.
- Full catalyst according to embodiment 105 which has the geometry of a ring with a wall thickness of 1 to 3 mm, a length of 2 to 8 mm and an outer diameter of 2 to 8 mm.
- Full catalyst according to embodiment 105 which has the geometry of a ring with a wall thickness of 1 to 3 mm, a length of 3 to 8 mm and an outer diameter of 3 to 8 mm.
- a process for the preparation of a multimetal oxide according to one of the embodiments 1 to 91 characterized in that produced from sources of their elemental constituents a finely divided intimate dry mixture and this calcined at temperatures ranging from 350 ° C to 650 ° C.
- Process for the preparation of a multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments 1 to 91 characterized in that a finely divided intimate dry mixture is produced from sources of its elemental constituents and calcined at temperatures in the range from 350 ° C to 600 ° C.
- Process for the preparation of a multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments 1 to 91 characterized in that a finely divided intimate dry mixture is produced from sources of its elemental constituents and calcined at temperatures in the range from 350 ° C to 550 ° C.
- Process for the preparation of a multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments 1 to 91 characterized in that a finely divided intimate dry mixture is produced from sources of its elemental constituents and calcined at temperatures in the range from 350 ° C to 530 ° C.
- Process according to embodiment 125 characterized in that the calcination takes place under inert gas, under an oxidizing atmosphere, under a reducing atmosphere or under vacuum.
- Process according to embodiment 126 characterized in that the calcination takes place under air.
- Method according to one of the embodiments 122 to 127 characterized in that the sources are mixed together in the form of solutions and / or suspensions and the resulting wet mixture M is dried to finely divided intimate dry mixture.
- Method according to embodiment 128 or 129 characterized in that only solutions and / or colloidal solutions are used as sources.
- a source is an aqueous solution A which contains at least one starting compound of the elements Fe, Bi and Cu and at least one starting compound of at least one of the elements Co and Ni dissolved and their pH ⁇ 3 and > -2.
- the starting compounds of the elements Fe, Bi, and Cu and at least one of the elements Co and Ni are their nitrates and / or nitrate hydrates.
- a source is an aqueous solution B which has at least one starting compound of the element Mo and one or more sources of at least one of the elements K,
- Process according to embodiment 148 characterized in that the pH of the aqueous mixture of the aqueous solution A and the aqueous solution B is> 0 and ⁇ 2.
- Method according to one of embodiments 150 to 157 characterized in that the proportion AT present dissolved in the aqueous mixture M is the total molar amount of Co and / or Ni contained in the aqueous mixture M of ⁇ 50 mol%.
- Method according to one of the embodiments 129 to 164 characterized in that the drying of the aqueous mixture M takes place by spray-drying.
- Method according to embodiment 166 characterized in that the spray drying of the aqueous mixture M takes place in a spray dryer in which the same is first divided into finely divided droplets and these are dried in a hot gas stream whose inlet temperature in the Spray dryer is 250 to 450 ° C.
- Method according to one of the embodiments 166 to 169 characterized in that the spray drying takes place in countercurrent of the droplets to the hot gas.
- Method according to one of the embodiments 172 to 174 characterized in that the shaped body has the geometry of a ring.
- Method according to one of the embodiments 175 to 180 characterized in that the lateral compressive strength SD of the ring (of the annular shaped body) satisfies the relation 19 N ⁇ SD ⁇ 32 N.
- Method according to one of the embodiments 122 to 182 characterized in that, prior to the calcination of the intimate dry mixture or of the molded therefrom, optionally with the addition of shaping aids and optionally after enlargement, molded body, the intimate dry mixture or the shaped body thermal treatment at temperatures> 150 ° C and ⁇ 320 ° C undergoes.
- Process according to one of the embodiments 122 to 183 characterized in that, prior to the calcination of the intimate dry mixture or of the shaped article formed therefrom, optionally with the addition of shaping aids and optionally after enlargement, the intimate dry mixture or the shaped body thermal treatment at temperatures> 170 ° C and ⁇ 290 ° C undergoes.
- Multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments 1 to 91, characterized in that it is not a composite of several layers of mutually different Muletetalloxidmassen.
- a process of heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation of a 3 to 6 C atoms alkane, alkanols, alkanal, alkenes and / or alkenals on a catalyst bed characterized in that the catalyst bed comprises at least one multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments 1 to 91 or according to Embodiment 185 has.
- a process of heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation of a 3 to 6 C atoms alkane, alkanols, alkanal, alkenes and / or alkenals on a catalyst bed characterized in that the catalyst bed comprises at least one product of a process according to any one of embodiments 122 to 184 ,
- a method according to embodiment 190 characterized in that the at least one product of a method according to one of the embodiments 122 to 184 is not part of a composite of a plurality of layers of mutually different Multimetalloxid- masses.
- At least one multimetal oxide composition according to one of embodiments 1 to 91 or embodiment 185, or at least one catalyst according to one of embodiments 92 to 121 or embodiment 186 or 187, or at least one product of a method according to one of the embodiments 122 to 184 for the catalysis of a process of heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation of a 3 to 6 C-atoms alkane, alkanol, alkanal, alkenes and / or alkenals on a catalyst bed.
- aqueous nitric acid cobalt (II) nitrate solution (12.4% by weight of Co, 27% by weight) were used.
- Nitrate (NO3) prepared by dissolving cobalt metal from MFT Metals% Ferro-Alloys Trading GmbH, D-41474 Viersen, purity> 99.6% by weight Co, ⁇ 0.3% by weight Ni, ⁇ 100 mg / kg Fe, ⁇ 50 mg / kg of Cu in aqueous nitric acid) and heated with stirring (150 U / min) to 60 ° C.
- aqueous, nitric acid bismuth nitrate solution (10.8% by weight of Bi, 13% by weight of nitrate (NO 3 ), prepared by dissolving bismuth metal from Sidech, were added to the resulting aqueous solution SA, BE-1495 Tilly, purity> 99.997% by weight of Bi, ⁇ 7 mg / kg of Pb, each ⁇
- the 60 ° C warm aqueous solution A was using a hose pump (type: BVP, company: Ismatec SA, laboratory technology analysis, Feldegg Identification 6, CH-8152 Glattbrugg, setting: 320 scale parts) within 15 min continuously in the now with a Ultra-Turrax (Janke
- the not spray-dried portion of the aqueous mixture M was continuously stirred at 60 ° C.
- the setting of the atomizer wheel speed was 25,000 rpm.
- the spray powder obtained was intermediately stored until it was further processed in hermetically sealed containers (200 l internal volume, 25 ° C., atmospheric pressure) (10 calendar days, shorter or longer intermediate storage (up to 30 calendar days) had no influence on the resulting results).
- the loss on ignition of the resulting spray powder (3 hours at 600 ° C (powder temperature) under standing (in excess existing) glow) was 31 wt .-% of its initial weight.
- the temperature in the circulating-air furnace was varied as follows (the temperature data mean the temperature in the bulk material applied, determined by 4 thermocouples located in the geometric center of the 4 grids in the center of the bulk one of the thermocouples provided the actual value for regulating the temperature of the convection oven, while the other thermocouples confirmed that the temperatures were identical within the interval ⁇ 0.1 ° C).
- the temperature increases were essentially linear over time. Within 72 min was heated from 25 ° C to 130 ° C. This temperature was maintained for 72 minutes and then increased to 190 ° C over 36 minutes. The 190 ° C was held for 72 minutes before the temperature was raised to 220 ° C over 36 minutes.
- the 220 ° C was held for 72 minutes before the temperature was increased to 265 ° C within 36 minutes.
- the 265 ° C was held for 72 minutes before the temperature was raised to 380 ° C over 93 minutes.
