WO2015068319A1 - 薄膜トランジスタ及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
薄膜トランジスタ及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015068319A1 WO2015068319A1 PCT/JP2014/003813 JP2014003813W WO2015068319A1 WO 2015068319 A1 WO2015068319 A1 WO 2015068319A1 JP 2014003813 W JP2014003813 W JP 2014003813W WO 2015068319 A1 WO2015068319 A1 WO 2015068319A1
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- Prior art keywords
- oxide semiconductor
- semiconductor layer
- film transistor
- thin film
- layer
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- H01L27/02—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers
- H01L27/12—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being other than a semiconductor body, e.g. an insulating body
- H01L27/1214—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being other than a semiconductor body, e.g. an insulating body comprising a plurality of TFTs formed on a non-semiconducting substrate, e.g. driving circuits for AMLCDs
- H01L27/1222—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being other than a semiconductor body, e.g. an insulating body comprising a plurality of TFTs formed on a non-semiconducting substrate, e.g. driving circuits for AMLCDs with a particular composition, shape or crystalline structure of the active layer
- H01L27/1225—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being other than a semiconductor body, e.g. an insulating body comprising a plurality of TFTs formed on a non-semiconducting substrate, e.g. driving circuits for AMLCDs with a particular composition, shape or crystalline structure of the active layer with semiconductor materials not belonging to the group IV of the periodic table, e.g. InGaZnO
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/40—Electrodes ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/41—Electrodes ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by their shape, relative sizes or dispositions
- H01L29/417—Electrodes ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by their shape, relative sizes or dispositions carrying the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
- H01L29/41725—Source or drain electrodes for field effect devices
- H01L29/41733—Source or drain electrodes for field effect devices for thin film transistors with insulated gate
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
- H01L27/02—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers
- H01L27/12—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being other than a semiconductor body, e.g. an insulating body
- H01L27/1214—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being other than a semiconductor body, e.g. an insulating body comprising a plurality of TFTs formed on a non-semiconducting substrate, e.g. driving circuits for AMLCDs
- H01L27/1259—Multistep manufacturing methods
- H01L27/127—Multistep manufacturing methods with a particular formation, treatment or patterning of the active layer specially adapted to the circuit arrangement
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/02—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/12—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by the materials of which they are formed
- H01L29/24—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by the materials of which they are formed including, apart from doping materials or other impurities, only semiconductor materials not provided for in groups H01L29/16, H01L29/18, H01L29/20, H01L29/22
- H01L29/247—Amorphous materials
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- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
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- H01L29/66969—Multistep manufacturing processes of devices having semiconductor bodies not comprising group 14 or group 13/15 materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/68—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor controllable by only the electric current supplied, or only the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
- H01L29/76—Unipolar devices, e.g. field effect transistors
- H01L29/772—Field effect transistors
- H01L29/78—Field effect transistors with field effect produced by an insulated gate
- H01L29/786—Thin film transistors, i.e. transistors with a channel being at least partly a thin film
- H01L29/78606—Thin film transistors, i.e. transistors with a channel being at least partly a thin film with supplementary region or layer in the thin film or in the insulated bulk substrate supporting it for controlling or increasing the safety of the device
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/68—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor controllable by only the electric current supplied, or only the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
- H01L29/76—Unipolar devices, e.g. field effect transistors
- H01L29/772—Field effect transistors
- H01L29/78—Field effect transistors with field effect produced by an insulated gate
- H01L29/786—Thin film transistors, i.e. transistors with a channel being at least partly a thin film
- H01L29/7869—Thin film transistors, i.e. transistors with a channel being at least partly a thin film having a semiconductor body comprising an oxide semiconductor material, e.g. zinc oxide, copper aluminium oxide, cadmium stannate
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
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- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/68—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor controllable by only the electric current supplied, or only the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
- H01L29/76—Unipolar devices, e.g. field effect transistors
- H01L29/772—Field effect transistors
- H01L29/78—Field effect transistors with field effect produced by an insulated gate
- H01L29/786—Thin film transistors, i.e. transistors with a channel being at least partly a thin film
- H01L29/7869—Thin film transistors, i.e. transistors with a channel being at least partly a thin film having a semiconductor body comprising an oxide semiconductor material, e.g. zinc oxide, copper aluminium oxide, cadmium stannate
- H01L29/78693—Thin film transistors, i.e. transistors with a channel being at least partly a thin film having a semiconductor body comprising an oxide semiconductor material, e.g. zinc oxide, copper aluminium oxide, cadmium stannate the semiconducting oxide being amorphous
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/68—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor controllable by only the electric current supplied, or only the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
- H01L29/76—Unipolar devices, e.g. field effect transistors
- H01L29/772—Field effect transistors
- H01L29/78—Field effect transistors with field effect produced by an insulated gate
- H01L29/786—Thin film transistors, i.e. transistors with a channel being at least partly a thin film
- H01L29/78696—Thin film transistors, i.e. transistors with a channel being at least partly a thin film characterised by the structure of the channel, e.g. multichannel, transverse or longitudinal shape, length or width, doping structure, or the overlap or alignment between the channel and the gate, the source or the drain, or the contacting structure of the channel
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
- H10K59/10—OLED displays
- H10K59/12—Active-matrix OLED [AMOLED] displays
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
- H10K59/10—OLED displays
- H10K59/12—Active-matrix OLED [AMOLED] displays
- H10K59/121—Active-matrix OLED [AMOLED] displays characterised by the geometry or disposition of pixel elements
- H10K59/1213—Active-matrix OLED [AMOLED] displays characterised by the geometry or disposition of pixel elements the pixel elements being TFTs
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a thin film transistor and a manufacturing method thereof.
