WO2017209150A1 - 中空糸膜モジュール - Google Patents
中空糸膜モジュール Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2017209150A1 WO2017209150A1 PCT/JP2017/020156 JP2017020156W WO2017209150A1 WO 2017209150 A1 WO2017209150 A1 WO 2017209150A1 JP 2017020156 W JP2017020156 W JP 2017020156W WO 2017209150 A1 WO2017209150 A1 WO 2017209150A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- hollow fiber
- fiber membrane
- columnar structure
- membrane module
- polymer
- Prior art date
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Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D63/02—Hollow fibre modules
- B01D63/04—Hollow fibre modules comprising multiple hollow fibre assemblies
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D63/02—Hollow fibre modules
- B01D63/021—Manufacturing thereof
- B01D63/022—Encapsulating hollow fibres
- B01D63/0224—Opening the fibre ends after encapsulation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D63/02—Hollow fibre modules
- B01D63/033—Specific distribution of fibres within one potting or tube-sheet
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D65/00—Accessories or auxiliary operations, in general, for separation processes or apparatus using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D65/02—Membrane cleaning or sterilisation ; Membrane regeneration
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/02—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/08—Hollow fibre membranes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/30—Polyalkenyl halides
- B01D71/32—Polyalkenyl halides containing fluorine atoms
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/30—Polyalkenyl halides
- B01D71/32—Polyalkenyl halides containing fluorine atoms
- B01D71/34—Polyvinylidene fluoride
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
- D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
- D01F6/02—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D01F6/08—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds from polymers of halogenated hydrocarbons
- D01F6/12—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds from polymers of halogenated hydrocarbons from polymers of fluorinated hydrocarbons
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
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- B01D2321/18—Use of gases
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a hollow fiber membrane module suitable for treating various liquids such as water purification treatment, industrial water treatment, wastewater treatment, seawater desalination, fermentation liquid, food, beverage and the like.
- separation membranes such as microfiltration membranes and ultrafiltration membranes have features of energy saving and space saving, and have features such as labor saving and product quality improvement. It is used in various processes including food industry and medical field.
- a permeate or water is passed from the permeate side of the separation membrane to the stock solution side to back-pressure wash that extrudes substances adhering to the inside of the membrane pores or the membrane surface, or gas is supplied from the lower part of the hollow fiber membrane module.
- Air scrubbing for example, refer to Patent Document 1 for physically washing the hollow fiber membrane (that is, a hollow fiber-like separation membrane) by shaking, and further, a high line parallel to the membrane surface on the stock solution side of the hollow fiber membrane.
- the flushing method (for example, refer patent document 2) which flows stock solution or a chemical
- Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 11-342320 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2010-005615 Japanese Patent No. 48855539 International Publication No. 03/031038 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2006-297383
- the present invention provides the following techniques [1] to [12].
- [1] A cylindrical case having a first end and a second end in the height direction; A plurality of hollow fiber membranes housed in the cylindrical case; A first potting part that adheres in an open state to the ends of a plurality of hollow fiber membranes positioned on the first end side of the cylindrical case; The hollow fiber membrane has a breaking strength of 23 MPa or more, A hollow fiber membrane module, wherein a filling rate of the hollow fiber membrane is 40% or more and 80% or less.
- the hollow fiber membrane is a hollow fiber membrane containing a fluororesin polymer, Having a columnar structure oriented in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane;
- the molecular chain in the columnar structure is oriented in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane,
- the hollow fiber membrane module according to [1] or [2], wherein a Raman orientation parameter ⁇ of the molecular chain is 1.5 or more and 4.0 or less.
- Raman orientation parameter (I1270 / I840) parallel / (I1270 / I840) vertical (1) (However, parallel condition: the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane and the polarization direction are parallel. Vertical condition: the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane and the polarization direction are orthogonal.
- I1270 parallel the intensity of the Raman band at 1270 cm ⁇ 1 under the parallel condition.
- intensity of Raman bands of 1270 cm -1 when the vertical condition I840 parallel: the intensity of the Raman bands of 840 cm -1 at collinear condition
- I840 vertical the intensity of the Raman bands of 840 cm -1 at a vertical condition).
- a cylindrical case having a first end and a second end in the height direction; A plurality of hollow fiber membranes housed in the cylindrical case; A first potting part that adheres in an open state to the ends of a plurality of hollow fiber membranes positioned on the first end side of the cylindrical case;
- the hollow fiber membrane module has a breaking strength of 25 MPa or more and a filling rate of the hollow fiber membrane of 41% or more and 80% or less.
- the hollow fiber membrane is a hollow fiber membrane containing a fluororesin polymer, Having a columnar structure oriented in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane; At least a part of the molecular chain of the fluororesin polymer is oriented in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane,
- the hollow fiber membrane module according to any one of [8] to [10], wherein [12] When the wide-angle X-ray diffraction measurement is performed at measurement points spaced by 1 cm in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane, the degree of orientation ⁇ is 0.4 or more and less than 1.0 at the measurement points of 80% or more.
- the hollow fiber membrane module according to any one of [8] to [11].
- the hollow fiber membrane module of the present invention can be washed at a high membrane surface speed because the breaking strength of the hollow fiber membrane is 23 MPa or more, and the filling rate of the hollow fiber membrane is 40% or more and 80% or less. Since the film surface linear velocity can be increased even when the flow rate is constant, a high cleaning effect can be obtained.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view of a hollow fiber membrane module according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the hollow fiber membrane module of FIG. 1 taken along the line AA.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing a method for producing the hollow fiber membrane module of FIG.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional photograph of the hollow fiber membrane in the longitudinal direction.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional photograph of the hollow fiber membrane of Reference Example 8 in the longitudinal direction.
- 6 is a view showing a cross-sectional photograph of the hollow fiber membrane of Reference Example 11 in the longitudinal direction.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing Raman orientation parameters at each measurement location of the hollow fiber membrane of Reference Example 8.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view showing a hollow fiber membrane module according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- a hollow fiber membrane module 100 shown in FIG. 1 includes a cylindrical case 3 opened at both ends, a large number of hollow fiber membranes 1 accommodated in the cylindrical case 3, and an upper part mounted on the upper part of the cylindrical case 3.
- a cap 6 and a lower cap 7 attached to the lower part of the cylindrical case 3 are provided.
- the hollow fiber membrane module 100 includes a first potting unit 4 and a second potting unit 5.
- “upper” and “lower” refer to the upper and lower sides in the posture when the module 100 is used, and coincide with the upper and lower sides in FIG.
- a stock solution outlet 10 is provided in the vicinity of the upper end of the cylindrical case.
- a large number of hollow fiber membranes 1 are bundled to form a hollow fiber membrane bundle 2.
- the filling rate of the hollow fiber membrane bundle 2 in the cylindrical case 3 is preferably 40% or more and 80% or less. Details of the filling rate will be described later.
- the first potting unit 4 is also called an upper potting unit.
- the first potting portion 4 is formed of an adhesive, and the upper end portion of the hollow fiber membrane bundle 2 (corresponding to a “first end portion”) is opened with the end surface of the hollow fiber membrane 1 open. It adheres to the case 3 in a liquid-tight and air-tight manner. That is, the hollow fiber membrane bundle 2 is bundled by the first potting portion 4 and fixed to the inner wall of the cylindrical case 3.
- the hollow fiber membrane module 100 further includes a rectifying cylinder 12.
- the rectifying cylinder 12 is a cylindrical member disposed inside the cylindrical case 3.
- the rectifying cylinder 12 is disposed below the first potting unit 4.
- the upper and lower sides of the rectifying cylinder 12 are open, and openings such as a plurality of slits are provided on the side surfaces.
- the flow straightening cylinder 12 can be passed through this opening.
- the rectifying cylinder 12 is provided around the undiluted solution outlet 10 for the purpose of preventing the flow of the untreated solution. For example, when cross-flow filtration is performed with a hollow fiber membrane module in which the flow straightening cylinder 12 does not exist, the flow rate of the stock solution in the cylindrical case 3 increases on the stock solution outlet 10 side (left side in FIG. 1).
- the second potting unit 5 is also called a lower potting unit.
- the second potting portion 5 is formed of an adhesive and seals the lower end surface of the hollow fiber membrane 1 at the lower end portion (corresponding to the “second end portion”) of the hollow fiber membrane bundle 2. It is stopped and bonded to the cylindrical case 3. That is, the second potting portion 5 is disposed in the cylindrical case 3 so as to face the first potting portion 4.
- the hollow part of the hollow fiber membrane bundle 2 is sealed with the adhesive and is not open.
- the hollow fiber membrane bundle 2 is bundled by the second potting portion 5 and fixed to the inner wall of the cylindrical case 3.
- the second potting portion 5 has a continuous through-hole 11 from the surface facing the first potting portion 4 to the opposite surface.
- the through hole 11 serves as a flow path for the stock solution and an air flow path during air scrubbing.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the hollow fiber membrane module 100 of FIG. 1 taken along the line AA, and shows an example of the arrangement of the through holes 11 in the second potting portion 5.
- the through holes 11 be evenly arranged in the second potting portion.
- the upper cap 6 has a filtrate outlet 9.
- the upper cap 6 is attached to the upper part of the cylindrical case 3 in a liquid-tight and air-tight manner.
- the upper cap 6 can be attached to and detached from the upper portion of the cylindrical case 3.
- the lower cap 7 has a stock solution inlet 8.
- the lower cap 7 is attached to the lower part of the cylindrical case 3 in a liquid-tight and air-tight manner.
- the lower cap 7 can be attached to and detached from the lower portion of the cylindrical case 3.
- the stock solution flows into the hollow fiber membrane module 100 from the stock solution inlet 8 of the lower cap 7, and the stock solution that has not permeated the hollow fiber membrane 1 is discharged from the stock solution outlet 10 to the outside of the hollow fiber membrane module 100.
- the filtrate that has passed through the hollow fiber membrane 1 is discharged from the filtrate outlet 9 of the upper cap 6 to the outside of the hollow fiber membrane module 100.
- This method of filtering while flowing the stock solution in parallel to the membrane surface is called cross-flow filtration, and it is effective to prevent the suspended substances in the stock solution from accumulating on the membrane surface and the components contained in the stock solution. There is an effect of suppressing concentration polarization on the film surface.
- stock solution to the outer side of a hollow fiber membrane like FIG. 1, and performs filtration toward the inner side from the outer side is called an external pressure type.
- the method of performing filtration from the inside to the outside of the hollow fiber membrane is called an internal pressure type.
- the shear stress acting on the membrane surface is improved by increasing the linear velocity of the membrane surface of the stock solution, and the cleaning property is improved.
- the stock solution flows from the stock solution inlet 8 of the hollow fiber membrane module 100 and the stock solution is discharged from the stock solution outlet 10. Further, the filtrate is sent to the upper part of the hollow fiber membrane module 100 through the hollow part of the hollow fiber membrane and discharged from the filtrate outlet 9.
- the membrane surface linear velocity of the cross flow filtration is preferably 0.3 m / s or more and 5 m / s or less, but if the membrane surface linear velocity is increased, the stress acting on the hollow fiber membrane increases, so that the hollow fiber membrane breaks. Sometimes.
- the stock solution flows out from the stock solution outlet 10 provided on the side surface of the cylindrical case 3.
- the flow of the stock solution is perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane. Occurs, and a drag against the hollow fiber membrane is generated. Since the drag is proportional to the square of the flow velocity, if the membrane surface linear velocity of the cross flow filtration is increased, a large drag is generated against the hollow fiber membrane near the stock solution outlet 10 and the hollow fiber membrane may be broken.
- the breaking strength of the hollow fiber membrane is preferably 23 MPa or more, and more preferably 26 MPa or more.
- the membrane surface In cross-flow filtration, the membrane surface is washed by the flow of the stock solution flowing in parallel with the membrane surface, but when the average linear velocity of the stock solution in the hollow fiber membrane module is the same, the membrane surface becomes smaller as the distance between the hollow fiber membranes becomes smaller. The shear stress acting on the film is high, and the cleaning effect of the film surface is enhanced.
- the filling rate of the hollow fiber membranes in the hollow fiber membrane module is preferably 40% or more and 80% or less, It is more preferable to set it to 70% or less.
- the filling rate of the hollow fiber membrane is 40% or more, the distance between the membranes becomes small, the washing efficiency at the time of crossflow filtration can be increased, and the increase in the transmembrane pressure difference can be suppressed. Moreover, the higher the filling rate of the hollow fiber membrane, the higher the membrane surface linear velocity can be with the same stock solution flow rate, and the cleaning effect can be enhanced. On the other hand, when the filling rate of the hollow fiber membrane is 80% or less, the hollow fiber membrane is easily fixed by the potting portion.
- the filling rate of the hollow fiber membrane refers to the cross section of the cylindrical case 3 of the hollow fiber membrane module between the first potting portion and the second potting portion (a surface parallel to the horizontal direction in FIG. 1 and perpendicular to the paper surface). ) Is the ratio of the area occupied by the hollow fiber membrane portion.
- the cross-sectional area of the hollow fiber membrane existing portion inside the cylindrical case 3 is S1
- the total cross-sectional area of the hollow fiber membrane is S2
- the filling rate of the hollow fiber membrane can be expressed by the following formula (3).
- a cross sectional area obtained by subtracting the cross sectional area of the member other than the hollow fiber membrane from the cross sectional area inside the cylindrical case 3 is defined as S.
- the nozzle portion on the side surface of the cylindrical case 3 provided as the stock solution outlet 10 is not included in the cross-sectional area S. If the cylindrical case 3 includes an inner member such as the rectifying cylinder 12, a reduced diameter portion, or an enlarged diameter portion, the cross-sectional area S of the portion changes.
- 10 cross-sectional areas S are calculated at regular intervals between the second potting part side interface of the first potting part and the first potting side interface of the second potting part of the hollow fiber membrane module, and the average The value is defined as the cross-sectional area S1 of the portion where the hollow fiber membrane is present, and the filling rate of the hollow fiber membrane is calculated by the following equation (3).
- Filling rate of hollow fiber membrane [%] S2 / S1 ⁇ 100 (3)
- the total cross-sectional area S2 of the hollow fiber membrane can be expressed by the following formula (4).
- an outer diameter is measured for two directions, respectively, the longest direction and the shortest direction.
- the average value of the measured values at the total 20 locations is defined as the outer diameter R of the hollow fiber membrane.
- the total cross-sectional area S2 of the hollow fiber membrane is calculated by equation (4).
- S2 [circumference ratio] ⁇ [outer diameter R / 2 of hollow fiber membrane] 2 ⁇ [number of hollow fiber membranes in the hollow fiber membrane module] (4)
- Average linear velocity [m / s] stock solution flow rate [m 3 / s] / (S1-S2) [m 2 ] (5)
- the potting method includes centrifugal potting, in which a liquid adhesive is infiltrated between hollow fiber membranes using centrifugal force and then cured, and the liquid adhesive is fed by a metering pump or a head and allowed to flow naturally.
- centrifugal potting in which a liquid adhesive is infiltrated between hollow fiber membranes using centrifugal force and then cured, and the liquid adhesive is fed by a metering pump or a head and allowed to flow naturally.
- a stationary potting method in which the hollow fiber membrane 1 is allowed to penetrate and then cured is mentioned.
- the adhesive easily penetrates between the hollow fiber membranes by centrifugal force, and a highly viscous adhesive can also be used.
- the material of the hollow fiber membrane of the hollow fiber membrane module of the present invention is not particularly limited, for example, a hollow fiber membrane containing a fluororesin polymer can be used.
- the fluororesin-based polymer means a resin containing at least one of a vinylidene fluoride homopolymer and a vinylidene fluoride copolymer.
- the fluororesin polymer may contain a plurality of types of vinylidene fluoride copolymers.
- the vinylidene fluoride copolymer is a polymer having a vinylidene fluoride residue structure, and is typically a copolymer of a vinylidene fluoride monomer and other fluorine-based monomers.
- Examples of such a copolymer include a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and one or more monomers selected from vinyl fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, and trichloroethylene chloride. It is done.
- a monomer such as ethylene other than the fluorine-based monomer may be copolymerized to such an extent that the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
- the weight average molecular weight of the fluororesin-based polymer may be appropriately selected depending on the required strength and water permeability of the polymer separation membrane, but as the weight average molecular weight increases, the water permeability performance decreases and the weight average molecular weight increases. When it becomes smaller, the strength decreases. For this reason, the weight average molecular weight is preferably from 50,000 to 1,000,000. In the case of a water treatment application where the polymer separation membrane is exposed to chemical cleaning, the weight average molecular weight is preferably from 100,000 to 700,000, more preferably from 150,000 to 600,000.
- the hollow fiber membrane preferably contains a fluororesin polymer as a main component, and the proportion of the fluororesin polymer in the hollow fiber membrane is preferably 80% by weight or more, more preferably 90% by weight or more, and 95 More preferably, it is at least% by weight.
- the hollow fiber membrane may be comprised only with the fluororesin type polymer.
- the “hollow fiber membrane containing a fluororesin-based polymer as a main component” is also referred to as “hollow fiber membrane based on a fluororesin-based polymer”.
- X contains Y as a main component may be described for other elements as well, but these are similarly rephrased as “based on Y” for X. be able to.
- the hollow fiber membrane 1 has a columnar structure 17 oriented in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane 1.
- a “columnar structure” is a solid substance having a uniform thickness and a shape elongated in one direction.
- the aspect ratio (longitudinal length / short side length) of the columnar structure is preferably 3 or more.
- the columnar structure is shown by a photograph, a scale is displayed, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- longitudinal length refers to the length of the columnar tissue in the longitudinal direction.
- short length is an average length in the short direction of the columnar structure.
- orienting in the longitudinal direction means that the acute angle of the angle formed by the longitudinal direction of the columnar structure and the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane is within 20 degrees.
- the long length and short length can be measured as follows.
- the hollow fiber membrane is cut along the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane.
- the obtained cross section is observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the magnification can be changed according to the length of the columnar structure, and is such that five, preferably ten, whole columnar structures are included in the longitudinal direction in the visual field.
- the maximum length in the longitudinal direction may be measured as the longitudinal length.
- the short length is obtained by measuring the length in each short direction at a predetermined number of arbitrary measurement points in one columnar structure and calculating the average value thereof.
- the number of measurement points is a value obtained by dividing the longitudinal length ( ⁇ m) by 1 ⁇ m (rounded down after the decimal point). For example, when the longitudinal length of the columnar structure is 20.5 ⁇ m, the number of measurement points is 20. However, if this value is 21 or more, any 20 locations may be measured.
- the longitudinal length of the columnar structure is not particularly limited, but is preferably 7 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 10 ⁇ m or more, and further preferably 15 ⁇ m or more.
- the longitudinal length of the columnar tissue is preferably, for example, 50 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 40 ⁇ m or less.
- the short length of the columnar structure is preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 3 ⁇ m or less. It is preferable for the short length to be in the above range since high strength performance and high pure water permeation performance can be obtained. Since the physical strength of the columnar structure itself is increased when the short length of the columnar structure is 0.5 ⁇ m or more, high strength can be obtained. Moreover, since the space
- the short length of the columnar structure is more preferably 0.7 ⁇ m or more and 2.5 ⁇ m or less, and further preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 2 ⁇ m or less.
- the preferred ranges of the representative values of the longitudinal length and the short length of the columnar structures are the preferred ranges of the longitudinal lengths and the short lengths of the individual columnar structures, respectively. Is the same. For the effect that each representative value is within the range, the description of the effect when the dimensions of the individual columnar structures are within the range is applied.
- the longitudinal length is measured for 5 columnar structures, preferably 10 columnar structures, at 3 positions, preferably 5 positions in the hollow fiber membrane. By obtaining an average value of the obtained longitudinal length values, it is possible to obtain a representative value of the longitudinal length of the columnar structure.
- the representative value of the short length is obtained by measuring the short length (calculated as an average value) as described above and calculating the average value of the columnar structure that is the target of measurement of the representative value of the long length. Is determined.
- the representative value of the aspect ratio of the columnar structure calculated from the representative value of the longitudinal length and the representative value of the short length is preferably 3 or more, more preferably 5 or more. More preferably, it is 10 or more, and particularly preferably 20 or more.
- the short length of the columnar structure is preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 3 ⁇ m or less, and the aspect ratio of the columnar structure is preferably 3 or more.
- the upper limit of the aspect ratio is not particularly limited, but can be set to 50, for example, based on the current method for producing hollow fiber membranes.
- the hollow fiber membrane of the present invention can be produced by forming a hollow fiber from a membrane-forming stock solution containing a polymer and stretching the hollow fiber.
- the state before stretching is called “hollow fiber”, and the state after stretching is called “hollow fiber membrane”.
- the thickness uniformity (average value D described later) of the columnar structure in the hollow fiber membrane after stretching is preferably 0.50 or more, more preferably 0.60 or more, and still more preferably 0.70 or more, Especially preferably, it is 0.80 or more.
- the thickness uniformity is 1.0 at the maximum, but the columnar structure may have a thickness uniformity of less than 1.0.
- the columnar structure has high thickness uniformity, that is, the number of constricted portions of the columnar structure is small, so that the elongation of the hollow fiber membrane is increased.
- the hollow fiber membrane after stretching maintains a high elongation because the yarn is not easily broken even when a sudden load is applied.
- the breaking elongation of the hollow fiber membrane is preferably 50% or more, and more preferably 80% or more.
- the upper limit of the breaking elongation of the hollow fiber membrane is not particularly limited, but for example, considering the thickness uniformity, it is 500%.
- the thickness uniformity of the columnar structure can be obtained by comparing the first cross section parallel to the short direction of the hollow fiber membrane with the second cross section. This will be specifically described below.
- a first cross section and a second cross section that are parallel to each other are selected.
- the distance between the first surface and the second surface is 5 ⁇ m.
- the resin portion and the void portion are distinguished, and the resin portion area and the void portion area are measured.
- the first cross section is projected onto the second cross section, the area of the portion where the resin portion in the first cross section overlaps the resin portion in the second cross section, that is, the overlapping area is obtained.
- thickness uniformity A and B are determined for any 20 sets of the first cross section and the second cross section for one hollow fiber membrane, respectively.
- Thickness uniformity A (overlapping area) / (resin partial area of the second cross section) (6)
- Thickness uniformity B (overlap area) / (resin partial area of the first cross section) (7)
- this hollow fiber membrane has the columnar structure of the present invention when 80% or more of 20 average values C calculated for one hollow fiber membrane is 0.50 or more.
- the hollow fiber membrane is embedded in advance with an epoxy resin or the like, and the epoxy resin or the like is dyed with osmium or the like. It is preferable.
- the void portion is filled with epoxy resin or the like, and when the cross-section processing by the focused ion beam described later, the portion made of fluororesin-based polymer and the void portion (that is, epoxy resin portion) ) Can be clearly distinguished from each other, and the observation accuracy is increased.
- the first cross section and the second cross section parallel to the short direction of the hollow fiber membrane described above it is preferable to use a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with a focused ion beam (FIB). .
