WO2017142779A1

WO2017142779A1 - Interface and mud control system and method for refinery desalters

Info

Publication number: WO2017142779A1
Application number: PCT/US2017/017119
Authority: WO
Inventors: Rafiqul Khan; Gary W. Sams; Joseph Min-Hsiun LEE
Original assignee: Cameron International Corporation
Priority date: 2016-02-18
Filing date: 2017-02-09
Publication date: 2017-08-24
Also published as: CA3015148C; EP3417036A1; CA3015148A1

Abstract

A method and system for controlling an interface emulsion layer (52) within an oil treatment vessel (20) includes injecting a water flow through a plurality of radial eductors (102) arranged about a radial eductor manifold (100) located in the brine water layer (56). Each radial eductor (102) is oriented vertically to the radial eductor manifold (100) and the horizontal axis of the oil treatment vessel (20). The water flow through the plurality of radial eductors (102) causes a swirling flow pattern in a volume of water around each radial eductor (102) that is effective for promoting a collapse of the interface emulsion layer (52). The water flow through each radial educator (102), which may be a recycled water flow, is preferably in a range of.3048 m to 1.524 m (1 to 5 feet) per minute.

Description

INTERFACE AND MUD CONTROL SYSTEM

AND METHOD FOR REFINERY DESALTERS

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to systems and methods used in crude oil production. More specifically, the invention relates to methods for treating and controlling a first solid-laden water layer or "rag" that accumulates at the oil/water interface within separation, dehydration, or desalting equipment and a second solid-laden layer or "mud" that accumulates at the bottom of the separation, dehydration, or desalting equipment.

Once oil is produced it must be dehydrated and desalted to reduce the corrosion effect on production systems such as transportation carriers, pipelines, and refineries. The dehydration and desalting done at the oil producing facility is capable of removing the majority of the water and salts prior to delivery to a refinery. Once the oil is at the refinery it is desalted again to reduce the salts to even lower and less corrosive levels. In addition to the water and dissolved salts carried by the oil, there may be a large quantity of solids ranging in size from very small sub-micron particles or fines to larger particles such as sands. The larger particles are readily removed by the oil production facility leaving the finer particles to be removed at the refinery.

In general, the smallest particles may contribute to the stability of an oil-water emulsion by forming a barrier around the water droplets thus preventing droplet coalescence and separation. Water droplets that are surrounded by these fines may be large enough to settle in the electrostatic desalter, but they are hindered from coalescing by the fines. The effect is for this solid-laden water layer to accumulate at the oil-water interface as a "rag." As this rag layer collapses the fines settle to the bottom of the vessel to form a "mud" layer where they must be removed periodically by a mud wash system.

This mud wash system consists of a set of spray nozzles that disperse a volume of fresh water into the desalter for the purpose of agitating the mud so it can be effectively removed from the desalter. Two primary methods for mud removal are practiced. One method is to do a timed mud wash where the vessel is washed only periodically as determined by the unit operator. The frequency depends on the solids (mud) loading and may be once per day or once per week, as examples. The disadvantage of periodic mud wash is that it sends high levels of oil wet solids to the water treatment facility where it must be handled for disposal. These periodic injections of oil wet solids can initiate an upset in the water quality.

The other method is a semi-continuous mud wash where sections of a vessel are washed sequentially. Upon the completion of all sections, the sequence is restarted. The advantage of a semi-continuous wash is to level the load of solids that are passed to the water treatment vessels. The disadvantage of both the semi-continuous and periodic methods is that solids are still allowed to settle in the bottom of the vessel where they can only be partially removed by each subsequent periodic washing.

While either method can handle the volume of fines in a refinery desalter, there remains a more significant problem that has not been properly dealt with before. This problem is the solid- laden rag that hangs at the oil-water interface. Once this interface mud accumulates at the interface it becomes quiescent and the rate of water and solids separation is slowed significantly. When the rate of collapse for interface rag is slower than the rate of accumulation, the interface volume increases and interferes with the desalter operation. While the exact nature of this interface rag cannot be readily determined, the effects are detrimental to the performance of the desalter in one of two ways.