- Thin film transistors are widely used as switching elements or drive elements in active matrix display devices such as liquid crystal display devices or organic EL (OLED: Organic Light-Emitting Diode) display devices.
- active matrix display devices such as liquid crystal display devices or organic EL (OLED: Organic Light-Emitting Diode) display devices.
- organic EL Organic Light-Emitting Diode
- As the semiconductor layer of the TFT amorphous silicon or the like is used.
- the semiconductor layer has a channel region in which carrier movement is controlled by a voltage applied to the gate electrode.
- TFT semiconductor layer materials are attracting attention not only for superior electrical properties compared to conventional silicon-based materials, but also for low-temperature film formation and transparent materials that can be formed on flexible substrates. There is a tendency to gather. In particular, attempts to apply metal oxides such as indium (In), gallium (Ga), zinc (Zn), tin (Sn), or compounds of these metal oxides are active.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a thin film transistor in which an oxide semiconductor film is formed under a predetermined condition.
- an oxide semiconductor film is formed under a predetermined condition in order to reduce leakage current.
- a conventional thin film transistor having an oxide semiconductor has a problem that a hump phenomenon appears remarkably in a region where current rapidly increases in transistor characteristics after stress application.
- the present disclosure provides a thin film transistor having more stable characteristics and higher reliability and a method for manufacturing the same.
- one embodiment of a thin film transistor includes a gate electrode positioned on a substrate, a gate insulating film positioned on the gate electrode, and the gate electrode interposed therebetween.
- An oxide semiconductor layer, an etch stopper layer formed on the oxide semiconductor layer so as to expose a part of the oxide semiconductor, and disposed opposite to each other, on the etch stopper layer A source electrode and a drain electrode, at least a part of which is located, wherein one overhang width of the oxide semiconductor layer in the channel width direction with respect to the source electrode or the drain electrode is L1 ( ⁇ m), and the oxide semiconductor layer
- the carrier density at N is N (cm ⁇ 3 )
- the relational expression of L1 ⁇ 5.041exp (5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 18 N) is satisfied.
- a thin film transistor having excellent transistor characteristics can be obtained.
- the hump phenomenon in the sub-threshold region can be suppressed, and a more stable thin film transistor with higher initial characteristics and less deterioration with time against negative voltage application to the gate electrode can be obtained.
- FIG. 1 is a partially cutaway perspective view of an organic EL display device according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is an electric circuit diagram showing a simple configuration of a pixel circuit in the organic EL display device according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the thin film transistor according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the method of manufacturing the thin film transistor according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 5A is a schematic view from the top surface of the thin film transistor according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view of the thin film transistor of FIG. 5A cut along the line A-A ′.
- FIG. 5C is a cross-sectional view of the thin film transistor of FIG. 5A taken along line B-B ′.
- FIG. 6A is a diagram showing a current density distribution when a drain voltage is applied to the oxide semiconductor layer of the thin film transistor according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 6B is a graph showing a relationship between the overhang width L1 of the oxide semiconductor layer of the thin film transistor and the current density distribution according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between the overhang width L1 of the oxide semiconductor layer and the carrier density of the thin film transistor according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram ((a) to (c)) showing the relationship between the current and the gate voltage and the relationship between the carrier mobility and the gate voltage in the NBTS test of the thin film transistor according to the embodiment, and according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 5D is a diagram ((d)) illustrating a relationship between an overhang width of an oxide semiconductor film and a shift amount of a threshold voltage.
- the hump phenomenon is an abnormality in the flowing current in the IV characteristics indicating the switching characteristics of the TFT.
- the current flowing against the applied voltage is plotted logarithmically, the current increases rapidly and shows a clear one-step ON / OFF switching characteristic, and the slope is defined by one slope.
- the hump phenomenon means that the current increase in the switching characteristics of the TFT occurs in several steps.
- the threshold value of the TFT characteristic becomes small, a clear switching characteristic cannot be obtained, and the medium- to long-term reliability is deteriorated due to voltage application.
- This deterioration in reliability means that the TFT does not exhibit switching characteristics or the threshold voltage changes.
- stable driving becomes impossible.
- this hump phenomenon is assumed to be caused by the following. Since the processed end of the semiconductor layer in the TFT has a taper angle, there are places where the film thicknesses are different. For this reason, when a voltage is applied to the electrode laminated on such a semiconductor layer, the electric field becomes uneven. As a result, a non-uniform region of the current path exists in the semiconductor layer, and a sub-TFT different from the main TFT is formed. This is considered to be the cause of the occurrence of the hump phenomenon.
- a thin film transistor includes a gate electrode positioned over a substrate, a gate insulating film positioned over the gate electrode, an oxide semiconductor layer facing the gate electrode with the gate insulating film interposed therebetween, An insulating layer formed over the oxide semiconductor layer, and a source electrode and a drain electrode that are at least partially located on the insulating layer and connected to the oxide semiconductor layer through an opening formed in the insulating layer; L1 ⁇ 5.041 exp (where the overhang width of the oxide semiconductor layer in the channel width direction with respect to the source electrode or the drain electrode is L1 ( ⁇ m), and the carrier density in the oxide semiconductor layer is N (cm ⁇ 3 ). 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 18 N).
