WO2016143631A1 - 接合体の製造方法、ヒートシンク付パワーモジュール用基板の製造方法、及び、ヒートシンクの製造方法 - Google Patents
接合体の製造方法、ヒートシンク付パワーモジュール用基板の製造方法、及び、ヒートシンクの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016143631A1 WO2016143631A1 PCT/JP2016/056409 JP2016056409W WO2016143631A1 WO 2016143631 A1 WO2016143631 A1 WO 2016143631A1 JP 2016056409 W JP2016056409 W JP 2016056409W WO 2016143631 A1 WO2016143631 A1 WO 2016143631A1
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- Prior art keywords
- heat sink
- layer
- copper
- manufacturing
- aluminum
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 50
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 title claims description 81
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 185
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 135
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 129
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 73
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 70
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 68
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 68
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 39
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 36
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 abstract description 28
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 31
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 26
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 17
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 9
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 9
- NDVLTYZPCACLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ag+].[Ag+] NDVLTYZPCACLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005219 brazing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910001923 silver oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910018125 Al-Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910018520 Al—Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 3
- PMHQVHHXPFUNSP-UHFFFAOYSA-M copper(1+);methylsulfanylmethane;bromide Chemical compound Br[Cu].CSC PMHQVHHXPFUNSP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004512 die casting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 3
- 101100162020 Mesorhizobium japonicum (strain LMG 29417 / CECT 9101 / MAFF 303099) adc3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108091022873 acetoacetate decarboxylase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000873 masking effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 2
- 101000797092 Mesorhizobium japonicum (strain LMG 29417 / CECT 9101 / MAFF 303099) Probable acetoacetate decarboxylase 3 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229910000676 Si alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012790 confirmation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007772 electroless plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004453 electron probe microanalysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- RVZRBWKZFJCCIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N perfluorotributylamine Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)N(C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F RVZRBWKZFJCCIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004881 precipitation hardening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011856 silicon-based particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
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- H01L23/34—Arrangements for cooling, heating, ventilating or temperature compensation ; Temperature sensing arrangements
- H01L23/40—Mountings or securing means for detachable cooling or heating arrangements ; fixed by friction, plugs or springs
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- H01L23/36—Selection of materials, or shaping, to facilitate cooling or heating, e.g. heatsinks
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- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- H01L23/488—Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body in operation, e.g. leads, terminal arrangements ; Selection of materials therefor consisting of soldered or bonded constructions
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- H01L23/49838—Geometry or layout
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- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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- B23K2103/10—Aluminium or alloys thereof
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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- B23K2103/12—Copper or alloys thereof
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- H01L2224/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
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- H01L23/473—Arrangements for cooling, heating, ventilating or temperature compensation ; Temperature sensing arrangements involving the transfer of heat by flowing fluids by flowing liquids
Definitions
- This invention relates to a method for manufacturing a joined body in which an aluminum member made of an aluminum alloy containing a relatively large amount of Si and a copper member made of copper or a copper alloy are joined, and a circuit layer is formed on one surface of an insulating layer.
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a power module substrate with a heat sink in which a heat sink is bonded to the power module substrate, and a method for manufacturing a heat sink in which a copper member layer is formed on a heat sink body.
- Semiconductor devices such as LEDs and power modules have a structure in which a semiconductor element is bonded on a circuit layer made of a conductive material.
- Power semiconductor elements for high power control used for controlling wind power generation, electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, and the like generate a large amount of heat. Therefore, as a substrate on which such a power semiconductor element is mounted, for example, a ceramic substrate made of AlN (aluminum nitride), Al 2 O 3 (alumina) or the like, and a metal having excellent conductivity on one surface of the ceramic substrate.
- a power module substrate including a circuit layer formed by bonding plates has been widely used.
- a substrate having a metal layer formed on the other surface of a ceramic substrate is also provided.
- a power module substrate in which a circuit layer and a metal layer made of Al are formed on one surface and the other surface of a ceramic substrate, and a solder material is interposed on the circuit layer. And a semiconductor element bonded to each other.
- a heat sink is bonded to the lower side of the power module substrate, and the heat transmitted from the semiconductor element to the power module substrate side is dissipated to the outside through the heat sink.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a technique for joining a circuit layer and a semiconductor element, and a metal layer and a heat sink by using a silver oxide paste containing silver oxide particles and a reducing agent made of an organic substance as an alternative to a solder material. Has been proposed.
- Patent Document 3 when a circuit layer and a semiconductor element, and a metal layer and a heat sink are bonded using a silver oxide paste, the bonding property between the sintered body of Al and the silver oxide paste is poor. In addition, it is necessary to previously form an Ag underlayer on the circuit layer surface and the metal layer surface. When the Ag underlayer is formed by plating, there is a problem that much labor is required as in the case of Ni plating.
- Patent Document 4 proposes a power module substrate in which a circuit layer and a metal layer have a laminated structure of an Al layer and a Cu layer.
- the Cu layer is disposed on the surface of the circuit layer and the metal layer, the semiconductor element and the heat sink can be favorably bonded using a solder material. For this reason, the thermal resistance in the stacking direction is reduced, and the heat generated from the semiconductor element can be efficiently transmitted to the heat sink side.
- one of the metal layer and the heat sink is made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy, and the other is made of copper or a copper alloy, and the metal layer and the heat sink are solid-phase diffusion bonded.
- a power module substrate with a heat sink has been proposed. In this power module substrate with a heat sink, since the metal layer and the heat sink are solid phase diffusion bonded, the thermal resistance is small and the heat dissipation characteristics are excellent.
- a heat sink having a complicated structure in which a cooling medium flow path and the like are formed may be manufactured using an aluminum casting alloy containing a relatively large amount of Si.
- the aluminum member made of an aluminum cast alloy containing a relatively large amount of Si and the copper member made of copper or a copper alloy are bonded by solid phase diffusion bonding as described in Patent Document 5, the bonding interface It was confirmed that many Kirkendall voids were generated in the vicinity due to the imbalance of mutual diffusion. When such a Kirkendall void is present between the power module substrate and the heat sink, there is a problem in that the thermal resistance increases and the heat dissipation characteristics deteriorate.
- the present invention has been made in view of the circumstances described above, and is a case where an aluminum member made of an aluminum alloy containing a relatively large amount of Si and a copper member made of copper or a copper alloy are solid-phase diffusion bonded.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a joined body capable of suppressing the generation of Kirkendall void at the bonding interface, a method for manufacturing a power module substrate with a heat sink, and a method for manufacturing a heat sink.
- zygote which is 1 aspect of this invention is the copper member which consists of copper or a copper alloy, and Si density
- the D90 is within the range of 1 ⁇ m or more and 8 ⁇ m or less, and the aluminum member and the copper member are solid phase diffusion bonded.
- the manufacturing method of the joined body having this configuration in the mother phase, in the joining surface with the copper member among the aluminum members made of the aluminum alloy having the Si concentration in the range of 1 mass% to 25 mass%. Since the D90 of the equivalent circle diameter of the dispersed Si phase is in the range of 1 ⁇ m or more and 8 ⁇ m or less, the Si phase on the joint surface in contact with the copper member is sufficiently refined, and the diffusion of Cu in the copper member is promoted It is possible to suppress the generation of Kirkendall void at the bonding interface.
- the aluminum member and the copper member are laminated, and the aluminum member and the copper member are fixed by energizing and heating while pressing in the laminating direction. It is preferable to perform phase diffusion bonding.