If the interface rag floats on top of the water, then it can grow in height until it interferes with the integrity of the electrostatic field by increasing the current demand and reducing the field strength. The electric field does apply added energy to the top of the interface and can accelerate the rate of decay. If the interface sinks into the water layer it rapidly occupies the water volume of the desalter and reduces the water residence time. The effect is a decline in the water quality that is passed to the water treatment facility as the interface rag settles to the bottom of the vessel to form mud and mixes with the brine exiting to the brine heat exchangers and benzene recovery unit. This mixing accelerates the fouling and plugging of the heat exchangers and benzene recovery unit. Because refineries have more complex and overlapping issues, system applications need to be expanded beyond the simple purpose of removing sludge and solids from the bottom of desalter vessels. A need exists, therefore, for a system that assists a refinery in meeting planned crude unit run-length expectations, does not put the desalter in an upset condition during operation, minimizes or eliminates sludge buildup at the bottom of the vessel, improves basic sediment and water (BS&W) reduction performance, improves salt reduction performance, minimizes emulsion and reverse emulsion buildup at the oil/water interface, keeps solids suspended in the brine until the solids exit to the process sewer, and protects process equipment ahead of the waste water treatment plant. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A method for controlling an interface emulsion layer within an oil treatment vessel includes injecting a water flow through a plurality of radial eductors arranged about a radial eductor manifold oriented in a horizontal plane and located in a brine water layer of the oil treatment vessel. The water flow causes a swirling flow pattern of a volume of water in the brine water layer around each radial eductor that agitates the lower surface of the interface emulsion layer, helping to break down the interface emulsion layer and reducing its accumulation within the vessel.

A system for controlling an interface emulsion layer within an oil treatment vessel includes a radial eductor manifold having a plurality of radial eductors located in a brine water layer residing within the oil treatment vessel. Each radial eductor is oriented in a vertical plane relative to the center line of the radial eductor manifold and the horizontal axis of the vessel. Water flowing through the radial eductors creates a swirling flow pattern to agitate a lower surface of the interface emulsion layer residing between the brine water layer and the oil layer in the oil treatment vessel. The system may further include a means for recycling a volume of the brine water layer to the radial eductor manifold, such as a recirculating pump and recycling piping. A better understanding of the method and system for controlling the interface emulsion layer will be obtained from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments taken in conjunction with the drawings and the attached claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a view of a prior art desalter equipped with a mud washing system. The washing system consists of a set of spray nozzles that disperse a volume of fresh water into the desalter for the purpose of agitating the mud that has settled at the bottom of the vessel so that the mud can be effectively removed from the desalter through a series of mud drains located at the bottom of the desalter. This system does not address the solid-laden rag that collects and hangs at the lower surface of the oil-water interface layer.

FIG. 1 A is a view of a preferred embodiment of a desalter equipped with a wash system made according to this invention. Two piping circuits are equipped with a series of nozzles and independently controlled. The first piping circuit, which is placed below the interface rag layer, includes a set of nozzles oriented to gently scrub the bottom of the interface rag and promote separation. The second piping circuit, which is placed above the mud layer, includes a set of nozzles oriented oblique to the mud layer to gently fluidize the mud from the bottom of the vessel.

FIG. 2 is a view of another preferred embodiment of a desalter equipped with a wash system made according to this invention. The wash system includes a piping circuit that is equipped with a series of nozzles oriented at an angle in the horizontal plane and also at a downward angle in the vertical plane. Water from the water layer is recycled into the piping circuit and re-injected into the water layer at a low flow rate.

FIG. 3 is a top view of the wash system of FIG. 2 and illustrates the spacing relationship between the oblong-shaped piping circuit and the interior wall of the desalter. The piping circuit is preferably laid across horizontal supports as illustrated and clamped in place. FIG. 4 illustrates the turbulence of the water layer caused by the nozzles of the piping circuit of FIG. 2. Once the flow from the nozzles is established, the bulk of the water layer will begin to rotate slowly in a toroidal-shaped rotation in the vertical plane and in the horizontal plane. These combined rotations prevent the build-up of mud by lifting the fines from the bottom of the desalter and continuously agitating the lower surface of the interface rag layer.

FIG. 4A illustrates the flow pattern of FIG. 4 in greater detail. The flow pattern is a rotating plane toroidal flow that consumes each sector and looks like a series of large horizontal plane doughnuts.