- a thin film transistor is a channel protective (top contact type) transistor in which a source electrode and a drain electrode are formed over an insulating layer, and includes an overhang width L1 ( ⁇ m) of an oxide semiconductor layer.
- N the carrier density
- L1 L1 ⁇ 5.041exp 5.041exp the (5 ⁇ 10 -18 N) as a boundary (5 ⁇ 10 -18 N) Yes.
- the width of the oxide semiconductor layer can be made larger than the width of the source electrode (drain electrode) by satisfying this relational expression, the tapered portion at the end of the oxide semiconductor layer is positioned outside the channel region. Can do.
- the carrier density N (cm ⁇ 3 ) of the oxide semiconductor layer is further 1.13 ⁇ 10 13 cm ⁇ 3 ⁇ N ⁇ 1.13 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3. It is good to satisfy the relational expression.
- the oxide semiconductor layer may be formed of a transparent amorphous oxide semiconductor.
- the oxide semiconductor layer may be made of InGaZnO.
- carrier mobility can be increased by using an oxide semiconductor layer such as InGaZnO as a channel layer of a TFT.
- an organic EL display device includes any of the above thin film transistors.
- a method for manufacturing a thin film transistor includes a step of forming a gate electrode over a substrate, a step of forming a gate insulating film over the gate electrode, and an oxide semiconductor film over the gate insulating film.
- the carrier density N (cm ⁇ 3 ) of the oxide semiconductor layer is further 1.13 ⁇ 10 13 cm ⁇ 3 ⁇ N ⁇ 1.13 ⁇ 10 16. It is preferable to satisfy the relationship of cm ⁇ 3 .
- the oxide semiconductor film may be formed of a transparent amorphous oxide semiconductor.
- the oxide semiconductor layer may be an InGaZnO film.
- carrier mobility can be increased by using an oxide semiconductor layer such as InGaZnO as a channel layer of a TFT.
- FIG. 1 is a partially cutaway perspective view of an organic EL display device according to the present embodiment.
- an organic EL display device 10 includes a TFT substrate (TFT array substrate) 20 on which a plurality of thin film transistors are arranged, an anode 41 that is a lower electrode, and an EL layer 42 that is a light emitting layer made of an organic material. And it is comprised by the laminated structure with the organic EL element (light emission part) 40 which consists of the cathode 43 which is a transparent upper electrode.
- the TFT substrate 20 has a plurality of pixels 30 arranged in a matrix, and each pixel 30 is provided with a pixel circuit 31.
- the organic EL element 40 is formed corresponding to each of the plurality of pixels 30, and the light emission of each organic EL element 40 is controlled by the pixel circuit 31 provided in each pixel 30.
- the organic EL element 40 is formed on an interlayer insulating film (planarization film) formed so as to cover a plurality of thin film transistors.
- the organic EL element 40 has a configuration in which an EL layer 42 is disposed between the anode 41 and the cathode 43.
- a hole transport layer is further laminated between the anode 41 and the EL layer 42, and an electron transport layer is further laminated between the EL layer 42 and the cathode 43.
- another charge functional layer may be provided between the anode 41 and the cathode 43.
- Each pixel 30 is driven and controlled by a respective pixel circuit 31.
- the TFT substrate 20 includes a plurality of gate wirings (scanning lines) 50 arranged along the row direction of the pixels 30 and a plurality of gate wirings 50 arranged along the column direction of the pixels 30 so as to intersect the gate wiring 50.
- Source wiring (signal wiring) 60 and a plurality of power supply wirings (not shown in FIG. 1) arranged in parallel with the source wiring 60 are formed.
- Each pixel 30 is partitioned by, for example, an orthogonal gate line 50 and a source line 60.
- the gate wiring 50 is connected to the gate electrode of the thin film transistor operating as a switching element included in each pixel circuit 31 for each row.
- the source wiring 60 is connected to the source electrode of the thin film transistor operating as a switching element included in each pixel circuit 31 for each column.
- the power supply wiring is connected to the drain electrode of the thin film transistor operating as a drive element included in each pixel circuit 31 for each column.
- FIG. 2 is an electric circuit diagram showing a simple configuration of the pixel circuit in the organic EL display device according to the present embodiment.
- the pixel circuit 31 includes a thin film transistor 32 that operates as a driving element, a thin film transistor 33 that operates as a switching element, and a capacitor 34 that stores data to be displayed on the corresponding pixel 30.
- the thin film transistor 32 is a drive transistor for driving the organic EL element 40
- the thin film transistor 33 is a switching transistor for selecting the pixel 30.
- the thin film transistor 32 includes a drain electrode 33d of the thin film transistor 33 and a gate electrode 32g connected to one end of the capacitor 34, a drain electrode 32d connected to the power supply wiring 70, an anode 41 of the organic EL element 40, and the other end of the capacitor 34.
- a source electrode 32s to be connected and a semiconductor film (not shown) are provided.
- the thin film transistor 32 supplies a current corresponding to the data voltage held by the capacitor 34 from the power supply wiring 70 to the anode 41 of the organic EL element 40 through the source electrode 32 s. Thereby, in the organic EL element 40, a drive current flows from the anode 41 to the cathode 43, and the EL layer 42 emits light.
- the thin film transistor 33 includes a gate electrode 33g connected to the gate wiring 50, a source electrode 33s connected to the source wiring 60, a drain electrode 33d connected to one end of the capacitor 34 and the gate electrode 32g of the thin film transistor 32, and a semiconductor film. (Not shown).