- the rate of temperature rise can be increased, and solid phase diffusion bonding can be performed in a relatively short time. Become. Thereby, even when it joins in air
- a method for manufacturing a power module substrate with a heat sink includes an insulating layer, a circuit layer formed on one surface of the insulating layer, and a metal layer formed on the other surface of the insulating layer. And a heat sink disposed on a surface of the metal layer opposite to the insulating layer, and a method for manufacturing a power module substrate with a heat sink, wherein the bonding surface of the metal layer to the heat sink is Of the heat sink, the bonding surface with the metal layer is made of an aluminum alloy having a Si concentration in the range of 1 mass% to 25 mass%, and the heat sink before bonding
- the D90 of the equivalent circle diameter of the Si phase at the joint surface with the metal layer is in the range of 1 ⁇ m or more and 8 ⁇ m or less, and the heat sink and the metal layer are connected by solid phase diffusion welding. It is characterized by matching.
- the heat sink composed of an aluminum alloy having a Si concentration in the range of 1 mass% or more and 25 mass% or less and a metal layer made of copper or a copper alloy. Since the D90 of the equivalent circle diameter of the Si phase dispersed in the mother phase is within the range of 1 ⁇ m or more and 8 ⁇ m or less on the joint surface, the Si phase on the joint surface in contact with the metal layer is sufficiently refined. The diffusion of Cu in the layer is not promoted, and the generation of Kirkendall void at the bonding interface can be suppressed. Thereby, the board
- the heat sink is made of an aluminum alloy having a Si concentration in the range of 1 mass% to 25 mass%.
- the heat sink and the metal layer are laminated, and the heat sink and the metal layer are heated by energizing and heating while pressing in the laminating direction. Is preferably solid phase diffusion bonded.
- the rate of temperature rise can be increased, and solid phase diffusion bonding can be performed in a relatively short time. . Thereby, even when bonded in the atmosphere, for example, the influence of oxidation on the bonding surface is small, and the heat sink and the metal layer can be bonded well.
- a heat sink manufacturing method is a heat sink manufacturing method including a heat sink main body and a copper member layer made of copper or a copper alloy, and the heat sink main body includes the copper member layer.
- the joint surface is made of an aluminum alloy having a Si concentration in the range of 1 mass% to 25 mass%.
- the equivalent circle diameter of the Si phase at the joint surface with the copper member layer The D90 is within the range of 1 ⁇ m or more and 8 ⁇ m or less, and the heat sink body and the copper member layer are solid phase diffusion bonded.
- the D90 of the equivalent circle diameter of the Si phase dispersed in the matrix phase is in the range of 1 ⁇ m or more and 8 ⁇ m or less, so that the Si phase of the joint surface in contact with the copper member layer is sufficiently refined, and the copper member The diffusion of Cu in the layer is not promoted, and the generation of Kirkendall void at the bonding interface can be suppressed. Therefore, it is possible to provide a heat sink with low thermal resistance and excellent heat dissipation.
- the heat sink body is made of an aluminum alloy having a Si concentration in the range of 1 mass% or more and 25 mass% or less, a heat sink body having a complicated structure having a flow path or the like can be formed. Furthermore, since the copper member layer made of copper or copper alloy is formed on the heat sink body, the heat sink and other members can be favorably bonded via solder or the like. Moreover, heat can be spread in the surface direction by the copper member layer, and the heat dissipation characteristics can be greatly improved.
- the heat sink body and the copper member layer are laminated, and the heat sink body and the copper member layer are heated by energizing and heating while pressing in the stacking direction.
- Solid phase diffusion bonding is preferred.
- the rate of temperature rise can be increased, and solid phase diffusion bonding can be performed in a relatively short time. It becomes. Thereby, even when it joins in air
- the present invention even when solid-phase diffusion bonding is performed on an aluminum member made of an aluminum alloy containing a relatively large amount of Si and a copper member made of copper or a copper alloy, the generation of Kirkendall voids at the bonding interface is prevented. It becomes possible to provide a method for manufacturing a bonded body that can be suppressed, a method for manufacturing a power module substrate with a heat sink, and a method for manufacturing a heat sink.
- Example 2 of this invention it is explanatory drawing which shows the procedure which measures the circle equivalent diameter of the Si phase of a joint surface.
- Comparative Example 2 it is explanatory drawing which shows the procedure which measures the circle equivalent diameter of the Si phase of a joint surface.
- FIG. 1 the power module 1 using the board
- the power module 1 includes a power module substrate 30 with a heat sink, and a semiconductor element 3 bonded to one surface (the upper surface in FIG. 1) of the power module substrate 30 with a heat sink via a solder layer 2.
- the power module substrate 30 with a heat sink includes a power module substrate 10 and a heat sink 31 bonded to the power module substrate 10.
- the power module substrate 10 is disposed on the ceramic substrate 11 constituting the insulating layer, the circuit layer 12 disposed on one surface (the upper surface in FIG. 1) of the ceramic substrate 11, and the other surface of the ceramic substrate 11. And a metal layer 13 provided.
- the circuit layer 12 is formed by bonding an aluminum plate 22 made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy to one surface of the ceramic substrate 11.
- the circuit layer 12 is formed by joining an aluminum (2N aluminum) rolled plate (aluminum plate 22) having a purity of 99 mass% or more to the ceramic substrate 11.
- the thickness of the aluminum plate 22 used as the circuit layer 12 is set in the range of 0.1 mm or more and 1.0 mm or less, and is set to 0.6 mm in this embodiment.
- the metal layer 13 is laminated on the Al layer 13A disposed on the other surface of the ceramic substrate 11 and on the surface of the Al layer 13A opposite to the surface to which the ceramic substrate 11 is bonded.
- Cu layer 13B As shown in FIG. 3, the Al layer 13 ⁇ / b> A is formed by bonding an aluminum plate 23 ⁇ / b> A made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy to the other surface of the ceramic substrate 11.
- the Al layer 13A is formed by joining an aluminum (2N aluminum) rolled plate (aluminum plate 23A) having a purity of 99% by mass or more to the ceramic substrate 11.
- the thickness of the aluminum plate 23A to be joined is set within a range of 0.1 mm or more and 1.0 mm or less, and is set to 0.6 mm in the present embodiment.
- the Cu layer 13B is formed by joining a copper plate 23B made of copper or a copper alloy to the other surface of the Al layer 13A. In the present embodiment, the Cu layer 13B is formed by bonding an oxygen-free copper rolled plate (copper plate 23B).
- the thickness of the copper layer 13B is set within a range of 0.1 mm to 6 mm, and is set to 1 mm in this embodiment.
- the heat sink 31 is for dissipating heat on the power module substrate 10 side, and in this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1, a flow path 32 through which a cooling medium flows is provided.
- the heat sink 31 is made of an aluminum alloy having a Si concentration in the range of 1 mass% to 25 mass%.
- the heat sink 31 is made of an ADC 12 that is an aluminum alloy for die casting defined in JIS H 2118: 2006. It is configured.
- the ADC 12 is an aluminum alloy containing Cu in the range of 1.5 to 3.5 mass% and Si in the range of 9.6 to 12.0 mass%.
- the Si concentration of the aluminum alloy is preferably in the range of 10.5 mass% to 12.0 mass%, but is not limited thereto.
- the heat sink 31 and the metal layer 13 are solid phase diffusion bonded.