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- FIB focused ion beam
- a surface parallel to the short direction of the hollow fiber membrane is cut out using FIB, and cutting with FIB and SEM observation are repeated 200 times at 50 nm intervals in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane.
- Information of a depth of 10 ⁇ m can be obtained by such continuous section observation.
- an arbitrary first cross section and a second cross section that are parallel to each other with an interval of 5 ⁇ m are selected, and thickness uniformity is obtained using the above-described equations (6) and (7). be able to.
- the observation magnification may be any magnification that allows a columnar structure and a spherical structure to be clearly confirmed. For example, a magnification of 1000 to 5000 may be used.
- the columnar structure preferably contains a fluororesin polymer as a main component, and the proportion of the fluororesin polymer in the columnar structure is preferably 80% by weight or more, more preferably 90% by weight or more. And more preferably 95% by weight or more. Further, the columnar structure may be composed of only a fluororesin polymer.
- the hollow fiber membrane has a solid content containing a fluororesin polymer, and at least a part of the solid content constitutes a columnar structure. All of the solid content containing the fluororesin-based polymer may constitute a columnar structure, or a part thereof may have a shape that does not correspond to the columnar structure.
- the proportion of the solid content of the fluororesin polymer is preferably 80% by weight or more, more preferably 90% by weight or more, and 95% by weight or more. More preferably it is.
- the main structure is preferably a columnar structure.
- the proportion of the columnar structure is preferably 80% by weight or more, more preferably 90% by weight or more, and still more preferably 95% by weight or more.
- the hollow fiber membrane may be comprised only by the columnar structure
- the hollow fiber membrane preferably has a columnar structure containing a fluororesin polymer as a main component as its main structure.
- the hollow fiber membrane can also be expressed as an aggregate of columnar structures.
- the orientation of the molecular chains of the columnar structure constituting the hollow fiber membrane of the present invention can be determined by orientation analysis by Raman spectroscopy.
- the number of measurement points in one columnar structure is a value obtained by dividing the longitudinal length ( ⁇ m) of a columnar structure described later by 1 ⁇ m (rounded down to the nearest decimal point). For example, when the longitudinal length of the columnar structure is 20.5 ⁇ m, the number of measurement points is 20.
- the vibration mode indicating the vibration direction parallel to the molecular chain and the vibration direction perpendicular to the molecular chain The degree of orientation can be calculated by appropriately selecting a vibration mode indicating, and taking the scattering intensity ratio.
- the Raman band near 1270 cm ⁇ 1 belongs to the coupling mode of CF 2 (fluorocarbon) stretching vibration and CC (carbon-carbon) stretching vibration. .
- the vibration direction in these vibration modes is parallel to the molecular chain.
- the vibration direction of the Raman band near 840 cm ⁇ 1 is perpendicular to the molecular chain.
- the Raman orientation parameter can be calculated by the following formula (1).
- the Raman orientation parameter has a larger value as the orientation of the hollow fiber membrane in the longitudinal direction is higher, 1 when no orientation is achieved, and 1 when the orientation in the lateral direction is high.
- Raman orientation parameter (I1270 / I840) parallel / (I1270 / I840) vertical (1)
- Parallel condition the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane is parallel to the polarization direction
- Vertical condition the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane is orthogonal to the polarization direction
- I1270 parallel the intensity of the Raman band at 1270 cm ⁇ 1 under the parallel condition
- I1270 perpendicular the vertical condition Intensity of Raman band at 1270 cm ⁇ 1 at hour
- I840 parallel Intensity of Raman band at 840 cm ⁇ 1 under parallel conditions
- I840 vertical Intensity of Raman band at 840 cm ⁇ 1 under vertical conditions.
- ten different columnar structures having a length of 0.5 to 1.5 times the representative value of the longitudinal length of the columnar structure described later are selected.
- tissue a laser Raman measurement is performed at 1 micrometer space
- the average value of the obtained values is taken as the Raman orientation parameter ⁇ .
- the operation of selecting the largest Raman orientation parameter and the smallest Raman orientation parameter among the measurement points of one columnar texture is performed for ten different columnar textures.
- the average values of the 10 largest Raman orientation parameters and the 10 smallest Raman orientation parameters selected are calculated as the maximum Raman orientation parameter M and the minimum Raman orientation parameter m, respectively.
- the Raman orientation parameter ⁇ the maximum Raman orientation parameter M, the minimum Raman orientation parameter m, and the ratio M / m described later, it is preferable to measure 20 different columnar structures.
- the Raman orientation parameter ⁇ of the molecular chain of the hollow fiber membrane of the present invention in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane is preferably 1.5 or more, 2.0 or more, or 2.5 or more. When the Raman orientation parameter ⁇ is 1.5 or more, the strength of the hollow fiber membrane is increased.
- the Raman orientation parameter ⁇ is preferably 4.0 or less, or 3.0 or less.
- the maximum Raman orientation parameter M and the minimum Raman orientation parameter m represent the orientation degree of the main orientation portion in the columnar structure and the orientation degree of the portion that becomes a power point during stretching, respectively.
- M and m may be set in an appropriate range in consideration of the balance of performance such as strength, elongation, and water permeability of the obtained hollow fiber membrane.
- M and m are preferably 4.0 or less, more preferably 3.5 or less, and particularly preferably 3.0 or less.
- a lower limit is not specifically limited, For example, it is 1.1.
- M / m is preferably 1.5 or more and 4.0 or less, more preferably 2.0 or more and 3.5 or less, and further preferably 2.5 or more and 3.0 or less.
- the molecular chain of the fluororesin-based polymer is oriented in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane.
- the degree ⁇ is less than 0.4, or the molecular chain is non-oriented.
- the degree of orientation ⁇ is calculated from the half width H (°) obtained by wide-angle X-ray diffraction measurement based on the following formula (2).
- Orientation degree ⁇ (180 ° ⁇ H) / 180 ° (2) (However, H is the half width (°) of the diffraction intensity distribution in the circumferential direction of the wide-angle X-ray diffraction image.)
- the orientation degree ⁇ it is attached to the fiber sample stage so that the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane is vertical.
- the short direction of the hollow fiber membrane is a direction parallel to the radial direction of the hollow fiber
- the long direction is a direction perpendicular to the short direction.
- the short direction can be rephrased as a direction parallel to the hollow surface, that is, the in-plane direction of the hollow surface
- the longitudinal direction can be rephrased as a direction perpendicular to the hollow surface.
- the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ 20.
- a peak can be seen in the vicinity of °.
- the horizontal axis of the diffraction pattern obtained at this time is the X-ray diffraction angle 2 ⁇ , and the vertical axis is the diffraction intensity.
- the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ is fixed at this peak position, that is, around 20 °, and the sample is scanned in the direction of the azimuth angle ⁇ , so that the horizontal axis indicates the azimuth angle ⁇ and the vertical axis indicates the diffraction intensity (that is, the diffraction intensity).
- a diffraction intensity distribution along the circumferential direction of the Debye ring at a diffraction angle 2 ⁇ 20 °.
- the diffraction intensity is substantially constant over the entire 360 ° circumferential direction of the Debye ring.
- the position of the diffraction peak in the radial direction of the Debye ring (that is, the value of 2 ⁇ corresponding to the diffraction peak) is “near 20 °” in the above description.
- the value of 2 ⁇ varies depending on the structure and composition of the polymer and may be in the range of 15 to 25 °.
- the derived diffraction peak is seen.
- the intensity distribution in the azimuth angle direction can be obtained by fixing the value of the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ and further measuring the intensity from 0 ° to 360 ° in the azimuth angle direction (circumferential direction).
- This intensity distribution can be said to be an intensity distribution obtained by scanning a crystal peak in a diffraction image in the circumferential direction.
- a peak is considered to exist.
- a width (half-value width H) at a position half the peak height is obtained.
- the degree of orientation ⁇ of the molecular chain of the fluororesin polymer in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane is preferably less than 0.4.
- the molecular chain of the fluororesin-based polymer may be non-oriented with respect to the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane. High toughness can be obtained when the degree of orientation of the hollow fiber membrane is small, particularly when it is non-oriented.
- the degree of orientation ⁇ of the molecular chain of the fluororesin polymer was 0.4 at 80% or more measurement points.
- the molecular chain of the fluororesin-based polymer is preferably non-oriented.
- the degree of orientation ⁇ obtained by wide-angle X-ray diffraction measurement represents the orientation of the molecular chains of the entire porous hollow fiber membrane
- the Raman orientation parameter ⁇ obtained by Raman spectroscopy focuses on the columnar structure of the porous hollow fiber membrane. It tends to represent the orientation of molecular chains when hit, that is, the orientation of local molecular chains.
- the hollow fiber membrane of the present invention does not show the crystal orientation of the entire porous hollow fiber membrane by wide-angle X-ray diffraction, but the local molecular chain in Raman spectroscopy is in an oriented state, Both high strength and high toughness can be achieved.
- the degree of orientation ⁇ by wide-angle X-ray diffraction is less than 0.4, or the molecular chain is non-oriented, and the Raman orientation parameter ⁇ by Raman spectroscopy is 1.5 or more, It is preferable that the Raman orientation parameter ⁇ is 2.0 or more.
- the hollow fiber membrane of the present invention has a porosity of preferably 40% or more and 80% or less, more preferably 45% or more and 75% or less, and more preferably 50% or more and 70% in order to achieve both high pure water permeability and high strength.
- the following is more preferable.
- the porosity is less than 40%, the pure water permeation performance is lowered, and when it exceeds 80%, the strength is remarkably lowered, so that it is not suitable as a hollow fiber membrane for water treatment.
- the porosity of the hollow fiber membrane is obtained by the following formula (8) using the resin part area and the gap part area in the cross section described above. In order to increase the accuracy, it is preferable to obtain the porosity for a cross section of any 20 points or more, preferably 30 points or more, and use an average value thereof.
- Porosity (%) ⁇ 100 ⁇ (void partial area) ⁇ / ⁇ (resin partial area) + (void partial area) ⁇ (8)
- the hollow fiber membrane of the present invention preferably has high toughness suitable for actual use, and the toughness can be shown by the Young's modulus of a tensile test.
- the Young's modulus of the hollow fiber membrane can be selected according to the use of the hollow fiber membrane, but is preferably 0.15 GPa or more and less than 0.40 GPa, more preferably 0.22 GPa or more and less than 0.38 GPa, more preferably 0.24 GPa or more. It is less than 0.36 GPa.
- the Young's modulus is less than 0.15 GPa, the hollow fiber membrane is easily deformed by the stress load during actual use. Further, when the Young's modulus is 0.40 GPa or more, the yarn breakage of the hollow fiber membrane is likely to occur at the time of yarn shaking such as scrubbing washing frequently performed in water treatment applications.
- the hollow fiber membrane of the present invention may contain a structure other than the columnar structure described above without departing from the object of the present invention.
- Examples of the structure other than the columnar structure include a spherical structure having an aspect ratio (long length / short length) of less than 3.
- the short length and the long length of the spherical structure are preferably in the range of 0.5 ⁇ m to 3 ⁇ m.
- the proportion of the spherical structure having an aspect ratio of less than 3 occupies the hollow fiber membrane increases, the connection between the spherical structures increases, and the constricted portion increases. Further, it tends to be difficult to maintain the elongation after stretching. For this reason, the proportion of the spherical structure in the hollow fiber membrane is preferably as small as possible, preferably less than 20%, more preferably less than 10%, even more preferably less than 1%, and still more preferably, and it is best not to exist at all. is there.
- the method of obtaining the total area of the photograph and the area occupied by the tissue by replacing it with the corresponding weight of each photographed tissue can be preferably employed. That is, the photographed photograph may be printed on paper, and the weight of the paper corresponding to the entire photograph and the weight of the paper corresponding to the tissue portion cut out from the photograph may be measured. In addition, it is preferable to perform the resin embedding / dyeing process and the cutting process using FIB as described above prior to taking a photograph with SEM or the like because the observation accuracy becomes high.
- the hollow fiber membrane of the present invention may be a laminate of the above-described layer having a columnar structure and a layer having another structure without departing from the object of the present invention.
- the thickness ratio is preferably 0.3 or less, and more preferably 0.2 or less.
- the hollow fiber membrane of the present invention preferably has a pure water permeation performance at 50 kPa and 25 ° C. of 0.7 m 3 / m 2 / hr or more and a breaking strength of 23 MPa or more. More preferably, the pure water permeation performance at 50 kPa and 25 ° C. is 0.7 m 3 / m 2 / hr or more, and the breaking strength is 25 MPa or more. In particular, from the viewpoint of a high-performance hollow fiber membrane having both high pure water permeation performance and high strength performance, the pure water permeation performance at 50 kPa and 25 ° C. is 0.7 m 3 / m 2 / hr or more.
- the range is 0 m 3 / m 2 / hr or less, and the breaking strength is preferably in the range of 23 MPa or more and 70 MPa or less, more preferably 50 kPa and the pure water permeability at 25 ° C. is 0.7 m 3 / m 2 / hr or more and 5.0 m 3. / M 2 / hr or less, and the breaking strength is in the range of 30 MPa to 60 MPa.
- the pure water permeation performance is measured by producing a 200 mm long miniature module composed of four hollow fiber membranes. Under the conditions of a temperature of 25 ° C. and a filtration differential pressure of 16 kPa, the external pressure total filtration of the reverse osmosis membrane filtrate is performed for 10 minutes, and the permeation amount (m 3 ) is obtained. By converting the permeation amount (m 3 ) into a value per unit time (h) and effective membrane area (m 2 ), and further multiplying by (50/16), it is converted into a value at a pressure of 50 kPa to obtain pure water. Find the transmission performance.
- the methods for measuring the breaking strength and breaking elongation are not particularly limited. For example, using a tensile tester, a sample having a measurement length of 50 mm is subjected to a tensile test at a pulling speed of 50 mm / min, and the sample is changed to 5 It can be measured by performing the measurement more than once and obtaining the average value of the breaking strength and the average value of the breaking elongation.
- the hollow fiber membranes described above have pure water permeation performance, strength, and elongation sufficient for the treatment of various liquids such as water purification treatment, industrial water treatment, wastewater treatment, seawater desalination, fermentation broth, food, and beverages.
- the method for producing the hollow fiber membrane of the present invention is exemplified below.
- the manufacturing method of the hollow fiber membrane is at least: 1) A hollow fiber having a columnar structure that is oriented in the length direction by heat-induced phase separation and has a thickness uniformity of 0.50 or more and less than 1.00 from a film-forming stock solution containing a fluororesin polymer. 2)
- the porous hollow fiber obtained in 1) above is stretched in the longitudinal direction at 1.8 times or more and 2.7 times or less at a stretching speed of 1% / second or more and 150% / second or less.
- a process is provided.
- the method for producing a hollow fiber membrane in the present invention further includes a step of adjusting the fluororesin polymer solution. Fluororesin polymer is dissolved in a poor or good solvent of the fluororesin polymer at a relatively high temperature above the crystallization temperature. To prepare a film-forming stock solution).
- the concentration of the fluororesin polymer is preferably 20% by weight or more and 60% by weight or less, and more preferably 30% by weight or more and 50% by weight or less.
- the poor solvent means that the fluororesin polymer cannot be dissolved by 5% by weight or more at a low temperature of 60 ° C. or less, but is 60 ° C. or more and the melting point of the fluororesin polymer (for example, polymer Is a solvent that can be dissolved in an amount of 5 wt% or more in a high temperature region of about 178 ° C. when it is composed of vinylidene fluoride homopolymer alone.
- a good solvent is a solvent capable of dissolving 5% by weight or more of a fluororesin-based polymer even in a low temperature region of 60 ° C. or lower, and a non-solvent is fluorine up to the melting point of the fluororesin-based polymer or the boiling point of the solvent. It is defined as a solvent that does not dissolve or swell resin-based polymers.
- examples of the poor solvent for the fluororesin-based polymer include cyclohexanone, isophorone, ⁇ -butyrolactone, methyl isoamyl ketone, propylene carbonate, dimethyl sulfoxide and the like and mixed solvents thereof.
- examples of the good solvent include N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, tetramethylurea, trimethyl phosphate, and a mixed solvent thereof.
- Non-solvents include water, hexane, pentane, benzene, toluene, methanol, ethanol, carbon tetrachloride, o-dichlorobenzene, trichloroethylene, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, pentanediol, Hexanediol, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as low molecular weight polyethylene glycol, aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic polyhydric alcohols, aromatic polyhydric alcohols, chlorinated hydrocarbons, other chlorinated organic liquids, and mixed solvents thereof Is mentioned.
- a hollow fiber is obtained from a membrane-forming stock solution containing a fluororesin polymer by utilizing a thermally induced phase separation method that induces phase separation by temperature change. .
- the hollow fiber has a columnar structure oriented in the length direction, and the thickness uniformity of the columnar structure is 0.50 or more and 1. Preferably it is less than 00.
- the lower limit of the thickness uniformity of the columnar structure is more preferably 0.60 or more, further preferably 0.70 or more, and particularly preferably 0.80 or more.
- phase separation mechanisms Two types of phase separation mechanisms are mainly used.
- One is a liquid-liquid in which a polymer solution that is uniformly dissolved at a high temperature is separated into a polymer rich phase and a polymer dilute phase due to a decrease in the solution's dissolving ability when the temperature is lowered, and then the structure is fixed by crystallization.
- It is a phase separation method.
- the other is a solid-liquid phase separation method in which a polymer solution that is uniformly dissolved at a high temperature causes crystallization of the polymer when the temperature is lowered and phase-separates into a polymer solid phase and a solvent phase.
- a three-dimensional network structure is mainly formed
- a spherical structure mainly composed of a spherical structure is formed.
- the latter phase separation mechanism is preferably used. Therefore, the polymer concentration and solvent that induce solid-liquid phase separation are selected.
- the above-mentioned membrane-forming stock solution is discharged from the tube outside the double-tube die for hollow fiber membrane spinning, and the hollow portion forming liquid is discharged from the tube inside the double-tube die. .
- the membrane-forming stock solution thus discharged is cooled and solidified in a cooling bath to obtain a hollow fiber membrane.
- the fluororesin-based polymer solution is placed under a specific temperature condition for a certain period of time while being pressurized before being discharged from the die.
- the pressure is preferably 0.5 MPa or more, and more preferably 1.0 MPa or more.
- the temperature T of the polymer solution preferably satisfies Tc + 35 ° C. ⁇ T ⁇ Tc + 60 ° C., and more preferably satisfies Tc + 40 ° C. ⁇ T ⁇ Tc + 55 ° C.
- Tc is the crystallization temperature of the fluororesin polymer solution.
- the time for which the polymer solution is held under this pressure and temperature is preferably 10 seconds or more, and more preferably 20 seconds or more.
- a retention part for retaining the polymer solution is provided in any part of the liquid feed line for sending the polymer solution to the die, and a pressurizing means for pressurizing the retained polymer solution, Temperature adjusting means (for example, heating means) for adjusting the temperature of the polymer solution.
- a pressurizing means By pressurizing two or more pumps in a liquid feeding line, it can pressurize in the somewhere in between.
- the pump include a piston pump, a plunger pump, a diaphragm pump, a wing pump, a gear pump, a rotary pump, and a screw pump, and two or more kinds may be used.
- the crystallization temperature Tc of the fluororesin polymer solution is defined as follows. Using a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC measurement) device, a mixture of the same composition as the film-forming polymer stock solution, such as a fluororesin polymer and a solvent, is sealed in a sealed DSC vessel and dissolved at a heating rate of 10 ° C./min. The rising temperature of the crystallization peak observed in the process of lowering the temperature at a temperature lowering rate of 10 ° C./min after the temperature is raised to the temperature, kept for 30 minutes and uniformly dissolved, is Tc.
- DSC measurement differential scanning calorimetry
- a cooling bath for cooling the fluororesin polymer solution discharged from the die will be described.
- the cooling bath it is preferable to use a mixed liquid composed of a poor solvent or a good solvent having a concentration of 50 to 95% by weight and a non-solvent having a concentration of 5 to 50% by weight. Further, it is preferable to use the same poor solvent as the polymer solution as the poor solvent.
- the hollow portion forming liquid it is preferable to use a mixed liquid composed of a poor solvent or a good solvent having a concentration of 50 to 95% by weight and a non-solvent having a concentration of 5 to 50% by weight, like the cooling bath. Further, it is preferable to use the same poor solvent as the polymer solution as the poor solvent.
- the polymer-incorporated growth into the constricted part leads to the disappearance of the constricted part having a high interfacial energy and is stabilized in terms of energy, and therefore can be preferentially generated over the growth other than the constricted part.
- the headline and the method for improving the thickness uniformity were intensively studied.
- the heat-induced phase separation preferably includes at least one of the following cooling steps a) and b) as a method of promoting tissue growth by incorporating a polymer into the constricted portion.
- the cooling and solidification is gradually advanced by performing the cooling and solidification in the cooling bath in the vicinity of the crystallization temperature of the polymer solution.
- the temperature Tb of the cooling bath is set so as to satisfy Tc ⁇ 30 ° C. ⁇ Tb ⁇ Tc, where Tc is the crystallization temperature of the fluororesin polymer solution, and Tc ⁇ 20 ° C. ⁇ More preferably, Tb ⁇ Tc.
- the passage time of the cooling bath (that is, the immersion time in the cooling bath) is not particularly limited as long as sufficient time can be secured to complete the heat-induced phase separation including the polymer uptake and growth into the constricted portion. It may be determined experimentally in consideration of spinning speed, bath ratio, cooling capacity, and the like.
- the passage time as long as possible in the above-described cooling bath temperature range, for example, 10 seconds or more, preferably 20 seconds or more, more preferably 30 seconds or more. It is good to do.
- the cooling step includes a step of cooling using a first cooling bath that promotes crystal nucleation and growth by increasing the degree of supercooling, and then a second step that promotes polymer uptake and growth in the constricted portion. Cooling with a cooling bath may be included. The cooling step by the second cooling bath utilizes the phenomenon that the polymer uptake and growth into the constricted part occurs preferentially during the structural coarsening process of phase separation.
- Tb1 of the first cooling bath that cools the fluororesin polymer solution discharged from the die satisfies Tb1 ⁇ Tc ⁇ 30 ° C.
- the degree of supercooling is increased and the generation and growth of crystal nuclei are increased.
- Tb2 of the second cooling bath a temperature near the crystallization temperature (specifically, Tc-30 ° C ⁇ Tb2 ⁇ Tc, more preferably Tc-20 ° C ⁇ Tb2 ⁇ Tc
- the passage time of each cooling bath can be changed, for example, the passage time of the first cooling bath is 1 second to 20 seconds, preferably 3 seconds to 15 seconds, more preferably 5 seconds to 10 seconds. And the passage time of the second cooling bath is 10 seconds or longer, preferably 20 seconds or longer, more preferably 30 seconds or longer.
- Patent Document 5 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2006-297383
- Patent Document 5 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2006-297383
- the present inventors have attempted to increase the strength by stretching it. However, it was found that the film could not be stretched uniformly and the strength could not be increased.