- the 380 ° C was held for 187 min before the temperature was raised to 430 ° C within 93 min.
- the 430 ° C was held for 187 minutes before being increased within 93 minutes to the final calcination temperature of 480 ° C. This was maintained for 463 min. It was then cooled to 25 ° C within 12 h.
- both the heating of the Um Kunststoffschachtofens and the air flow preheating was switched off (the air flow of 4500 Nl / h as such was maintained, the inlet temperature of the air flow was then 25 ° C).
- the resulting ring-like unsupported catalyst bodies E1 were stored until they were used to catalyze a heterogeneously catalyzed partial oxidation (for example of propene to acrolein) in an airtight container at a temperature of 25.degree. C. and at atmospheric pressure.
- the preparation of the full catalyst molded article E2 was carried out as the preparation of the fully catalytic molded article E1.
- the weighing stoichiometry in the aqueous mixture M was also the stoichiometry Moi2Bio, 6Fe3Cuo, iCo7Ko, o8Sii, 6.
- the final calcination temperature was 500 ° C.
- the preparation of the solid catalyst molded article E3 was carried out as the preparation of the fully catalytic molded article E1.
- the added amounts of the sources of the elemental moieties other than Mo were adjusted to the in-hole stoichiometry Moi2Bio, 6Fe3Cuo, 2Co7Ko, o8Sii, 6 present in the aqueous mixture M.
- the tabletting conditions were as follows:
- the preparation of the solid catalyst molded article E4 was carried out as the preparation of the fully catalytic molded article E1.
- the added amounts of the sources of the elemental moieties other than Mo were adjusted to the in-hole stoichiometry Moi2Bio , 6Fe3Cuo , 2Co7Ko , o8Sii , 6 present in the aqueous mixture M, and the final calcination temperature was 500 ° C.
- the preparation of the full catalyst molded article E5 was carried out as the preparation of the fully catalytic molded article E1.
- the added amounts of the sources of the elemental moieties other than Mo were adjusted to the in-hole stoichiometry Moi2Bio , 6Fe3Cuo , 2Co7Ko , o8Sii , 6 present in the aqueous mixture M, and the final calcination temperature was 520 ° C.
- the production of the full catalyst molded article E6 was carried out as the preparation of the fully catalytic molded article E1. However, the added amounts of the sources of the elemental moieties other than Mo were adjusted to the in-hole stoichiometry Moi2Bio , 6Fe3Cuo , 4Co7Ko , o8Sii , 6 present in the aqueous mixture M, and the final calcination temperature was 500 ° C.
- the preparation of the solid catalyst molded article E7 was carried out as the preparation of the fully catalytic molded article E1.
- the added amounts of the sources of the elemental moieties other than Mo were adjusted to the in-hole stoichiometry Moi2Bio , 6Fe3Cuo , 2Co7Wo , 2Ko , o8Sh , 6 present in the aqueous mixture M, and the final calcination temperature was 460 ° C.
- As the source of element W ammonium paratungstate (72% by weight W, HC Starck, D-38642 Goslar) was dissolved in the aqueous solution B.
- ammonium paratungstate (NH4) io (H2Wi202 4 ) x 4 H2O) into the aqueous solution B was carried out with stirring (anchor agitator, 150 rpm) at a solution temperature of 60 ° C immediately after the addition to and the dissolution of the ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate in the aqueous solution B was completed. After the ammonium paratungstate had been added, stirring was continued for a further 20 minutes while maintaining the solution temperature of 60.degree. C. (150 rpm).
- the preparation of the solid catalyst molded article E8 was carried out as the preparation of the fully catalytic molded article E1.
- the added amounts of the sources of the elemental moieties other than Mo were adjusted to the in-hole stoichiometry Moi2Bio , 6Fe3Cuo , 2Co7Wo , 2Ko , 8Sh , 6 present in the aqueous mixture M.