- An intermetallic compound layer is formed at the bonding interface between the metal layer 13 (Cu layer 13 ⁇ / b> B) and the heat sink 31.
- This intermetallic compound layer is formed by mutual diffusion of Al atoms of the heat sink 31 and Cu atoms of the Cu layer 13B.
- This intermetallic compound layer has a concentration gradient in which the concentration of Al atoms gradually decreases and the concentration of Cu atoms increases as it goes from the heat sink 31 to the Cu layer 13B.
- the intermetallic compound layer is composed of an intermetallic compound composed of Cu and Al. In the present embodiment, a plurality of intermetallic compounds are stacked along the bonding interface.
- the thickness of the intermetallic compound layer is set in the range of 1 ⁇ m to 80 ⁇ m, preferably in the range of 5 ⁇ m to 80 ⁇ m.
- the intermetallic compound layer has a structure in which three kinds of intermetallic compounds are laminated, and the heat sink 31 and the Cu layer 13B are sequentially arranged from the heat sink 31 side to the Cu layer 13B side.
- a ⁇ phase and a ⁇ 2 phase are laminated along the bonding interface, and at least one of a ⁇ 2 phase, a ⁇ phase, and a ⁇ 2 phase is laminated.
- oxides are dispersed in layers along the bonding interface at the bonding interface between the intermetallic compound layer and the Cu layer 13B.
- this oxide is an aluminum oxide such as alumina (Al 2 O 3 ).
- the oxide is dispersed in a state of being divided at the interface between the intermetallic compound layer and the Cu layer 13B, and there is a region where the intermetallic compound layer and the Cu layer 13B are in direct contact. In some cases, the oxide is dispersed in layers within at least one of the ⁇ phase, ⁇ 2 phase, or ⁇ 2 phase, ⁇ phase, and ⁇ 2 phase.
- an aluminum plate 22 to be the circuit layer 12 is laminated on one surface of the ceramic substrate 11 with an Al—Si brazing material foil 26 interposed therebetween. Further, an aluminum plate 23A to be the Al layer 13A is laminated on the other surface of the ceramic substrate 11 with an Al—Si based brazing material foil 26 interposed therebetween. In this embodiment, an Al-6 mass% Si alloy foil having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m is used as the Al—Si brazing material foil 26.
- circuit layer and Al layer forming step S02 Then, the aluminum plate 22 and the ceramic substrate 11 are joined by placing and heating in a vacuum heating furnace under pressure in the laminating direction (pressure 1 to 35 kgf / cm 2 (0.10 to 3.43 MPa)). The circuit layer 12 is formed. Further, the ceramic substrate 11 and the aluminum plate 23A are joined to form the Al layer 13A.
- the pressure in the vacuum heating furnace is set in the range of 10 ⁇ 6 Pa to 10 ⁇ 3 Pa
- the heating temperature is set to 600 ° C. to 643 ° C.
- the holding time is set in the range of 30 minutes to 180 minutes. It is preferable.
- a copper plate 23B to be the Cu layer 13B is laminated on the other surface side of the Al layer 13A.
- the Al layer 13A and the copper plate 23B are solid-phase diffused by placing them in a vacuum heating furnace under pressure in the stacking direction (pressure 3 to 35 kgf / cm 2 (0.29 to 3.43 MPa)).
- the metal layer 13 is formed by bonding.
- the pressure in the vacuum heating furnace is set within the range of 10 ⁇ 6 Pa to 10 ⁇ 3 Pa
- the heating temperature is set to 400 ° C. to 548 ° C.
- the holding time is set within the range of 5 minutes to 240 minutes. It is preferable.
- each surface of the Al layer 13A and the copper plate 23B to be solid-phase diffusion bonded is previously smoothed by removing scratches on the surfaces.
- Heat sink preparation step S04 Next, a heat sink 31 to be joined is prepared.
- D90 of the equivalent circle diameter of the Si phase 52 dispersed in the mother phase 51 is 1 ⁇ m or more and 8 ⁇ m at the joint surface of the heat sink 31 to be joined to the metal layer 13 (Cu layer 13B).
- the size and shape of the Si phase 52 on the joint surface can be controlled by adjusting the cooling rate of at least the joint surface of the heat sink 31.
- the temperature of the mold during casting is 230 ° C. or lower, preferably 210 ° C. or lower.
- 170 degreeC may be sufficient as the minimum value of the temperature of the metal mold
- the size and shape of the Si phase 52 on the joint surface can be controlled by melting at least the vicinity of the joint surface of the heat sink 31 and then rapidly cooling it.
- Metal layer / heat sink bonding step S05 Next, the metal layer 13 (Cu layer 13B) and the heat sink 31 are stacked and pressurized in the stacking direction (pressure 5 to 35 kgf / cm 2 (0.49 to 3.43 MPa)) in a vacuum heating furnace.
- the metal layer 13 (Cu layer 13B) and the heat sink 31 are solid-phase diffusion bonded by arranging and heating.
- each joining surface of the metal layer 13 (Cu layer 13 ⁇ / b> B) and the heat sink 31 to be solid phase diffusion bonded is previously smoothed by removing scratches on the surfaces.
- the pressure in the vacuum heating furnace is in the range of 10 ⁇ 6 Pa to 10 ⁇ 3 Pa
- the heating temperature is 400 ° C. to 520 ° C.
- the holding time is 0.5 hours to 3 hours. It is preferably set. In this way, the power module substrate with heat sink 30 according to the present embodiment is manufactured.
- semiconductor element bonding step S06 Next, the semiconductor element 3 is stacked on one surface (front surface) of the circuit layer 12 via a solder material, and solder-bonded in a reduction furnace. As described above, the power module 1 according to the present embodiment is manufactured.
- the heat sink 31 composed of an aluminum alloy having a Si concentration in the range of 1 mass% to 25 mass%. And a heat sink 31 in which the D90 of the equivalent circle diameter of the Si phase 52 dispersed in the parent phase 51 is in the range of 1 ⁇ m or more and 8 ⁇ m or less on the joint surface to be joined to the metal layer 13 (Cu layer 13B).
- the Si phase 52 on the bonding surface in contact with the metal layer 13 (Cu layer 13B) is sufficiently miniaturized, and in the subsequent metal layer / heat sink bonding step S05 The diffusion of Cu in the metal layer 13 (Cu layer 13B) is not promoted and the generation of Kirkendall void at the bonding interface is suppressed. Is possible.
- the D90 of the equivalent circle diameter of the Si phase 52 dispersed in the mother phase is less than 1 ⁇ m
- the vicinity of the joint surface of the heat sink 31 is hardened more than necessary by precipitation hardening due to the finely dispersed Si phase. Therefore, the ceramic substrate 11 may be cracked by thermal stress generated when a heat cycle is applied to the power module substrate 30 with a heat sink.
- the equivalent-circle diameter D90 of the Si phase 52 dispersed in the parent phase exceeds 8 ⁇ m, the diffusion of Cu is promoted, and the generation of Kirkendall voids at the joint interface may not be sufficiently suppressed.
- D90 of the equivalent circle diameter of the Si phase 52 on the joint surface is set within a range of 1 ⁇ m or more and 8 ⁇ m or less.
- D50 of the equivalent circle diameter of the Si phase 52 is 5 ⁇ m or less, and D50 of the equivalent circle diameter of the Si phase 52 is 3 ⁇ m or less. Further, it is more preferable that D90 is 6 ⁇ m or less.