- a porous membrane used for water treatment has a large number of voids for allowing water to permeate, and at the time of stretching, the destruction of the structure proceeds from the voids, so that the stretching itself is very difficult.
- the hollow fiber membrane has a phase-separated porous structure obtained by dry-wet spinning using the principle of non-solvent induced phase separation or thermally induced phase separation, there are many fine voids and the porosity is high. Therefore, this tendency is remarkable.
- the present inventors have found that if the hollow fiber has a columnar structure having a uniform thickness, the entire columnar structure can be uniformly stretched, and by such uniform and high magnification stretching, a fluororesin is obtained. Succeeded in stretching and aligning the molecular chain of the polymer polymer in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane, and increasing the strength while maintaining high pure water permeation performance.
- a hollow fiber membrane made of a fluororesin polymer having a columnar structure obtained by the above method is stretched at a high speed at a low speed, so that the molecular chain of the polymer is aligned in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane. Orient.
- the Raman orientation parameter ⁇ and the degree of orientation in X-ray diffraction in the above range are realized.
- the draw ratio is preferably 1.8 to 2.4 times, more preferably 1.9 to 2.3 times.
- the draw ratio is 1.8 times or more, the molecular chain can be sufficiently oriented by drawing, so that the strength of the hollow fiber membrane can be increased.
- the hole diameter of a hollow fiber membrane does not become small too much because a draw ratio is 2.4 times or less, while being able to implement
- the stretching speed is preferably 1% / second to 150% / second, more preferably 3% / second to 100% / second, and further preferably 5% / second to 50% / second.
- the stretching speed is 1% / second or more, it is possible to stretch the stretching treatment equipment without extremely increasing the size. Moreover, it can extend
- This homogeneous stretching is considered to include stretching a whole columnar structure uniformly and stretching a plurality of different columnar structures to the same extent.
- the columnar structure is formed by incorporating a polymer into the previously formed constricted portion of the solid content. It is thought that the microscopic structure (for example, the number of entanglement points of molecular chains per volume) is different because the solid content formed earlier and the portion formed thereafter have different growth rates. Therefore, it is preferable to stretch at a low speed in order to suppress breakage and to stretch uniformly.
- Stretching speed (% / second) (stretching ratio ⁇ 100-100) / stretching time (second)
- the stretch ratio is calculated by “length after stretching (m) ⁇ length before stretching (m)”.
- the stretching time the time (seconds) substantially used for stretching is used.
- the draw ratio may be calculated from the set speed of the drawing apparatus, but preferably, the drawing is performed after coloring the hollow fiber membrane in the longitudinal direction immediately before drawing after 10 cm, and the length of the colored portion before and after drawing. It is good to measure. The time used for stretching at that time can also be measured.
- the stretching temperature is preferably 60 to 140 ° C., more preferably 70 to 120 ° C., and further preferably 80 to 100 ° C. By stretching in an atmosphere of 60 ° C. or higher, it can be stably and uniformly stretched. .
- the stretching temperature is 140 ° C. or lower, melting of the fluororesin polymer can be suppressed and stretching orientation can be performed.
- Stretching is preferably performed in a liquid because the temperature can be easily controlled, but may be performed in a gas such as steam.
- As the liquid water is convenient and preferable, but when stretching at about 90 ° C. or higher, it is also possible to preferably employ a low molecular weight polyethylene glycol or the like.
- the stock solution flows from the stock solution inlet 8 of the hollow fiber membrane module 100 and the stock solution is discharged from the stock solution outlet 10. Further, the filtrate is sent to the upper part of the hollow fiber membrane module 100 through the hollow part of the hollow fiber membrane and discharged from the filtrate outlet 9.
- the stock solution is allowed to flow parallel to the membrane surface.
- the film surface linear velocity at this time may be appropriately set in accordance with the properties of the stock solution, but is preferably 0.3 m / s or more and 5 m / s or less.
- the filtration flux at the time of cross-flow filtration may be appropriately set according to the properties of the stock solution, but is preferably 0.1 m 3 / m 2 / d or more and 5.0 m 3 / m 2 / d or less. More preferably, it is 3 m 3 / m 2 / d or more and 3.0 m 3 / m 2 / d or less.
- the clogged state of the separation membrane can be determined from the transmembrane differential pressure obtained by subtracting the pressure on the filtrate side from the pressure on the stock solution side of the separation membrane.
- the hollow fiber membrane module The transmembrane pressure difference can be calculated from the pressure gauge upstream of the 100 stock solution inlets 8 and the pressure downstream of the filtrate outlet 9. At the same filtration flux, the transmembrane pressure increases as clogging of the separation membrane proceeds.
- the pressure loss when the stock solution passes through the stock solution side channel of the hollow fiber membrane module 100 is large, and the pressure loss of the stock solution side channel is also included in the above calculation method.
- ⁇ Backwash method> In cross-flow filtration, filtration can be periodically stopped and backwashing can be performed. In backwashing, the backwashing liquid is supplied from the filtrate outlet 9 of the hollow fiber membrane module 100, and the backwashing liquid is flowed from the inside to the outside of the hollow fiber membrane to wash the membrane. When water permeability is restored by backwashing, the filtration time can be extended, and the frequency of chemical cleaning is reduced, so that the operating cost can be reduced.
- the backwashing may be performed with a filtrate, or other liquids such as water may be used.
- the backwashing flux at the time of backwashing may be appropriately set according to the properties of the stock solution and the clogging state of the separation membrane, but is 1.0 m 3 / m 2 / d or more and 10.0 m 3 / m 2 / It is preferably d or less, and more preferably 1.5 m 3 / m 2 / d or more and 5.0 m 3 / m 2 / d or less.
- the backwashing flux is less than 1.0 m 3 / m 2 / d, the cleaning effect is lowered, which is not preferable.
- the backwash flux exceeds 10.0 m 3 / m 2 / d, the power cost increases, and a large amount of liquid used for backwashing is required, which is not preferable.
- Air scrubbing method In the air scrubbing, compressed air is introduced from the stock solution inlet 8 of the hollow fiber membrane module 100 and air is discharged from the stock solution outlet 10, so that the air scrubbing is cleaned by shear stress due to bubbles or swinging of the hollow fiber membrane.
- the air supply flow rate in air scrubbing is preferably 70 to 400 m 3 / m 2 / hr per area in the cross section of the hollow fiber membrane module, although it varies depending on the area and module length in the cross section of the hollow fiber membrane module. .
- FIG. 1 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view showing a hollow fiber membrane module according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- a hollow fiber membrane module 100 shown in FIG. 1 includes a cylindrical case 3 opened at both ends, a large number of hollow fiber membranes 1 accommodated in the cylindrical case 3, and an upper part mounted on the upper part of the cylindrical case 3.
- a cap 6 and a lower cap 7 attached to the lower part of the cylindrical case 3 are provided.
- the hollow fiber membrane module 100 includes a first potting unit 4 and a second potting unit 5.
- “upper” and “lower” refer to the upper and lower sides in the posture when the module 100 is used, and coincide with the upper and lower sides in FIG.
- a stock solution outlet 10 is provided in the vicinity of the upper end of the cylindrical case.
- a large number of hollow fiber membranes 1 are bundled to form a hollow fiber membrane bundle 2.
- the filling rate of the hollow fiber membrane bundle 2 in the cylindrical case 3 is preferably 41% or more and 80% or less. Details of the filling rate will be described later.
- the first potting unit 4 is also called an upper potting unit.
- the first potting portion 4 is formed of an adhesive, and the upper end portion of the hollow fiber membrane bundle 2 (corresponding to a “first end portion”) is opened with the end surface of the hollow fiber membrane 1 open. It adheres to the case 3 in a liquid-tight and air-tight manner. That is, the hollow fiber membrane bundle 2 is bundled by the first potting portion 4 and fixed to the inner wall of the cylindrical case 3.
- the hollow fiber membrane module 100 further includes a rectifying cylinder 12.
- the rectifying cylinder 12 is a cylindrical member disposed inside the cylindrical case 3.
- the rectifying cylinder 12 is disposed below the first potting unit 4.
- the upper and lower sides of the rectifying cylinder 12 are open, and openings such as a plurality of slits are provided on the side surfaces.
- the flow straightening cylinder 12 can be passed through this opening.
- the rectifying cylinder 12 is provided around the undiluted solution outlet 10 for the purpose of preventing the flow of the untreated solution. For example, when cross-flow filtration is performed with a hollow fiber membrane module in which the flow straightening cylinder 12 does not exist, the flow rate of the stock solution in the cylindrical case 3 increases on the stock solution outlet 10 side (left side in FIG. 1).
- the second potting unit 5 is also called a lower potting unit.
- the second potting portion 5 is formed of an adhesive and seals the lower end surface of the hollow fiber membrane 1 at the lower end portion (corresponding to the “second end portion”) of the hollow fiber membrane bundle 2. It is stopped and bonded to the cylindrical case 3. That is, the second potting portion 5 is disposed in the cylindrical case 3 so as to face the first potting portion 4.
- the hollow part of the hollow fiber membrane bundle 2 is sealed with the adhesive and is not open.
- the hollow fiber membrane bundle 2 is bundled by the second potting portion 5 and fixed to the inner wall of the cylindrical case 3.
- the second potting portion 5 has a continuous through-hole 11 from the surface facing the first potting portion 4 to the opposite surface.
- the through hole 11 serves as a flow path for the stock solution and an air flow path during air scrubbing.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the hollow fiber membrane module 100 of FIG. 1 taken along the line AA, and shows an example of the arrangement of the through holes 11 in the second potting portion 5.
- the through holes 11 be evenly arranged in the second potting portion.
- the upper cap 6 has a filtrate outlet 9.
- the upper cap 6 is attached to the upper part of the cylindrical case 3 in a liquid-tight and air-tight manner.
- the upper cap 6 can be attached to and detached from the upper portion of the cylindrical case 3.
- the lower cap 7 has a stock solution inlet 8.
- the lower cap 7 is attached to the lower part of the cylindrical case 3 in a liquid-tight and air-tight manner.
- the lower cap 7 can be attached to and detached from the lower portion of the cylindrical case 3.
- the stock solution flows into the hollow fiber membrane module 100 from the stock solution inlet 8 of the lower cap 7, and the stock solution that has not permeated the hollow fiber membrane 1 is discharged from the stock solution outlet 10 to the outside of the hollow fiber membrane module 100.
- the filtrate that has passed through the hollow fiber membrane 1 is discharged from the filtrate outlet 9 of the upper cap 6 to the outside of the hollow fiber membrane module 100.
- This method of filtering while flowing the stock solution in parallel to the membrane surface is called cross-flow filtration, and it is effective to prevent the suspended substances in the stock solution from accumulating on the membrane surface and the components contained in the stock solution. There is an effect of suppressing concentration polarization on the film surface.
- stock solution to the outer side of a hollow fiber membrane like FIG. 1, and performs filtration toward the inner side from the outer side is called an external pressure type.
- the method of performing filtration from the inside to the outside of the hollow fiber membrane is called an internal pressure type.
- the shear stress acting on the membrane surface is improved by increasing the linear velocity of the membrane surface of the stock solution, and the cleaning property is improved.
- the stock solution flows from the stock solution inlet 8 of the hollow fiber membrane module 100 and the stock solution is discharged from the stock solution outlet 10. Further, the filtrate is sent to the upper part of the hollow fiber membrane module 100 through the hollow part of the hollow fiber membrane and discharged from the filtrate outlet 9.
- the membrane surface linear velocity of the cross flow filtration is preferably 0.3 m / s or more and 5 m / s or less, but if the membrane surface linear velocity is increased, the stress acting on the hollow fiber membrane increases, so that the hollow fiber membrane breaks. Sometimes.
- the breaking strength of the hollow fiber membrane is preferably 25 MPa or more, and more preferably 27 MPa or more.
- the membrane surface In cross-flow filtration, the membrane surface is washed by the flow of the stock solution flowing in parallel with the membrane surface, but when the average linear velocity of the stock solution in the hollow fiber membrane module is the same, the membrane surface becomes smaller as the distance between the hollow fiber membranes becomes smaller.
- the shear stress acting on the film is high, and the cleaning effect of the film surface is enhanced.
- the filling rate of the hollow fiber membranes in the hollow fiber membrane module is preferably 41% or more and 80% or less, It is more preferable to set it to 70% or less.
- the filling rate of the hollow fiber membrane is 41% or more, the distance between the membranes becomes small, the cleaning efficiency at the time of crossflow filtration can be increased, and the increase in the transmembrane pressure difference can be suppressed. Moreover, the higher the filling rate of the hollow fiber membrane, the higher the membrane surface linear velocity can be with the same stock solution flow rate, and the cleaning effect can be enhanced. On the other hand, when the filling rate of the hollow fiber membrane is 80% or less, the hollow fiber membrane is easily fixed by the potting portion.
- the filling rate of the hollow fiber membrane refers to the cross section of the cylindrical case 3 of the hollow fiber membrane module between the first potting portion and the second potting portion (a surface parallel to the horizontal direction in FIG. 1 and perpendicular to the paper surface). ) Is the ratio of the area occupied by the hollow fiber membrane portion.
- the cross-sectional area of the hollow fiber membrane existing portion inside the cylindrical case 3 is S1
- the total cross-sectional area of the hollow fiber membrane is S2
- the filling rate of the hollow fiber membrane can be expressed by the following formula (3).
- a cross sectional area obtained by subtracting the cross sectional area of the member other than the hollow fiber membrane from the cross sectional area inside the cylindrical case 3 is defined as S.
- the nozzle portion on the side surface of the cylindrical case 3 provided as the stock solution outlet 10 is not included in the cross-sectional area S. If the cylindrical case 3 includes an inner member such as the rectifying cylinder 12, a reduced diameter portion, or an enlarged diameter portion, the cross-sectional area S of the portion changes.
- 10 cross-sectional areas S are calculated at regular intervals between the second potting part side interface of the first potting part and the first potting side interface of the second potting part of the hollow fiber membrane module, and the average The value is defined as the cross-sectional area S1 of the portion where the hollow fiber membrane is present, and the filling rate of the hollow fiber membrane is calculated by the following equation (3).
- Filling rate of hollow fiber membrane [%] S2 / S1 ⁇ 100 (3)
- the total cross-sectional area S2 of the hollow fiber membrane can be expressed by the following formula (4).
- an outer diameter is measured for two directions, respectively, the longest direction and the shortest direction.
- the average value of the measured values at the total of 20 locations is defined as the outer diameter R of the hollow fiber membrane.
- the total cross-sectional area S2 of the hollow fiber membrane is calculated by equation (4).
- S2 [circumference ratio] ⁇ [outer diameter R / 2 of hollow fiber membrane] 2 ⁇ [number of hollow fiber membranes in the hollow fiber membrane module] (4)
- Average linear velocity [m / s] stock solution flow rate [m 3 / s] / (S1-S2) [m 2 ] (5)
- the potting method includes centrifugal potting, in which a liquid adhesive is infiltrated between hollow fiber membranes using centrifugal force and then cured, and the liquid adhesive is fed by a metering pump or a head and allowed to flow naturally.
- centrifugal potting in which a liquid adhesive is infiltrated between hollow fiber membranes using centrifugal force and then cured, and the liquid adhesive is fed by a metering pump or a head and allowed to flow naturally.
- a stationary potting method in which the hollow fiber membrane 1 is allowed to penetrate and then cured is mentioned.
- the adhesive easily penetrates between the hollow fiber membranes by centrifugal force, and a highly viscous adhesive can also be used.
- the material of the hollow fiber membrane of the hollow fiber membrane module of the present invention is not particularly limited, for example, a hollow fiber membrane containing a fluororesin polymer can be used.
- the fluororesin-based polymer means a resin containing at least one of a vinylidene fluoride homopolymer and a vinylidene fluoride copolymer.
- the fluororesin polymer may contain a plurality of types of vinylidene fluoride copolymers.
- the vinylidene fluoride copolymer is a polymer having a vinylidene fluoride residue structure, and is typically a copolymer of a vinylidene fluoride monomer and other fluorine-based monomers.
- Examples of such a copolymer include a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and one or more monomers selected from vinyl fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, and trichloroethylene chloride. It is done.
- a monomer such as ethylene other than the fluorine-based monomer may be copolymerized to such an extent that the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
- the weight average molecular weight of the fluororesin-based polymer may be appropriately selected depending on the required strength and water permeability of the polymer separation membrane, but as the weight average molecular weight increases, the water permeability performance decreases and the weight average molecular weight increases. When it becomes smaller, the strength decreases. For this reason, the weight average molecular weight is preferably from 50,000 to 1,000,000. In the case of a water treatment application where the polymer separation membrane is exposed to chemical cleaning, the weight average molecular weight is preferably from 100,000 to 700,000, more preferably from 150,000 to 600,000.
- the hollow fiber membrane preferably contains a fluororesin polymer as a main component, and the proportion of the fluororesin polymer in the hollow fiber membrane is preferably 80% by weight or more, more preferably 90% by weight or more, and 95 More preferably, it is at least% by weight.
- the hollow fiber membrane may be comprised only with the fluororesin type polymer.
- the “hollow fiber membrane containing a fluororesin-based polymer as a main component” is also referred to as “hollow fiber membrane based on a fluororesin-based polymer”.
- X contains Y as a main component
- X can be rephrased as “Y based”.
- ⁇ Orientation of molecular chain> In the hollow fiber membrane of the present invention, at least a part of the molecular chain of the fluororesin polymer is oriented in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane, and the degree of orientation ⁇ is 0.4 or more and less than 1.0. .
- the degree of orientation ⁇ is calculated from the half width H (°) obtained by wide-angle X-ray diffraction measurement based on the following formula (2).
- Orientation degree ⁇ (180 ° ⁇ H) / 180 ° (2) (However, H is the half width (°) of the diffraction intensity distribution in the circumferential direction of the wide-angle X-ray diffraction image.)
- the orientation degree ⁇ it is attached to the fiber sample stage so that the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane is vertical.
- the short direction of the hollow fiber membrane is a direction parallel to the radial direction of the hollow fiber, and the long direction is a direction perpendicular to the short direction.
- the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ 20.
- a peak can be seen in the vicinity of °.
- the horizontal axis of the diffraction pattern obtained at this time is the X-ray diffraction angle 2 ⁇ , and the vertical axis is the diffraction intensity.
- the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ is fixed at this peak position, that is, around 20 °, and the sample is scanned in the direction of the azimuth angle ⁇ , so that the horizontal axis indicates the azimuth angle ⁇ and the vertical axis indicates the diffraction intensity (that is, the diffraction intensity).
- a diffraction intensity distribution along the circumferential direction of the Debye ring at a diffraction angle 2 ⁇ 20 °.
- the diffraction intensity is substantially constant over the entire 360 ° circumferential direction of the Debye ring.
- the position of the diffraction peak in the radial direction of the Debye ring (that is, the value of 2 ⁇ corresponding to the diffraction peak) is “near 20 °” in the above description.
- the value of 2 ⁇ varies depending on the structure and composition of the polymer and may be in the range of 15 to 25 °.
- the derived diffraction peak is seen.
- the intensity distribution in the azimuth angle direction can be obtained by fixing the value of the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ and further measuring the intensity from 0 ° to 360 ° in the azimuth angle direction (circumferential direction).
- This intensity distribution can be said to be an intensity distribution obtained by scanning a crystal peak in a diffraction image in the circumferential direction.
- the ratio between the intensity at the azimuth angle of 180 ° (longitudinal direction) and the intensity at the azimuth angle of 90 ° (short direction) is 0.80 or less or 1.25 or more, a peak is present.
- a width (half-value width H) at a position half the peak height is obtained.
- the degree of orientation ⁇ is calculated by substituting this half width H into the above equation (2).
- the degree of orientation ⁇ of the molecular chain in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane in the hollow fiber membrane of the present invention is in the range of 0.4 or more and less than 1.0, preferably 0.5 or more and less than 1.0. Preferably it is 0.6 or more and less than 1.0.
- the degree of orientation ⁇ is 0.4 or more, the mechanical strength of the hollow fiber membrane is increased.
- the degree of orientation ⁇ is 0.4 or more and less than 1.0 at 80% or more of measurement points when the wide-angle X-ray diffraction measurement is performed at measurement points of 1 cm intervals in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane. Is preferred.
- the ratio of the azimuth angle of 180 ° to the azimuth angle of 90 ° exceeds 0.80 and is less than 1.25. Is regarded as having no peak. That is, in this case, it is determined that the fluororesin polymer is non-oriented.
- the molecular chain orientation can also be obtained by orientation analysis by Raman spectroscopy.
- the hollow fiber membrane is cut into pieces by cutting with a microtome.
- laser Raman measurement is performed at 1 ⁇ m intervals along the longitudinal direction of the columnar structure while confirming the columnar structure.
- the number of measurement points in one columnar structure is a value obtained by dividing the longitudinal length ( ⁇ m) of a columnar structure described later by 1 ⁇ m (rounded down to the nearest decimal point). For example, when the longitudinal length of the columnar structure is 20.5 ⁇ m, the number of measurement points is 20.
- the Raman band near 1270 cm ⁇ 1 belongs to the coupling mode of CF 2 (fluorocarbon) stretching vibration and CC (carbon-carbon) stretching vibration. .
- the vibration direction of these vibrations is a mode parallel to the molecular chain.
- the vibration direction of the Raman band near 840 cm ⁇ 1 is perpendicular to the molecular chain. Since Raman scattering is strongly obtained when the vibration direction of the molecular chain coincides with the polarization direction of the incident light, the ratio of the scattering intensity of these vibration modes changes in correlation with the degree of orientation.
- the Raman orientation parameter can be calculated by the following formula (1).
- the Raman orientation parameter has a larger value as the orientation of the hollow fiber membrane in the longitudinal direction is higher, 1 when no orientation is achieved, and 1 when the orientation in the lateral direction is high.
- Raman orientation parameter (I1270 / I840) parallel / (I1270 / I840) vertical (1)
- Parallel condition the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane is parallel to the polarization direction
- Vertical condition the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane is orthogonal to the polarization direction
- I1270 parallel the intensity of the Raman band at 1270 cm ⁇ 1 under the parallel condition
- I1270 perpendicular the vertical condition Intensity of Raman band at 1270 cm ⁇ 1 at hour
- I840 parallel Intensity of Raman band at 840 cm ⁇ 1 under parallel conditions
- I840 vertical Intensity of Raman band at 840 cm ⁇ 1 under vertical conditions.
- 10 different columnar structures are selected in the range of 0.5 to 1.5 times the typical value of the longitudinal length of the columnar structure described later, and laser Raman measurement is performed for each. Then, the Raman orientation parameter at each measurement point is calculated by the equation (1), and the average value thereof is taken as the Raman orientation parameter v.
- the operation of selecting the largest Raman orientation parameter and the smallest Raman orientation parameter among the measurement points of one columnar texture is performed for 10 different columnar textures, and the 10 largest Raman orientations selected are selected. The average value is obtained for each of the parameters and the ten smallest Raman orientation parameters, and the maximum Raman orientation parameter M and the minimum Raman orientation parameter m are obtained, and M / m is calculated.