FIG. 5 is a vertical cross-sectional view taken along the line 5-5 of FIG. 2.

FIG. 6 is a vertical cross-sectional view taken along section line 6-6 of FIG. 1 A.

FIG. 7 is a view of a preferred embodiment of an oil treatment vessel equipped with a system made according to this invention. The embodiment includes a radial eductor manifold equipped with a plurality of radial eductors that cause a swirling flow pattern within the water layer around each radial eductor. The swirling flow pattern agitates the bottom of the interface emulsion layer and promotes separation.

FIG. 8 is a side view of the radial eductor of FIG. 7 with the outer cap removed.

FIG. 9 is a horizontal cross-sectional view taken along the line 9-9 of FIG. 8.

FIG. 10 is a vertical cross-sectional view of the radial eductor taken along the line 10-10 of

FIG. 9.

FIG. 1 1 is a horizontal cross-sectional view taken along the line 1 1 -1 1 of FIG. 8.

FIG. 12 is a side view of the radial eductor of FIG. 7 showing the eductor stem, outer cap, and exit portal.

FIG. 13 illustrates the turbulence of the water layer caused by the radial eductors of the radial eductor manifold of FIG. 7.

FIG. 14 illustrates the flow pattern of FIG. 13 from the top view of the water layer. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention provides a method and system for preventing mud build-up within a separator vessel by continuously agitating the lower surface of the interface emulsion layer so as to suspend solids in the water layer and promote the collapse of emulsion residing in the interface emulsion layer. Elements illustrated in the drawings are identified by the following numbers:

10 Interface emulsion control system 56 Water layer

20 Separator vessel 58 Oil-coated solids/mud

22 Upper portion of 20 60 First piping circuit

24 Lower portion of 20 62 Nozzle

26 Oil outlet 64 Outer periphery of 60

28 Top of 20 66 Inner periphery of 60

30 Water outlet 68 Centerline of 60

32 Bottom of 20 70 Recycle pump

34 Rag drain 72 Recycle piping

36 Inner wall surface of 20 80 Mud wash system

38 Recycle pump 82 Piping

40 Recycle piping 84 Spray nozzle

42 Interface rag 86 Mud drain

50 Oil layer 88 Second piping circuit

52 Interface emulsion layer 90 Supports

54 Lower surface of 52 92 Nozzle

94 Interface emulsion control system 96 Recirculating pump

98 Recycle piping 100 Radial eductor manifold

102 Radial eductor 104 Eductor shell

106 Eductor stem 108 Exit slot

110 Inner bore 1 12 Outer cap

114 Exit portal 1 16 Recycle valve

Referring first to FIG. 1, a separator vessel 20 is connected by conventional piping (not shown) to a crude oil source. Vessel 20 is of a type well-known in the art and commonly used in crude oil production and refining for dehydration and desalting of crude oil. A crude oil stream containing water and solid contaminants enters vessel 20 through the identified "oil inlet". Vessel 20 typically holds those components and processes them so that the oil is separated from the contaminants. The separated oil layer 50 is then removed from vessel 20 through an outlet 26 located at the top 28 of vessel 20.

During the separation process, it is common for oil-coated solids, called mud 58, to accumulate on a bottom 32 of vessel 20 and for a layer comprising a mixture of oil and water, called interface emulsion layer 52, to form in an intermediate portion of vessel 20. A solid-laden or brine water layer 56 accumulates between the layer of mud 58 residing on the bottom 32 and the layer of interface rag or emulsion 52. To prevent the interface rag layer or emulsion 52 from accumulating until its presence begins to interfere with the performance of vessel 20, a rag drain 34 may be provided (See FIG. 2). The removal of the interface rag layer or emulsion 52 preferably occurs continuously and the removal rate may vary over time. Oil layer 50 accumulates above the interface emulsion layer 52 in the upper portion 22 of vessel 20.