- the heat sink 31 is made of an aluminum alloy having a Si concentration in the range of 1 mass% or more and 25 mass% or less, the heat sink 31 having a complicated structure having the flow path 32 can be formed. It becomes possible to improve the heat dissipation characteristics. Furthermore, since generation of Kirkendall voids at the bonding interface is suppressed, a high performance heat module substrate with a heat sink having excellent bonding strength between the heat sink 31 and the metal layer 13 (Cu layer 13B) and low thermal resistance. 30 can be configured.
- the Cu layer 13B (copper plate 23B), and Since the surface to which the heat sink 31 is bonded is solid-phase diffusion bonded after the scratches on the surface have been removed and smoothed in advance, it is possible to suppress the formation of a gap at the bonding interface, and reliably Diffusion bonding can be performed.
- the intermetallic compound layer which consists of an intermetallic compound of Cu and Al is formed in the joining interface of the metal layer 13 (Cu layer 13B) and the heat sink 31,
- This intermetallic compound layer is Since a structure in which a plurality of intermetallic compounds are laminated along the bonding interface, it is possible to suppress the brittle intermetallic compound from growing greatly. Further, the volume variation inside the intermetallic compound layer is reduced, and internal strain is suppressed.
- the oxides are dispersed in layers along these bonding interfaces, so that they are formed on the bonding surface of the heat sink 31.
- the oxide film is surely destroyed, the mutual diffusion of Cu and Al is sufficiently advanced, and the Cu layer 13B and the heat sink 31 are reliably bonded.
- FIG. 5 shows a heat sink 101 according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- the heat sink 101 includes a heat sink body 110 and a copper member layer 118 made of copper or a copper alloy laminated on one surface of the heat sink body 110 (upper side in FIG. 5).
- the copper member layer 118 is configured by joining a copper plate 128 made of an oxygen-free copper rolled plate.
- the heat sink body 110 is provided with a flow path 111 through which a cooling medium flows.
- the heat sink body 110 is made of an aluminum alloy having a Si concentration in the range of 1 mass% to 25 mass%.
- the heat sink body 110 is ADC3, which is an aluminum alloy for die casting specified in JIS H 2118: 2006. It consists of
- the ADC 3 is an aluminum alloy containing Si in a range of 9.0 to 11.0 mass% and Mg in a range of 0.45 to 0.64 mass%.
- the Si concentration of the aluminum alloy is preferably in the range of 10.5 mass% or more and 11.0 mass% or less, but is not limited thereto.
- the heat sink body 110 and the copper member layer 118 are solid phase diffusion bonded.
- An intermetallic compound layer is formed at the bonding interface between the heat sink body 110 and the copper member layer 118.
- This intermetallic compound layer is formed by interdiffusion of Al atoms in the heat sink body 110 and Cu atoms in the copper member layer 118.
- This intermetallic compound layer has a concentration gradient in which the Al atom concentration gradually decreases and the Cu atom concentration increases as the heat sink body 110 moves from the copper member layer 118.
- the intermetallic compound layer is composed of an intermetallic compound composed of Cu and Al.
- a plurality of intermetallic compounds are stacked along the bonding interface.
- the thickness of the intermetallic compound layer is set in the range of 1 ⁇ m to 80 ⁇ m, preferably in the range of 5 ⁇ m to 80 ⁇ m.
- the intermetallic compound layer has a structure in which three kinds of intermetallic compounds are laminated, and the heat sink body 110 and the copper member are sequentially arranged from the heat sink body 110 side to the copper member layer 118 side.
- a ⁇ phase and a ⁇ 2 phase are stacked along a bonding interface with the layer 118, and at least one of a ⁇ 2 phase, a ⁇ phase, and a ⁇ 2 phase is stacked.
- oxides are dispersed in layers along the bonding interface at the bonding interface between the intermetallic compound layer and the copper member layer 118.
- this oxide is an aluminum oxide such as alumina (Al 2 O 3 ).
- the oxide is dispersed in a state of being separated at the interface between the intermetallic compound layer and the copper member layer 118, and there is a region where the intermetallic compound layer and the copper member layer 118 are in direct contact. Yes. In some cases, the oxide is dispersed in layers within at least one of the ⁇ phase, the ⁇ 2 phase, or the ⁇ 2 phase, the ⁇ phase, and the ⁇ 2 phase.
- Heat sink body preparation step S101 First, the heat sink body 110 to be joined is prepared. At this time, the joint surface of the heat sink body 110 to be bonded to the copper member layer 118 is equivalent to the circle of the Si phase dispersed in the mother phase, similar to the heat sink 31 described in the first embodiment (see FIG. 4). A heat sink body 110 having a diameter D90 in the range of 1 ⁇ m to 8 ⁇ m is prepared.
- the size and shape of the Si phase on the joint surface can be controlled by adjusting the cooling rate at least in the vicinity of the joint surface of the heat sink body 110.
- the temperature of the mold during casting is 230 ° C. or lower, preferably 210 ° C. or lower.
- 170 degreeC may be sufficient as the minimum value of the temperature of the metal mold
- the size and shape of the Si phase on the bonding surface can be controlled by melting at least the vicinity of the bonding surface of the heat sink body 110 and then rapidly cooling it.
- a heat sink main body 110 and a copper plate 128 serving as a copper member layer 118 are laminated and pressurized in the laminating direction (pressure 1 to 35 kgf / cm 2 (0.10 to 3.43 MPa)).
- the copper plate 128 and the heat sink body 110 are solid-phase diffusion bonded by being placed in a vacuum heating furnace and heated.
- each surface of the copper plate 128 and the heat sink body 110 to be solid phase diffusion bonded is smoothed by removing the scratches on the surfaces in advance.
- the pressure in the vacuum heating furnace is in the range of 10 ⁇ 6 Pa to 10 ⁇ 3 Pa
- the heating temperature is 400 ° C. to 520 ° C.
- the holding time is 0.5 hours to 3 hours. It is preferably set.
- the heat sink 101 which is this embodiment is manufactured.
- the heat sink body 110 made of an aluminum alloy having a Si concentration in the range of 1 mass% to 25 mass% is used.
- the copper member layer 118 is formed by joining a copper plate 128 made of an oxygen-free copper rolled plate to one surface of the heat sink body 110, heat is transferred to the surface by the copper member layer 118.
- the heat dissipation characteristics can be greatly improved.
- other members and the heat sink 101 can be favorably bonded using solder or the like.
- the heat sink body 110 is made of an aluminum alloy having a Si concentration in the range of 1 mass% to 25 mass%.
- the heat sink body 110 is an aluminum alloy for die casting specified in JIS H 2118: 2006. Since it is composed of ADC3 (Si concentration: 9.0 to 11.0 mass%), the heat sink body 110 having a complicated structure having a flow path and the like can be constructed.
- the bonding interface between the copper member layer 118 and the heat sink body 110 has the same configuration as the bonding interface between the Cu layer 13B and the heat sink 31 in the first embodiment.
- the same operational effects as those of the embodiment can be achieved.
- the metal layer 13 has been described as having the Al layer 13A and the Cu layer 13B.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and as shown in FIG. You may comprise with copper or a copper alloy.
- a copper plate is joined to the other surface (lower side in FIG. 8) of the ceramic substrate 11 by the DBC method, the active metal brazing method, or the like.
- a metal layer 213 is formed.