- the voltage applied to the source wiring 60 is stored in the capacitor 34 as a data voltage.
- the organic EL display device 10 having the above configuration employs an active matrix system in which display control is performed for each pixel 30 located at the intersection of the gate wiring 50 and the source wiring 60. Thereby, the corresponding organic EL element 40 selectively emits light by the thin film transistors 32 and 33 of each pixel 30 (each sub-pixel R, G, B), and a desired image is displayed.
- the thin film transistor according to the present embodiment is a bottom-gate and channel protective (top contact) thin film transistor.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the thin film transistor according to the present embodiment.
- the thin film transistor 100 includes a substrate 110, a gate electrode 120, a gate insulating film 130, an oxide semiconductor layer 140, a channel protective layer 150, a source electrode 160s, A drain electrode 160d.
- the substrate 110 is a substrate made of a material having electrical insulation.
- the substrate 110 may be a glass material such as alkali-free glass, quartz glass, or high heat resistance glass, a resin material such as polyethylene, polypropylene, or polyimide, a semiconductor material such as silicon or gallium arsenide, or stainless steel coated with an insulating layer.
- the substrate 110 is not limited to a rigid substrate, and may be a flexible substrate such as a flexible resin substrate.
- the thin film transistor 100 can be used as a TFT of a flexible display.
- the gate electrode 120 is formed in a predetermined shape above the substrate 110.
- the gate electrode 120 is an electrode made of a conductive material.
- the material of the gate electrode 120 is selected from molybdenum, aluminum, copper, tungsten, titanium, manganese, chromium, tantalum, niobium, silver, gold, platinum, palladium, indium, nickel, neodymium, and other metals.
- Metal alloys, conductive metal oxides such as indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), and gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO), or conductive polymers such as polythiophene and polyacetylene are used. it can.
- the gate electrode 120 may have a multilayer structure in which these materials are stacked.
- the gate electrode 120 has a laminated structure of, for example, a molybdenum (Mo) film and a copper (Cu) film, and has a thickness of 20 nm to 500 nm.
- the gate insulating film (gate insulating layer) 130 is formed on the gate electrode 120.
- the gate insulating film 130 is formed on the gate electrode 120 and the substrate 110 so as to cover the gate electrode 120.
- the gate insulating film 130 is formed over the entire surface of the substrate 110 so as to cover the gate electrode 120.
- the gate insulating film 130 is made of an electrically insulating material.
- the gate insulating film 130 is a single layer film such as a silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxynitride film, an aluminum oxide film, a tantalum oxide film, or a hafnium oxide film, or a stacked film thereof.
- the gate insulating film 130 has a laminated structure of a silicon oxide film and a silicon nitride film, for example, and has a thickness of 50 nm to 300 nm.
- the oxide semiconductor layer 140 is used as a channel layer in the thin film transistor 100. That is, the oxide semiconductor layer 140 is a semiconductor layer including a channel region facing the gate electrode 120 with the gate insulating film 130 interposed therebetween.
- the oxide semiconductor layer 140 is formed in a predetermined shape on the gate insulating film 130.
- the oxide semiconductor layer 140 is formed over the gate electrode 120.
- the oxide semiconductor layer 140 is formed at a position facing the gate electrode 120 with the gate insulating film 130 interposed therebetween.
- the oxide semiconductor layer 140 is formed in an island shape over the gate insulating film 130 above the gate electrode 120.
- the oxide semiconductor layer 140 As a material of the oxide semiconductor layer 140, an oxide semiconductor material containing at least one of indium (In), gallium (Ga), and zinc (Zn) is used.
- the oxide semiconductor layer 140 is formed of a transparent amorphous oxide semiconductor (TAOS) such as amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (InGaZnO: IGZO).
- TAOS transparent amorphous oxide semiconductor
- InGaZnO: IGZO amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide
- the film thickness of the oxide semiconductor layer 140 is, for example, 20 nm to 200 nm.
- the carrier density of the oxide semiconductor layer 140 is, for example, in the range of approximately 1.13 ⁇ 10 13 cm ⁇ 3 or more and approximately 1.13 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 or less.
- the ratio of In: Ga: Zn in the oxide semiconductor layer 140 is, for example, about 1: 1: 1.
- the ratio of In: Ga: Zn may be in the range of 0.8 to 1.2: 0.8 to 1.2: 0.8 to 1.2, but is not limited to this range.
- a thin film transistor in which a channel layer is formed of a transparent amorphous oxide semiconductor has high carrier mobility and is suitable for a large-screen and high-definition display device. Further, since the transparent amorphous oxide semiconductor can be formed at a low temperature, it can be easily formed on a flexible substrate such as a plastic or a film.
- the channel protective layer 150 is an example of an insulating layer formed over the oxide semiconductor layer 140. Therefore, the channel protective layer 150 is made of a material having electrical insulation.
- the channel protective layer 150 is a film made of an inorganic material such as a silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxynitride film, or an aluminum oxide film, or a film made of an inorganic material containing silicon, oxygen, and carbon. Or a laminated film of these.
- the film thickness of the channel protective layer 150 is, for example, 50 nm to 500 nm.
- the channel protective layer 150 serves as an etch stopper layer that prevents the oxide semiconductor layer 140 from being etched when the source electrode 160s and the drain electrode 160d formed over the oxide semiconductor layer 140 are patterned by etching. Function.
- a part of the channel protective layer 150 is opened so as to penetrate therethrough. That is, the channel protective layer 150 is formed with a contact hole for exposing part of the oxide semiconductor layer 140.