- As the source of the element W ammonium paratungstate (72% by weight W, HC Starck, D-38642 Goslar) was dissolved in the aqueous solution B.
- ammonium paratungstate (NH 4 ) io (H 2 Wi 2 O 4 ) x 4H 2 O)
- stirring anchor agitator, 150 rpm
- stirring was continued for a further 20 minutes while maintaining the solution temperature of 60.degree. C. (150 rpm).
- the preparation of the comparative Vollkatalysatorform redesign C4 was carried out as the preparation of the Vollkatalysatorform stresses E2.
- the initial stoichiometry present in the aqueous mixture M was the stoichiometry Moi2Bio , 6Fe3Co7Ko , o8Sh , 6. That is, in the preparation of the aqueous solution A, no Cu source was added.
- the preparation of the comparative full catalyst C5 was carried out as the preparation of the comparative full C4, but the final calcination temperature was 520 ° C.
- the initial stoichiometry in the aqueous mixture M was thus the stoichiometry Moi2Bio, 6Fe3Co7Ko, o8Sii, 6.
- the preparation of the comparative Vollkatalysatorform stresses C7 was carried out as the preparation of the comparison Vollkatalysatorform stressess C4, the added amounts of the sources of Mo However, different elemental constituents were adapted to the weighing stoichiometry Moi2Bio , 65Fe3 , 27Co7 , 64Ko , o87Sii, 75 present in the aqueous mixture M and the final calcination temperature was 520 ° C.
- the preparation of the comparative Vollkatalysatorform stresses C8 was the same as the preparation of the comparison Vollkatalysatorform stresses C4, the amounts of the sources of the Mo different elemental constituents were, however, adapted to the present in the aqueous mixture M Wegegestoeiometri Moi2Bio, 55Fe2,77Co6,46Ko, o74Sii, 48 and the Endkal - Zination temperature was 480 ° C.
- the preparation of the comparative Vollkatalysatorform redesign C9 was the same as the preparation of the comparison Vollkatalysatorform stresses C4, the amounts of the sources of Mo different elemental constituents added, however, were adapted to the present in the aqueous mixture M Wegegestoeiometrie Moi2Bio , 55Fe2 , 77Co6 , 46Ko , o74Sii, 48 and the Endkal - Zination temperature was 460 ° C.
- the preparation of the comparative Vollkatalysatorform analyses C10 was carried out as the preparation ofticianvollkatalysatorform redesign C4, the added amounts of the sources of Mo However, various elemental constituents were adapted to the weighing stoichiometry Mo ⁇ Bio.eFesCosKo.osSh , 6 present in the aqueous mixture M , and the final calcining temperature was 520 ° C.
- the preparation of the comparative Vollkatalysatorform stressess C1 1 was the same as the preparation of the comparison Vollkatalysatorform redesign C4, the amounts of the sources of the Mo different elemental constituents were, however, adapted to the present in the aqueous mixture M Weighing stoichiometry Moi2Bio , 6Fe2Co8 , 5Ko , osSii , 6 and the Endkalzinati on temperature was 520 ° C.
- the production of the comparative Vollkatalysatorform stresses C15 was the same as the preparation of the comparison Vollkatalysatorform stresses C4, the amounts of the sources of the Mo different elemental constituents added, however, were adapted to the present in the aqueous mixture M Wegegestoeiometrie Moi2Bio , 6Fe3 , 5Co7Ko , osSii , 6 and the final calcination temperature was 520 ° C.
- the preparation of the comparative Vollkatalysatorform redesign C16 was the same as the preparation of the comparison Vollkatalysatorform stressess C4, the amounts of the sources of the Mo different elemental constituents were added, however, to those in the aqueous mixture M Moi2Bio , 6Fe3Co6 , 2Ko , o8Sii , 6 were adjusted and the final calcination temperature was 480 ° C.