- the metal layer 213 and the heat sink 31 are solid phase diffusion bonded.
- the circuit layer 212 is also made of copper or a copper alloy.
- the circuit layer is described as being formed by bonding an aluminum plate having a purity of 99 mass% or more, but the present invention is not limited to this, and the purity is 99.99 mass% or more (4N ⁇ Al), other aluminum or aluminum alloy, copper or copper alloy may be used.
- the circuit layer may have a two-layer structure of an Al layer and a Cu layer. The same applies to the power module substrate with a heat sink shown in FIG.
- the metal layer 13 (Cu layer 13B) and the heat sink 31 are stacked and placed in a vacuum heating furnace in a state of being pressurized in the stacking direction.
- the heat sink body / copper member layer joining step S102 of the second embodiment the heat sink body 110 and the copper plate 128 serving as the copper member layer 118 are stacked and pressed in the stacking direction (pressure 5 to 35 kgf).
- a structure for heating and placed in a vacuum heating furnace in a state / cm 2) was, has been described, the invention is not limited thereto, as shown in FIG. 9, the aluminum member 301 (heat sink 31, the heat sink body 110 ) And the copper member 302 (metal layer 13, copper member layer 118) may be energized and heated when solid phase diffusion bonding is performed.
- an aluminum member 301 and a copper member 302 are laminated, and the laminated body is laminated by a pair of electrodes 312 and 312 via carbon plates 311 and 311.
- the aluminum member 301 and the copper member 302 are energized.
- the carbon plates 311 and 311 and the aluminum member 301 and the copper member 302 are heated by Joule heat, and the aluminum member 301 and the copper member 302 are solid-phase diffusion bonded.
- the aluminum member 301 and the copper member 302 are directly energized and heated, so that the rate of temperature rise can be made relatively fast, for example, 30 to 100 ° C./min, and solid phase diffusion can be achieved in a short time. Bonding can be performed. Thereby, the influence of the oxidation of the bonding surface is small, and for example, bonding can be performed even in an air atmosphere. Further, depending on the resistance value and specific heat of the aluminum member 301 and the copper member 302, it is possible to join the aluminum member 301 and the copper member 302 in a state where a temperature difference is generated, thereby reducing the difference in thermal expansion and reducing the thermal stress. Can also be reduced.
- the pressure load applied by the pair of electrodes 312 and 312 is set to be within a range of 30 kgf / cm 2 to 100 kgf / cm 2 (2.94 MPa to 9.8 MPa). preferable.
- the surface roughness of the aluminum member 301 and the copper member 302 is 0.3 ⁇ m or more and 0.6 ⁇ m or less in arithmetic average roughness Ra, or 1.3 ⁇ m in maximum height Rz. It is preferable to be in the range of 2.3 ⁇ m or less.
- the surface roughness of the bonding surface is small, but in the case of the electric heating method, if the surface roughness of the bonding surface is too small, the interface contact resistance decreases, and the bonding interface Since it becomes difficult to heat locally, it is preferable to be within the above range.
- the ceramic substrate 11 is an insulator, for example, a jig made of carbon, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to short-circuit the carbon plates 311 and 311.
- the joining conditions are the same as the joining of the aluminum member 301 and the copper member 302 described above.
- the surface roughness of the metal layer 13 (Cu layer 13B) and the heat sink 31 is the same as that of the aluminum member 301 and the copper member 302 described above.
- the pressure load on the electrode was 15 kgf / cm 2 (1.47 MPa)
- the heating temperature (copper plate temperature) was 510 ° C.
- the holding time at the heating temperature was 5 min
- the heating rate was 80 ° C./min.
- the bonding atmosphere was an air atmosphere.
- FIG. 10 shows a measurement example of Inventive Example 2
- FIG. 11 shows a measurement example of Comparative Example 2.
- surface analysis of Si was performed using EPMA (JXA-8530F manufactured by JEOL Ltd.) under the conditions of 360 ⁇ m field of view, acceleration voltage of 15 kV, and Si contour level of 0 to 1000, and FIG.
- the Si distribution image shown in 11 (a) was obtained.
- the obtained Si distribution image was converted into an 8-bit gray scale, and Si distribution images as shown in FIGS. 10B and 11B were obtained.
- the outline of the Si phase was extracted from the binarized image. Based on the image obtained by extracting the outline of the Si phase, the equivalent circle diameter (diameter) was calculated from the area (number of pixels) in the outline. Then, D90 and D50 of the calculated equivalent circle diameter were obtained. The measurement results are shown in Table 1.
- the aluminum plate shown in Table 1 was used as a heat sink, and a power module substrate with a heat sink having the structure described in the first embodiment was produced.
- the configuration of the power module substrate with a heat sink is as follows. The solid phase diffusion bonding between the metal layer (Cu layer) and the heat sink was performed in a stacking direction with a load of 15 kgf / cm 2 (1.47 MPa) in a vacuum heating furnace at 500 ° C. for 120 min.
- Ceramic substrate AlN, 40mm x 40mm, thickness 0.635mm Circuit layer: 4N aluminum, 37mm x 37mm, thickness 0.6mm Metal layer (Al layer): 4N aluminum, 37mm x 37mm, thickness 0.9mm Metal layer (Cu layer): Oxygen-free copper, 37 mm x 37 mm, thickness 0.3 mm Heat sink: Aluminum alloy listed in Table 1, 50 mm x 50 mm, thickness 5 mm
- Comparative Example 1 In Comparative Example 1 in which D90 of the Si phase on the joining surface of the aluminum plate (heat sink) was smaller than the range of the present invention, cracks occurred in the ceramic substrate. It is presumed that the aluminum plate (heat sink) was hardened more than necessary due to the dispersion of many fine Si particles. In Comparative Example 2 in which D90 of the Si phase on the joint surface of the aluminum plate (heat sink) was larger than the range of the present invention, the failure rate by the shear test was very high. It is presumed that a lot of Kirkendall voids were generated at the joint interface.
- the method for manufacturing a joined body of the present invention it is possible to suppress the occurrence of Kirkendall void at the joining interface between the aluminum member and the copper member.
- the method for manufacturing a power module substrate with a heat sink of the present invention it is possible to provide a power module substrate with a heat sink that has low thermal resistance and excellent heat dissipation.