- the oxide semiconductor layer 140 is connected to the source electrode 160s and the drain electrode 160d through the opened portion (contact hole) of the channel protective layer 150.
- the size (lateral width) of the contact hole in the channel width direction of the oxide semiconductor layer 140 is, for example, 10 ⁇ m or more smaller than the width of the oxide semiconductor layer 140.
- the source electrode 160 s and the drain electrode 160 d are at least partially located above the channel protective layer 150 and are connected to the oxide semiconductor layer 140 through an opening formed in the channel protective layer 150. That is, the source electrode 160 s and the drain electrode 160 d are formed above the channel protective layer 150 so as to be connected to the exposed portion of the oxide semiconductor layer 140 in the channel protective layer 150. Specifically, the source electrode 160s and the drain electrode 160d are connected to the oxide semiconductor layer 140 through contact holes formed in the channel protective layer 150, and are spaced apart from each other in the substrate horizontal direction on the channel protective layer 150. Opposed to each other.
- the source electrode 160s and the drain electrode 160d are electrodes made of a conductive material.
- the material of the source electrode 160s and the drain electrode 160d for example, the same material as that of the gate electrode 120 can be used.
- the source electrode 160s and the drain electrode 160d have, for example, a stacked structure of a Mo film, a Cu film, and a CuMn film, and have a film thickness of 100 nm to 500 nm.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the method for manufacturing the thin film transistor according to the present embodiment.
- a substrate 110 is prepared, and a gate electrode 120 having a predetermined shape is formed above the substrate 110.
- a metal film is formed over the substrate 110 by a sputtering method, and the metal film is processed using a photolithography method and a wet etching method, whereby the gate electrode 120 having a predetermined shape is formed.
- wet etching of the metal film can be performed using, for example, a chemical solution in which hydrogen peroxide water (H 2 O 2 ) and an organic acid are mixed.
- a gate insulating film 130 is formed on the gate electrode 120.
- the gate insulating film 130 is formed by sequentially forming a silicon nitride film and a silicon oxide film on the gate electrode 120 and the substrate 110 by plasma CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) so as to cover the gate electrode 120. To do.
- the silicon nitride film can be formed by using, for example, silane gas (SiH 4 ), ammonia gas (NH 3 ), and nitrogen gas (N 2 ) as the introduction gas.
- silane gas SiH 4
- NH 3 ammonia gas
- N 2 nitrogen gas
- a silicon nitride film is formed using ammonia gas (NH 3 ) at a temperature of 400 ° C.
- the silicon oxide film can be formed by using, for example, silane gas (SiH 4 ) and nitrous oxide gas (N 2 O) as the introduction gas.
- an oxide semiconductor film 140 a is formed over the substrate 110.
- the oxide semiconductor film 140a is formed over the gate insulating film 130 by a sputtering method.
- the thickness of the oxide semiconductor film 140a is, for example, not less than about 20 nm and not more than about 200 nm.
- the carrier density of the oxide semiconductor layer 140 is, for example, in a range of approximately 1.13 ⁇ 10 13 cm ⁇ 3 or more and approximately 1.13 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 or less.
- the oxide semiconductor layer 140 is formed by processing the oxide semiconductor film 140a into a predetermined shape. That is, the oxide semiconductor layer 140 is formed by patterning the oxide semiconductor film 140a. For example, first, a resist having a predetermined shape is formed over the oxide semiconductor film 140a. Specifically, a resist is formed by a photolithography method over the oxide semiconductor film 140a and at a position facing the gate electrode 120.
- the oxide semiconductor layer 140 is formed at a position facing the gate electrode 120.
- wet etching is performed using, for example, a chemical solution obtained by mixing phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ), nitric acid (HNO 3 ), acetic acid (CH 3 COOH), and water. It can be carried out.
- an insulating layer is formed over the oxide semiconductor layer 140 so that a part of the oxide semiconductor layer 140 is exposed.
- a channel protective layer 150 is formed on the oxide semiconductor layer 140.
- the channel protective layer 150 is formed over the oxide semiconductor layer 140 and the gate insulating film 130 so as to cover the oxide semiconductor layer 140.
- the channel protective layer 150 can be formed by forming a silicon oxide film on the oxide semiconductor layer 140 and the gate insulating film 130 by a plasma CVD method.
- the channel protective layer 150 is patterned into a predetermined shape. Specifically, a contact hole is formed in the channel protective layer 150 so that a part of the oxide semiconductor layer 140 is exposed.
- a part of the channel protective layer 150 is etched by a photolithography method and a dry etching method, so that a contact hole is formed over a region to be a source contact region and a drain contact region of the oxide semiconductor layer 140.
- a reactive ion etching (RIE) method can be used as a dry etching method.
- RIE reactive ion etching
- carbon tetrafluoride (CF 4 ) and oxygen gas (O 2 ) can be used as the etching gas. Parameters such as gas flow rate, pressure, applied power, and frequency are appropriately set depending on the substrate size, etching film thickness, and the like.
- the size (lateral width) of the contact hole in the channel width direction of the oxide semiconductor layer 140 is, for example, about 10 ⁇ m or less smaller than the width of the oxide semiconductor layer 140. Further, the projecting width of the oxide semiconductor layer 140 on the source electrode 160s side or the projecting width of the oxide semiconductor layer 140 on the drain electrode 160d side is, for example, about 5 ⁇ m or more.
- a source electrode 160s and a drain electrode 160d connected to the oxide semiconductor layer 140 are formed.