- the Raman orientation parameter ⁇ the maximum Raman orientation parameter M, the minimum Raman orientation parameter m, and M / m with high accuracy, it is preferable to perform measurement on 20 different columnar structures.
- the Raman orientation parameter ⁇ of the molecular chain of the hollow fiber membrane of the present invention in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane is preferably 3.0 or more, more preferably 3.4 or more, and still more preferably 3.7 or more. .
- the Raman orientation parameter ⁇ is 3.0 or more, the strength of the hollow fiber membrane is increased.
- M and m are considered to represent the main orientation location in the columnar structure and the strength point during stretching, respectively. For this reason, in consideration of the balance of performance such as strength, elongation, water permeability and the like of the hollow fiber membrane to be obtained, M and m may be set in an appropriate range, but the larger M / m, the more the orientation of the molecular chain Is preferred because the strength of the hollow fiber membrane tends to increase. Therefore, in the present invention, M / m is preferably 3 or more, more preferably 4 or more, and still more preferably 5 or more.
- the degree of orientation ⁇ obtained by wide-angle X-ray diffraction measurement represents the orientation of the molecular chains of the entire porous hollow fiber membrane
- the Raman orientation parameter ⁇ obtained by Raman spectroscopy focuses on the columnar structure of the porous hollow fiber membrane. It tends to represent the orientation of molecular chains when hit, that is, the orientation of local molecular chains.
- the strength of the hollow fiber membrane is increased, so that the orientation degree ⁇ is in the range of 0.6 or more and less than 1.0, and Raman
- the orientation parameter ⁇ is preferably 3.4 or more, more preferably the orientation degree ⁇ is in the range of 0.7 or more and less than 1.0, and the Raman orientation parameter ⁇ is preferably 3.7 or more. .
- the molecular chain of the fluororesin polymer is preferably oriented in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane.
- the hollow fiber membrane has a columnar structure oriented in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane.
- a “columnar structure” is a solid substance having a uniform thickness and a shape elongated in one direction.
- the aspect ratio (longitudinal length / short side length) of the columnar structure is preferably 3 or more.
- longitudinal length refers to the length of the columnar tissue in the longitudinal direction.
- short length is an average length in the short direction of the columnar structure.
- orienting in the longitudinal direction means that the acute angle of the angle formed by the longitudinal direction of the columnar structure and the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane is within 20 degrees.
- the long length and short length can be measured as follows.
- the hollow fiber membrane is cut along the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane.
- the obtained cross section is observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the magnification can be changed according to the length of the columnar structure, and is such that five, preferably ten, whole columnar structures are included in the longitudinal direction in the visual field.
- the maximum length in the longitudinal direction may be measured as the longitudinal length.
- the short length is obtained by measuring the length in each short direction at a predetermined number of arbitrary measurement points in one columnar structure and calculating the average value thereof.
- the number of measurement points is a value obtained by dividing the longitudinal length ( ⁇ m) by 1 ⁇ m (rounded down after the decimal point). For example, when the longitudinal length of the columnar structure is 20.5 ⁇ m, the number of measurement points is 20. However, if this value is 21 or more, any 20 locations may be measured.
- the longitudinal length of the columnar structure is not particularly limited, but is preferably 7 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 10 ⁇ m or more, and further preferably 15 ⁇ m or more.
- the longitudinal length of the columnar tissue is preferably, for example, 50 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 40 ⁇ m or less.
- the short length of the columnar structure is preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 3 ⁇ m or less. It is preferable for the short length to be in the above range since high strength performance and high pure water permeation performance can be obtained. Since the physical strength of the columnar structure itself is increased when the short length of the columnar structure is 0.5 ⁇ m or more, high strength can be obtained. Moreover, since the space
- the short length of the columnar structure is more preferably 0.7 ⁇ m or more and 2.5 ⁇ m or less, and further preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 2 ⁇ m or less.
- the preferred ranges of the representative values of the longitudinal length and the short length of the columnar structures are the preferred ranges of the longitudinal lengths and the short lengths of the individual columnar structures, respectively. Is the same. For the effect that each representative value is within the range, the description of the effect when the dimensions of the individual columnar structures are within the range is applied.
- the longitudinal length is measured for 5 columnar structures, preferably 10 columnar structures, at 3 positions, preferably 5 positions in the hollow fiber membrane. By obtaining an average value of the obtained longitudinal length values, it is possible to obtain a representative value of the longitudinal length of the columnar structure.
- the representative value of the short length is obtained by measuring the short length (calculated as an average value) as described above and calculating the average value of the columnar structure that is the target of measurement of the representative value of the long length. Is determined.
- the representative value of the aspect ratio of the columnar structure calculated from the representative value of the longitudinal length and the representative value of the short length is preferably 3 or more, more preferably 5 or more. More preferably, it is 10 or more, and particularly preferably 20 or more.
- the short length of the columnar structure is preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 3 ⁇ m or less, and the aspect ratio of the columnar structure is preferably 3 or more.
- the upper limit of the aspect ratio is not particularly limited, but can be set to 50, for example, based on the current method for producing hollow fiber membranes.
- the hollow fiber membrane of the present invention can be produced by forming a hollow fiber from a membrane-forming stock solution containing a polymer and stretching the hollow fiber.
- the state before stretching is called “hollow fiber”, and the state after stretching is called “hollow fiber membrane”.
- Thickness uniformity (average value D described later) of the columnar structure in the hollow fiber membrane after stretching is preferably 0.60 or more, more preferably 0.70 or more, and further preferably 0.80 or more, Especially preferably, it is 0.90 or more.
- the thickness uniformity is 1.0 at the maximum, but the columnar structure may have a thickness uniformity of less than 1.0.
- the columnar structure has high thickness uniformity, that is, the number of constricted portions of the columnar structure is small, so that the elongation of the hollow fiber membrane is increased.
- the hollow fiber membrane after stretching maintains a high elongation because the yarn is not easily broken even when a sudden load is applied.
- the breaking elongation of the hollow fiber membrane is preferably 50% or more, and more preferably 80% or more.
- the upper limit of the breaking elongation of the hollow fiber membrane is not particularly limited, but for example, considering the thickness uniformity, it is 500%.
- the thickness uniformity of the columnar structure can be obtained by comparing the first cross section parallel to the short direction of the hollow fiber membrane with the second cross section. This will be specifically described below.
- a first cross section and a second cross section that are parallel to each other are selected.
- the distance between the first surface and the second surface is 5 ⁇ m.
- the resin portion and the void portion are distinguished, and the resin portion area and the void portion area are measured.
- the first cross section is projected onto the second cross section, the area of the portion where the resin portion in the first cross section overlaps the resin portion in the second cross section, that is, the overlapping area is obtained.
- thickness uniformity A and B are determined for any 20 sets of the first cross section and the second cross section for one hollow fiber membrane, respectively.
- Thickness uniformity A (overlapping area) / (resin partial area of the second cross section) (6)
- Thickness uniformity B (overlap area) / (resin partial area of the first cross section) (7)
- the hollow fiber membrane is embedded in advance with an epoxy resin or the like, and the epoxy resin or the like is dyed with osmium or the like. It is preferable.
- the void portion is filled with epoxy resin or the like, and when the cross-section processing by the focused ion beam described later, the portion made of fluororesin-based polymer and the void portion (that is, epoxy resin portion) ) Can be clearly distinguished from each other, and the observation accuracy is increased.
- the first cross section and the second cross section parallel to the short direction of the hollow fiber membrane described above it is preferable to use a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with a focused ion beam (FIB). .
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- FIB focused ion beam
- a surface parallel to the short direction of the hollow fiber membrane is cut out using FIB, and cutting with FIB and SEM observation are repeated 200 times at 50 nm intervals in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane.
- Information of a depth of 10 ⁇ m can be obtained by such continuous section observation.
- an arbitrary first cross section and a second cross section that are parallel to each other with an interval of 5 ⁇ m are selected, and thickness uniformity is obtained using the above-described equations (6) and (7). be able to.
- the observation magnification may be any magnification that allows a columnar structure and a spherical structure to be clearly confirmed. For example, a magnification of 1000 to 5000 may be used.
- the columnar structure preferably contains a fluororesin polymer as a main component, and the proportion of the fluororesin polymer in the columnar structure is preferably 80% by weight or more, more preferably 90% by weight or more. And more preferably 95% by weight or more. Further, the columnar structure may be composed of only a fluororesin polymer.
- the hollow fiber membrane has a solid content containing a fluororesin polymer, and at least a part of the solid content constitutes a columnar structure. All of the solid content containing the fluororesin-based polymer may constitute a columnar structure, or a part thereof may have a shape that does not correspond to the columnar structure.
- the proportion of the solid content of the fluororesin polymer is preferably 80% by weight or more, more preferably 90% by weight or more, and 95% by weight or more. More preferably it is.
- the main structure is preferably a columnar structure.
- the proportion of the columnar structure is preferably 80% by weight or more, more preferably 90% by weight or more, and still more preferably 95% by weight or more.
- the hollow fiber membrane may be comprised only by the columnar structure
- the hollow fiber membrane preferably has a columnar structure containing a fluororesin polymer as a main component as its main structure.
- the hollow fiber membrane can also be expressed as an aggregate of columnar structures.
- the hollow fiber membrane of the present invention has a porosity of preferably 41% or more and 90% or less, more preferably 50% or more and 80% or less, and more preferably 50% or more and 70% or less in order to achieve both high pure water permeability and high strength. Is more preferable.
- the porosity of the hollow fiber membrane is obtained by the following formula (8) using the resin part area and the gap part area in the cross section described above.
- Porosity (%) ⁇ 100 ⁇ (void partial area) ⁇ / ⁇ (resin partial area) + (void partial area) ⁇ (8)
- the hollow fiber membrane of the present invention may contain a structure other than the columnar structure described above without departing from the object of the present invention.
- Examples of the structure other than the columnar structure include a spherical structure having an aspect ratio (long length / short length) of less than 3.
- the short length and the long length of the spherical structure are preferably in the range of 0.5 ⁇ m to 3 ⁇ m.
- the proportion of the spherical structure having an aspect ratio of less than 3 occupies the hollow fiber membrane increases, the connection between the spherical structures increases, and the constricted portion increases. Further, it tends to be difficult to maintain the elongation after stretching. For this reason, the proportion of the spherical structure in the hollow fiber membrane is preferably as small as possible, preferably less than 20%, more preferably less than 10%, even more preferably less than 1%, and still more preferably, and it is best not to exist at all. is there.
- the method of obtaining the total area of the photograph and the area occupied by the tissue by replacing it with the corresponding weight of each photographed tissue can be preferably employed. That is, the photographed photograph may be printed on paper, and the weight of the paper corresponding to the entire photograph and the weight of the paper corresponding to the tissue portion cut out from the photograph may be measured. In addition, it is preferable to perform the resin embedding / dyeing process and the cutting process using FIB as described above prior to taking a photograph with SEM or the like because the observation accuracy becomes high.
- the hollow fiber membrane of the present invention may be a laminate of the above-described layer having a columnar structure and a layer having another structure without departing from the object of the present invention.
- the thickness ratio is preferably 0.3 or less, and more preferably 0.2 or less.
- the method for producing the hollow fiber membrane of the present invention is exemplified below.
- the manufacturing method of the hollow fiber membrane is at least: 1) A hollow fiber having a columnar structure which is oriented in the length direction by heat-induced phase separation and has a thickness uniformity of 0.60 or more and less than 1.00 from a film-forming stock solution containing a fluororesin polymer. And 2) a step of stretching the porous hollow fiber obtained in 1) above by 2.0 times or more and 5.0 times or less in the longitudinal direction.
- the method for producing a hollow fiber membrane in the present invention further includes a step of adjusting the fluororesin polymer solution. Fluororesin polymer is dissolved in a poor or good solvent of the fluororesin polymer at a relatively high temperature above the crystallization temperature. To prepare a film-forming stock solution).
- the concentration of the fluororesin polymer is preferably 20% by weight or more and 60% by weight or less, and more preferably 30% by weight or more and 50% by weight or less.
- the poor solvent means that the fluororesin polymer cannot be dissolved by 5% by weight or more at a low temperature of 60 ° C. or lower, but is 60 ° C. or higher and not higher than the melting point of the fluororesin polymer (for example, high
- the molecule is composed of vinylidene fluoride homopolymer alone, it is a solvent that can be dissolved by 5% by weight or more in a high temperature region (about 178 ° C.).
- a good solvent is a solvent capable of dissolving 5% by weight or more of a fluororesin-based polymer even in a low temperature region of 60 ° C. or lower, and a non-solvent is fluorine up to the melting point of the fluororesin-based polymer or the boiling point of the solvent. It is defined as a solvent that does not dissolve or swell resin-based polymers.
- examples of the poor solvent for the fluororesin-based polymer include cyclohexanone, isophorone, ⁇ -butyrolactone, methyl isoamyl ketone, propylene carbonate, dimethyl sulfoxide and the like and mixed solvents thereof.
- examples of the good solvent include N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, tetramethylurea, trimethyl phosphate, and a mixed solvent thereof.
- Non-solvents include water, hexane, pentane, benzene, toluene, methanol, ethanol, carbon tetrachloride, o-dichlorobenzene, trichloroethylene, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, pentanediol, Hexanediol, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as low molecular weight polyethylene glycol, aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic polyhydric alcohols, aromatic polyhydric alcohols, chlorinated hydrocarbons, other chlorinated organic liquids, and mixed solvents thereof Is mentioned.
- a hollow fiber is obtained from a membrane-forming stock solution containing a fluororesin polymer by utilizing a thermally induced phase separation method that induces phase separation by temperature change. .
- the hollow fiber has a columnar structure oriented in the length direction, and the thickness uniformity of the columnar structure is 0.60 or more. Preferably it is less than 00.
- the lower limit of the thickness uniformity of the columnar structure is more preferably 0.70 or more, further preferably 0.80 or more, and particularly preferably 0.90 or more.
- phase separation mechanisms Two types of phase separation mechanisms are mainly used.
- One is a liquid-liquid in which a polymer solution that is uniformly dissolved at a high temperature is separated into a polymer rich phase and a polymer dilute phase due to a decrease in the solution's dissolving ability when the temperature is lowered, and then the structure is fixed by crystallization.
- It is a phase separation method.
- the other is a solid-liquid phase separation method in which a polymer solution that is uniformly dissolved at a high temperature causes crystallization of the polymer when the temperature is lowered and phase-separates into a polymer solid phase and a solvent phase.
- a three-dimensional network structure is mainly formed
- a spherical structure mainly composed of a spherical structure is formed.
- the latter phase separation mechanism is preferably used. Therefore, the polymer concentration and solvent that induce solid-liquid phase separation are selected.
- the above-mentioned membrane-forming stock solution is discharged from the tube outside the double-tube die for hollow fiber membrane spinning, and the hollow portion forming liquid is discharged from the tube inside the double-tube die. .
- the membrane-forming stock solution thus discharged is cooled and solidified in a cooling bath to obtain a hollow fiber membrane.
- the fluororesin-based polymer solution is placed under a specific temperature condition for a certain period of time while being pressurized before being discharged from the die.
- the pressure is preferably 0.5 MPa or more, and more preferably 1.0 MPa or more.
- the temperature T of the polymer solution preferably satisfies Tc + 35 ° C. ⁇ T ⁇ Tc + 60 ° C., and more preferably satisfies Tc + 40 ° C. ⁇ T ⁇ Tc + 55 ° C.
- Tc is the crystallization temperature of the fluororesin polymer solution.
- the time for which the polymer solution is held under this pressure and temperature is preferably 10 seconds or more, and more preferably 20 seconds or more.
- a retention part for retaining the polymer solution is provided in any part of the liquid feed line for sending the polymer solution to the die, and a pressurizing means for pressurizing the retained polymer solution,
- a temperature adjusting means for example, a heating means for adjusting the temperature of the polymer solution.
- the pump include a piston pump, a plunger pump, a diaphragm pump, a wing pump, a gear pump, a rotary pump, and a screw pump, and two or more kinds may be used.
- the crystallization temperature Tc of the fluororesin polymer solution is defined as follows. Using a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC measurement) device, a mixture of the same composition as the film-forming polymer stock solution, such as a fluororesin polymer and a solvent, is sealed in a sealed DSC vessel and dissolved at a heating rate of 10 ° C./min. The rising temperature of the crystallization peak observed in the process of lowering the temperature at a temperature lowering rate of 10 ° C./min after the temperature is raised to the temperature, kept for 30 minutes and uniformly dissolved, is Tc.
- DSC measurement differential scanning calorimetry
- a cooling bath for cooling the fluororesin polymer solution discharged from the die will be described.
- the cooling bath it is preferable to use a mixed liquid composed of a poor solvent or a good solvent having a concentration of 50 to 95% by weight and a non-solvent having a concentration of 5 to 50% by weight. Further, it is preferable to use the same poor solvent as the polymer solution as the poor solvent.
- the hollow portion forming liquid it is preferable to use a mixed liquid composed of a poor solvent or a good solvent having a concentration of 50 to 95% by weight and a non-solvent having a concentration of 5 to 50% by weight, like the cooling bath. Further, it is preferable to use the same poor solvent as the polymer solution as the poor solvent.
- the polymer-incorporated growth into the constricted part leads to the disappearance of the constricted part having a high interfacial energy and is stabilized in terms of energy, and therefore can be preferentially generated over the growth other than the constricted part.
- the headline and the method for improving the thickness uniformity were intensively studied.
- the thermally induced phase separation includes at least one of the following cooling steps a) and b) as a method for promoting the polymer uptake growth in the constricted portion.
- the cooling and solidification is gradually advanced by performing the cooling and solidification in the cooling bath in the vicinity of the crystallization temperature of the polymer solution.
- the temperature Tb of the cooling bath is set so as to satisfy Tc ⁇ 30 ° C. ⁇ Tb ⁇ Tc, where Tc is the crystallization temperature of the fluororesin polymer solution, and Tc ⁇ 20 ° C. ⁇ More preferably, Tb ⁇ Tc.
- the passage time of the cooling bath (that is, the immersion time in the cooling bath) is not particularly limited as long as sufficient time can be secured to complete the heat-induced phase separation including the polymer uptake and growth into the constricted portion. It may be determined experimentally in consideration of spinning speed, bath ratio, cooling capacity, and the like.
- the passage time as long as possible in the above-described cooling bath temperature range, for example, 10 seconds or more, preferably 20 seconds or more, more preferably 30 seconds or more. It is good to do.
- the cooling step includes a step of cooling using a first cooling bath that promotes crystal nucleation and growth by increasing the degree of supercooling, and then a second step that promotes polymer uptake and growth in the constricted portion. Cooling with a cooling bath may be included. The cooling step by the second cooling bath utilizes the phenomenon that the polymer uptake and growth into the constricted part occurs preferentially during the structural coarsening process of phase separation.
- Tb1 of the first cooling bath that cools the fluororesin polymer solution discharged from the die satisfies Tb1 ⁇ Tc ⁇ 30 ° C.
- the degree of supercooling is increased and the generation and growth of crystal nuclei are increased.
- Tb2 of the second cooling bath a temperature near the crystallization temperature (specifically, Tc-30 ° C ⁇ Tb2 ⁇ Tc, more preferably Tc-20 ° C ⁇ Tb2 ⁇ Tc
- the passage time of each cooling bath can be changed, for example, the passage time of the first cooling bath is 1 second to 20 seconds, preferably 3 seconds to 15 seconds, more preferably 5 seconds to 10 seconds. And the passage time of the second cooling bath is 10 seconds or longer, preferably 20 seconds or longer, more preferably 30 seconds or longer.
- Patent Document 5 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2006-297383
- Patent Document 5 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2006-297383
- the present inventors have attempted to increase the strength by stretching it. However, it was found that the film could not be stretched uniformly and the strength could not be increased.
- a porous membrane used for water treatment has a large number of voids for allowing water to permeate, and at the time of stretching, the destruction of the structure proceeds from the voids, so that the stretching itself is very difficult.
- the hollow fiber membrane has a phase-separated porous structure obtained by dry-wet spinning using the principle of non-solvent induced phase separation or thermally induced phase separation, there are many fine voids and the porosity is high. Therefore, this tendency is remarkable.
- the present inventors are not a fibrous structure having a number of constricted portions described in Patent Document 5, a network structure described in Patent Document 3, or a spherical structure described in Patent Document 4, and is uniform.
- a hollow fiber having a columnar structure having a thickness found that the entire columnar structure could be uniformly stretched, and high-strength stretching of 2.0 times or more was made possible.
- the molecular chain of the fluororesin-based polymer has been successfully stretched and oriented in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane, and the strength can be increased while maintaining high pure water permeability. succeeded in.
- the hollow fiber membrane made of the fluororesin-based polymer having a columnar structure obtained by the above method is stretched at a high magnification so that the molecular chain of the polymer is transformed into the hollow fiber membrane. Oriented in the longitudinal direction.
- the draw ratio is 2.0 to 5.0 times, more preferably 2.5 to 4.0 times, and particularly preferably 2.5 to 3.5 times.
- the draw ratio is less than 2.0 times, the orientation of the molecular chain by drawing is not sufficient, and when it exceeds 5.0 times, the elongation decreases greatly.
- the stretching temperature is preferably 60 to 140 ° C., more preferably 70 to 120 ° C., and further preferably 80 to 100 ° C.
- the stretching temperature is preferably 60 to 140 ° C., more preferably 70 to 120 ° C., and further preferably 80 to 100 ° C.
- Stretching is preferably performed in a liquid because temperature control is easy, but may be performed in a gas such as steam.
- a liquid water is convenient and preferable, but when stretching at about 90 ° C. or higher, it is also possible to preferably employ a low molecular weight polyethylene glycol or the like.
- the stock solution flows from the stock solution inlet 8 of the hollow fiber membrane module 100 and the stock solution is discharged from the stock solution outlet 10. Further, the filtrate is sent to the upper part of the hollow fiber membrane module 100 through the hollow part of the hollow fiber membrane and discharged from the filtrate outlet 9.
- the stock solution is allowed to flow parallel to the membrane surface.
- the film surface linear velocity at this time may be appropriately set in accordance with the properties of the stock solution, but is preferably 0.3 m / s or more and 5 m / s or less.
- the filtration flux at the time of cross-flow filtration may be appropriately set according to the properties of the stock solution, but is preferably 0.1 m 3 / m 2 / d or more and 5.0 m 3 / m 2 / d or less. More preferably, it is 3 m 3 / m 2 / d or more and 3.0 m 3 / m 2 / d or less.
- the clogged state of the separation membrane can be determined from the transmembrane differential pressure obtained by subtracting the pressure on the filtrate side from the pressure on the stock solution side of the separation membrane.
- the transmembrane pressure difference can be calculated from the pressure gauge upstream of the 100 stock solution inlets 8 and the pressure downstream of the filtrate outlet 9.
- the transmembrane pressure increases as clogging of the separation membrane proceeds.