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2015年3月11日に、日本に出願された特願2015-048151号、及び2016年2月12日に、日本に出願された特願2016-025164号に基づき優先権を主張し、その内容をここに援用する。
風力発電、電気自動車、ハイブリッド自動車等を制御するために用いられる大電力制御用のパワー半導体素子においては、発熱量が多い。そのため、このようなパワー半導体素子を搭載する基板としては、例えばAlN(窒化アルミニウム)、Al2O3(アルミナ)などからなるセラミックス基板と、このセラミックス基板の一方の面に導電性の優れた金属板を接合して形成した回路層と、を備えたパワーモジュール用基板が、従来から広く用いられている。なお、パワージュール用基板としては、セラミックス基板の他方の面に金属層を形成したものも提供されている。
そして、パワーモジュール用基板の下側には、ヒートシンクが接合されており、半導体素子からパワーモジュール用基板側に伝達された熱を、ヒートシンクを介して外部へ放散する構成を備えている。
そこで、従来、例えば特許文献2に開示されているように、回路層及び金属層の表面に無電解めっき等によってNiめっき膜を形成した上で、半導体素子やヒートシンクをはんだ接合している。
また、特許文献3には、はんだ材の代替として、酸化銀粒子と有機物からなる還元剤とを含む酸化銀ペーストを用いて、回路層と半導体素子、及び、金属層とヒートシンクとを接合する技術が提案されている。
ここで、Siを比較的多く含むアルミニウム鋳物合金からなるアルミニウム部材と、銅又は銅合金からなる銅部材とを、特許文献5に記載されたように、固相拡散接合した場合には、接合界面近傍に相互拡散の不均衡によって生じるカーケンダルボイドが多数発生することが確認された。このようなカーケンダルボイドがパワーモジュール用基板とヒートシンクとの間に存在すると、熱抵抗が上昇し、放熱特性が低下してしまうといった問題があった。
この場合、前記アルミニウム部材と前記銅部材とを積層方向に加圧しながら通電加熱しているので、昇温速度を速くすることができ、比較的短時間で固相拡散接合を行うことが可能となる。これにより、例えば大気中で接合した場合でも、接合面の酸化の影響が小さく、前記アルミニウム部材と前記銅部材とを良好に接合することができる。
また、本発明の一態様であるヒートシンク付パワーモジュール用基板の製造方法においては、ヒートシンクが、Si濃度が1mass%以上25mass%以下の範囲内とされたアルミニウム合金で構成されているので、流路等を有する複雑な構造のヒートシンクを構成することができ、ヒートシンクの放熱特性を向上させることが可能となる。
この場合、前記ヒートシンクと前記金属層とを積層方向に加圧しながら通電加熱しているので、昇温速度を速くすることができ、比較的短時間で固相拡散接合を行うことが可能となる。これにより、例えば大気中で接合した場合でも、接合面の酸化の影響が小さく、前記ヒートシンクと前記金属層とを良好に接合することができる。
また、ヒートシンク本体が、Si濃度が1mass%以上25mass%以下の範囲内とされたアルミニウム合金で構成されているので、流路等を有する複雑な構造のヒートシンク本体を構成することができる。さらに、このヒートシンク本体に、銅又は銅合金からなる銅部材層が形成されているので、ヒートシンクと他の部材とをはんだ等を介して良好に接合することができる。また、熱を銅部材層で面方向に広げることができ、放熱特性を大幅に向上することができる。
この場合、前記ヒートシンク本体と前記銅部材層とを積層方向に加圧しながら通電加熱しているので、昇温速度を速くすることができ、比較的短時間で固相拡散接合を行うことが可能となる。これにより、例えば大気中で接合した場合でも、接合面の酸化の影響が小さく、前記ヒートシンク本体と前記銅部材層とを良好に接合することができる。
以下に、本発明の実施形態について、添付した図面を参照して説明する。
図1に、本発明の第一実施形態であるヒートシンク付パワーモジュール用基板30を用いたパワーモジュール1を示す。
このパワーモジュール1は、ヒートシンク付パワーモジュール用基板30と、このヒートシンク付パワーモジュール用基板30の一方の面(図1において上面)にはんだ層2を介して接合された半導体素子3と、を備えている。
ヒートシンク付パワーモジュール用基板30は、パワーモジュール用基板10と、パワーモジュール用基板10に接合されたヒートシンク31と、を備えている。
Al層13Aは、図3に示すように、セラミックス基板11の他方の面に、アルミニウム又はアルミニウム合金からなるアルミニウム板23Aが接合されることにより形成されている。本実施形態においては、Al層13Aは、純度が99質量%以上のアルミニウム(2Nアルミニウム)の圧延板(アルミニウム板23A)がセラミックス基板11に接合されることで形成されている。接合されるアルミニウム板23Aの厚さは0.1mm以上1.0mm以下の範囲内に設定されており、本実施形態では、0.6mmに設定されている。
Cu層13Bは、Al層13Aの他方の面に、銅又は銅合金からなる銅板23Bが接合されることにより形成されている。本実施形態においては、Cu層13Bは、無酸素銅の圧延板(銅板23B)が接合されることで形成されている。銅層13Bの厚さは0.1mm以上6mm以下の範囲内に設定されており、本実施形態では、1mmに設定されている。
このヒートシンク31は、Si濃度が1mass%以上25mass%以下の範囲内とされたアルミニウム合金で構成されており、具体的には、JIS H 2118:2006で規定されたダイカスト用アルミニウム合金であるADC12で構成されている。なお、このADC12は、Cuを1.5~3.5mass%の範囲内、Siを9.6~12.0mass%の範囲内で含むアルミニウム合金である。上記アルミニウム合金のSi濃度は、10.5mass%以上12.0mass%以下の範囲内とすることが好ましいが、これに限定されることはない。
金属層13(Cu層13B)とヒートシンク31との接合界面には、金属間化合物層が形成されている。この金属間化合物層は、ヒートシンク31のAl原子と、Cu層13BのCu原子とが相互拡散することによって形成される。この金属間化合物層においては、ヒートシンク31からCu層13Bに向かうにしたがい、漸次Al原子の濃度が低くなり、かつCu原子の濃度が高くなる濃度勾配を有している。
金属間化合物層は、CuとAlからなる金属間化合物で構成されており、本実施形態では、複数の金属間化合物が接合界面に沿って積層した構造とされている。ここで、金属間化合物層の厚さは、1μm以上80μm以下の範囲内、好ましくは、5μm以上80μm以下の範囲内に設定されている。
また、この金属間化合物層とCu層13Bとの接合界面には、酸化物が接合界面に沿って層状に分散している。なお、本実施形態においては、この酸化物は、アルミナ(Al2O3)等のアルミニウム酸化物とされている。なお、酸化物は、金属間化合物層とCu層13Bとの界面に分断された状態で分散しており、金属間化合物層とCu層13Bとが直接接触している領域も存在している。また、酸化物がθ相、η2相もしくは、ζ2相、δ相、及びγ2相のうち少なくとも一つの相の内部に層状に分散している場合もある。
まず、図3に示すように、セラミックス基板11の一方の面に、回路層12となるアルミニウム板22を、Al-Si系のろう材箔26を介して積層する。
また、セラミックス基板11の他方の面に、Al層13Aとなるアルミニウム板23Aを、Al-Si系のろう材箔26を介して積層する。なお、本実施形態では、Al-Si系のろう材箔26として、厚さ15μmのAl-6mass%Si合金箔を用いる。
そして、積層方向に加圧(圧力1~35kgf/cm2(0.10~3.43MPa))した状態で真空加熱炉内に配置し加熱して、アルミニウム板22とセラミックス基板11を接合して回路層12を形成する。また、セラミックス基板11とアルミニウム板23Aを接合してAl層13Aを形成する。
ここで、真空加熱炉内の圧力は10-6Pa以上10-3Pa以下の範囲内に、加熱温度は600℃以上643℃以下、保持時間は30分以上180分以下の範囲内に設定されることが好ましい。