Some "rag," referred to as interface rag 42, rather than settling to the bottom 32 of vessel 20, may float on top of the water layer 56 and "hang" at the lower surface 54 of the interface emulsion layer 52 as shown in FIG. 1. As this interface rag 42 accumulates it becomes quiescent and the rate of water and solids separation is slowed significantly. When the rate of collapse and settlement of interface rag 42 is slower than the rate of its accumulation, the volume of interface emulsion layer 52 increases and begins to interfere with the operation of vessel 20. For example, interface rag 42 may sink into the water layer 56 and occupy water volume, thereby reducing water residence time, decreasing the quality of water passed to a treatment facility. Additionally, interface emulsion layer 52 may grow in height until it interferes with the integrity of an electrostatic field (not shown in the drawings) being applied to promote separation of components in the crude oil. Furthermore, as the interface rag 42 collapses it settles to the bottom 32 of vessel 20 and contributes to oil coated solids/mud 58 that accumulates in the vessel bottom. This oil-coated solids/mud 58 must be removed periodically, usually by way of a prior-art mud wash system 80 (see FIG. 1 ). A mud wash system 80, as known in the prior art, includes piping 82 arranged in sections along a lower portion 24 of vessel 20 at a distance "hi" from the bottom 32 of vessel 20 (usually in the bottom third of water layer 56). Piping 82 may include two outer pipes (not shown) that run near and along the interior wall surface 36 of vessel 20 and one middle pipe (not shown) spaced equidistant from, and running parallel to, each outer pipe. A series of spray nozzles 84 are connected to the piping 82 and oriented downward at a 90° angle relative to a centerline line of piping 82. The spray nozzles 84 disperse a volume of water into the desalter for the purpose of agitating the mud 58 so it can be effectively removed from the desalter by way of mud drains 86. A recycle pump 70 and recycle piping 72 may be employed to recycle the mud wash water.

Prior-art mud wash system 80 does not prevent the build-up of mud 58. This system also does not prevent episodic build-up of the interface emulsion layer 52, nor does it reduce salt, reduce basic sediment and water (BS&W), eliminate interface rag 42, or eliminate reverse emulsion migration from interface emulsion layer 52 to water layer 56.

Referring to FIGS. 2-5, a system 10 is illustrated for slowly and continuously agitating the interface emulsion layer 52 to prevent or control the build-up of interface emulsion layer 52 and keep the fines that contribute to mud layer 58 suspended in the brine water layer 56. System 10 (to be described) imparts enough velocity and motion into the water layer 56 to suspend solids therein until they are removed with water layer 56 as it is removed from vessel 20 and also creates a washing action under interface rag 42 to aid in water-wetting solids and recovery of oil to oil layer 50. System 10, which is capable of servicing desalter operations across a full range of API gravity crude oils, preferably utilizes no filters.

System 10 includes an oblong-shaped first piping circuit 60 that is located in a lower portion 24 of vessel 20. The outer peripheral surface 64 of first piping circuit 60 is at distance "d" from the inner wall surface 36 of vessel 20. The piping circuit 60 is also at a distance "h₂" from the bottom 32 of vessel 20. In a preferred embodiment, distance h₂ places first piping circuit 60 in the upper two- thirds of the height of water layer 56 in vessel 20. First piping circuit 60 may be supported by a set of horizontal supports 90 as seen in FIG. 3.

First piping circuit 60 produces a slow circulation of water layer 56 and, therefore, a slight water velocity across the lower surface 54 of the interface emulsion layer 52. This slight velocity, which is established by a series of angled nozzles 62, prevents build-up of interface rag 42 and reduces or eliminates mud 58. Furthermore, the continuous circulation helps keep fines suspended in water layer 56 so that the fines are discharged directly with the discharge of water layer 56, thus eliminating the need for frequent mud wash of vessel 20.

Nozzles 62 are arranged and spaced about the inner periphery 66 of first piping circuit 60 (see FIG. 3) and generally are pointed interiorly of vessel 20. Nozzles 62 may be drilled passageways in first piping circuit 60 or may be, as illustrated, short length tubular members. Each nozzle 62 is preferably oriented at an angle of between about 15° and 60° in a horizontal plane relative to a line perpendicular to centerline 68 of first piping circuit 60 and at a downward angle of between about 15° and 60° in the vertical plane. The 15° to 60° angle translates to a 30° to 75° angle between a line drawn through the longitudinal centerline of the nozzle 62 and a line drawn perpendicular to centerline 68. The preferred horizontal and vertical plane angle is 45°. Alternatively, each nozzle 62 may be oriented at between about 105° and 150° in the horizontal plane, thereby promoting a clockwise (opposite) flow.