- the pressure loss when the stock solution passes through the stock solution side channel of the hollow fiber membrane module 100 is large, and the pressure loss of the stock solution side channel is also included in the above calculation method. It is difficult to calculate the transmembrane pressure difference.
- the filtration side pressure when filtration is stopped is P1, and filtration is performed while feeding the stock solution to the stock solution side of the hollow fiber membrane module 100.
- ⁇ P which is a value obtained by subtracting P2 from P1, can be used as the transmembrane pressure difference during crossflow filtration.
- ⁇ Backwash method> In cross-flow filtration, filtration can be periodically stopped and backwashing can be performed. In backwashing, the backwashing liquid is supplied from the filtrate outlet 9 of the hollow fiber membrane module 100, and the backwashing liquid is flowed from the inside to the outside of the hollow fiber membrane to wash the membrane. When water permeability is restored by backwashing, the filtration time can be extended, and the frequency of chemical cleaning is reduced, so that the operating cost can be reduced.
- the backwashing may be performed with a filtrate, or other liquids such as water may be used.
- the backwashing flux at the time of backwashing may be appropriately set according to the properties of the stock solution and the clogging state of the separation membrane, but is 1.0 m 3 / m 2 / d or more and 10.0 m 3 / m 2 / It is preferably d or less, and more preferably 1.5 m 3 / m 2 / d or more and 5.0 m 3 / m 2 / d or less.
- the backwashing flux is less than 1.0 m 3 / m 2 / d, the cleaning effect is lowered, which is not preferable.
- the backwash flux exceeds 10.0 m 3 / m 2 / d, the power cost increases, and a large amount of liquid used for backwashing is required, which is not preferable.
- the orientation parameter of the polyvinylidene fluoride homopolymer in the hollow fiber membrane was determined by the following operation. The cross section in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane was sectioned by cutting with a microtome. While selecting 10 columnar structures per hollow fiber membrane and confirming the columnar structures with an optical microscope, the scattering intensity of each columnar structure is measured by laser Raman spectroscopy at 1 ⁇ m intervals along the longitudinal direction. Went. Each Raman orientation parameter was calculated by the formula (1), and the average value of each Raman orientation parameter was taken as the Raman orientation parameter ⁇ .
- Raman orientation parameter (I1270 / I840) parallel / (I1270 / I840) vertical (1) Parallel condition: the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane is parallel to the polarization direction Vertical condition: the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane is orthogonal to the polarization direction I1270 parallel: the intensity of the Raman band at 1270 cm ⁇ 1 under the parallel condition I1270 perpendicular: the vertical condition Intensity of Raman band at 1270 cm ⁇ 1 at hour I840 Parallel: Intensity of Raman band at 840 cm ⁇ 1 under parallel condition I840 Vertical: Intensity of Raman band at 840 cm ⁇ 1 under vertical condition Laser Raman spectrometer and measurement conditions are as follows: Street.
- the hollow fiber membrane was resin-embedded with an epoxy resin, and the void portion was filled with the epoxy resin by osmium staining treatment.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- FIB focused ion beam
- FIB focused ion beam
- Thickness uniformity A (overlapping area) / (resin partial area of the second cross section) (6)
- Thickness uniformity B (overlap area) / (resin partial area of the first cross section) (7)
- (Vi) Longitudinal length and short length of columnar structure The cross section along the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane produced in each example was photographed at 3000 times using a scanning electron microscope. Ten columnar tissues were arbitrarily selected from the photographed images, and the longitudinal length and short length thereof were measured. Here, as the longitudinal length of each columnar structure, the maximum length in the longitudinal direction was measured. In addition, as described above, the value obtained by dividing the longitudinal length of each columnar structure by 1 ⁇ m and rounding off the decimal part is taken as the number of measurement points, the length in the short direction is measured, and the average value thereof is calculated. By calculating, the short length of each columnar structure was obtained.
- the above photographing was performed at five locations, and the longitudinal length and the short length were determined for each of 10 columnar structures, and a total of 50 long lengths and a total of 50 short lengths were obtained. Next, an average value of a total of 50 longitudinal lengths was calculated and used as a representative value of the longitudinal length, and an average value of a total of 50 short lengths was calculated and used as a representative value of the short length.
- (Viii) Tissue Occupancy Ratio The tissue occupancy ratio is obtained by taking a cross-section in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane at 3000 times using a scanning electron microscope and taking pictures of 20 arbitrary locations, respectively, using the following formula (9): The average value was obtained.
- Occupancy rate (%) ⁇ (area occupied by each tissue) / (area of the entire photograph) ⁇ ⁇ 100 (9)
- Crystallization temperature Tc of fluororesin polymer solution Using a DSC-6200 manufactured by Seiko Denshi Kogyo Co., Ltd., a mixture of the same composition as the film-forming polymer stock solution, such as a fluororesin polymer and a solvent, is sealed in a sealed DSC vessel and dissolved at a heating rate of 10 ° C./min The temperature was raised to the temperature, kept for 30 minutes and dissolved uniformly, and then the rising temperature of the crystallization peak observed in the process of lowering the temperature at a temperature lowering rate of 10 ° C./min was defined as the crystallization temperature Tc.
- the Tc of the vinylidene fluoride homopolymer solution thus obtained (that is, the raw material solution) was 46 ° C.
- an apparatus including a double-tube base, a pipe connected to the base, and two gear pumps arranged on the pipe was used. In the pipe between the gear pumps, the raw material liquid was retained at 99 to 101 ° C.
- the raw material solution was discharged from the outer tube while discharging an 85 wt% aqueous solution of ⁇ -butyrolactone from the inner tube of the double tube die.
- the raw material liquid was retained for 20 seconds in a cooling bath composed of 85% by weight aqueous solution of ⁇ -butyrolactone at a temperature of 20 ° C. and solidified.
- the obtained hollow fiber membrane had a columnar structure with a thickness uniformity of 0.55, the occupation ratio of the columnar structure was 85%, and the spherical structure occupation ratio was 15%.
- the hollow fiber membrane obtained above was stretched 2.0 times at a stretching rate of 9% / second in 95 ° C. water.
- the hollow fiber membrane When the hollow fiber membrane after stretching was observed, a columnar structure was observed.
- the hollow fiber membrane has a columnar structure with a representative value of 16 ⁇ m for the longitudinal length, a representative value of 2.1 ⁇ m for the short length, and a thickness uniformity of 0.51, with a porosity of 56%, and a vinylidene fluoride homopolymer.
- the degree of orientation ⁇ of the molecular chain in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane cannot be calculated and is not oriented.
- the Raman orientation parameter ⁇ is 1.82
- the maximum Raman orientation parameter M is 2.31
- the minimum Raman orientation parameter m is 1. 32
- M / m was 1.8.
- the obtained hollow fiber membrane had an outer diameter of 850 ⁇ m and an inner diameter of 550 ⁇ m. Further, the breaking strength of the hollow fiber membrane was 26 MPa, and the pure water permeation performance was 1.0 m 3 / m 2 / hr.
- Reference Example 2 A raw material solution was prepared in the same manner as in Reference Example 1 except that the concentration of the vinylidene fluoride homopolymer was 39% by weight.
- the Tc of the raw material liquid was 49 ° C.
- the raw material liquid was retained at 99 to 101 ° C. for 20 seconds while being pressurized to 2.5 MPa with the same apparatus as in Reference Example 1. Then, it discharged from the double pipe type nozzle
- the obtained hollow fiber membrane had a columnar structure with a thickness uniformity of 0.69, the occupation ratio of the columnar structure was 91%, and the spherical structure occupation ratio was 9%.
- the hollow fiber membrane obtained above was stretched 2.4 times at a stretching speed of 142% / second in 95 ° C. water.
- the stretched hollow fiber membrane has a columnar structure with a typical value of 22 ⁇ m for the longitudinal length, a representative value of 1.8 ⁇ m for the short length, and a thickness uniformity of 0.62, a porosity of 54%, and vinylidene fluoride homopolymer.
- the degree of orientation ⁇ of the polymer molecular chain in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane is 0.31
- the Raman orientation parameter ⁇ is 2.53
- the maximum Raman orientation parameter M is 3.08
- the minimum Raman orientation parameter m is 1.14.
- M / m was 2.7.
- the obtained hollow fiber membrane had an outer diameter of 850 ⁇ m and an inner diameter of 550 ⁇ m. Further, the breaking strength of the hollow fiber membrane was 35 MPa, and the pure water permeation performance was 1.6 m 3 / m 2 / hr.
- the raw material solution was discharged from the outer tube while discharging a 90% by weight aqueous solution of dimethyl sulfoxide from the inner tube of the double tube die.
- the discharged raw material liquid was allowed to stay in a first cooling bath composed of 85% by weight dimethyl sulfoxide aqueous solution at a temperature of ⁇ 3 ° C. for 10 seconds, and then into a second cooling bath composed of 85% by weight aqueous solution of dimethyl sulfoxide at a temperature of 20 ° C. It was solidified by retaining for 50 seconds.
- the obtained hollow fiber membrane had a columnar structure with a thickness uniformity of 0.72, a columnar structure occupation ratio of 95%, and a spherical structure occupation ratio of 5%.
- the stretched hollow fiber membrane obtained above was stretched 2.4 times at a stretching rate of 125% / second in 95 ° C. water.
- the stretched hollow fiber membrane has a columnar structure with a typical value of 22 ⁇ m for the longitudinal length, a representative value of 1.8 ⁇ m for the short length, and a thickness uniformity of 0.70, a porosity of 56%, and vinylidene fluoride homopolymer.
- the degree of orientation ⁇ of the polymer molecular chain in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane is 0.34
- the Raman orientation parameter ⁇ is 2.96
- the maximum Raman orientation parameter M is 3.31
- the minimum Raman orientation parameter m is 1.42.
- M / m was 2.3.
- the obtained hollow fiber membrane had an outer diameter of 850 ⁇ m and an inner diameter of 550 ⁇ m.
- the breaking strength of the hollow fiber membrane was 29 MPa, and the pure water permeation performance was 2.2 m 3 / m 2 / hr.
- Reference Example 4 A raw material solution was prepared in the same manner as in Reference Example 1 except that the concentration of the vinylidene fluoride homopolymer was 39% by weight. Tc of this raw material liquid was 49 ° C. The raw material liquid was retained at 99 to 101 ° C. for 20 seconds while being pressurized to 2.5 MPa with the same apparatus as in Reference Example 1. Thereafter, in the same manner as in Reference Example 1, the raw material liquid was discharged from the double tube die.
- the discharged raw material liquid is retained for 10 seconds in a first cooling bath composed of an 85% by weight aqueous solution of ⁇ -butyrolactone at a temperature of 5 ° C., and then a second cooling bath composed of an 85% by weight aqueous solution of ⁇ -butyrolactone and having a temperature of 35 ° C. It was allowed to stay for 50 seconds to solidify.
- the obtained hollow fiber membrane had a columnar structure with a thickness uniformity of 0.68, the occupation ratio of the columnar structure was 92%, and the occupation ratio of the spherical structure was 8%. Subsequently, the hollow fiber membrane obtained above was stretched 1.8 times at a stretching rate of 2% / second in 95 ° C. water.
- the stretched hollow fiber membrane has a columnar structure with a typical value of 13 ⁇ m for the longitudinal length, a representative value of 1.9 ⁇ m for the short length, and a thickness uniformity of 0.66, a porosity of 53%, and vinylidene fluoride homopolymer.
- the degree of orientation ⁇ of the polymer molecular chain in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane cannot be calculated and is non-oriented.
- the Raman orientation parameter ⁇ is 2.13
- the maximum Raman orientation parameter M is 2.69
- the minimum Raman orientation parameter m is 1. .65 and M / m was 1.6.
- the obtained hollow fiber membrane had an outer diameter of 850 ⁇ m and an inner diameter of 550 ⁇ m.
- the breaking strength of the hollow fiber membrane was 27 MPa, and the pure water permeation performance was 0.7 m 3 / m 2 / hr.
- a raw material solution was prepared in the same manner as in Reference Example 1 except that the concentration of the vinylidene fluoride homopolymer was 36% by weight.
- the Tc of the raw material liquid was 48 ° C.
- the raw material liquid was pressurized in the same manner as in Reference Example 1, and then discharged from the double-tube base.
- the discharged raw material liquid is retained in a first cooling bath at a temperature of 10 ° C. made of 85% by weight aqueous solution of ⁇ -butyrolactone for 10 seconds, and further in a second cooling bath at a temperature of 20 ° C. made of 85% by weight aqueous solution of ⁇ -butyrolactone. For 20 seconds to solidify.
- the obtained hollow fiber membrane had a columnar structure with a thickness uniformity of 0.64, the occupation ratio of the columnar structure was 87%, and the spherical structure occupation ratio was 13%.
- the hollow fiber membrane obtained above was stretched 2.4 times at a stretching rate of 44% / second in 95 ° C. water.
- the stretched hollow fiber membrane has a columnar structure with a typical value of 18 ⁇ m in the longitudinal length, a representative value of 1.9 ⁇ m in the short length, and a thickness uniformity of 0.60, a porosity of 55%, and vinylidene fluoride homopolymer.
- the degree of orientation ⁇ of the polymer molecular chain in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane is 0.25
- the Raman orientation parameter ⁇ is 2.35
- the maximum Raman orientation parameter M is 2.84
- the minimum Raman orientation parameter m is 1.21.
- M / m was 2.4.
- the obtained hollow fiber membrane had an outer diameter of 850 ⁇ m and an inner diameter of 550 ⁇ m. Further, the breaking strength of the hollow fiber membrane was 26 MPa, and the pure water permeation performance was 2.0 m 3 / m 2 / hr.
- Reference Example 6 A raw material solution was prepared in the same manner as in Reference Example 1. The raw material liquid was retained at 99 to 101 ° C. for 20 seconds while being pressurized to 2.5 MPa by the same apparatus as in Reference Example 1. Thereafter, the raw material liquid was discharged from the die in the same manner as in Reference Example 1. The discharged raw material liquid was retained for 20 seconds in a cooling bath composed of 85% by weight aqueous solution of ⁇ -butyrolactone at a temperature of 5 ° C. and solidified. The obtained hollow fiber membrane had a columnar structure with a thickness uniformity of 0.42, the occupation ratio of the columnar structure was 90%, and the spherical structure occupation ratio was 10%.
- the stretched hollow fiber membrane obtained above was stretched 1.5 times at a stretching speed of 44% / second in 95 ° C. water.
- the stretched hollow fiber membrane has a columnar structure with a typical value of 12 ⁇ m for the longitudinal length, a representative value of 2.2 ⁇ m for the short length, and a thickness uniformity of 0.39, a porosity of 56%, and vinylidene fluoride homopolymer.
- the degree of orientation ⁇ of the polymer molecular chain in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane cannot be calculated and is not oriented.
- the Raman orientation parameter ⁇ is 1.01
- the maximum Raman orientation parameter M is 1.03
- the minimum Raman orientation parameter m is 1. 0.00 and M / m was 1.0.
- the obtained hollow fiber membrane had an outer diameter of 850 ⁇ m and an inner diameter of 550 ⁇ m.
- the breaking strength of the hollow fiber membrane was 11 MPa, and the pure water permeation performance was 1.0 m 3 / m 2 / hr.
- the obtained hollow fiber membrane had a columnar structure with a thickness uniformity of 0.62, a columnar structure occupation ratio of 86%, and a spherical structure occupation ratio of 14%. Subsequently, the hollow fiber membrane obtained above was stretched 2.5 times in water at 95 ° C. When the hollow fiber membrane after stretching was observed, a columnar structure was observed.
- the hollow fiber membrane has a columnar structure with a typical value of 16 ⁇ m in the longitudinal length, a representative value of 2.2 ⁇ m in the short length, and a thickness uniformity of 0.61, has a porosity of 55%, and a vinylidene fluoride homopolymer
- the degree of orientation ⁇ of the molecular chain in the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane was 0.61
- the Raman orientation parameter ⁇ was 3.12
- M / m was 3.1.
- the breaking strength of the hollow fiber membrane was 27 MPa
- the pure water permeation performance was 2.1 m 3 / m 2 / hr.
- a 85% by weight aqueous solution of ⁇ -butyrolactone was discharged from the inner tube of the double-tube base, and was retained for 10 seconds in a first cooling bath consisting of an 85% by weight aqueous solution of ⁇ -butyrolactone, and then ⁇ -butyrolactone. It was allowed to stay for 50 seconds in a second cooling bath composed of 85% by weight aqueous solution and having a temperature of 35 ° C. to solidify.
- the resulting hollow fiber membrane had a columnar structure with a thickness uniformity of 0.66, a columnar structure occupancy of 91%, and a spherical structure occupancy of 9%.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional photograph of the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane
- a 90% by weight aqueous solution of dimethyl sulfoxide was discharged from the inner tube of the double-tube base, and was kept in a first cooling bath composed of 85% by weight aqueous solution of dimethyl sulfoxide at a temperature of -5 ° C. for 10 seconds, and then 85% by weight of dimethyl sulfoxide. It was allowed to stay for 30 seconds in a first cooling bath made of a 15% aqueous solution at a temperature of 15 ° C. and solidified.
- the obtained hollow fiber membrane had a columnar structure with a thickness uniformity of 0.72, a columnar structure occupation ratio of 92%, and a spherical structure occupation ratio of 8%.
- the hollow fiber membrane obtained above was stretched three times in water at 95 ° C.
- the hollow fiber membrane after drawing has a columnar structure with a long length of 27 ⁇ m, a short length of 1.7 ⁇ m and a thickness uniformity of 0.69, a porosity of 64%, and a hollow fiber of vinylidene fluoride homopolymer molecular chain
- the degree of orientation ⁇ in the longitudinal direction of the film was 0.86
- the Raman orientation parameter ⁇ was 4.38
- M / m was 5.1.
- the breaking strength of the hollow fiber membrane was 52 MPa
- the pure water permeation performance was 2.3 m 3 / m 2 / hr.
- a 90% by weight aqueous solution of dimethyl sulfoxide was discharged from the inner tube of the double-tube base, and was kept in a first cooling bath composed of 85% by weight aqueous solution of dimethyl sulfoxide at a temperature of -5 ° C. for 10 seconds, and then 85% by weight of dimethyl sulfoxide. It was allowed to stay for 50 seconds in a first cooling bath composed of a% aqueous solution at a temperature of 20 ° C. and solidified.
- the obtained hollow fiber membrane had a columnar structure with a thickness uniformity of 0.72, a columnar structure occupation ratio of 95%, and a spherical structure occupation ratio of 5%.
- the hollow fiber membrane obtained above was stretched 4 times in water at 95 ° C.
- the hollow fiber membrane after drawing has a columnar structure with a long length of 40 ⁇ m, a short length of 1.1 ⁇ m, and a thickness uniformity of 0.63, a porosity of 66%, and a hollow fiber of vinylidene fluoride homopolymer molecular chain
- the degree of orientation ⁇ in the longitudinal direction of the film was 0.92
- the Raman orientation parameter ⁇ was 4.76
- M / m was 6.2.
- the breaking strength of the hollow fiber membrane was 68 MPa, and the pure water permeation performance was 2.8 m 3 / m 2 / hr.
- the obtained hollow fiber membrane had a fibrous structure with a thickness uniformity of 0.47, a fibrous tissue occupation ratio of 91%, and a spherical tissue occupation ratio of 9%. Subsequently, the hollow fiber membrane obtained above was stretched 1.5 times in water at 95 ° C.
- the stretched hollow fiber membrane has a fibrous structure with a long length of 15 ⁇ m, a short length of 2.2 ⁇ m, and a thickness uniformity of 0.45, a porosity of 63%, and no vinylidene fluoride homopolymer molecular chain.
- the orientation and Raman orientation parameter ⁇ was 1.01, and M / m was 1.0.
- the breaking strength of the hollow fiber membrane was 14 MPa, and the pure water permeation performance was 2.3 m 3 / m 2 / hr.
- FIG. 6 shows a cross-sectional photograph of the hollow fiber membrane in the longitudinal direction
- Example 1 (Module production)
- the hollow fiber membrane of Reference Example 1 was immersed in a 30% by mass glycerin aqueous solution for 1 hour and then air-dried.
- One end of the bundle of hollow fiber membranes was sealed with a silicone adhesive (manufactured by Dow Corning Toray, SH850A / B, two components mixed so that the mass ratio was 50:50).
- a silicone adhesive manufactured by Dow Corning Toray, SH850A / B, two components mixed so that the mass ratio was 50:50.
- the area where the potting agent is adhered was previously sanded with sandpaper (# 80) and degreased with ethanol. .
- the bundle of hollow fiber membranes was filled into the cylindrical case 3 and the rectifying cylinder 12 as shown in FIG.
- the filling rate of the hollow fiber membrane is 40%, and the hollow fiber is placed so that the end on the sealed side faces the first end (the right side end in FIG. 3) on the module upper side of the cylindrical case 3.
- a membrane bundle was placed, and a potting cap 14 was further attached.
- a potting cap 15 having 36 holes in the bottom was attached to the second end (the left end in FIG. 3) on the lower side of the module.
- 36 pins 13 were inserted into the bottom hole of the potting cap 15 and fixed. The positions of the pins 13 were arranged in the same manner as the through holes in FIG.
- the module with the potting caps attached to both ends was installed in the centrifugal molding machine.
- Polymeric MDI manufactured by Huntsman, Suprasec 5025
- polybutadiene-based polyol manufactured by Cray Valley, Krasol LBH 3000
- 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol were mixed so that the mass ratio was 57: 100: 26. .
- the obtained mixture (that is, polyurethane resin liquid) was put into a potting agent feeder 16. Subsequently, the centrifugal molding machine was rotated, and a potting agent was filled in the potting caps at both ends to form the first potting portion 4 and the second potting portion 5.
- the potting agent feeder 16 is divided in two directions, and the polyurethane resin liquid is poured into the module upper side (first end) and the module lower side (second end) by centrifugal force.
- the temperature in the centrifugal molding machine was 35 ° C., and the centrifugation time was 4 hours.
- the potting cap and pin were removed, and the potting agent was cured at room temperature for 24 hours.
- the potting agent portion (BB surface shown in FIG. 3) on the outside of the module upper side (first end side) of the polysulfone cylindrical case 3 is cut with a tip saw type rotary blade, and the end surface of the hollow fiber membrane was opened.
- an upper cap 6 and a lower cap 7 were attached to both ends of a polysulfone cylindrical case to obtain a hollow fiber membrane module 100.
- ethanol was fed to the hollow fiber membrane module 100 and filtered, and the pores of the hollow fiber membrane were filled with ethanol.
- RO water was fed and filtered, and ethanol was replaced with RO water.
- Budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae CM3260 strain) was prepared by using glucose 20 g / L, ammonium sulfate 5 g / L, potassium chloride 0.59 g / L, sodium chloride 0.1 g / L, calcium chloride 0.1 g / L, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate 0 The cells were cultured at 30 ° C. for 24 hours in a liquid medium containing 0.5 g / L, uracil 0.02 g / L, leucine 0.06 g / L, histidine 0.02 g / L, and tryptophan 0.04 g / L.