次に、Al層13Aの他方の面側に、Cu層13Bとなる銅板23Bを積層する。
そして、積層方向に加圧(圧力3~35kgf/cm2(0.29~3.43MPa))した状態で真空加熱炉内に配置し加熱して、Al層13Aと銅板23Bとを固相拡散接合し、金属層13を形成する。
ここで、真空加熱炉内の圧力は10-6Pa以上10-3Pa以下の範囲内に、加熱温度は400℃以上548℃以下、保持時間は5分以上240分以下の範囲内に設定されることが好ましい。
なお、Al層13A、銅板23Bのうち固相拡散接合されるそれぞれの接合面は、予め当該面の傷が除去されて平滑にされている。
次に、接合するヒートシンク31を準備する。このとき、図4に示すように、ヒートシンク31のうち金属層13(Cu層13B)と接合される接合面において、母相51中に分散したSi相52の円相当径のD90が1μm以上8μm以下の範囲内とされたものを準備する。
ここで、ヒートシンク31を鋳造する際にヒートシンク31の少なくとも接合面近傍の冷却速度を調整することで接合面におけるSi相52のサイズ及び形状を制御することができる。この場合、例えば、鋳造する際の金型の温度を230℃以下、望ましくは、210℃以下とするとよい。鋳造する際の金型の温度の下限値は、170℃であってもよいが、これに限定されることはない。
あるいは、ヒートシンク31の少なくとも接合面近傍を溶融させた後に急冷することにより、接合面におけるSi相52のサイズ及び形状を制御することができる。
次に、金属層13(Cu層13B)とヒートシンク31とを積層し、積層方向に加圧(圧力5~35kgf/cm2(0.49~3.43MPa))した状態で真空加熱炉内に配置し加熱して、金属層13(Cu層13B)とヒートシンク31を固相拡散接合する。なお、金属層13(Cu層13B)及びヒートシンク31のうち固相拡散接合されるそれぞれの接合面は、予め当該面の傷が除去されて平滑にされている。
ここで、真空加熱炉内の圧力は10-6Pa以上10-3Pa以下の範囲内に、加熱温度は400℃以上520℃以下、保持時間は0.5時間以上3時間以下の範囲内に設定されることが好ましい。
このようにして、本実施形態であるヒートシンク付パワーモジュール用基板30が製造される。
次いで、回路層12の一方の面(表面)に、はんだ材を介して半導体素子3を積層し、還元炉内においてはんだ接合する。
上記のようにして、本実施形態であるパワーモジュール1が製造される。
一方、母相中に分散したSi相52の円相当径のD90が8μmを超える場合には、Cuの拡散が促進され、接合界面におけるカーケンダルボイドの発生を十分に抑制できなくなるおそれがある。
よって、本実施形態においては、接合面におけるSi相52の円相当径のD90を1μm以上8μm以下の範囲内に設定している。
なお、接合界面におけるカーケンダルボイドの発生を確実に抑制するためには、Si相52の円相当径のD50が5μm以下であることが好ましく、Si相52の円相当径のD50が3μm以下、且つ、D90が6μm以下であることがさらに好ましい。
さらに、接合界面におけるカーケンダルボイドの発生が抑制されているので、ヒートシンク31と金属層13(Cu層13B)との接合強度に優れ、かつ、熱抵抗が少ない高性能なヒートシンク付パワーモジュール用基板30を構成することができる。
次に、本発明の第二実施形態であるヒートシンクについて説明する。図5に、本発明の第二実施形態に係るヒートシンク101を示す。
このヒートシンク101は、ヒートシンク本体110と、ヒートシンク本体110の一方の面(図5において上側)に積層された銅又は銅合金からなる銅部材層118と、を備えている。本実施形態では、銅部材層118は、図7に示すように、無酸素銅の圧延板からなる銅板128を接合することによって構成されている。
ヒートシンク本体110と銅部材層118との接合界面には、金属間化合物層が形成されている。この金属間化合物層は、ヒートシンク本体110のAl原子と、銅部材層118のCu原子とが相互拡散することによって形成される。この金属間化合物層においては、ヒートシンク本体110から銅部材層118に向かうにしたがい、漸次Al原子の濃度が低くなり、かつCu原子の濃度が高くなる濃度勾配を有している。
金属間化合物層は、CuとAlからなる金属間化合物で構成されており、本実施形態では、複数の金属間化合物が接合界面に沿って積層した構造とされている。ここで、金属間化合物層の厚さは、1μm以上80μm以下の範囲内、好ましくは、5μm以上80μm以下の範囲内に設定されている。
また、この金属間化合物層と銅部材層118との接合界面には、酸化物が接合界面に沿って層状に分散している。なお、本実施形態においては、この酸化物は、アルミナ(Al2O3)等のアルミニウム酸化物とされている。なお、酸化物は、金属間化合物層と銅部材層118との界面に分断された状態で分散しており、金属間化合物層と銅部材層118とが直接接触している領域も存在している。また、酸化物が、θ相、η2相もしくは、ζ2相、δ相、及びγ2相のうち少なくとも一つの相の内部に層状に分散している場合もある。
まず、接合するヒートシンク本体110を準備する。このとき、ヒートシンク本体110のうち銅部材層118と接合される接合面において、第一の実施形態で説明したヒートシンク31(図4参照)と同様に、母相中に分散したSi相の円相当径のD90を1μm以上8μm以下の範囲内とされたヒートシンク本体110を準備する。
ここで、ヒートシンク本体110を鋳造する際にヒートシンク本体110の少なくとも接合面近傍の冷却速度を調整することで接合面におけるSi相のサイズ及び形状を制御することができる。この場合、例えば、鋳造する際の金型の温度を230℃以下、望ましくは、210℃以下とするとよい。鋳造する際の金型の温度の下限値は、170℃であってもよいが、これに限定されることはない。
あるいは、ヒートシンク本体110の少なくとも接合面近傍を溶融させた後に急冷することにより、接合面におけるSi相のサイズ及び形状を制御することができる。
次に、図7に示すように、ヒートシンク本体110と銅部材層118となる銅板128とを積層し、積層方向に加圧(圧力1~35kgf/cm2(0.10~3.43MPa))した状態で真空加熱炉内に配置し加熱することにより、銅板128とヒートシンク本体110とを固相拡散接合する。なお、銅板128、ヒートシンク本体110のうち固相拡散接合されるそれぞれの接合面は、予め当該面の傷が除去されて平滑にされている。
ここで、真空加熱炉内の圧力は10-6Pa以上10-3Pa以下の範囲内に、加熱温度は400℃以上520℃以下、保持時間は0.5時間以上3時間以下の範囲内に設定されることが好ましい。
このようにして、本実施形態であるヒートシンク101が製造される。
また、通電加熱法を適用する場合には、アルミニウム部材301及び銅部材302の表面粗さは、算術平均粗さRaで0.3μm以上0.6μm以下、または、最大高さRzで1.3μm以上2.3μm以下の範囲内とすることが好ましい。通常の固相拡散接合では、接合面の表面粗さは小さいことが好ましいが、通電加熱法の場合には、接合面の表面粗さが小さすぎると、界面接触抵抗が低下し、接合界面を局所的に加熱することが困難となるため、上述の範囲内とすることが好ましい。
また、金属層13(Cu層13B)とヒートシンク31の表面粗さについては、上述したアルミニウム部材301及び銅部材302の場合と同様である。
表1に示すアルミニウム板(10mm×10mm、厚さ3mm)の一方の面に、無酸素銅からなる銅板(2mm×2mm、厚さ0.3mm)を、上述の実施形態に記載した方法によって固相拡散接合した。
本発明例1-7及び比較例1,2においては、アルミニウム板と銅板とを積層方向に15kgf/cm2(1.47MPa)の荷重で押圧し、真空加熱炉で500℃で120minの条件で固相拡散接合を実施した。
本発明例8-11においては、アルミニウム板と銅板とを図9に示す通電加熱法によって固相拡散接合した。なお、電極に加圧荷重を15kgf/cm2(1.47MPa)とし、加熱温度(銅板温度)を510℃、加熱温度での保持時間を5minとし、昇温速度を80℃/minとした。また、接合雰囲気を大気雰囲気とした。