- the preparation of the comparative Vollkatalysatorform stresses C17 was the same as the preparation of the comparison Vollkatalysatorform stresses C4, but the added amounts of sources of Mo different elemental constituents were adjusted to the present in the aqueous mixture M Wegegestoeiometri Moi2Bio , 6Fe3Co6 , 2Ko , o8Sii , 6 and the final calcination temperature was 460 ° C.
- the preparation of the comparative Vollkatalysatorform analysess C18 was the same as the preparation ofticianvollkatalysatorform stresses C4, the amounts of the sources of the Mo different elemental constituents were, however , adjusted to the present in the aqueous mixture M Wewa Bio.eFesCos.sKo.osSh , 6 and the Endkalzinati - Ontemperatur was 460 ° C.
- the preparation of the comparative Vollkatalysatorform analyses C19 was the same as the preparation of the comparison Vollkatalysatorform stresses C4, the amounts of the sources of the Mo different elemental constituents were added, however, to those in the aqueous mixture M Moi2Bio , 8Fe3Co5 , 5Wi , 6Ko , o8Sh , 6 were adjusted and the final calcination temperature was 466 ° C.
- As the source of the element W ammonium paratungstate (72% by weight of W, HC Starck, D-38642 Goslar) was dissolved in the aqueous solution B.
- ammonium paratungstate (NH4) io (H2W-i2024) x 4 H2O)
- stirring anchor agitator, 150 rpm
- stirring was continued at a solution temperature of 60 ° C. for a further 20 minutes (150 rpm).
- the preparation of the comparative Vollkatalysatorform Sciences C20 was the same as the preparation of the comparative Vollkatalysatorform redesign C4, the amounts of sources of the Mo different elemental constituents added, however, were adapted to the present in the aqueous mixture M WewaKo.SFesCos.sWi.eKo.osSii , 6 and the final calcination temperature was 480 ° C.
- the source of the element W ammonium paratungstate (72% by weight of W, HC Starck, D-38642 Goslar) was dissolved in the aqueous solution B.
- ammonium paratungstate (NH4) io (H2W-i2024) x 4 H2O)
- stirring anchor agitator, 150 rpm
- stirring was continued at a solution temperature of 60 ° C. for a further 20 minutes (150 rpm).
- the production of the comparison full catalyst C22 was the same as the production of the full catalyst E2, the amounts of sources of Mo different elemental constituents added, however, were adapted to the present in the aqueous mixture M WegeBoii moi2Bio , 6Fe3Cuo , 6Co7Ko , o8Sii , 6 and the Endkalzinationstempe - temperature was 480 ° C.
- the preparation of the comparative full catalyst C24 was the same as the preparation of the comparative Vollkatalysatorform stresses C4, the amounts of the sources of the Mo different elemental constituents were, however, adapted to the present in the aqueous mixture M Weighing stoichiometry Moi2Bio, 6Fe3Co7Ko, 2Sh, 6 adjusted.
- the preparation of the comparative Vollkatalysatorform redesign C25 was the same as the preparation of the comparison Vollkatalysatorform stressess C4, the amounts of the sources of Mo different elemental constituents added, however, were adapted to the present in the aqueous mixture M Weighing stoichiometry Moi2Bio, 6Fe3Co7Ko, 3Sh, 6 adjusted.
- the production of the comparative full catalyst C26 was the same as the preparation of the full catalyst E2, the amounts of sources of Mo different elemental constituents added, however, were adapted to the present in the aqueous mixture M weighing stoichiometry Moi2Bio , 6Fe3Co7Ko , os adapted. That is, the aqueous mixture M contained no silica sol added.
- the preparation of the comparative Vollkatalysatorform stresses C28 was the same as the preparation of the comparative Vollkatalysatorform stresses C4, the amounts of the sources of Mo different elemental constituents were, however, adapted to the present in the aqueous mixture M Weighing stoichiometry Moi2Bii, 2Fe3Co7Ko, o8Sh, 6 adjusted.