- the yeast culture solution was subjected to cross flow filtration using the hollow fiber membrane module 100.
- the cross-flow filtration membrane surface linear velocity was 2.0 m / s, and the filtration flux was 1 m 3 / m 2 / d.
- backwashing with the filtrate was performed.
- the backwash flux was 2 m 3 / m 2 / d.
- compressed air was supplied from the lower part of the module at 6 L / min to perform air scrubbing.
- the filtration time per cycle was 28 minutes, the backwash time was 1 minute, the air scrubbing time was 1 minute, and the cycle of crossflow filtration, backwashing, and air scrubbing was repeated 10 cycles.
- Example 2 A hollow fiber membrane module 100 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the filling rate of the hollow fiber membrane was 60%, and the yeast culture broth was subjected to cross-flow filtration. As a result, the increase in transmembrane pressure difference ⁇ P2 / ⁇ P1 was 2.2.
- Example 3 A hollow fiber membrane module 100 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the filling rate of the hollow fiber membrane was 75%, and the yeast culture broth was subjected to cross-flow filtration. As a result, the increase in transmembrane pressure difference ⁇ P2 / ⁇ P1 was 2.0.
- Example 4 A hollow fiber membrane module 100 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the hollow fiber membrane of Reference Example 2 was used, and the yeast culture broth was subjected to cross-flow filtration. As a result, the increase in transmembrane pressure difference ⁇ P2 / ⁇ P1 was 2.2.
- Example 5 A hollow fiber membrane module 100 was produced in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the hollow fiber membrane of Reference Example 3 was used, and as a result of cross-flow filtration of the yeast culture solution, the increase in transmembrane pressure difference ⁇ P2 / ⁇ P1 was 2.1.
- Example 6 A hollow fiber membrane module 100 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the hollow fiber membrane of Reference Example 4 was used, and the yeast culture broth was subjected to cross-flow filtration. As a result, the increase in transmembrane pressure difference ⁇ P2 / ⁇ P1 was 2.2.
- Example 7 A hollow fiber membrane module 100 was produced in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the hollow fiber membrane of Reference Example 5 was used, and the yeast culture liquid was subjected to cross-flow filtration. As a result, the increase in transmembrane pressure difference ⁇ P2 / ⁇ P1 was 2.1.
- Example 1 A hollow fiber membrane module 100 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the filling rate of the hollow fiber membrane was 25%, and the yeast culture broth was subjected to cross-flow filtration. As a result, the increase in transmembrane pressure difference ⁇ P2 / ⁇ P1 was 3.4, and the closure of the hollow fiber membrane was early.
- Example 2 A hollow fiber membrane module 100 was produced in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the hollow fiber membrane of Reference Example 6 was used, and as a result of cross-flow filtration of the yeast culture solution, the hollow fiber membrane was broken and the stock solution was Leaked into the filtrate.
- Example 8 Module production
- the hollow fiber membrane of Reference Example 7 was immersed in a 30% by mass glycerin aqueous solution for 1 hour and then air-dried.
- One end of the bundle of hollow fiber membranes was sealed with a silicone adhesive (manufactured by Dow Corning Toray, SH850A / B, two components mixed so that the mass ratio was 50:50).
- a silicone adhesive manufactured by Dow Corning Toray, SH850A / B, two components mixed so that the mass ratio was 50:50.
- the area where the potting agent is adhered was previously sanded with sandpaper (# 80) and degreased with ethanol. .
- the bundle of hollow fiber membranes was filled into the cylindrical case 3 and the rectifying cylinder 12 as shown in FIG.
- the filling rate of the hollow fiber membrane is 41%, and the hollow fiber is placed so that the end on the sealed side faces the first end (the right end in FIG. 3) on the module upper side of the cylindrical case 3.
- a membrane bundle was placed, and a potting cap 14 was further attached.
- a potting cap 15 having 36 holes in the bottom was attached to the second end (the left end in FIG. 3) on the lower side of the module.
- 36 pins 13 were inserted into the bottom hole of the potting cap 15 and fixed. The positions of the pins 13 were arranged in the same manner as the through holes in FIG.
- the module with the potting caps attached to both ends was installed in the centrifugal molding machine.
- Polymeric MDI manufactured by Huntsman, Suprasec 5025
- polybutadiene-based polyol manufactured by Cray Valley, Krasol LBH 3000
- 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol were mixed so that the mass ratio was 57: 100: 26. .
- the obtained mixture (that is, polyurethane resin liquid) was put into a potting agent feeder 16. Subsequently, the centrifugal molding machine was rotated, and a potting agent was filled in the potting caps at both ends to form the first potting portion 4 and the second potting portion 5.
- the potting agent feeder 16 is divided in two directions, and the polyurethane resin liquid is poured into the module upper side (first end) and the module lower side (second end) by centrifugal force.
- the temperature in the centrifugal molding machine was 35 ° C., and the centrifugation time was 4 hours.
- the potting cap and pin were removed, and the potting agent was cured at room temperature for 24 hours.
- the potting agent portion (BB surface shown in FIG. 3) on the outside of the module upper side (first end side) of the polysulfone cylindrical case 3 is cut with a tip saw type rotary blade, and the end surface of the hollow fiber membrane was opened.
- an upper cap 6 and a lower cap 7 were attached to both ends of a polysulfone cylindrical case to obtain a hollow fiber membrane module 100.
- ethanol was fed to the hollow fiber membrane module 100 and filtered, and the pores of the hollow fiber membrane were filled with ethanol.
- RO water was fed and filtered, and ethanol was replaced with RO water.
- Budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae CM3260 strain) was prepared by using glucose 20 g / L, ammonium sulfate 5 g / L, potassium chloride 0.59 g / L, sodium chloride 0.1 g / L, calcium chloride 0.1 g / L, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate 0 The cells were cultured at 30 ° C. for 24 hours in a liquid medium containing 0.5 g / L, uracil 0.02 g / L, leucine 0.06 g / L, histidine 0.02 g / L, and tryptophan 0.04 g / L.
- the yeast culture solution was subjected to cross flow filtration using the hollow fiber membrane module 100.
- the membrane surface linear velocity of the cross flow filtration was 2.5 m / s, and the filtration flux was 1 m 3 / m 2 / d.
- backwashing with the filtrate was performed.
- the backwash flux was 2 m 3 / m 2 / d.
- the filtration time per cycle was 29 minutes, the backwash time was 1 minute, and the cycle of crossflow filtration and backwash was repeated 10 cycles.
- Example 9 A hollow fiber membrane module 100 was produced in the same manner as in Example 8 except that the filling rate of the hollow fiber membrane was 60%, and the yeast culture broth was subjected to cross-flow filtration. As a result, the increase in transmembrane pressure difference ⁇ P2 / ⁇ P1 was 2.4.
- Example 10 A hollow fiber membrane module 100 was produced in the same manner as in Example 8 except that the filling rate of the hollow fiber membrane was 75%, and the yeast culture broth was subjected to cross-flow filtration. As a result, the increase in transmembrane pressure difference ⁇ P2 / ⁇ P1 was 2.1.
- Example 11 A hollow fiber membrane module 100 was produced in the same manner as in Example 9 except that the hollow fiber membrane of Reference Example 8 was used, and as a result of cross-flow filtration of the yeast culture solution, the increase in transmembrane pressure difference ⁇ P2 / ⁇ P1 was 2.4.
- Example 12 A hollow fiber membrane module 100 was produced in the same manner as in Example 9 except that the hollow fiber membrane of Reference Example 9 was used, and as a result of cross-flow filtration of the yeast culture solution, the increase in transmembrane pressure difference ⁇ P2 / ⁇ P1 was 2.5.
- Example 13 A hollow fiber membrane module 100 was produced in the same manner as in Example 9 except that the hollow fiber membrane of Reference Example 10 was used, and as a result of cross-flow filtration of the yeast culture solution, the increase in transmembrane pressure difference ⁇ P2 / ⁇ P1 was 2.4.
- Example 3 A hollow fiber membrane module 100 was produced in the same manner as in Example 8 except that the filling rate of the hollow fiber membrane was 25%, and the yeast culture broth was subjected to cross-flow filtration. As a result, the increase in transmembrane pressure difference ⁇ P2 / ⁇ P1 was 3.9, and the closure of the hollow fiber membrane was early.
- Example 4 A hollow fiber membrane module 100 was produced in the same manner as in Example 9 except that the hollow fiber membrane of Reference Example 11 was used, and as a result of cross-flow filtration of the yeast culture solution, the hollow fiber membrane was broken and the stock solution was Leaked into the filtrate.
- the hollow fiber membrane module of the present invention can be used for the treatment of various liquids such as water purification treatment, industrial water treatment, wastewater treatment, seawater desalination, fermentation liquor, food, beverage and the like.
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Abstract
Description
[1]高さ方向における第1端と第2端とを有する筒状ケースと、
前記筒状ケース内に収容される複数の中空糸膜と、
前記筒状ケースの前記第1端側に位置する複数の中空糸膜の端部を開口した状態で接着する第1ポッティング部とを備え、
前記中空糸膜の破断強度が23MPa以上であり、
前記中空糸膜の充填率が40%以上80%以下である中空糸膜モジュール。
[2]前記中空糸膜モジュールが外圧式の中空糸膜モジュールである、[1]に記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
[3]前記中空糸膜はフッ素樹脂系高分子を含有する中空糸膜であって、
前記中空糸膜の長手方向に配向する柱状組織を有し、
前記柱状組織における分子鎖が前記中空糸膜の長手方向に配向しており、
前記分子鎖のラマン配向パラメータνが1.5以上4.0以下である、[1]または[2]に記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
ラマン配向パラメータ=(I1270/I840)平行/(I1270/I840)垂直 ・・・(1)
(ただし、 平行条件:中空糸膜の長手方向と偏光方向とが平行
垂直条件:中空糸膜の長手方向と偏光方向とが直交
I1270平行:平行条件時の1270cm-1のラマンバンドの強度
I1270垂直:垂直条件時の1270cm-1のラマンバンドの強度
I840平行:平行条件時の840cm-1のラマンバンドの強度
I840垂直:垂直条件時の840cm-1のラマンバンドの強度
である。)
[4]前記柱状組織の短手長さが0.5μm以上3μm以下、且つ、該柱状組織のアスペクト比が3以上である、[1]~[3]のいずれか1項に記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
[5]前記柱状組織の太さ均一性が0.50以上である、[1]~[4]のいずれか1項に記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
[6]高さ方向における第1端と第2端とを有する筒状ケースと、
前記筒状ケース内に収容される複数の中空糸膜と、
前記筒状ケースの前記第1端側に位置する複数の中空糸膜の端部を開口した状態で接着する第1ポッティング部とを備え、
前記中空糸膜は、破断強度が25MPa以上であり、前記中空糸膜の充填率が41%以上80%以下である中空糸膜モジュール。
[7]前記中空糸膜モジュールが外圧式の中空糸膜モジュールである、[6]に記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
[8]前記中空糸膜はフッ素樹脂系高分子を含有する中空糸膜であって、
前記中空糸膜の長手方向に配向する柱状組織を有し、
前記フッ素樹脂系高分子の分子鎖の少なくとも一部が前記中空糸膜の長手方向に配向しており、
前記中空糸膜において、下記式(2)に基づき算出される配向度πが、0.4以上1.0未満である[6]または[7]に記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
配向度π=(180°-H)/180° ・・・(2)
(ただし、Hは広角X線回折像の円周方向における回折強度分布の半値幅(°)である。)
[9]前記柱状組織の短手長さが0.5μm以上3μm以下、かつ、該柱状組織のアスペクト比が3以上である、[8]に記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
[10]前記柱状組織の太さ均一性が0.60以上である、[8]または[9]に記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
[11]前記半値幅Hは、広角X線回折測定によるポリフッ化ビニリデンの(110)面由来の結晶ピーク(2θ=20.4°)を円周方向にスキャンして得られる強度分布の半値幅である、[8]~[10]のいずれか1項に記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
[12]前記中空糸膜の長手方向に1cm間隔の測定点で広角X線回折測定を行った際に、80%以上の前記測定点で、前記配向度πが0.4以上1.0未満である、[8]~[11]のいずれか1項に記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
<中空糸膜モジュール>
本発明の第1実施形態にかかる中空糸膜モジュールの構成について、図面を参照しながら説明する。図1は、本発明の第1実施形態にかかる中空糸膜モジュールを示す概略縦断面図である。
中空糸膜の充填率[%]=S2/S1×100 ・・・(3)
S2=[円周率]×[中空糸膜の外径R/2]2×[中空糸膜モジュール内の中空糸膜の本数] ・・・(4)
平均線速度[m/s]=原液流量[m3/s]/(S1-S2)[m2] ・・・(5)
中空糸膜同士を接着剤で束ねることは、ポッティングと呼ばれる。ポッティングの方法としては、遠心力を利用して液状の接着剤を中空糸膜間に浸透させてから硬化させる遠心ポッティング法と、液状の接着剤を定量ポンプまたはヘッドにより送液し自然に流動させることにより中空糸膜1間に浸透させてから硬化させる静置ポッティング法とが代表的な方法として挙げられる。遠心ポッティング法は遠心力により接着剤が中空糸膜間に浸透しやすく、高粘度の接着剤も使用することができる。
本発明の中空糸膜モジュールの中空糸膜の材質は特に限定されないが、例えばフッ素樹脂系高分子を含有した中空糸膜を使用することができる。
(a)寸法
図4に示すように、中空糸膜1は、中空糸膜1の長手方向に配向する柱状組織17を有する。「柱状組織」とは、均一な太さを有する一方向に長い形状の固形物である。柱状組織のアスペクト比(長手長さ/短手長さ)は3以上であることが好ましい。なお、図4では、柱状組織を写真で示すので、スケールを表示しているが、本発明はこれに限定されるものではない。
後述するように、本発明の中空糸膜は、高分子を含有する製膜原液から中空糸を形成し、その中空糸を延伸することで、製造可能である。便宜上、延伸前の状態を「中空糸」と呼び、延伸後の状態を「中空糸膜」と呼ぶ。
太さ均一性A=(重なり面積)/(第二の断面の樹脂部分面積) ・・・(6)
太さ均一性B=(重なり面積)/(第一の断面の樹脂部分面積) ・・・(7)