接合する前にアルミニウム板の接合面の組織観察を行い、母相中に分散するSi相のD90及びD50を以下のようにして測定した。なお、図10は、本発明例2の測定例、図11は比較例2の測定例を示す。
まず、EPMA(日本電子株式会社製JXA―8530F)を用いて、視野360μm□、加速電圧15kV、Siコンターレベル0~1000の条件で、Siの面分析を実施し、図10(a)及び図11(a)に示すSi分布像を得た。
得られたSi分布像を8ビットグレースケールに変換し、図10(b)及び図11(b)に示すようなSi分布像を得た。
Si相の輪郭を抽出した画像を基に、輪郭内の面積(ピクセル数)から円相当径(直径)を算出した。
そして、算出された円相当径のD90及びD50を求めた。測定結果を表1に示す。
この試験片を用いて、シェアテストを実施した。なお、このシェアテストは、国際電気標準会議の規格IEC 60749-19に準拠して実施した。シェアテストのn数は30とした。シェア強度のワイブルプロットにおいて、シェア強度が100MPaとなる累積故障率を破損率とした。なお、累積故障率の計算はメディアンランクに基づいて実施した。評価結果を表1に示す。
また、表1に示すアルミニウム板をヒートシンクとし、第一の実施形態で説明した構造のヒートシンク付パワーモジュール用基板を作製した。ヒートシンク付パワーモジュール用基板の構成は以下の通りである。なお、金属層(Cu層)とヒートシンクとの固相拡散接合は、積層方向の荷重を15kgf/cm2(1.47MPa)とし、真空加熱炉で500℃で120minの条件で実施した。
セラミックス基板:AlN,40mm×40mm,厚さ0.635mm
回路層:4Nアルミニウム,37mm×37mm,厚さ0.6mm
金属層(Al層):4Nアルミニウム,37mm×37mm,厚さ0.9mm
金属層(Cu層):無酸素銅,37mm×37mm,厚さ0.3mm
ヒートシンク:表1記載のアルミニウム合金,50mm×50mm,厚さ5mm
アルミニウム板(ヒートシンク)の接合面におけるSi相のD90が本発明の範囲よりも大きい比較例2においては、シェアテストによる故障率が非常に高くなった。接合界面にカーケンダルボイドが多く発生したためと推測される。
以上のことから、本発明例によれば、Siを比較的多く含むアルミニウム合金からなるアルミニウム部材と、銅又は銅合金からなる銅部材とが良好に接合された接合体を製造可能であることが確認された。
11 セラミックス基板
13,213 金属層
13B Cu層(銅部材)
30、230 ヒートシンク付パワーモジュール用基板
31 ヒートシンク(アルミニウム部材)
52 Si相
101 ヒートシンク
110 ヒートシンク本体
118 銅部材層
Claims (6)
- 銅又は銅合金からなる銅部材と、Si濃度が1mass%以上25mass%以下の範囲内とされたアルミニウム合金からなるアルミニウム部材と、が接合されてなる接合体の製造方法であって、
接合前の前記アルミニウム部材において、前記銅部材との接合面におけるSi相の円相当径のD90を1μm以上8μm以下の範囲内とし、
このアルミニウム部材と前記銅部材とを固相拡散接合することを特徴とする接合体の製造方法。 - 前記アルミニウム部材と前記銅部材とを積層し、積層方向に加圧しながら通電して加熱することにより、前記アルミニウム部材と前記銅部材とを固相拡散接合することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の接合体の製造方法。
- 絶縁層と、この絶縁層の一方の面に形成された回路層と、前記絶縁層の他方の面に形成された金属層と、この金属層の前記絶縁層とは反対側の面に配置されたヒートシンクと、を備えたヒートシンク付パワーモジュール用基板の製造方法であって、
前記金属層のうち前記ヒートシンクとの接合面は、銅又は銅合金で構成され、
前記ヒートシンクのうち前記金属層との接合面は、Si濃度が1mass%以上25mass%以下の範囲内とされたアルミニウム合金で構成されており、
接合前の前記ヒートシンクにおいて、前記金属層との接合面におけるSi相の円相当径のD90を1μm以上8μm以下の範囲内とし、
このヒートシンクと前記金属層とを固相拡散接合することを特徴とするヒートシンク付パワーモジュール用基板の製造方法。 - 前記ヒートシンクと前記金属層とを積層し、積層方向に加圧しながら通電して加熱することにより、前記ヒートシンクと前記金属層とを固相拡散接合することを特徴とする請求項3に記載のヒートシンク付パワーモジュール用基板の製造方法。
- ヒートシンク本体と、銅又は銅合金からなる銅部材層と、を備えたヒートシンクの製造方法であって、
前記ヒートシンク本体は、Si濃度が1mass%以上25mass%以下の範囲内とされたアルミニウム合金で構成されており、
接合前の前記ヒートシンク本体において、前記銅部材層との接合面におけるSi相の円相当径のD90を1μm以上8μm以下の範囲内とし、
このヒートシンク本体と前記銅部材層とを固相拡散接合することを特徴とするヒートシンクの製造方法。 - 前記ヒートシンク本体と前記銅部材層とを積層し、積層方向に加圧しながら通電して加熱することにより、前記ヒートシンク本体と前記銅部材層とを固相拡散接合することを特徴とする請求項5に記載のヒートシンクの製造方法。
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JP2013111606A (ja) * | 2011-11-28 | 2013-06-10 | Furukawa-Sky Aluminum Corp | 耐食性に優れた接合体 |
JP2014097526A (ja) * | 2012-11-15 | 2014-05-29 | Auto Network Gijutsu Kenkyusho:Kk | 接続構造及び接続構造体 |
JP2014177031A (ja) * | 2013-03-14 | 2014-09-25 | Mitsubishi Materials Corp | 接合体、パワーモジュール用基板、及びヒートシンク付パワーモジュール用基板 |
WO2014184880A1 (ja) * | 2013-05-14 | 2014-11-20 | 株式会社Uacj | 単層で加熱接合機能を有するアルミニウム合金材及びその製造方法、ならびに、当該アルミニウム合金材を用いたアルミニウム接合体 |
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JP5403129B2 (ja) * | 2012-03-30 | 2014-01-29 | 三菱マテリアル株式会社 | パワーモジュール用基板、ヒートシンク付パワーモジュール用基板、パワーモジュール、及びパワーモジュール用基板の製造方法 |
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JP2013111606A (ja) * | 2011-11-28 | 2013-06-10 | Furukawa-Sky Aluminum Corp | 耐食性に優れた接合体 |
JP2014097526A (ja) * | 2012-11-15 | 2014-05-29 | Auto Network Gijutsu Kenkyusho:Kk | 接続構造及び接続構造体 |
JP2014177031A (ja) * | 2013-03-14 | 2014-09-25 | Mitsubishi Materials Corp | 接合体、パワーモジュール用基板、及びヒートシンク付パワーモジュール用基板 |
WO2014184880A1 (ja) * | 2013-05-14 | 2014-11-20 | 株式会社Uacj | 単層で加熱接合機能を有するアルミニウム合金材及びその製造方法、ならびに、当該アルミニウム合金材を用いたアルミニウム接合体 |
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