Referring to FIGS. 4 & 4A, the water flow through each nozzle 62 is preferably at a low flow rate in the range of about .3048 m to .9144 m (1 to 3 feet) per minute. Once the flow from the nozzles 62 is established, the bulk of water layer 56 will begin to rotate slowly and in two directions, Ri and R₂. Rotation Ri is in a horizontal plane coincident to the clockwise or counterclockwise orientation of nozzles 62. Rotation R₂ is a toroidal-shaped rotation in a vertical plane. Rotations Ri and R₂ continuously agitate the lower surface 54 of the interface emulsion layer 52 and keep the solids suspended in water layer 56 by lifting the fines from the bottom 32 of vessel 20. The flow pattern created by Ri and R₂ is substantially a rotating plane toroidal flow that consumes each sector S and looks like a series of large horizontal plane doughnut-shaped flows (see FIG. 4A).

Controls (not shown) may be provided to control the water flow through nozzles 62, with first piping circuit 60 being controlled independent of second piping circuit 88. The flow may be adjusted, for example, to bring the level or volume of the interface emulsion layer 52 within a predetermined range.

Water removed from vessel 20 through water outlet 30 may be routed to a recycling pump 38 for recycling the water back into the water layer 56. Recycling pump 38 is preferably an ANSI/API centrifugal pump including duplex seals with barrier fluid and an expeller on the back of the impeller to protect seal integrity. No filtration is required in the recycle piping 40.

In a preferred embodiment, after the initial lineout of desalter operation, the water flow rate through nozzles 62 is increased until interface rag layer 52 begins to upset. The water flow rate is then reduced until interface emulsion layer 52 begins to stabilize. Interface rag layer 52 is then monitored at the first tryline under the interface emulsion layer 52 and appropriate adjustments made to the water flow rate.

Referring now to FIGS. I A & 6, an alternate embodiment of system 10 includes an oblong- shaped first piping circuit 60 and an oblong-shaped second piping circuit 88, each equipped with nozzles 62, 92 and independently controlled. The water flow through each nozzle 62, 92 is preferably at a low flow rate in the range of about .3048 m to .9144 m (1 to 3 feet) per minute. First piping circuit 60 is placed below the interface emulsion layer 52 at a distance "1¾" from the bottom 32 of vessel 20 in order to gently scrub the bottom of the interface emulsion layer 52. Nozzles 62 are preferably oriented at an angle of between about 15" and 60° in a horizontal plane and in a vertical plane relative to centerline 68 of first piping circuit 60 (see FIGS. 2 & 3).

Second piping circuit 88 is placed at a distance "hi" from the bottom 32 of vessel 20 in order to gently fluidize the mud 58 from the bottom 32 of the vessel 20. Unlike the arrangement of the prior art mud wash system 80 and its nozzles 84 (see FIG. 1), second piping circuit 88 is an oblong- shaped circuit similar to that of first piping circuit 60, with its nozzles 92 oriented oblique to the mud layer 58. Nozzles 92 are preferably oriented at an angle of between about 15° and 60° in the horizontal plane relative to the centerline of second piping circuit 88 and at a downward angle of between 15° and 60° in the vertical plane. Preferably, there is no interference between the upper and lower toroids.

A system 10 made according to this invention affects a number of performance issues typically associated with a separator vessel 20. System 10 eliminates or minimizes episodic build-up of the interface emulsion layer 52, reduces salt, reduces basic sediment and water (BS&W), eliminates rag layer separation, and eliminates reverse emulsion migration from the interface rag to the brine water layer.

Referring now to FIG. 7, an alternate embodiment of an interface emulsion control system 94 includes a radial eductor manifold 100 supporting a plurality of radial eductors 102. The radial eductor manifold 100 is placed at a distance "h₄" from the bottom 32 of separator vessel 20, below the interface emulsion layer 52, and within the upper two-thirds portion of the water layer 56. Each radial eductor 102 is oriented in a vertical plane relative to the radial eductor manifold 100 and the horizontal axis of the vessel 20 (see FIGS. 7 & 13). The embodiment also includes a recirculating pump 96 and recycle piping 98 to return a portion of the water removed from separator vessel 20 through water outlet 30 to the radial eductor manifold 100, through the radial eductors 102, and back into the water layer 56. Recirculating pump 96 is preferably a centrifugal pump. Flow through the recycle piping 98 may be controlled by recycle valve 1 16.