- comparison full catalyst C29 was the same as the preparation of the comparative full C4, the added amounts of the sources of Mo different elemental constituents, however, were adapted to the present in the aqueous mixture M Wege Stoichiometry Moi2Bii , 2Fe3Co7Ko , o8Sii , 6 and the final calcination temperature was 520 ° C.
- the preparation of the comparative Vollkatalysatorform redesign C30 was the same as the preparation of the comparison Vollkatalysatorform stressess C4, the amounts of the sources of the Mo different elemental constituents were, however, adapted to the present in the aqueous mixture M Weighing stoichiometry Moi2Bii, 8Fe3Co7Ko, o8Sh, 6.
- the preparation of the comparative Vollkatalysatorform redesign C31 was the same as the preparation of the comparison Vollkatalysatorform stresses C4, the amounts of the sources of Mo different elemental constituents added, however, were adapted to the present in the aqueous mixture M Wewa Bii.eFesCorKo.osSii , 6 and the final calcination temperature was 520 ° C.
- aqueous, nitric acid bismuth nitrate solution (10.8% by weight of Bi, 13% by weight of nitrate (NO 3 ), prepared by dissolving bismuth metal from Sidech SA, BE-1495 Tilly, purity> 99.997% by weight of Bi, ⁇ 7 mg / kg of Pb, each ⁇ 5 mg / kg of Ni, Ag, Fe, ⁇ 3 mg each / kg of Cu, Sb and ⁇ 1 mg / kg of Cd, Zn in aqueous nitric acid) and then stirred for a further 30 min at 60 ° C (150 rev / min).
- the 60 ° C warm aqueous solution A was stirred into the aqueous solution B kept at 60 ° C (200 rev / min). Thereafter, the emptied stirred tank of the aqueous solution A was rinsed with 5 l of demineralized, 60 ° C warm water and the resulting 60 ° C warm rinse then the 60 ° C warm mixture of the aqueous solution A and the aqueous solution B on added once and then stirred for a further 15 min while maintaining the 60 ° C (150 U / min). d) adding a silica sol to obtain an aqueous mixture M
- the not spray-dried portion of the aqueous mixture M was continuously stirred at 60 ° C.
- the setting of the atomizer wheel speed was 17200 rpm.
- the spray powder obtained was intermediately stored until its further processing in hermetically sealed containers (200 l internal volume, 25 ° C., atmospheric pressure) (15 calendar days, shorter or longer intermediate storage (up to 30 calendar days) had no influence on the resulting results). se).
- the loss on ignition of the resulting spray powder (3 h at 600 ° C (powder temperature) under ste- Glowing (excess air) was 33% by weight of its original weight.
- the resulting dry mixture was mixed with a Kompaktor (Includes a roller press with concave, corrugated smooth rollers, a screw conveyor and three sieves) from Hosokawa Bepex GmbH (D-7421 1 Leingart) type Kompaktor S655 under the conditions 2.8 mm gap, 1 , 0 mm sieve relief sieve, 200 pm sieve width undersize sieve, 1750 gm sieve width oversize sieve, 35 kN pressing force and 10 rpm screw speed coarsened by pre-compacting to grain sizes in the range of 200 ⁇ m to 1, 75 mm.
- a Kompaktor Includes a roller press with concave, corrugated smooth rollers, a screw conveyor and three sieves
- Hosokawa Bepex GmbH D-7421 1 Leingart
- type Kompaktor S655 under the conditions 2.8 mm gap, 1 , 0 mm sieve relief sieve, 200 pm sieve width undersize sieve, 1750
- 1000 g of the prepared unsupported catalyst precursor moldings were evenly distributed on 4 grids arranged side by side with a square base area of 150 mm ⁇ 150 mm (bulk height: 15 mm) in a previously dried air having 4500 Nl / h (which had an inlet temperature of 140 ° C.) flowed through convection oven (Nabertherm GmbH, D-28865 Lilienthal, oven model S60 / 65A) applied (the convection oven was in a 25 ° C having environment).