- a source electrode 160 s and a drain electrode 160 d having a predetermined shape are formed on the channel protective layer 150 so as to fill the contact holes formed in the channel protective layer 150.
- the source electrode 160s and the drain electrode 160d are formed on the channel protective layer 150 and in the contact hole with a space therebetween. More specifically, a Mo film, a Cu film, and a CuMn film are sequentially formed on the channel protective layer 150 and in the contact hole by a sputtering method. Further, the Mo film, the Cu film, and the CuMn film are patterned by a photolithography method and a wet etching method, thereby forming the source electrode 160s and the drain electrode 160d.
- the film thickness of the source electrode 160s and the drain electrode 160d is, for example, about 100 nm or more and about 500 nm or less.
- the wet etching of the Mo film, the Cu film, and the CuMn film can be performed using, for example, a chemical solution in which hydrogen peroxide water (H 2 O 2 ) and an organic acid are mixed.
- one or both of the width of the source electrode 160s and the width of the drain electrode 160d are smaller than the width of the oxide semiconductor layer 140.
- the thin film transistor 100 can be manufactured as described above.
- FIG. 5A is a plan view of the thin film transistor 100 as viewed from above
- FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view of the thin film transistor 100 of FIG. 5A cut along the line AA ′
- FIG. 5C is a cross-sectional view of the thin film transistor 100 of FIG. FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along line ⁇ B ′.
- the protruding width L1 ( ⁇ m) of the oxide semiconductor layer 140 in the channel width direction is determined from the end of the oxide semiconductor layer 140 in the channel width direction from the drain electrode 160d (or the source electrode 160s). ) And the oxide semiconductor layer 140.
- the channel region (intra-channel region) in the oxide semiconductor layer 140 is a region indicated by a rectangular thick broken line in FIG. 5A.
- the channel region in the oxide semiconductor layer 140 is a region sandwiched between the source electrode 160s and the drain electrode 160d, and more specifically, the portion where the source electrode 160s and the oxide semiconductor layer 140 are in contact with the drain electrode 160d.
- the oxide semiconductor layer 140 is a region other than the channel region, that is, a region outside the channel region.
- FIG. 6A is a diagram illustrating a current density distribution (when the oxide semiconductor layer is viewed from above) when a drain voltage is applied to the oxide semiconductor layer of the thin film transistor according to the embodiment.
- the concentration distribution shown in FIG. 6A shows a current density distribution in the oxide semiconductor layer 140 when the source electrode is the ground and a voltage of 4 V is applied to the drain electrode.
- the oxide semiconductor layer is disposed on the gate insulating film, and the source electrode and the drain electrode are disposed to face each other with a distance of 20 ⁇ m. Further, since the corners of the end portions of the source electrode and the drain electrode are formed by processing, the curvature is set to 0.5 by reproducing this.
- a high current density is generated in the region outside the channel. That is, in the outside channel region, a current path different from that of the main TFT is formed, and a sub-TFT causing a hump phenomenon is generated.
- FIG. 6B is a diagram in which the current density distribution shown in FIG. 6A is extracted two-dimensionally in the Y direction at the center of the channel.
- ⁇ black circle
- ⁇ black triangle
- the present inventors have found that when the overhang width L1 of the oxide semiconductor layer is not sufficiently large, a high current density region equivalent to the in-channel region is generated at the end of the oxide semiconductor layer.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between the overhang width L1 of the oxide semiconductor layer of the thin film transistor and the carrier density.
- FIGS. 8A to 8C are diagrams illustrating the relationship between the current and the gate voltage and the relationship between the carrier mobility and the gate voltage in the NBTS test of the thin film transistor according to the embodiment.
- an NBTS test was performed on the thin film transistor 100 formed by changing the overhang width L1 ( ⁇ m) of the oxide semiconductor layer 140 in the channel width direction from 2.5 ⁇ m to 5.5 ⁇ m.
- the NBTS test is a stress application test in which a negative bias is applied to the gate electrode.
- FIGS. 8A to 8C shows the shift amount (change amount) ⁇ Vth (change amount) of the threshold voltage Vth (V) during the NBTS test with respect to each overhang width L1 ( ⁇ m) of FIGS. 8A to 8C. It is the figure which plotted V).
- the shift amount ⁇ Vth of the threshold voltage Vth is a difference (amount of change) between the threshold voltage (initial characteristic) before the stress application and the threshold voltage after the stress application.
- the channel width (W) and the channel length (L) of the thin film transistor subjected to the NBTS test are 20 ⁇ m and 11 ⁇ m, respectively.
- the initial characteristic (0 s) is indicated by a dotted line
- the characteristic after stress application (2000 s) is indicated by a solid line.
- the left horizontal axis is the drain-source current Ids (A)
- the right horizontal axis is the mobility ⁇ (cm 2 / V ⁇ s).
- the cause of the hump phenomenon in FIGS. 8A and 8B is that the overhang width L1 ( ⁇ m) is small and the current density distribution becomes irregular at the end of the oxide semiconductor layer. This is probably because a high current density was generated locally and a current path different from that of the main TFT was generated.
- the edge of the oxide semiconductor layer having damage due to etching or a taper angle is significantly deteriorated in the NBTS test. For this reason, when the overhang width L1 is small, the hump becomes remarkable after the NBTS test. Note that, as the overhang width L1 is smaller, this influence becomes larger and the reliability of the thin film transistor is deteriorated.