As shown in FIGS. 8-1 1 , each radial eductor 102 has an outer eductor shell 104 that provides stability and support. A tubular eductor stem 106 is oriented vertically within the eductor shell 104 and has a plurality of tangential exit slots 108 that extend from the top to approximately the midpoint of the eductor stem 106. The tangential exit slots 108 may be spaced at equal distances around the circumference of the eductor stem 106. The radial eductors 102 may be spaced around the radial eductor manifold 100 so that the flow from each eductor 102 is independent of and does not affect the flow from the other eductors 102. The radial eductors 102 may also be spaced so that they are separated from the interior wall of the separator vessel 20 by a distance of at least approximately .3048 m to 1.524 m (1 to 5 feet).

Water from the recycle piping 98 flows into each radial eductor 102 through the bottom of its inner bore 1 10, up through the exit slots 108, and leaves the radial eductor 102 through the exit portal 1 14 in the outer cap 1 12 of the radial eductor 102. The water passes through the radial eductor 102 at a low flow rate, preferably in the range of about .3048 m to 1.524 m (1 to 5 feet) per minute. As shown in FIGS. 13-14, the tangential exit slots 108 of the radial eductors 102 cause the water to exit the radial eductors 102 in a swirling flow pattern around each eductor 102. This flow pattern gently agitates the lower surface of the interface emulsion layer 52, helping to break down the interface emulsion layer 52 and reducing its accumulation within the vessel 20. In a preferred embodiment, the water flow rate through radial eductors 102 is increased until the interface emulsion layer 52 begins to upset. The water flow rate is then reduced until interface emulsion layer 52 begins to stabilize.

While preferred embodiments of an interface and mud control system have been described with a certain degree of particularity, many changes may be made in the details of construction and the arrangement of components without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure. The control method and system therefore is not limited to the embodiments set forth herein for purposes of exemplification, but are to be limited only by the scope of the attached claims, including the full range of equivalency to which each element or step thereof is entitled.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

A method for controlling an interface emulsion layer (52) within an oil treatment vessel (20), the method comprising the step of:

injecting a water flow through a plurality of radial eductors (102) arranged about a radial eductor manifold (100) oriented in a horizontal plane and located in a brine water layer (56) of the oil treatment vessel (20);

wherein the water flow causes a swirling flow pattern of a volume of water in the brine water layer (56) around each radial educator (102), the swirling flow pattern agitating a lower surface (54) of the interface emulsion layer (52) residing above the brine water layer (56).

A method according to Claim 1 further comprising the step of recycling a volume of water from the oil treatment vessel (20), wherein the water flow includes the recycled water.

A method according to Claim 1 further comprising the step of adjusting a water flow rate in response to a level of the interface emulsion layer (52).

A method according to Claim 3 wherein said step of adjusting causes the interface emulsion layer (52) to destabilize.

A method according to Claim 1 wherein the water flow through each radial eductor (102) is in a range of .3048 m to 1.524 m (1 to 5 feet) per minute.

6. A method according to Claim 1 wherein the radial eductor manifold (100) is located in a horizontal plane situated in an upper two-thirds portion of the volume of water. A system for controlling an interface emulsion layer (52) forming within an oil treatment vessel (20), the system comprising:

a radial eductor manifold (100) having a plurality of radial eductors (102) and being located in a brine water layer (56) residing within the oil treatment vessel (20); each radial eductor (102) being oriented in a vertical plane relative to a center line of said radial eductor manifold (100).

A system according to Claim 7 wherein water flowing through the radial eductors (102) creates a swirling flow pattern to agitate a lower surface (54) of an interface emulsion layer (52) residing between the brine water layer (56) and an oil layer (50).

A system according to Claim 7 further comprising a means for recycling a volume of the brine water layer (56) to the radial eductor manifold (100).

A system according to Claim 9 wherein the means for recycling a volume of the brine water layer (56) to the radial eductor manifold (100) comprises a recirculating pump (96) and recycle piping (98).

A system according to Claim 7 wherein a water velocity through each radial eductor (102) is in a range of .3048 m to 1.524 m (1 to 5 feet) per minute.