柱状組織は、フッ素樹脂系高分子を主成分として含有することが好ましく、柱状組織においてフッ素樹脂系高分子が占める割合は、80重量%以上が好ましく、90重量%以上がより好ましく、95重量%以上であることが更に好ましい。また、柱状組織は、フッ素樹脂系高分子のみで構成されていてもよい。
中空糸膜において、主たる構造が柱状組織であることが好ましい。中空糸膜において、柱状組織が占める割合は、80重量%以上が好ましく、90重量%以上がより好ましく、95重量%以上であることが更に好ましい。また、中空糸膜は、柱状組織のみで構成されていてもよい。
中空糸膜は、柱状組織の集合体である、とも表現できる。
(a)ラマン配向
本発明の中空糸膜を構成する柱状組織の分子鎖の配向は、ラマン分光法による配向解析により求めることができる。まず、中空糸膜の長手方向に沿う断面において、ミクロトームによる切削を行うことで、中空糸膜を切片化する。こうして得られた切片を光学顕微鏡で観察することで、柱状組織を確認しながら、柱状組織の長手方向に沿って、1μm間隔でレーザーラマン測定を行う。一つの柱状組織における測定点の数は、後述する柱状組織の長手長さ(μm)を1μmで除した値(小数点以下切り捨て)とする。たとえば、柱状組織の長手長さが20.5μmの時には、測定点数は20点となる。
ラマン配向パラメータ=(I1270/I840)平行/(I1270/I840)垂直 ・・・(1)
式(1)において、
平行条件:中空糸膜の長手方向と偏光方向とが平行
垂直条件:中空糸膜の長手方向と偏光方向とが直交
I1270平行:平行条件時の1270cm-1のラマンバンドの強度
I1270垂直:垂直条件時の1270cm-1のラマンバンドの強度
I840平行:平行条件時の840cm-1のラマンバンドの強度
I840垂直:垂直条件時の840cm-1のラマンバンドの強度
である。
また、1つの柱状組織の測定点の中で、最も大きなラマン配向パラメータと最も小さなラマン配向パラメータとを選ぶ操作を、10個の相異なる柱状組織について行う。選ばれた10個の最も大きなラマン配向パラメータと10個の最も小さなラマン配向パラメータとについて、それぞれ平均値を最大ラマン配向パラメータM、最小ラマン配向パラメータmとして算出する。
本発明の中空糸膜において、フッ素樹脂系高分子の分子鎖は、中空糸膜の長手方向に配向しているが、X線回折測定における分子鎖の配向度πが0.4未満であるか、あるいは分子鎖が無配向である。配向度πは、下記式(2)に基づき、広角X線回折測定によって得られた半値幅H(°)から算出される。
配向度π=(180°-H)/180° ・・・(2)
(ただし、Hは広角X線回折像の円周方向における回折強度分布の半値幅(°)である。)
本発明の中空糸膜は、高い純水透過性能と高い強度とを両立するために、空隙率は40%以上80%以下が好ましく、45%以上75%以下がより好ましく、50%以上70%以下がさらに好ましい。空隙率が、40%未満だと純水透過性能が低くなり、80%を超えると強度が著しく低下するため、水処理用の中空糸膜としての適性を欠く。
空隙率(%)={100×(空隙部分面積)}/{(樹脂部分面積)+(空隙部分面積)} ・・・(8)
本発明の中空糸膜は、実使用に適した高い靱性を有することが好ましく、靱性は引張試験のヤング率で示すことができる。中空糸膜のヤング率は、中空糸膜の用途に合わせて選択できるが、好ましくは0.15GPa以上0.40GPa未満、より好ましくは0.22GPa以上0.38GPa未満、さらに好ましくは0.24GPa以上0.36GPa未満である。ヤング率が0.15GPaより小さくなると、実使用時の応力負荷によって中空糸膜が変形しやすくなる。また、ヤング率が0.40GPa以上になると、例えば水処理用途で頻繁に実施されるスクラビング洗浄などの糸揺れ時に、中空糸膜の糸折れが発生しやすくなる。
本発明の中空糸膜は、本発明の目的を逸脱しない範囲で、上述した柱状組織以外の組織を含有していてもよい。柱状組織以外の構造としては、例えば、アスペクト比(長手長さ/短手長さ)が3未満の球状組織が挙げられる。球状組織の短手長さおよび長手長さは、0.5μm以上3μm以下の範囲であることが好ましい。球状組織を用いる場合に、その短手長さおよび長手長さが前記範囲であれば、中空糸膜の強度の低下が抑制され、かつ良好な純水透過性能を維持することができる。
占有率(%)={(各組織の占める面積)/(写真全体の面積)}×100 ・・・(9)
本発明の中空糸膜を製造する方法について、以下に例示する。中空糸膜の製造方法は、少なくとも、
1)フッ素樹脂系高分子を含有する製膜原液から、熱誘起相分離により、長さ方向に配向し、かつ0.50以上1.00未満の太さ均一性を有する柱状組織を有する中空糸を形成する工程、および
2)上記1)で得られた多孔質中空糸を長手方向に1.8倍以上2.7倍以下に、延伸速度1%/秒以上150%/秒以下で延伸する工程
を備える。
本発明における中空糸膜の製造方法は、フッ素樹脂系高分子溶液を調整する工程をさらに備える。フッ素樹脂系高分子を、フッ素樹脂系高分子の貧溶媒または良溶媒に、結晶化温度以上の比較的高温で溶解することで、フッ素樹脂系高分子溶液(つまり、フッ素樹脂系高分子を含有する製膜原液)を調製する。
中空糸の形成工程においては、温度変化により相分離を誘起する熱誘起相分離法を利用して、フッ素樹脂系高分子を含有する製膜原液から、中空糸を得る。後述する1.8倍以上の高倍率延伸を行うためには、中空糸は、その長さ方向に配向する柱状組織を有し、かつ、柱状組織の太さ均一性は0.50以上1.00未満であることが好ましい。柱状組織の太さ均一性の下限は、0.60以上であることがより好ましく、0.70以上であることが更に好ましく、0.80以上であることが特に好ましい。
a)前記製膜原液をTc-30℃<Tb≦Tcを満たす温度Tbの冷却浴に浸す工程
b)Tb1≦Tc-30℃を満たす温度Tb1の冷却浴に浸した後、Tc-30℃<Tb2≦Tcを満たす温度Tb2の冷却浴に浸す工程
(ただし、Tcは前記フッ素樹脂系高分子を含有する製膜原液の結晶化温度である。)
本発明では、以上の方法で得られる柱状組織を有するフッ素樹脂系高分子からなる中空糸膜を低速度で高倍率延伸することで、該高分子の分子鎖を該中空糸膜の長手方向に配向させる。その結果、上述の範囲のラマン配向パラメータνおよびX線回折における配向度が実現される。
延伸速度(%/秒)=(延伸倍率×100-100)÷延伸時間(秒)
クロスフローろ過では中空糸膜モジュール100の原液流入口8から原液が流入し、原液出口10から原液が排出される。またろ過液は中空糸膜の中空部を通って中空糸膜モジュール100の上部に送られ、ろ過液出口9から排出される。
クロスフローろ過では、定期的にろ過を停止し、逆洗を実施することもできる。逆洗は中空糸膜モジュール100のろ過液出口9から逆洗液を供給して、中空糸膜の内側から外側に向かって逆洗液を流し、膜を洗浄する。逆洗により透水性が回復すると、ろ過時間を延長することができ、薬液洗浄の頻度が減るため運転コストを低減できる。逆洗はろ過液で実施してもよいし、水など他の液体を使用することもできる。
エアスクラビングは中空糸膜モジュール100の原液流入口8から圧縮空気を導入し、原液出口10から空気を排出させることで、気泡によるせん断応力や中空糸膜の揺動により洗浄する。エアスクラビングにおける空気供給流量は、中空糸膜モジュールの横断面における面積やモジュール長さによっても異なるが、中空糸膜モジュールの横断面における面積あたり70~400m3/m2/hrとするのが好ましい。
<中空糸膜モジュール>
本発明の第2実施形態にかかる中空糸膜モジュールの構成について、図面を参照しながら説明する。図1は、本発明の第2実施形態にかかる中空糸膜モジュールを示す概略縦断面図である。
中空糸膜の充填率[%]=S2/S1×100 ・・・(3)
S2=[円周率]×[中空糸膜の外径R/2]2×[中空糸膜モジュール内の中空糸膜の本数] ・・・(4)
平均線速度[m/s]=原液流量[m3/s]/(S1-S2)[m2] ・・・(5)
中空糸膜同士を接着剤で束ねることは、ポッティングと呼ばれる。ポッティングの方法としては、遠心力を利用して液状の接着剤を中空糸膜間に浸透させてから硬化させる遠心ポッティング法と、液状の接着剤を定量ポンプまたはヘッドにより送液し自然に流動させることにより中空糸膜1間に浸透させてから硬化させる静置ポッティング法とが代表的な方法として挙げられる。遠心ポッティング法は遠心力により接着剤が中空糸膜間に浸透しやすく、高粘度の接着剤も使用することができる。
本発明の中空糸膜モジュールの中空糸膜の材質は特に限定されないが、例えばフッ素樹脂系高分子を含有した中空糸膜を使用することができる。
本発明の中空糸膜において、前記フッ素樹脂系高分子の分子鎖の少なくとも一部が前記中空糸膜の長手方向に配向しており、配向度πは、0.4以上1.0未満である。配向度πは、下記式(2)に基づき、広角X線回折測定によって得られた半値幅H(°)から算出される。
配向度π=(180°-H)/180° ・・・(2)
(ただし、Hは広角X線回折像の円周方向における回折強度分布の半値幅(°)である。)
本発明の中空糸膜における分子鎖の中空糸膜の長手方向への配向度πは、0.4以上1.0未満の範囲であり、好ましくは0.5以上1.0未満であり、より好ましくは0.6以上1.0未満である。配向度πが0.4以上であることで、中空糸膜の機械的強度が大きくなる。なお、配向度πは、中空糸膜の長手方向に1cm間隔の測定点で広角X線回折測定を行った際に、80%以上の測定点で、0.4以上1.0未満であることが好ましい。
ラマン配向パラメータ=(I1270/I840)平行/(I1270/I840)垂直 ・・・(1)
平行条件:中空糸膜の長手方向と偏光方向とが平行
垂直条件:中空糸膜の長手方向と偏光方向とが直交
I1270平行:平行条件時の1270cm-1のラマンバンドの強度
I1270垂直:垂直条件時の1270cm-1のラマンバンドの強度
I840平行:平行条件時の840cm-1のラマンバンドの強度
I840垂直:垂直条件時の840cm-1のラマンバンドの強度
である。
(a)寸法
中空糸膜は、中空糸膜の長手方向に配向する柱状組織を有する。「柱状組織」とは、均一な太さを有する一方向に長い形状の固形物である。柱状組織のアスペクト比(長手長さ/短手長さ)は3以上であることが好ましい。
後述するように、本発明の中空糸膜は、高分子を含有する製膜原液から中空糸を形成し、その中空糸を延伸することで、製造可能である。便宜上、延伸前の状態を「中空糸」と呼び、延伸後の状態を「中空糸膜」と呼ぶ。
太さ均一性A=(重なり面積)/(第二の断面の樹脂部分面積) ・・・(6)
太さ均一性B=(重なり面積)/(第一の断面の樹脂部分面積) ・・・(7)
柱状組織は、フッ素樹脂系高分子を主成分として含有することが好ましく、柱状組織においてフッ素樹脂系高分子が占める割合は、80重量%以上が好ましく、90重量%以上がより好ましく、95重量%以上であることが更に好ましい。また、柱状組織は、フッ素樹脂系高分子のみで構成されていてもよい。
中空糸膜において、主たる構造が柱状組織であることが好ましい。中空糸膜において、柱状組織が占める割合は、80重量%以上が好ましく、90重量%以上がより好ましく、95重量%以上であることが更に好ましい。また、中空糸膜は、柱状組織のみで構成されていてもよい。
本発明の中空糸膜は、高い純水透過性能と高い強度を両立するために、空隙率は41%以上90%以下が好ましく、50%以上80%以下がより好ましく、50%以上70%以下がさらに好ましい。空隙率が、41%未満だと純水透過性能が低くなり、90%を超えると強度が著しく低下するため、水処理用の中空糸膜としての適性を欠く。中空糸膜の空隙率は、上述した断面における樹脂部分面積と空隙部分面積とを用いて、下記式(8)によって求められる。精度を高めるために、任意の20点以上、好ましくは30点以上の断面について空隙率を求め、それらの平均値を用いることが好ましい。
空隙率(%)={100×(空隙部分面積)}/{(樹脂部分面積)+(空隙部分面積)} ・・・(8)
本発明の中空糸膜は、本発明の目的を逸脱しない範囲で、上述した柱状組織以外の組織を含有していてもよい。柱状組織以外の構造としては、例えば、アスペクト比(長手長さ/短手長さ)が3未満の球状組織が挙げられる。球状組織の短手長さおよび長手長さは、0.5μm以上3μm以下の範囲であることが好ましい。球状組織を用いる場合に、その短手長さおよび長手長さが前記範囲であれば、中空糸膜の強度の低下が抑制され、かつ良好な純水透過性能を維持することができる。
占有率(%)={(各組織の占める面積)/(写真全体の面積)}×100 ・・・(9)
本発明の中空糸膜を製造する方法について、以下に例示する。中空糸膜の製造方法は、少なくとも、
1)フッ素樹脂系高分子を含有する製膜原液から、熱誘起相分離により、長さ方向に配向し、かつ0.60以上1.00未満の太さ均一性を有する柱状組織を有する中空糸を形成する工程、および
2)上記1)で得られた多孔質中空糸を長手方向に2.0倍以上5.0倍以下で延伸する工程
を備える。
本発明における中空糸膜の製造方法は、フッ素樹脂系高分子溶液を調整する工程をさらに備える。フッ素樹脂系高分子を、フッ素樹脂系高分子の貧溶媒または良溶媒に、結晶化温度以上の比較的高温で溶解することで、フッ素樹脂系高分子溶液(つまり、フッ素樹脂系高分子を含有する製膜原液)を調製する。
中空糸の形成工程においては、温度変化により相分離を誘起する熱誘起相分離法を利用して、フッ素樹脂系高分子を含有する製膜原液から、中空糸を得る。後述する2.0倍以上の高倍率延伸を行うためには、中空糸は、その長さ方向に配向する柱状組織を有し、かつ、柱状組織の太さ均一性は0.60以上1.00未満であることが好ましい。柱状組織の太さ均一性の下限は、0.70以上であることがより好ましく、0.80以上であることが更に好ましく、0.90以上であることが特に好ましい。
a)前記製膜原液をTc-30℃<Tb≦Tcを満たす温度Tbの冷却浴に浸す工程
b)Tb1≦Tc-30℃を満たす温度Tb1の冷却浴に浸した後、Tc-30℃<Tb2≦Tcを満たす温度Tb2の冷却浴に浸す工程
(ただし、Tcは前記フッ素樹脂系高分子を含有する製膜原液の結晶化温度である。)
最後に、本発明では、以上の方法で得られる柱状組織を有するフッ素樹脂系高分子からなる中空糸膜を高倍率延伸することで、該高分子の分子鎖を該中空糸膜の長手方向に配向させる。
クロスフローろ過では中空糸膜モジュール100の原液流入口8から原液が流入し、原液出口10から原液が排出される。またろ過液は中空糸膜の中空部を通って中空糸膜モジュール100の上部に送られ、ろ過液出口9から排出される。
クロスフローろ過では、定期的にろ過を停止し、逆洗を実施することもできる。逆洗は中空糸膜モジュール100のろ過液出口9から逆洗液を供給して、中空糸膜の内側から外側に向かって逆洗液を流し、膜を洗浄する。逆洗により透水性が回復すると、ろ過時間を延長することができ、薬液洗浄の頻度が減るため運転コストを低減できる。逆洗はろ過液で実施してもよいし、水など他の液体を使用することもできる。
中空糸膜4本からなる有効長さ200mmの小型モジュールを作製した。このモジュールに、温度25℃、ろ過差圧16kPaの条件で、1時間にわたって蒸留水を送液し得られた透過水量(m3)を測定し、単位時間(h)および単位膜面積(m2)当たりの数値に換算し、さらに圧力(50kPa)換算して純水透過性能(m3/m2/h)とした。なお、単位膜面積は平均外径と中空糸膜の有効長とから算出した。
引っ張り試験機(TENSILON(登録商標)/RTM-100、東洋ボールドウィン株式会社製)を用い、測定長さ50mmの試料を、25℃の雰囲気中で引っ張り速度50mm/分で、試料を変えて5回以上試験し、破断強度、破断伸度、ヤング率の平均値を求めることで算出した。
中空糸膜中のポリフッ化ビニリデンホモポリマーの配向のパラメータを以下の操作により求めた。
中空糸膜の長手方向の断面を、ミクロトームによる切削により切片化した。中空糸膜1本あたり10個の柱状組織を選択し、光学顕微鏡で柱状組織を確認しながら、それぞれの柱状組織について、その長手方向に沿って、1μm間隔でレーザーラマン分光法により散乱強度の測定を行った。
それぞれのラマン配向パラメータを式(1)により算出し、各ラマン配向パラメータの平均値をラマン配向パラメータνとした。また、10個の相異なる柱状組織の中で、最も大きなラマン配向パラメータと最も小さなラマン配向パラメータとを選び、それらについてそれぞれ平均値を求め、最大ラマン配向パラメータM、最小ラマン配向パラメータmとし、M/mを算出した。
ラマン配向パラメータ=(I1270/I840)平行/(I1270/I840)垂直 ・・・(1)
平行条件:中空糸膜の長手方向と偏光方向とが平行
垂直条件:中空糸膜の長手方向と偏光方向とが直交
I1270平行:平行条件時の1270cm-1のラマンバンドの強度
I1270垂直:垂直条件時の1270cm-1のラマンバンドの強度
I840平行:平行条件時の840cm-1のラマンバンドの強度
I840垂直:垂直条件時の840cm-1のラマンバンドの強度
レーザーラマン分光装置および測定条件は以下の通りである。
装置:Jobin Yvon/愛宕物産 T-64000
条件:測定モード;顕微ラマン
対物レンズ;×100
ビーム径;1μm
光源;Ar+レーザー/514.5nm
レーザーパワー;100mW
回折格子;Single 600gr/mm
スリット;100μm
検出器;CCD/Jobin Yvon 1024×256
まず、中空糸膜をエポキシ樹脂で樹脂包埋し、オスミウム染色処理することで、空隙部分をエポキシ樹脂で埋めた。次に、集束イオンビーム(FIB)を備えた走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)を用いて、中空糸膜の短手方向に平行な面を、FIBを用いて切り出し、FIBによる切削加工とSEM観察とを、中空糸膜の長手方向に向かって50nm間隔で繰り返し200回実施し、10μmの深さの情報を得た。
太さ均一性は、上記FIBを用いた連続断面観察で得た中空糸膜の短手方向に平行な第一の断面と第二の断面とを比較することで求めた。ここで、第一の断面と第二の断面とは、5μmの間隔を持つ互いに平行な面となるように、20組を選定した。
まず、それぞれの断面において、樹脂からなる部分と空隙部分(エポキシ部分)とを区別し、樹脂部分面積と空隙部分面積とを測定した。次に、両断面に垂直な方向から、第一の断面を第二の断面に投影した時に、第一の断面の樹脂からなる部分と第二の断面との樹脂からなる部分とが重なる部分の面積(重なり面積)を測定した。
各組における太さ均一性を、下記式(6)および(7)によって求められる太さ均一性A、Bを平均した値として算出した。AとBとの平均値が20個得られるので、この20個の値から得られる平均値を、その膜の太さ均一性とした。
また、16組以上で太さ均一性0.50以上となった場合に柱状組織を有するとし、15組以下の場合には繊維状組織を有するとした。
太さ均一性A=(重なり面積)/(第二の断面の樹脂部分面積) ・・・(6)
太さ均一性B=(重なり面積)/(第一の断面の樹脂部分面積) ・・・(7)
中空糸膜の長手方向が鉛直となるように繊維試料台に取り付け、X線回折装置(Rigaku社製、高分子用SmartLab、CuKα線)を用いて、X線回折測定(2θ/θスキャン、βスキャン)を行った。まず、2θ/θスキャンで、2θ=20.4°にピークトップがあることを確認した。次に、βスキャンにて、2θ=20.4°の回折ピークに対し、方位角方向に0°から360°までの強度を測定することにより、方位角方向の強度分布を得た。ここで、方位角180°の強度と方位角90°の強度との比が0.80以下、または、1.25以上となる場合にピークが存在するとみなし、この方位角方向の強度分布において、ピーク高さの半分の位置における幅(半値幅H)を求め、下記式(2)によって配向度πを算出した。なお、βスキャンにおける強度の極小値が0°と180°付近に見られたため、これらを通る直線をベースラインとした。
配向度π=(180°-H)/180° ・・・(2)
各例で作製した中空糸膜について、その長手方向に沿った断面を、走査型電子顕微鏡を用いて3000倍で撮影した。撮影された画像から、任意に10個の柱状組織を選択し、それぞれの長手長さ、短手長さを測定した。ここで、各柱状組織の長手長さとしては、長手方向の最大長さを測定した。また、上述したように、各柱状組織の長手長さを1μmで除して小数点以下を切り捨てることで得られた値を測定点数とし、短手方向の長さを測定し、それらの平均値を算出することで、各柱状組織の短手長さを求めた。
上記撮影を5箇所で行い、それぞれ任意の10個の柱状組織について長手長さと短手長さとを求め、合計50個の長手長さと合計50個の短手長さとを得た。ついで、合計50個の長手長さの平均値を算出し、長手長さの代表値とし、合計50個の短手長さの平均値を算出し、短手長さの代表値とした。
空隙率は、「(vi)太さ均一性」で得た20組の第一の断面と第二の断面、すなわち、合計40点の断面から、任意の20点の断面について、樹脂部分面積と空隙部分面積とを用いて、下記式(8)によって求め、それらの平均値を用いた。
空隙率(%)={100×(空隙部分面積)}/{(樹脂部分面積)+(空隙部分面積)} ・・・(8)
組織の占有率は、中空糸膜の長手方向の断面を、走査型電子顕微鏡を用いて3000倍で任意の20カ所の写真を撮影し、下記式(9)でそれぞれ求め、それらの平均値を採用した。ここで写真全体の面積および組織の占める面積は、撮影された写真を紙に印刷し、写真全体に対応する紙の重量およびそこから切り取った組織部分に対応する紙の重量としてそれぞれ置き換えて求めた。
占有率(%)={(各組織の占める面積)/(写真全体の面積)}×100 ・・・(9)
セイコー電子工業株式会社製DSC-6200を用いて、フッ素樹脂系高分子と溶媒など製膜高分子原液組成と同組成の混合物を密封式DSC容器に密封し、昇温速度10℃/minで溶解温度まで昇温し、30分保持して均一に溶解した後に、降温速度10℃/minで降温する過程で観察される結晶化ピークの立ち上がり温度を結晶化温度Tcとした。
重量平均分子量41.7万のフッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー(株式会社クレハ製KF1300、重量平均分子量:41.7万、数平均分子量:22.1万)35重量%とγ-ブチロラクトン65重量%とを150℃で溶解した。こうして得られたフッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー溶液(つまり原料液)のTcは46℃であった。
原料液の加圧および吐出には、二重管式口金と、その口金につながれた配管と、その配管上に配置された2つのギヤーポンプとを備える装置を用いた。ギヤーポンプ間の配管内で、上記原料液を、2.5MPaに加圧しながら、99~101℃で15秒間滞留させた。その後、二重管式口金の内側の管からγ-ブチロラクトン85重量%水溶液を吐出しながら、外側の管から原料液を吐出した。γ-ブチロラクトン85重量%水溶液からなる温度20℃の冷却浴中に原料液を20秒間滞留させ、固化させた。
得られた中空糸膜は、太さ均一性0.55の柱状組織を有し、柱状組織の占有率は85%であり、球状組織占有率は15%であった。
ついで、95℃の水中にて、上記で得られた中空糸膜を延伸速度9%/秒で2.0倍に延伸した。
延伸後の中空糸膜を観察したところ、柱状組織が認められた。また、中空糸膜において、長手長さの代表値16μm、短手長さの代表値2.1μm、太さ均一性0.51の柱状組織を有し、空隙率が56%、フッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー分子鎖の中空糸膜の長手方向への配向度πは算出できず無配向であり、ラマン配向パラメータνは1.82、最大ラマン配向パラメータMは2.31、最小ラマン配向パラメータmは1.32、M/mは1.8であった。なお得られた中空糸膜の外径は850μm、内径は550μmだった。また中空糸膜の破断強度は26MPa、純水透過性能は1.0m3/m2/hrであった。
フッ化ビニリデンホモポリマーの濃度を39重量%とした以外は、参考例1と同様に原料液を調整した。原料液のTcは49℃であった。
原料液を、参考例1と同じ装置で2.5MPaに加圧しながら、99~101℃で20秒間滞留させた。その後、参考例1と同様に二重管式口金から吐出した。吐出された原料液を、γ-ブチロラクトン85重量%水溶液からなる温度5℃の第1冷却浴中に10秒間滞留させ、ついで、γ-ブチロラクトン85重量%水溶液からなる温度30℃の第2冷却浴中に40秒間滞留させることで、固化させた。
得られた中空糸膜は、太さ均一性0.69の柱状組織を有し、柱状組織の占有率は91%であり、球状組織占有率は9%であった。
ついで、95℃の水中にて、上記で得られた中空糸膜を延伸速度142%/秒で2.4倍に延伸した。
延伸後の中空糸膜は、長手長さの代表値22μm、短手長さの代表値1.8μm、太さ均一性0.62の柱状組織を有し、空隙率が54%、フッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー分子鎖の中空糸膜の長手方向への配向度πは0.31であり、ラマン配向パラメータνは2.53、最大ラマン配向パラメータMは3.08、最小ラマン配向パラメータmは1.14、M/mは2.7であった。なお得られた中空糸膜の外径は850μm、内径は550μmだった。また中空糸膜の破断強度は35MPa、純水透過性能は1.6m3/m2/hrであった。
重量平均分子量41.7万のフッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー(株式会社クレハ製KF1300、重量平均分子量:41.7万、数平均分子量:22.1万)42重量%とジメチルスルホキシド58重量%とを130℃で溶解した。こうして得られたフッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー溶液(つまり原料液)のTcは35℃であった。
ギヤーポンプを備える上述の装置により、この原料液を、参考例1と同じ装置で、2.5MPaに加圧しながら、78~80℃で20秒間滞留させた。その後、ジメチルスルホキシド90重量%水溶液を二重管式口金の内側の管から吐出しながら、外側の管から原料液を吐出した。吐出した原料液を、ジメチルスルホキシド85重量%水溶液からなる温度-3℃の第1冷却浴中に10秒間滞留させ、ついで、ジメチルスルホキシド85重量%水溶液からなる温度20℃の第2冷却浴中に50秒間滞留させることで、固化させた。得られた中空糸膜は、太さ均一性0.72の柱状組織を有し、柱状組織の占有率は95%であり、球状組織占有率は5%であった。
ついで、95℃の水中にて、上記で得られた中空糸膜を延伸速度125%/秒で2.4倍に延伸した。延伸後の中空糸膜は、長手長さの代表値22μm、短手長さの代表値1.8μm、太さ均一性0.70の柱状組織を有し、空隙率が56%、フッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー分子鎖の中空糸膜の長手方向への配向度πは0.34であり、ラマン配向パラメータνは2.96、最大ラマン配向パラメータMは3.31、最小ラマン配向パラメータmは1.42、M/mは2.3であった。なお得られた中空糸膜の外径は850μm、内径は550μmだった。また中空糸膜の破断強度は29MPa、純水透過性能は2.2m3/m2/hrであった。
フッ化ビニリデンホモポリマーの濃度を39重量%とした以外は、参考例1と同様に原料液を調整した。この原料液のTcは49℃であった。
原料液を、参考例1と同じ装置で2.5MPaに加圧しながら、99~101℃で20秒間滞留させた。その後、参考例1と同様に、原料液を二重管式口金から吐出した。吐出された原料液を、γ-ブチロラクトン85重量%水溶液からなる温度5℃の第1冷却浴中に10秒間滞留させ、ついで、γ-ブチロラクトン85重量%水溶液からなる温度35℃の第2冷却浴中に50秒間滞留させ、固化させた。
得られた中空糸膜は、太さ均一性0.68の柱状組織を有し、柱状組織の占有率は92%であり、球状組織占有率は8%であった。
ついで、95℃の水中にて、上記で得られた中空糸膜を延伸速度2%/秒で1.8倍に延伸した。