- convection oven Nebertherm GmbH, D-28865 Lilienthal, oven model S60 / 65A
- the temperature in the circulating-air furnace was varied as follows (the temperature data mean the temperature in the bulk material applied, determined by 4 thermocouples located in the geometric center of the 4 grids in the center of the bulk the bulk material applied to the respective grid; one of the thermocouples provided the actual value for the temperature control of the circulating-air shaft furnace; the other thermocouples confirmed that the temperatures were identical within the interval ⁇ 0.1 ° C).
- the temperature increases were essentially linear over time. Within 72 min was heated from 25 ° C to 130 ° C. This temperature was maintained for 72 minutes and then increased to 190 ° C over 36 minutes. The 190 ° C was held for 72 minutes before the temperature was raised to 220 ° C over 36 minutes.
- the 220 ° C was held for 72 minutes before the temperature was increased to 265 ° C within 36 minutes.
- the 265 ° C was held for 72 minutes before the temperature was raised to 380 ° C over 93 minutes.
- the 380 ° C was held for 187 min before the temperature was raised to 430 ° C within 93 min.
- the 430 ° C was held for 187 minutes before being increased within 93 minutes to the final calcination temperature of 500 ° C. This was maintained for 463 min. It was then cooled to 25 ° C within 12 h.
- both the heating of the Um Kunststoffschachtofens and the air flow preheating was switched off (the air flow of 4500 Nl / h as such was maintained, the inlet temperature of the air flow was then 25 ° C).
- the obtained ring-like unsupported catalyst bodies C1 were stored until they were used to catalyze a heterogeneously catalyzed partial oxidation (for example of propene to acrolein) in an airtight container at a temperature of 25.degree. C. and at atmospheric pressure.
- the preparation of the comparative Vollkatalysatorform redesign C2 was carried out as the preparation ofticianvollkatalysatorform stresses C1.
- the final calcination temperature was 480 ° C.
- the preparation of the comparative Vollkatalysatorform stresses C3 was carried out as the preparation of the comparative Vollkatalysatorform stresses C1.
- the final calcination temperature was 520 ° C.
- a reaction tube (V2A steel, 21 mm outer diameter, 3 mm wall thickness, 15 mm inner diameter, 120 cm length) was charged from top to bottom (in the later flow direction of the reaction gas mixture) as follows: Section 1: 30 cm in length
- Section 2 70 cm in length
- the temperature control of the reaction tube was carried out in each case by means of a melted with molecular nitrogen molten salt (53 wt .-% potassium nitrate, 40 wt .-% sodium nitrite and 7 wt .-% sodium nitrate).
- the salt bath (the molten salt) was in a cylindrical envelope of the inner diameter 1 1 cm.
- the cylindrical envelope had the same length as the reaction tube. The latter was guided from top to bottom in the cylindrical envelope so that the two symmetry axes coincided.
- the heat losses of the salt bath to the environment were greater than the heat of reaction emitted by the tubular reactor during the partial oxidation to the salt bath.
- the salt bath was therefore kept at its temperature T SB (° C) by means of electrical heating. In this way it was ensured that the outer wall of the reaction tube always had the corresponding temperature T SB (° C).
- reaction tube was continuously charged with a reaction gas input mixture having the following composition:
- the current strength of the reaction gas input mixture stream fed to the reaction tube at a temperature of 150 ° C. was always 100 Nl / h.
- the pressure at the inlet into the reaction tube was in all cases 1.2 bar absolute (at the outlet of the reaction tube there was a regulating valve for the input pressure adjustment).
- the reaction gas mixture passed through the reaction tube including the control valve once its pressure loss was 0.2 bar.
- the newly set value for T SB was then kept unchanged for an operating period of 2 h.