- the cause of the hump phenomenon not occurring in FIG. 8C is that the overhang width L1 ( ⁇ m) is large, so that the current density distribution becomes regular at the end of the oxide semiconductor layer, and the channel width ( This is considered to be because the current density decreased in the outside channel region in the (W) direction. That is, no current density concentration causing a hump phenomenon occurred. Note that as the overhang width L1 increases, the current density decreases in the channel outside region in the channel width (W) direction.
- the carrier density N of the oxide semiconductor layer 140 is in a range of approximately 1.13 ⁇ 10 13 cm ⁇ 3 or more and approximately 1.13 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 or less. It is.
- the overhang width L1 ( ⁇ m) of the oxide semiconductor layer 140 may be controlled in order to suppress the hump phenomenon and improve the reliability of the NBTS test.
- the overhanging width L1 of the oxide semiconductor layer 140 in the channel width direction may be controlled in order to suppress the hump phenomenon and improve the reliability of the NBTS test.
- FIG. 8D by setting the overhanging width L1 of the oxide semiconductor layer 140 in the channel width direction to 5 ⁇ m or more, no hump phenomenon occurs in the initial characteristics, and reliability for the NBTS test is achieved. Can be obtained.
- the overhanging width L1 ( ⁇ m) of the oxide semiconductor layer 140 in the channel width direction with respect to the source electrode 160s or the drain electrode 160d and the carrier density in the oxide semiconductor layer 140 N (cm ⁇ 3 ) satisfies the relational expression of L1 ⁇ 5.041 exp (5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 18 N).
- the width of the oxide semiconductor layer 140 can be made larger than the width of the source electrode 160s or the drain electrode 160d. Therefore, the tapered portion at the end of the oxide semiconductor layer 140 is formed in the outside channel region. Can be positioned. Accordingly, since the end portion of the oxide semiconductor layer 140 moves away from the in-channel region, generation of a high current density region at the end portion of the oxide semiconductor layer 140 can be suppressed.
- the thin film transistor 100 As a result, in the thin film transistor 100, the hump phenomenon of the initial characteristic is suppressed, and the negative shift amount of the threshold voltage is reduced. Therefore, a thin film transistor having more excellent characteristics and higher reliability can be obtained.
- the thin film transistor may be a bottom gate type and channel etch type thin film transistor, or may be a top gate type TFT. That is, the thin film transistor includes a gate electrode formed above the substrate, an oxide semiconductor layer formed at a position facing the gate electrode, and a gate insulating film formed between the gate electrode and the oxide semiconductor layer. The source electrode and the drain electrode connected to a part of the oxide semiconductor layer may be provided, and the width of the oxide semiconductor layer may be larger than the width of the source electrode and the drain electrode.
- the oxide semiconductor material used for the oxide semiconductor layer is not limited to amorphous InGaZnO.
- the oxide semiconductor material may be, for example, a polycrystalline semiconductor, a microcrystalline semiconductor, or a single crystal semiconductor in a crystal structure.
- InGaSnO, InGaO, InZnO, InSnO, ZnO, or the like may be used as the oxide semiconductor material.
- an organic EL display device is described as a display device using a thin film transistor.
- the thin film transistor in the above embodiment is also applied to other display devices using an active matrix substrate such as a liquid crystal display device. can do.