延伸後の中空糸膜は、長手長さの代表値13μm、短手長さの代表値1.9μm、太さ均一性0.66の柱状組織を有し、空隙率が53%、フッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー分子鎖の中空糸膜の長手方向への配向度πは算出できず無配向であり、ラマン配向パラメータνは2.13、最大ラマン配向パラメータMは2.69、最小ラマン配向パラメータmは1.65、M/mは1.6であった。なお得られた中空糸膜の外径は850μm、内径は550μmだった。また中空糸膜の破断強度は27MPa、純水透過性能は0.7m3/m2/hrであった。
フッ化ビニリデンホモポリマーの濃度を36重量%とした以外は、参考例1と同様に原料液を調整した。原料液のTcは48℃であった。
原料液を、参考例1と同様に加圧してから、二重管式口金から吐出した。吐出された原料液をγ-ブチロラクトン85重量%水溶液からなる温度10℃の第1冷却浴中に10秒間滞留させ、さらに、γ-ブチロラクトン85重量%水溶液からなる温度20℃の第2冷却浴中に20秒間滞留させ、固化させた。
得られた中空糸膜は、太さ均一性0.64の柱状組織を有し、柱状組織の占有率は87%であり、球状組織占有率は13%であった。
ついで、95℃の水中にて、上記で得られた中空糸膜を延伸速度44%/秒で2.4倍に延伸した。延伸後の中空糸膜は、長手長さの代表値18μm、短手長さの代表値1.9μm、太さ均一性0.60の柱状組織を有し、空隙率が55%、フッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー分子鎖の中空糸膜の長手方向への配向度πは0.25であり、ラマン配向パラメータνは2.35、最大ラマン配向パラメータMは2.84、最小ラマン配向パラメータmは1.21、M/mは2.4であった。なお得られた中空糸膜の外径は850μm、内径は550μmだった。また中空糸膜の破断強度は26MPa、純水透過性能は2.0m3/m2/hrであった。
参考例1と同様に原料液を調整した。原料液を参考例1と同様の装置により2.5MPaに加圧しながら、99~101℃で20秒間滞留させた。その後、参考例1と同様に原料液を口金から吐出した。吐出された原料液をγ-ブチロラクトン85重量%水溶液からなる温度5℃の冷却浴中に20秒間滞留させ固化させた。
得られた中空糸膜は、太さ均一性0.42の柱状組織を有し、柱状組織の占有率は90%であり、球状構造占有率は10%であった。
ついで、95℃の水中にて、上記で得られた中空糸膜を延伸速度44%/秒で1.5倍に延伸した。
延伸後の中空糸膜は、長手長さの代表値12μm、短手長さの代表値2.2μm、太さ均一性0.39の柱状組織を有し、空隙率が56%、フッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー分子鎖の中空糸膜の長手方向への配向度πは算出できず無配向であり、ラマン配向パラメータνは1.01、最大ラマン配向パラメータMは1.03、最小ラマン配向パラメータmは1.00、M/mは1.0であった。なお得られた中空糸膜の外径は850μm、内径は550μmだった。また中空糸膜の破断強度は11MPa、純水透過性能は1.0m3/m2/hrであった。
フッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー(株式会社クレハ製KF1300、重量平均分子量:41.7万、数平均分子量:22.1万)36重量%とγ-ブチロラクトン64重量%とを150℃で溶解した。このフッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー溶液のTcは48℃であった。該溶液を2つのギヤーポンプを設置することにより、その間のライン上で2.0MPaに加圧し、99~101℃で20秒間滞留させた後、二重管式口金の外側の管から吐出し、同時にγ-ブチロラクトン85重量%水溶液を二重管式口金の内側の管から吐出し、γ-ブチロラクトン85重量%水溶液からなる温度25℃の冷却浴中に20秒間滞留させ固化させた。得られた中空糸膜は、太さ均一性0.62の柱状組織を有し、柱状組織の占有率は86%であり、球状組織占有率は14%であった。
ついで、95℃の水中にて、上記で得られた中空糸膜を2.5倍に延伸した。延伸後の中空糸膜を観察したところ、柱状組織が認められた。また、中空糸膜において、長手長さの代表値16μm、短手長さの代表値2.2μm、太さ均一性0.61の柱状組織を有し、空隙率が55%、フッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー分子鎖の中空糸膜の長手方向への配向度πは0.61、ラマン配向パラメータνは3.12、M/mは3.1であった。また中空糸膜の破断強度は27MPa、純水透過性能は2.1m3/m2/hrであった。
フッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー(株式会社クレハ製KF1300、重量平均分子量:41.7万、数平均分子量:22.1万)38重量%とγ-ブチロラクトン62重量%とを150℃で溶解した。このフッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー溶液のTcは51℃であった。該溶液を2つのギヤーポンプを設置することにより、その間のライン上で2.0MPaに加圧し、99~101℃で20秒間滞留させた後、二重管式口金の外側の管から吐出し、同時にγ-ブチロラクトン85重量%水溶液を二重管式口金の内側の管から吐出し、γ-ブチロラクトン85重量%水溶液からなる温度5℃の第1冷却浴中に10秒間滞留させ、ついで、γ-ブチロラクトン85重量%水溶液からなる温度35℃の第2冷却浴中に50秒間滞留させ、固化させた。得られた中空糸膜は、太さ均一性0.66の柱状組織を有し、柱状組織占有率は91%であり、球状組織占有率は9%であった。
ついで、95℃の水中にて、上記で得られた中空糸膜を3.5倍に延伸した。延伸後の中空糸膜は、長手長さ28μm、短手長さ1.3μm、太さ均一性0.62の柱状組織を有し、空隙率が61%、フッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー分子鎖の中空糸膜の長手方向への配向度πは0.89、ラマン配向パラメータνは4.42、M/mは5.1であった。また中空糸膜の破断強度は62MPa、純水透過性能は2.6m3/m2/hrであった。また中空糸膜の長手方向の断面写真を図5に、中空糸膜の2θ=20.4°における方位角方向の強度分布を図7に、中空糸膜の各測定箇所におけるラマン配向パラメータを図8に示す。
フッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー(株式会社クレハ製KF1300、重量平均分子量:41.7万、数平均分子量:22.1万)40重量%とジメチルスルホキシド60重量%とを130℃で溶解した。このフッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー溶液のTcは30℃であった。該溶液を2つのギヤーポンプを設置することにより、その間のライン上で2.0MPaに加圧し、78~80℃で20秒間滞留させた後、二重管式口金の外側の管から吐出し、同時にジメチルスルホキシド90重量%水溶液を二重管式口金の内側の管から吐出し、ジメチルスルホキシド85重量%水溶液からなる温度-5℃の第1冷却浴中に10秒間滞留させ、ついで、ジメチルスルホキシド85重量%水溶液からなる温度15℃の第1冷却浴中に30秒間滞留させ、固化させた。得られた中空糸膜は、太さ均一性0.72の柱状組織を有し、柱状組織占有率は92%であり、球状組織占有率は8%であった。
ついで、95℃の水中にて、上記で得られた中空糸膜を3倍に延伸した。延伸後の中空糸膜は、長手長さ27μm、短手長さ1.7μm、太さ均一性0.69の柱状組織を有し、空隙率が64%、フッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー分子鎖の中空糸膜の長手方向への配向度πは0.86、ラマン配向パラメータνは4.38、M/mは5.1であった。また中空糸膜の破断強度は52MPa、純水透過性能は2.3m3/m2/hrであった。
フッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー(株式会社クレハ製KF1300、重量平均分子量:41.7万、数平均分子量:22.1万)40重量%とジメチルスルホキシド60重量%とを130℃で溶解した。このフッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー溶液のTcは30℃であった。該溶液を2つのギヤーポンプを設置することにより、その間のライン上で2.0MPaに加圧し、78~80℃で20秒間滞留させた後、二重管式口金の外側の管から吐出し、同時にジメチルスルホキシド90重量%水溶液を二重管式口金の内側の管から吐出し、ジメチルスルホキシド85重量%水溶液からなる温度-5℃の第1冷却浴中に10秒間滞留させ、ついで、ジメチルスルホキシド85重量%水溶液からなる温度20℃の第1冷却浴中に50秒間滞留させ、固化させた。得られた中空糸膜は、太さ均一性0.72の柱状組織を有し、柱状組織占有率は95%であり、球状組織占有率は5%であった。
ついで、95℃の水中にて、上記で得られた中空糸膜を4倍に延伸した。延伸後の中空糸膜は、長手長さ40μm、短手長さ1.1μm、太さ均一性0.63の柱状組織を有し、空隙率が66%、フッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー分子鎖の中空糸膜の長手方向への配向度πは0.92、ラマン配向パラメータνは4.76、M/mは6.2であった。また中空糸膜の破断強度は68MPa、純水透過性能は2.8m3/m2/hrであった。
フッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー(株式会社クレハ製KF1300、重量平均分子量:41.7万、数平均分子量:22.1万)38重量%とγ-ブチロラクトン62重量%とを150℃で溶解した。このフッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー溶液のTcは51℃であった。該溶液を2つのギヤーポンプを設置することにより、その間のライン上で2.0MPaに加圧し、99~101℃で20秒間滞留させた後、二重管式口金の外側の管から吐出し、同時にγ-ブチロラクトン85重量%水溶液を二重管式口金の内側の管から吐出し、γ-ブチロラクトン85重量%水溶液からなる温度5℃の冷却浴中に20秒間滞留させ固化させた。得られた中空糸膜は、太さ均一性0.47の繊維状組織を有し、繊維状組織占有率は91%であり、球状組織占有率は9%であった。
ついで、95℃の水中にて、上記で得られた中空糸膜を1.5倍に延伸した。延伸後の中空糸膜は、長手長さ15μm、短手長さ2.2μm、太さ均一性0.45の繊維状組織を有し、空隙率が63%、フッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー分子鎖は無配向、ラマン配向パラメータνは1.01、M/mは1.0であった。また中空糸膜の破断強度は14MPa、純水透過性能は2.3m3/m2/hrであった。また中空糸膜の長手方向の断面写真を図6に、中空糸膜の2θ=20.4°における方位角方向の強度分布を図7に示す。
(モジュール作製)
参考例1の中空糸膜を30質量%グリセリン水溶液に1時間浸漬後、風乾した。この中空糸膜の束の片端をシリコーン接着剤(東レ・ダウコーニング社製、SH850A/B、2剤を質量比が50:50となるように混合したもの)で封止した。
ポリスルホン製の筒状ケース3(内径50mm、長さ500mm)および整流筒12の表面で、ポッティング剤が接着される領域については、予めサンドペーパー(#80)でヤスリがけを行い、エタノールで脱脂した。その後、前述の中空糸膜の束を、図3に示すように筒状ケース3および整流筒12内に充填した。このとき中空糸膜の充填率は40%とし、筒状ケース3のモジュール上部側となる第1端部(図3の右側端部)に封止した側の端部が向くように、中空糸膜束を配置し、さらにポッティングキャップ14を装着した。モジュール下部側となる第2端部(図3の左側端部)には底に36個の穴が空いたポッティングキャップ15を装着した。その後ポッティングキャップ15の底の穴に36本のピン13を差し込んで固定した。ピン13の位置は図2の貫通孔と同様に配置した。こうして両端にポッティングキャップが装着されたモジュールを遠心成型機内に設置した。
ポリメリックMDI(Huntsman社製、Suprasec5025)とポリブタジエン系ポリオール(Cray Valley社製、Krasol LBH 3000)と2-エチル-1,3-ヘキサンジオールとを質量比が57:100:26となるように混合した。得られた混合物(つまりポリウレタン樹脂液)を、ポッティング剤投入器16に入れた。
続いて遠心成型機を回転させ、ポッティング剤を両端のポッティングキャップに充填し、第1ポッティング部4および第2ポッティング部5を形成した。ポッティング剤投入器16は2方向に分割されたものであり、遠心力によりモジュール上部側(第1端部)およびモジュール下部側(第2端部)にポリウレタン樹脂液が投入される。遠心成型機内の温度は35℃、遠心時間は4時間とした。
遠心後、ポッティングキャップとピンとを取り外し、室温で24時間ポッティング剤を硬化させた。その後、ポリスルホン製の筒状ケース3のモジュール上部側(第1端部側)の外側のポッティング剤部分(図3に示すB-B面)をチップソー式回転刃でカットし、中空糸膜の端面を開口させた。続いてポリスルホン製の筒状ケースの両端に上部キャップ6、下部キャップ7を取り付け、中空糸膜モジュール100を得た。
その後中空糸膜モジュール100にエタノールを送液してろ過を行い、中空糸膜の細孔内をエタノールで満たした。続いてRO水を送液してろ過を行い、エタノールをRO水に置換した。
出芽酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae CM3260株)をグルコース20g/L、硫酸アンモニウム5g/L、塩化カリウム0.59g/L、塩化ナトリウム0.1g/L、塩化カルシウム0.1g/L、硫酸マグネシウム七水和物0.5g/L、ウラシル0.02g/L、ロイシン0.06g/L、ヒスチジン0.02g/L、トリプトファン0.04g/Lを含む液体培地で、30℃で24時間培養した。
この酵母培養液について中空糸膜モジュール100によるクロスフローろ過を行った。クロスフローろ過の膜面線速度は2.0m/s、ろ過流束は1m3/m2/dとした。続いてろ過液による逆洗を行った。逆洗流束は2m3/m2/dとした。その後モジュール下部から圧縮空気を6L/minで供給し、エアスクラビングを行った。1サイクル当たりのろ過時間は28分、逆洗時間は1分、エアスクラビング時間は1分とし、クロスフローろ過、逆洗、エアスクラビングのサイクルを10サイクル繰り返した。1サイクル目のクロスフローろ過を開始してから1分後の膜間差圧をΔP1、10サイクル目のクロスフローろ過を開始してから27分後のΔP2としたとき、膜間差圧上昇度ΔP2/ΔP1は2.5だった。
中空糸膜の充填率を60%とした以外は実施例1と同様の方法で中空糸膜モジュール100を作製し、酵母培養液のクロスフローろ過を行った結果、膜間差圧上昇度ΔP2/ΔP1は2.2だった。
中空糸膜の充填率を75%とした以外は実施例1と同様の方法で中空糸膜モジュール100を作製し、酵母培養液のクロスフローろ過を行った結果、膜間差圧上昇度ΔP2/ΔP1は2.0だった。
参考例2の中空糸膜を使用した以外は実施例2と同様の方法で中空糸膜モジュール100を作製し、酵母培養液のクロスフローろ過を行った結果、膜間差圧上昇度ΔP2/ΔP1は2.2だった。
参考例3の中空糸膜を使用した以外は実施例2と同様の方法で中空糸膜モジュール100を作製し、酵母培養液のクロスフローろ過を行った結果、膜間差圧上昇度ΔP2/ΔP1は2.1だった。
参考例4の中空糸膜を使用した以外は実施例2と同様の方法で中空糸膜モジュール100を作製し、酵母培養液のクロスフローろ過を行った結果、膜間差圧上昇度ΔP2/ΔP1は2.2だった。
参考例5の中空糸膜を使用した以外は実施例2と同様の方法で中空糸膜モジュール100を作製し、酵母培養液のクロスフローろ過を行った結果、膜間差圧上昇度ΔP2/ΔP1は2.1だった。
中空糸膜の充填率を25%とした以外は実施例1と同様の方法で中空糸膜モジュール100を作製し、酵母培養液のクロスフローろ過を行った結果、膜間差圧上昇度ΔP2/ΔP1は3.4と中空糸膜の閉塞が早かった。
参考例6の中空糸膜を使用した以外は実施例2と同様の方法で中空糸膜モジュール100を作製し、酵母培養液のクロスフローろ過を行った結果、中空糸膜が破断し、原液がろ過液に漏洩した。
(モジュール作製)
参考例7の中空糸膜を30質量%グリセリン水溶液に1時間浸漬後、風乾した。この中空糸膜の束の片端をシリコーン接着剤(東レ・ダウコーニング社製、SH850A/B、2剤を質量比が50:50となるように混合したもの)で封止した。
ポリスルホン製の筒状ケース3(内径50mm、長さ500mm)および整流筒12の表面で、ポッティング剤が接着される領域については、予めサンドペーパー(#80)でヤスリがけを行い、エタノールで脱脂した。その後、前述の中空糸膜の束を、図3に示すように筒状ケース3および整流筒12内に充填した。このとき中空糸膜の充填率は41%とし、筒状ケース3のモジュール上部側となる第1端部(図3の右側端部)に封止した側の端部が向くように、中空糸膜束を配置し、さらにポッティングキャップ14を装着した。モジュール下部側となる第2端部(図3の左側端部)には底に36個の穴が空いたポッティングキャップ15を装着した。その後ポッティングキャップ15の底の穴に36本のピン13を差し込んで固定した。ピン13の位置は図2の貫通孔と同様に配置した。こうして両端にポッティングキャップが装着されたモジュールを遠心成型機内に設置した。
ポリメリックMDI(Huntsman社製、Suprasec5025)とポリブタジエン系ポリオール(Cray Valley社製、Krasol LBH 3000)と2-エチル-1,3-ヘキサンジオールとを質量比が57:100:26となるように混合した。得られた混合物(つまりポリウレタン樹脂液)を、ポッティング剤投入器16に入れた。
続いて遠心成型機を回転させ、ポッティング剤を両端のポッティングキャップに充填し、第1ポッティング部4および第2ポッティング部5を形成した。ポッティング剤投入器16は2方向に分割されたものであり、遠心力によりモジュール上部側(第1端部)およびモジュール下部側(第2端部)にポリウレタン樹脂液が投入される。遠心成型機内の温度は35℃、遠心時間は4時間とした。
遠心後、ポッティングキャップとピンとを取り外し、室温で24時間ポッティング剤を硬化させた。その後、ポリスルホン製の筒状ケース3のモジュール上部側(第1端部側)の外側のポッティング剤部分(図3に示すB-B面)をチップソー式回転刃でカットし、中空糸膜の端面を開口させた。続いてポリスルホン製の筒状ケースの両端に上部キャップ6、下部キャップ7を取り付け、中空糸膜モジュール100を得た。
その後中空糸膜モジュール100にエタノールを送液してろ過を行い、中空糸膜の細孔内をエタノールで満たした。続いてRO水を送液してろ過を行い、エタノールをRO水に置換した。
出芽酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae CM3260株)をグルコース20g/L、硫酸アンモニウム5g/L、塩化カリウム0.59g/L、塩化ナトリウム0.1g/L、塩化カルシウム0.1g/L、硫酸マグネシウム七水和物0.5g/L、ウラシル0.02g/L、ロイシン0.06g/L、ヒスチジン0.02g/L、トリプトファン0.04g/Lを含む液体培地で、30℃で24時間培養した。
この酵母培養液について中空糸膜モジュール100によるクロスフローろ過を行った。クロスフローろ過の膜面線速度は2.5m/s、ろ過流束は1m3/m2/dとした。続いてろ過液による逆洗を行った。逆洗流束は2m3/m2/dとした。1サイクル当たりのろ過時間は29分、逆洗時間は1分とし、クロスフローろ過、逆洗のサイクルを10サイクル繰り返した。1サイクル目のクロスフローろ過を開始してから1分後の膜間差圧をΔP1、10サイクル目のクロスフローろ過を開始してから28分後のΔP2としたとき、膜間差圧上昇度ΔP2/ΔP1は2.7だった。
中空糸膜の充填率を60%とした以外は実施例8と同様の方法で中空糸膜モジュール100を作製し、酵母培養液のクロスフローろ過を行った結果、膜間差圧上昇度ΔP2/ΔP1は2.4だった。
中空糸膜の充填率を75%とした以外は実施例8と同様の方法で中空糸膜モジュール100を作製し、酵母培養液のクロスフローろ過を行った結果、膜間差圧上昇度ΔP2/ΔP1は2.1だった。
参考例8の中空糸膜を使用した以外は実施例9と同様の方法で中空糸膜モジュール100を作製し、酵母培養液のクロスフローろ過を行った結果、膜間差圧上昇度ΔP2/ΔP1は2.4だった。
参考例9の中空糸膜を使用した以外は実施例9と同様の方法で中空糸膜モジュール100を作製し、酵母培養液のクロスフローろ過を行った結果、膜間差圧上昇度ΔP2/ΔP1は2.5だった。
参考例10の中空糸膜を使用した以外は実施例9と同様の方法で中空糸膜モジュール100を作製し、酵母培養液のクロスフローろ過を行った結果、膜間差圧上昇度ΔP2/ΔP1は2.4だった。
中空糸膜の充填率を25%とした以外は実施例8と同様の方法で中空糸膜モジュール100を作製し、酵母培養液のクロスフローろ過を行った結果、膜間差圧上昇度ΔP2/ΔP1は3.9と中空糸膜の閉塞が早かった。
参考例11の中空糸膜を使用した以外は実施例9と同様の方法で中空糸膜モジュール100を作製し、酵母培養液のクロスフローろ過を行った結果、中空糸膜が破断し、原液がろ過液に漏洩した。
1 中空糸膜
2 中空糸膜束
3 筒状ケース
4 第1ポッティング部
5 第2ポッティング部
6 上部キャップ
7 下部キャップ
8 原液流入口
9 ろ過液出口
10 原液出口
11 貫通孔
12 整流筒
13 ピン
14 ポッティングキャップ(第1端部)
15 ポッティングキャップ(第2端部)
16 ポッティング剤投入器
17 柱状組織
Claims (12)
- 高さ方向における第1端と第2端とを有する筒状ケースと、
前記筒状ケース内に収容される複数の中空糸膜と、
前記筒状ケースの前記第1端側に位置する複数の中空糸膜の端部を開口した状態で接着する第1ポッティング部とを備え、
前記中空糸膜の破断強度が23MPa以上であり、
前記中空糸膜の充填率が40%以上80%以下である中空糸膜モジュール。 - 前記中空糸膜モジュールが外圧式の中空糸膜モジュールである、請求項1に記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
- 前記中空糸膜はフッ素樹脂系高分子を含有する中空糸膜であって、
前記中空糸膜の長手方向に配向する柱状組織を有し、
前記柱状組織における分子鎖が前記中空糸膜の長手方向に配向しており、
前記分子鎖のラマン配向パラメータνが1.5以上4.0以下である請求項1または2に記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
ラマン配向パラメータ=(I1270/I840)平行/(I1270/I840)垂直 ・・・(1)
(ただし、 平行条件:中空糸膜の長手方向と偏光方向とが平行
垂直条件:中空糸膜の長手方向と偏光方向とが直交
I1270平行:平行条件時の1270cm-1のラマンバンドの強度
I1270垂直:垂直条件時の1270cm-1のラマンバンドの強度
I840平行:平行条件時の840cm-1のラマンバンドの強度
I840垂直:垂直条件時の840cm-1のラマンバンドの強度
である。) - 前記柱状組織の短手長さが0.5μm以上3μm以下、且つ、該柱状組織のアスペクト比が3以上である、請求項3に記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
- 前記柱状組織の太さ均一性が0.50以上である、請求項3または4に記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
- 高さ方向における第1端と第2端とを有する筒状ケースと、
前記筒状ケース内に収容される複数の中空糸膜と、
前記筒状ケースの前記第1端側に位置する複数の中空糸膜の端部を開口した状態で接着する第1ポッティング部とを備え、
前記中空糸膜は、破断強度が25MPa以上であり、前記中空糸膜の充填率が41%以上80%以下である中空糸膜モジュール。 - 前記中空糸膜モジュールが外圧式の中空糸膜モジュールである、請求項6に記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
- 前記中空糸膜はフッ素樹脂系高分子を含有する中空糸膜であって、
前記中空糸膜の長手方向に配向する柱状組織を有し、
前記フッ素樹脂系高分子の分子鎖の少なくとも一部が前記中空糸膜の長手方向に配向しており、
前記中空糸膜において、下記式(2)に基づき算出される配向度πが、0.4以上1.0未満である請求項6または7に記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
配向度π=(180°-H)/180° ・・・(2)
(ただし、Hは広角X線回折像の円周方向における回折強度分布の半値幅(°)である。) - 前記柱状組織の短手長さが0.5μm以上3μm以下、かつ、該柱状組織のアスペクト比が3以上である、請求項8に記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
- 前記柱状組織の太さ均一性が0.60以上である、請求項8または9に記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
- 前記半値幅Hは、広角X線回折測定によるポリフッ化ビニリデンの(110)面由来の結晶ピーク(2θ=20.4°)を円周方向にスキャンして得られる強度分布の半値幅である、請求項8~10のいずれか1項に記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
- 前記中空糸膜の長手方向に1cm間隔の測定点で広角X線回折測定を行った際に、80%以上の前記測定点で、前記配向度πが0.4以上1.0未満である、請求項8~11のいずれか1項に記載の中空糸膜モジュール。
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JPWO2022004780A1 (ja) * | 2020-06-30 | 2022-01-06 | ||
JP7205634B2 (ja) | 2020-06-30 | 2023-01-17 | 東レ株式会社 | クロスフローろ過用中空糸膜モジュールおよびその運転方法 |
WO2023054648A1 (ja) | 2021-09-30 | 2023-04-06 | 東レ株式会社 | 中空糸膜モジュールの運転方法 |
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EP3466526A4 (en) | 2020-01-22 |
CN109195689A (zh) | 2019-01-11 |
AU2017272760A1 (en) | 2018-12-13 |
US20200206689A1 (en) | 2020-07-02 |
KR102281519B1 (ko) | 2021-07-26 |
JPWO2017209150A1 (ja) | 2018-06-14 |
KR20190013771A (ko) | 2019-02-11 |
US10974199B2 (en) | 2021-04-13 |
EP3466526A1 (en) | 2019-04-10 |
AU2017272760B2 (en) | 2022-02-24 |
CN109195689B (zh) | 2021-09-07 |
JP6264508B1 (ja) | 2018-01-24 |
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