- the arithmetic mean of the last 12 (that is, in the interval of the total operating time of 48 h to 72 h) for a propene conversion U p (based on a single pass of the reaction gas mixture through the reaction tube) of 95 mol% respectively required values of T SB ( ° C) is the value T SBend
- T SBend This indicates the activity of the respective catalyst.
- the arithmetic mean of the last 12 that is, in the interval of the total operating time of 48 h to 72 h) for the product selectivity S wp determined values (based on a single passage of the reaction gas mixture through the reaction tube) is the value s WPend . This indexes the selectivity of the desired product formation on the respective catalyst.
- composition of the reaction gas mixture was determined by gas chromatography both at the inlet and at the outlet into the reaction tube "on-line".
- the propene conversion (U p (mol%)) related to a single pass of the reaction gas mixture through the reaction tube was calculated from the molar content C Pein of the reaction gas mixture of propene at the reaction tube inlet and the molar content C Paus of the reaction gas mixture on propene determined at the reaction tube outlet as follows:
- the selectivity of the total value product formation S wp (mol%) is calculated as the sum S A (mol%) + S s (mol%).
- Table 1 shows the values for T SBend (° C) and S WPend (mol%) determined as a function of the respective ring-like unsupported catalyst body used. Smaller values for T SBend (° C) reflect higher activity of the catalyst used and higher values for s WPend (mol%) reflect a higher selectivity of the desired product formation on the catalyst used.
- FIG. 1 shows a plot of the results shown in Table 1 for the unsupported catalyst bodies ( ⁇ ) E1 to E8 according to the invention and for the comparative whole catalyst tablets ( ⁇ ) C1 to C31.
- FIG. 1 shows selectivity of the total value product formation s WPend (mol%) as ordinate plotted against the salt bath temperature T SBend (° C) required in each case for the target conversion of the propene of 95 mol% as abscissa.
- FIG. 1 clearly shows that significantly higher selectivities s WPend (mol%) of the total value-product formation result with the inventive unsupported catalyst moldings with the same activity of the catalyst (same value for T SBend ).
- 2007/074045 otherwise as described in WO 2007/074045.
- annular unsupported catalyst used in the first reaction stage of the partial oxidation exemplified in WO 2006/042459 can be replaced by any of the comparative full catalysts C1 to C31 and by any of the exemplary unsupported catalyst bodies E1 to E8 (including the chippings of the unsupported catalyst) Partial oxidation of WO 2006/042459, moreover, as described in WO 2006/042459.
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Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP2020539753A JP7254812B2 (ja) | 2018-01-19 | 2019-01-08 | Mo、Bi、FeおよびCuを含有する多金属酸化物材料 |
EP19700221.5A EP3740310A1 (de) | 2018-01-19 | 2019-01-08 | Mo, bi, fe und cu enthaltende multimetalloxidmassen |
CN201980009279.0A CN111629826A (zh) | 2018-01-19 | 2019-01-08 | 包含Mo、Bi、Fe和Cu的多金属氧化物组合物 |
KR1020207023858A KR102700805B1 (ko) | 2018-01-19 | 2019-01-08 | Mo, Bi, Fe 및 Cu를 포함하는 다금속 산화물 조성물 |
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DE102018200841.8 | 2018-01-19 | ||
DE102018200841.8A DE102018200841A1 (de) | 2018-01-19 | 2018-01-19 | Mo, Bi, Fe und Cu enthaltende Multimetalloxidmassen |
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DE102018200841A1 (de) | 2019-07-25 |
US20190224651A1 (en) | 2019-07-25 |
JP2021510629A (ja) | 2021-04-30 |
EP3740310A1 (de) | 2020-11-25 |
JP7254812B2 (ja) | 2023-04-10 |
CN111629826A (zh) | 2020-09-04 |
KR20200111735A (ko) | 2020-09-29 |
US10682631B2 (en) | 2020-06-16 |
KR102700805B1 (ko) | 2024-09-02 |
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