- the display device such as the organic EL display device described above can be used as a flat panel display, and is applied to all electronic devices having a display panel such as a television set, a personal computer, and a mobile phone. be able to. In particular, it is suitable for a large-screen and high-definition display device.
- the thin film transistor and the manufacturing method thereof according to the present disclosure can be used for a display device such as an organic EL display device.
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Abstract
Description
発明者らは、ハンプと呼ばれる現象が、ストレス印加後のトランジスタ特性の電流が急激に増加する領域(subthresholdregion, 閾値下領域)において顕著に現れることに着目した。この領域は表示装置における低階調領域、すなわち黒表示領域に対応する。液晶ディスプレイとは異なり有機ELディスプレイにおいては、この黒表示領域の特性が重要となる。
本開示の一態様に係る薄膜トランジスタは、基板上に位置するゲート電極と、ゲート電極上に位置するゲート絶縁膜と、ゲート絶縁膜を間に介して、ゲート電極と対向する酸化物半導体層と、酸化物半導体層上に形成した絶縁層と、絶縁層上に少なくとも一部が位置し、かつ、当該絶縁層に形成された開口を介して酸化物半導体層に接続されたソース電極及びドレイン電極と、を備え、ソース電極又は前記ドレイン電極に対するチャネル幅方向の酸化物半導体層の張り出し幅をL1(μm)、酸化物半導体層におけるキャリア密度をN(cm-3)として、L1≧5.041exp(5×10-18N)を満たす。
以下、薄膜トランジスタ及びその製造方法、並びに、薄膜トランジスタを用いた有機EL表示装置の一実施の形態について、図面を用いて説明する。なお、以下に説明する実施の形態は、いずれも本開示における好ましい一具体例を示すものである。したがって、以下の実施の形態で示される、数値、形状、材料、構成要素、構成要素の配置位置及び接続形態、工程、並びに、工程の順序などは、一例であって本発明を限定する主旨ではない。よって、以下の実施の形態における構成要素のうち、本発明における最上位概念を示す独立請求項に記載されていない構成要素については、任意の構成要素として説明される。
まず、本実施の形態に係る有機EL表示装置10の構成について、図1を用いて説明する。図1は、本実施の形態に係る有機EL表示装置の一部切り欠き斜視図である。
以下では、本実施の形態に係る薄膜トランジスタについて説明する。なお、本実施の形態に係る薄膜トランジスタは、ボトムゲート型、かつ、チャネル保護型(トップコンタクト)の薄膜トランジスタである。
続いて、本実施の形態に係る薄膜トランジスタの製造方法について、図4を用いて説明する。図4は、本実施の形態に係る薄膜トランジスタの製造方法を示す概略断面図である。
続いて、張り出し幅L1(μm)でソース電極160s及びドレイン電極160dから張り出す酸化物半導体層140を備える薄膜トランジスタ100において、張り出し幅L1(μm)と閾値電圧のシフト量との関係について、図5A~図5Cを用いて説明する。
次に、酸化物半導体層140の張り出し幅L1(μm)と酸化物半導体層140のキャリア密度(cm-3)とを制御した場合に酸化物半導体層の端部に生じる電流密度集中について、図6A、図6B及び図7を用いて説明する。ここで、電流密度集中の計算は、デバイスシミュレーションソフトウェア(製品名:ATLAS)を用いた。
図8の(a)~(c)は、実施の形態に係る薄膜トランジスタのNBTS試験による電流とゲート電圧との関係及びキャリア移動度とゲート電圧との関係を示す図である。具体的には、チャネル幅方向の酸化物半導体層140の張り出し幅L1(μm)を2.5μmから5.5μmまで変えて成膜した薄膜トランジスタ100に対して、NBTS試験を行った。NBTS試験は、ゲート電極に負バイアスを印加するストレス印加試験である。
以上、本実施の形態における薄膜トランジスタ100及びその製造方法によれば、ソース電極160s又はドレイン電極160dに対するチャネル幅方向の酸化物半導体層140の張り出し幅L1(μm)と酸化物半導体層140におけるキャリア密度N(cm-3)とが、L1≧5.041exp(5×10-18N)の関係式を満たしている。
以上のように、本出願において開示する技術の例示として、実施の形態を説明した。しかしながら、本開示における技術は、これらに限定されず、適宜、変更、置き換え、付加、省略などを行った実施の形態にも適用可能である。
20 TFT基板
30 画素
31 画素回路
32、33、100 薄膜トランジスタ
32d、33d、160d ドレイン電極
32g、33g、120 ゲート電極
32s、33s、160s ソース電極
34 キャパシタ
40 有機EL素子
41 陽極
42 EL層
43 陰極
50 ゲート配線
60 ソース配線
70 電源配線
110 基板
130 ゲート絶縁膜
140 酸化物半導体層
140a 酸化物半導体膜
150 チャネル保護層
Claims (9)
- 基板上に位置するゲート電極と、
前記ゲート電極上に位置するゲート絶縁膜と、
前記ゲート絶縁膜を間に介して、前記ゲート電極と対向する酸化物半導体層と、
前記酸化物半導体層上に形成された絶縁層と、
前記絶縁層上に少なくとも一部が位置し、かつ、前記絶縁層に形成された開口を介して前記酸化物半導体層に接続されたソース電極及びドレイン電極と、を備え、
前記ソース電極又は前記ドレイン電極に対するチャネル幅方向の前記酸化物半導体層の一方の張り出し幅をL1(μm)とし、前記酸化物半導体層におけるキャリア密度をN(cm-3)とすると、
L1≧5.041exp(5×10-18N)の関係式を満たす、
薄膜トランジスタ。 - 前記酸化物半導体層のキャリア密度N(cm-3)は、さらに、1.13×1013cm-3≦N≦1.13×1016cm-3の関係式を満たす、
請求項1に記載の薄膜トランジスタ。 - 前記酸化物半導体層は、透明アモルファス酸化物半導体によって構成される、
請求項1又は請求項2に記載の薄膜トランジスタ。 - 前記酸化物半導体層は、InGaZnOによって構成される、
請求項3に記載の薄膜トランジスタ。 - 請求項1から請求項4に記載の薄膜トランジスタを有する有機EL表示装置。
- 酸化物半導体層を有する薄膜トランジスタの製造方法であって、
前記基板の上方にゲート電極を形成する工程と、
前記ゲート電極上にゲート絶縁膜を形成する工程と、
前記ゲート絶縁膜上に酸化物半導体膜を成膜する工程と、
前記酸化物半導体膜を所定の形状に加工することで、前記酸化物半導体層を形成する工程と、
前記酸化物半導体層の一部を露出させるように、前記酸化物半導体層上に絶縁層を形成する工程と、
前記酸化物半導体層の露出した部分に接続されるように、前記絶縁層上にソース電極及びドレイン電極を形成する工程とを含み、
前記ソース電極又は前記ドレイン電極に対するチャネル幅方向の前記酸化物半導体層の一方の張り出し幅をL1(μm)とし、前記酸化物半導体層におけるキャリア密度をN(cm-3)とすると、
L1≧5.041exp(5×10-18N)の関係式を満たす、
薄膜トランジスタの製造方法。 - 前記酸化物半導体層のキャリア密度N(cm-3)は、さらに、1.13×1013cm-3≦N≦1.13×1016cm-3の関係式を満たす、
請求項6に記載の薄膜トランジスタの製造方法。 - 前記酸化物半導体膜は、透明アモルファス酸化物半導体によって構成される、
請求項6又は請求項7に記載の薄膜トランジスタの製造方法。 - 前記酸化物半導体膜は、InGaZnO膜である、
請求項8に記載の薄膜トランジスタの製造方法。
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